Video game crash of 1983 - Knowledge (XXG)

954: 1313:, it opened the Famicom to third-party development, but instituted a license fee of 30% per game cartridge for these third-parties to develop games, a system used by console manufactures to this day. Nintendo maintained strict manufacturing control and requiring payment in full before manufacturing. Cartridges could not be returned to Nintendo, so publishers assumed all the financial risk of selling all units ordered. Nintendo limited most third-party publishers to only five games per year on its systems (some companies tried to get around this by creating additional company labels like 37: 4646: 1188: 1004:, that millions of unsold cartridges were buried there. Gaming historians received permission to dig up the landfill as part of a documentary in 2014, during which former Atari executive James Heller, who had overseen the original burial clarified that only about 728,000 cartridges had been buried in 1982, backed by estimates made during the excavation, and disproving the scale of the urban legend. Atari's burial remains an iconic representation of the 1983 video game crash. By the end of 1983, Atari had over 1089: 879:

reduced production in the middle of the year because of weak demand even as prices remained low, causing shortages as sales suddenly rose during the Christmas season; only the Commodore 64 was widely available, with an estimated more than 500,000 computers sold during Christmas. The 99/4A was such a disaster for TI, that the company's stock immediately rose by 25% after the company discontinued it and exited the home-computer market in late 1983.

502: 729: 934:

more successful third-party companies like Activision due to poorly informed consumers being drawn by price to purchase the bargain titles rather than quality. By June 1983, the market for the more expensive games had shrunk dramatically and was replaced by a new market of rushed-to-market, low-budget games. Crane said that "those awful games flooded the market at huge discounts, and ruined the video game business".

1221: 3704: 1215: 3718: 714:

numbers. However, with at least 50 different companies in the new marketspace, and each having produced between one and two million cartridges, along with Atari's own estimated 60 million cartridges in 1982, there was over 200% production of the actual demand for cartridges in 1982, which contributed to the stockpiling of unsold inventory during the crash.

2343: 2108:

something that the field collectively needs, particularly now: A respect for profitability. A capability to earn money. That is precisely what the field needs ... I look back a year or two in the videogame field, or the home-computer field, how much better everyone was, when most people were making money, rather than very few were making money.

1274:, rarely a problem in North America or Western Europe, but rampant in East Asia. The concepts of such a control system remain in use on every major video game console produced today, even with fewer "cartridge-based" consoles on the market than in the 8/16-bit era. Replacing the security chips in most modern consoles are specially encoded 1240:

the previous generation. A large majority of the market was controlled by Nintendo; it sold more than 35 million units in the United States, exceeding the sales of other consoles and personal computers by a considerable margin. New Japanese companies entered the market to challenge Nintendo's success in the United States, NEC's

635:(poaching each other's employees, reverse-engineering each other's products, etc.) in their attempts to gain market share. In fact, even Atari themselves engaged in such practices, hiring several programmers from Mattel's Intellivision development studio, prompting a lawsuit that included charges of industrial espionage. 3209: 2353: 1239:

By the time the U.S. video game market recovered in the late 1980s, the NES was by far the dominant console in the United States, leaving only a fraction of the market to Atari. By 1989, home video game sales in the United States had reached $ 5 billion, surpassing the 1982 peak of $ 3 billion during

1023:

Lack of confidence in the video game sector caused many retailers to stop selling video game consoles or reduced their stock significantly, reserving floor or shelf space for other products. Retailers established to exclusively sell video games folded, which impacted sales of personal computer games.

665:

stated in December, "in 1982 few games broke new ground in either design or format ... If the public really likes an idea, it is milked for all its worth, and numerous clones of a different color soon crowd the shelves. That is, until the public stops buying or something better comes along. Companies

1096:

The crash in 1983 had the largest impact in the United States. It rippled through all sectors of the global video game market worldwide, though sales of video games still remained strong in Japan, Europe, and Canada from the beleaguered American companies. It took several years for the U.S. industry

1057:

Two major events of 1985 helped to revitalize the video game industry. One factor came from increased sales of personal computers from Commodore and Tandy, which helped to maintain revenue for game developers like Activision and Electronic Arts, keeping the video game market alive. The other was the

582:

recognized in 1982 that the industry's saturation point was imminent. However, Kassar expected this to occur when about half of American households had a video game console. The crash occurred when about 15 million machines had been sold, which soundly under-shot Kassar's estimate. Michael Katz, the

570:

Each new console had its own library of games produced exclusively by the console maker, while the Atari VCS also had a large selection of titles produced by third-party developers. In 1982, analysts marked trends of saturation, mentioning that the amount of new software coming in would only allow a

1371:

that allowed for multiplayer capabilities. The computer game market grew between 1983 and 1984, overtaking the console market, but overall video game revenue had declined significantly due to the considerable decline of the console market as well as the arcade market to an extent. The home computer

1341:

which was designed to prevent cartridges made without the chip from being played on the NES. The 10NES lockout was not perfect, as later in the NES' lifecycle methods were found to bypass it, but it did sufficiently allow Nintendo to strengthen its publishing control to avoid the mistakes Atari had

1384:

in 1983 and then the rise of computer games in 1984. It was not until the late 1980s with the arrival of the Master System and NES that the home console market recovered in the UK. Computer games remained the dominant sector of the UK home video game market up until they were surpassed by Sega and

1195:

The impact on the retail sector of the crash was the most formidable barrier that confronted Nintendo as it tried to market the Famicom in the United States. A planned deal with Atari to distribute the Famicom in North America fell apart in the wake of the crash, resulting in Nintendo handling the

1112:

had decided to pull out of the video game console industry. The general consensus was that video games were just a fad that came as quickly as they left. But outside of North America the video game industry was doing very well. Home consoles were growing in popularity in Japan while home computers

1045:

The full effects of the industry crash were not felt until 1985. Despite Atari's claim of 1 million in worldwide sales of its 2600 game system that year, recovery was slow. The sales of home video games had dropped from $ 3.2 billion in 1982 to $ 100 million in 1985. Analysts doubted the long-term

933:

The presence of third-party sales drew the market share that the console manufacturers had. Atari's share of the cartridge-game market fell from 75% in 1981 to less than 40% in 1982, which negatively affected their finances. The bargain sales of poor-quality titles further drew sales away from the

1366:

market was able to gain a strong foothold in 1983 and beyond. Developers that had been primarily in the console games space, like Activision, turned their attention to developing computer game titles to stay viable. Newer companies also were founded to capture the growing interest in the computer

878:

home computer because although IBM was a competitor, it "is a company that knows how to make money". "I look back a year or two in the videogame field, or the home-computer field", Greenberg added, "how much better everyone was, when most people were making money, rather than very few". Companies

1375:

Microcomputers dominated the European market throughout the 1980s and with domestic production for those formats thriving over the same period, there was minimal trans-Atlantic ripple from American game production and trends. Partly as a distant knock-on effect of the crash and partly due to the

713:

The flood of new games was released into a limited competitive space. According to Activision's Jim Levy, they had projected that the total cartridge market in 1982 would be around 60 million, anticipating Activision would be able to secure between 12% and 15% of that market for their production

2107:

IBM is just not another strong company making a positive statement about the home-computer field's future. IBM is a company that knows how to make money. IBM is a company that knows how to make money in hardware, and makes more money in software. What IBM can bring to the home-computer field is

1269:

BIOS checked for a copyright string on power-up), the Atari 2600 was completely unprotected and once information on its hardware became available, little prevented anyone from making games for the system. Nintendo thus instituted a strict licensing policy for the NES that included equipping the

1183:

retrospectively. These two consoles were very popular, buoyed by an economic bubble in Japan. The units readily outsold Atari and Mattel's existing systems, and with both Atari and Mattel focusing on recovering domestic sales, the Japanese consoles effectively went uncontested over the next few

949:

the day before its stock was to go public; the company later collapsed. Activision had to downsize across 1984 and 1985 due to loss of revenue, and to stay competitive and maintain financial security, began development of games for the personal computer. Within a few years, Activision no longer

1144:

The U.S. video game crash had two long-lasting results. The first result was that dominance in the home console market shifted from the United States to Japan. The crash did not directly affect the financial viability of the video game market in Japan, but it still came as a surprise there and

921:

With the release of so many new games in 1982 that flooded the market, most stores had insufficient space to carry new games and consoles. As stores tried to return the surplus games to the new publishers, the publishers had neither new products nor cash to issue refunds to the retailers. Many

2936:

Around the time home consoles started falling out of favor, home computers like the Commodore VIC-20, the Commodore 64, and the Apple ][ became affordable for the average family. Needless to say, the computer manufacturers of the age seized on the opportunity to ask parents, "Hey, why are you

1041:

in 1978 but was waning by 1983, due to the expansion of home consoles, the lack of novel games, and undue attention to teenage delinquency around video arcades. While the number of arcades in the United States had doubled to 10,000 from 1980 to 1982, the crash led to a closure of around 1,500

1154:

had predicted in early 1981 that Japanese companies would eventually dominate the North American video game industry, as American video game companies were increasingly licensing products from Japanese companies, who in turn were opening up North American branches. By 1982–1983, Japanese

1062:

in North America in late 1985, followed by the full national release early the following year. Following 1986, the industry began recovering, and by 1988, annual sales in the industry exceeding $ 2.3 billion with 70% of the market dominated by Nintendo. In 1986, Nintendo president

930:, quickly folded. Unable to return the unsold games to defunct publishers, stores marked down the titles and placed them in discount bins and sale tables. Recently released games which initially sold for US$ 35 (equivalent to $ 99 in 2021) were in bins for $ 5 ($ 14 in 2021). 1067:

noted that "Atari collapsed because they gave too much freedom to third-party developers and the market was swamped with rubbish games". In response, Nintendo limited the number of titles that third-party developers could release for their system each year, and promoted its

820:

In 1982, a price war that began between Commodore and Texas Instruments led to home computers becoming as inexpensive as video-game consoles; after Commodore cut the retail price of the C64 to $ 300 in June 1983, some stores began selling it for as little as $ 199.

685:

stated that 2600 cartridges were "no longer a growth industry". Activision, Atari, and Mattel all had experienced programmers, but many of the new companies rushing to join the market did not have the expertise or talent to create quality games. Titles such as the

603:

who left the company because they felt that Atari's developers should receive the same recognition and accolades (specifically in the form of sales-based royalties and public-facing credits) as the actors, directors, and musicians working for other subsidiaries of

608:(Atari's parent company at the time). Already being quite familiar with the Atari VCS, the four programmers developed their own games and cartridge manufacturing processes. Atari quickly sued to block sales of Activision's products, but failed to secure a 656:

documented 158 different vendors that had developed for the Atari VCS. In June 1982, the Atari games on the market numbered just 100 which by December, grew to over 400. Experts predicted a glut in 1983, with only 10% of games producing 75% of sales.

612:, and ultimately settled the case in 1982. While the settlement stipulated that Activision must pay royalties to Atari, this case ultimately legitimized the viability of third-party game developers. Activision's games were as popular as Atari's, with 1184:

years. By 1986, three years after its introduction, 6.5 million Japanese homes – 19% of the population – owned a Famicom, and Nintendo began exporting it to the U.S., where the home console industry was only just recovering from the crash.

571:

few big hits, that retailers had devoted too much floor space to systems, and that price drops for home computers could result in an industry shakeup. Atari had a large inventory after significant portions of the 1982 orders were returned.

631:. Crane notably described these as "the worst games you can imagine". While Activision's success could be attributed to the team's existing familiarity with the Atari VCS, other publishers had no such advantage. They largely relied on 795:

than a console, they permitted more sophisticated games. A 1984 compendium of reviews of Atari 8-bit software used 198 pages for games compared to 167 for all other software types. Home computers could also be used for tasks such as

1264:

had failed to stop rival companies from reverse engineering the Mattel and Atari systems and hiring away their trained game programmers. While Mattel and Coleco implemented lockout measures to control third-party development (the

908:

founder Russell Sipe noted that "the arcade game crash of 1984 took down the majority of the computer game magazines with it." He stated that, by "the winter of 1984, only a few computer game magazines remained," and by mid-1985,

626:

observed that several of these companies were supported by venture capitalists attempting to emulate the success of Activision. Without the experience and skill of Activision's team, these inexperienced competitors mostly created

621:

Prior to 1982, Activision was one of only a handful of third-parties publishing games for the Atari VCS. By 1982, Activision's success emboldened numerous other competitors to penetrate the market. However, Activision's founder

1248:, both released in the U.S. in 1989. While the TurboGrafx underwhelmed in the market, the Genesis' release set the stage for a major rivalry between Sega and Nintendo in the early 1990s in the United States video game market. 1162:

As the crash was happening in the United States, Japan's game industry started to shift its attention from arcade games to home consoles. Within one month in 1983, two new home consoles were released in Japan: the Nintendo

457:

also played a role. Home video game revenue peaked at around $ 3.2 billion in 1983, then fell to around $ 100 million by 1985 (a drop of almost 97 percent). The crash abruptly ended what is retrospectively considered the

843:

asked in VIC-20 commercials "Why buy just a video game from Atari or Intellivision?", stating that "unlike games, it has a real computer keyboard" yet "plays great games too". Commodore's ownership of chip fabricator

583:

president of Atari's electronic division, stated that the console market was too saturated as 30 million consoles were sold by 1982, out of the 35 million households with children between the ages of six and sixteen.

1332:

As Nintendo prepared to release the Famicom in the United States, it wanted to avoid both the bootleg problem it had in Asia as well as the mistakes that led up to the 1983 crash. The company created the proprietary

1532: 541:; sales of the VCS quadrupled, and the game was the first title to sell more than a million copies. Spurred by the success of the Atari VCS, other consoles were introduced, both from Atari and other companies: 3344: 1075:

The end of the crash allowed Commodore to raise the price of the C64 for the first time upon the June 1986 introduction of the Commodore 64c—a Commodore 64 redesigned for lower cost of manufacture—which

971:

Atari was one of those companies most affected by the crash. As a company, its revenue dropped significantly due to dramatically lower sales and cost of returned stock. By mid-1983, the company had lost

816:

of third-party software developers. Writeable storage media allowed players to save games in progress, a useful feature for increasingly complex games which was not available on the consoles of the era.

674:

said in January 1983 that companies had "licensed everything that moves, walks, crawls, or tunnels beneath the earth. You have to wonder how tenuous the connection will be between the game and the movie

1270:

cartridge and console with lockout chips, which were region-specific, and had to match in order for a game to work. In addition to preventing the use of unlicensed games, it also was designed to combat

3511: 764:

70 (equivalent to £339 in 2023). By 1982, new desktop computer designs were commonly providing better color graphics and sound than game consoles and personal computer sales were booming. The

1136:

offered a money back guarantee from Nintendo that they would pay back for any stock that was left unsold. In total Nintendo sold 50,000 units, about half of the units they shipped to the US.

152: 2775: 829:

magazine in an article in 1987, recalled in 1983 that "People asked themselves, 'Why should I buy a video game system when I can buy a computer that will play games and do so much more?'"

3144: 2968: 4278: 3267: 1325:. Nintendo's strong-armed oversight of Famicom cartridge manufacturing led to both legitimate and bootleg unlicensed cartridges to be made in the Asian regions. Nintendo placed its 561:. Notably, Coleco sold an add-on allowing Atari VCS games to be played on its ColecoVision, as well as bundling the console with a licensed home version of Nintendo's arcade hit 567:. In 1982, the ColecoVision held roughly 17% of the hardware market, compared to Atari VCS' 58%. This was the first real threat to Atari's dominance of the home console market. 2155: 2024: 642:(CES). According to Crane, the number of third-party developers jumped from 3 to 30 between two consecutive events. At the Summer 1982 CES, there were 17 companies, including 3857: 1329:

on all licensed games released for the system to try to promote authenticity and detract from bootleg sales, but failed to make significant traction to stalling these sales.

1763: 3447: 3119: 2749: 1829: 1196:

international release themselves two years later. Additionally, retailer opposition to video games was directly responsible for causing Nintendo to brand its product the

2570: 5525: 3819: 1603: 1522: 984:, and other 1982 and 1983 games and consoles started to fill their warehouses. In September 1983, Atari discreetly buried much of this excess stock in a landfill near 3544: 1494:

Gallager, Scott; Ho Park, Seung (February 2002). "Innovation and Competition in Standard-Based Industries: A Historical Analysis of the U.S. Home Video Game Market".

1116:

United States sales fell from $ 3 billion to around $ 100 million in 1985. Despite the decline, new gaming companies started to make their way onto the scene such as

2931: 3333: 2535: 578:

stated the demand for video games was up 100% from the previous year, but the manufacturing output had increased by 175%, creating a significant surplus. Atari CEO

3684:

Gallagher, Scott & Park, Seung Ho (2002). "Innovation and Competition in Standard-Based Industries: A Historical Analysis of the U.S. Home Video Game Market".

5854: 4813: 1380:, there was a short-lived home console market between 1980 and 1982, but the 1983 crash led to the decline of consoles in the UK, which was offset by the rise of 2504: 2050: 488:(NES), released in October 1985. The NES was designed to avoid the missteps that caused the 1983 crash and the stigma associated with video games at that time. 354: 3377: 1376:

continuing quality of homegrown computer and microcomputer games, consoles did not achieve a dominant position in some European markets until the early 1990s.

2662: 2387: 1646: 4271: 1354:. Most of the Nintendo platform-control measures were adopted by later console manufacturers such as Sega, Sony, and Microsoft, although not as stringently. 710:, were examples of games made in the hopes of taking advantage of the video-game boom, but later proved unsuccessful with retailers and potential customers. 400: 3501: 1944: 324: 1128:, which all started in 1985. All of these companies would go on to create numerous genre-defining titles in the future. During the holiday season of 1985 4431: 744:

computers, built around a chipset originally meant for use in a game console, and which retailed for the same price as their respective names. In 1981,

480:

The North American video game console industry recovered a few years later, mostly due to the widespread success of Nintendo's Western branding for its

156: 1342:

made and initially prevent bootleg cartridges in the Western markets. These strict licensing measures backfired somewhat after Nintendo was accused of

4386: 1865: 459: 137: 2264: 855:, so the VIC-20 and C64 sold for much lower prices than competing home computers. In addition, both Commodore computers were designed to utilize the 574:

In addition, the rapid growth of the video game industry led to an increased demand, which the manufacturers over-projected. In 1983, an analyst for

4391: 4371: 4361: 3182: 2851: 1105:

by 1985. There was also a significant shift in the home video game market, away from consoles to personal computer software, between 1983 and 1985.

514: 142: 122: 105: 898:

as often as possible". Soon "The computer slump began ... Suddenly, everyone was saying that the home computer was a fad, just another hula hoop".

4396: 4381: 4376: 4366: 4356: 4264: 3850: 1180: 147: 132: 127: 117: 100: 3242: 2771: 650:

announcing a combined 90 new Atari games. By 1983, an estimated 100 companies were attempting to leverage the CES into a foothold in the market.

2958: 2695: 5713: 4892: 339: 4316: 3594: 3088: 2451: 1923: 1478: 957:

Partially-surviving cases and cartridges retrieved during the 2014 excavation of the Alamogordo, New Mexico landfill Atari had used in 1983.

191: 3257: 2467: 1204:

to convince toy retailers to allow it in their stores. Furthermore, the design for the NES used a front-loading cartridge slot to mimic how

5518: 3812: 344: 3734: 839:, "Who was going to pay $ 200-plus for a machine that could only play games?" Commodore explicitly targeted video game players. Spokesman 3310: 3107:"Japanese invaders: Move over Asteroids and Defenders, the next adversary in the electronic video game wars may be even tougher to beat" 2817: 1322: 1200:(NES) rather than a "video game system", and using terms such as "control deck" and "Game Pak", as well as producing a toy robot called 334: 319: 2295: 4243: 3843: 2138: 2015: 1794: 883:

announced in December 1983 that it would soon no longer sell home computers, because of the combination of low supply and low prices.

372: 349: 473:

Lasting about two years, the crash shook a then-booming video game industry and led to the bankruptcy of several companies producing

5849: 5773: 5688: 5318: 3678: 3653: 3574: 3304: 3218: 3065: 3009: 2614: 1907: 1449: 1377: 595:, with console manufacturers like Atari publishing all the games for their respective platforms. This changed with the formation of 3082:"Down Many Times, but Still Playing the Game: Creative Destruction and Industry Crashes in the Early Video Game Industry 1971-1986" 2901: 2647: 1290:, challenging this control, even though it ultimately yielded and signed the Sega licensing agreement. Several publishers, notably 1054:, it had been very difficult to convince retailers to carry video games due to the stigma carried by the fall of Atari until 1985. 2874: 2246: 1738: 477:

and video game consoles. Analysts of the time expressed doubts about the long-term viability of video game consoles and software.

5596: 4311: 3478: 1731:

Down Many Times, but Still Playing the Game: Creative Destruction and Industry Crashes in the Early Video Game Industry 1971-1986

1714: 1032: 467: 393: 186: 1092:

Global revenue of the video game industry from 1978 to 1990. The 1983 crash had rippling effects across the video game industry.

5829: 5511: 5450: 5048: 4973: 4693: 3805: 3770: 3437: 3106: 953: 2559: 1372:

industry, however, experienced a downturn in mid-1984, with global computer game sales declining in 1985 to a certain extent.

5844: 5824: 5728: 5652: 4424: 4323: 3630: 3399:

O'Donnell, Casey (2011). "The Nintendo Entertainment System and the 10NES Chip: Carving the Video Game Industry in Silicon".

3296: 1994: 638:

The rapid growth of the third-party game industry was easily illustrated by the number of vendors present at the semi-annual

88: 1592: 3756: 3534: 5819: 5246: 4968: 4743: 4306: 2927: 1227: 1197: 1059: 862:"I've been in retailing 30 years and I have never seen any category of goods get on a self-destruct pattern like this", a 723: 485: 181: 3743: 2527: 2102: 2082: 5577: 4978: 4963: 4828: 4736: 3880: 3645: 2420: 1680: 63: 2710: 5561: 2991: 2596: 2494: 1431: 386: 294: 527:

console clones, the Atari VCS experienced modest sales for its first few years. In 1980, Atari's licensed version of

4645: 3367: 1969: 36: 5834: 5794: 5758: 5642: 5270: 5070: 4910: 4835: 2379: 1638: 1367:

games space with novel elements that borrowed from console games, as well as taking advantage of low-cost dial-up

5839: 5612: 5440: 5346: 5285: 4451: 4417: 1941: 1556:"Innovation and competition in standard-based industries: a historical analysis of the US home video game market" 976:, was forced to lay off 30% of its 10,000 employees, and moved all manufacturing to Hong Kong and Taiwan. Unsold 871: 694: 639: 563: 314: 3034: 5789: 5723: 5627: 5330: 4900: 4791: 4773: 4626: 3622: 2322: 1326: 886:

By that year, Gutman wrote, "Video games were officially dead and computers were hot". He renamed his magazine

671: 623: 518: 1108:

1984 is when some of the longer-term effects started to take a toll on the video game console. Companies like

3744:

Twin Galaxies Official Video Game & Pinball Book of World Records: "The Golden Age of Video Game Arcades"

3292:

Playing with Power in Movies, Television, and Video Games: From Muppet Babies to Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles

1072:", which it allowed to be used on games and peripherals by publishers that met Nintendo's quality standards. 5662: 5647: 5585: 5265: 4955: 4783: 4340: 3506: 3210:

The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story Behind the Craze that Touched our Lives and Changed the World

1205: 1001: 946: 792: 773: 329: 231: 1857: 1771: 5768: 5703: 5693: 5683: 5556: 5313: 5308: 5224: 5102: 4877: 4688: 4662: 4616: 4287: 3866: 3828: 3578: 2270: 1470: 985: 963: 49: 3788: 3172: 2842: 2741: 1821: 5763: 5753: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5708: 5698: 5667: 5657: 5591: 5581: 5260: 5219: 4995: 4845: 4723: 4654: 4301: 2327: 1351: 1257: 1234:(bottom) released in 1989 was the first real challenger to Nintendo's market dominance in North America. 904: 769: 749: 741: 605: 592: 68: 5229: 1187: 1088: 3234: 1008:

in losses, leading to Warner Communication to sell Atari's consumer products division in July 1984 to

5748: 5718: 5637: 5622: 5617: 5551: 5546: 5323: 5214: 5058: 4854: 4548: 4506: 4205: 4142: 4079: 4016: 3953: 3890: 2805: 2691: 2643: 1261: 852: 688: 632: 542: 251: 244: 2995: 2600: 1435: 988:, though Atari did not comment about their activity at the time. Misinformation related to sales of 5632: 5080: 5030: 4985: 4818: 4698: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 2937:

spending money on a game console when a computer can let you play games and prepare you for a job?"

2565: 2415: 1527: 1155:

manufacturers had captured a large share of the North American arcade market, which Gene Lipkin of

863: 856: 677: 442: 430: 3081: 2471: 1984: 1927: 5481: 5423: 5085: 5053: 4928: 4905: 4761: 4731: 4566: 4536: 3723: 3614: 3418: 3001: 2606: 1598: 1441: 1283: 1208:, popular at that time, were loaded, further pulling the NES away from previous console designs. 849: 831: 538: 509:

The Atari VCS (renamed the Atari 2600 in late 1982) was not the first home system with swappable

81: 1302:, challenged Nintendo's control system during the 8-bit era by producing unlicensed NES games. 740:

Inexpensive home computers had been first introduced in 1977. By 1979, Atari, Inc. unveiled the

3731: 5486: 5399: 5394: 5065: 5011: 4920: 4753: 4713: 4516: 3674: 3649: 3626: 3590: 3401: 3300: 3214: 3061: 3005: 2809: 2637: 2610: 2447: 2235: 2147: 1990: 1903: 1474: 1445: 1145:

created repercussions that changed that industry, and thus became known as the "Atari shock".

1013: 836: 753: 609: 463: 454: 438: 174: 3290: 2797: 2193: 5476: 5387: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5147: 5142: 5097: 4938: 4703: 4604: 4543: 4483: 4440: 3410: 2667: 2348: 2137: 2122: 2014: 1591: 1567: 1503: 1291: 1129: 1117: 1064: 1028: 813: 809: 788: 647: 307: 5445: 5135: 4990: 4611: 4571: 3792: 3760: 3738: 1948: 1347: 1343: 1321:

label). Nintendo ultimately dropped this rule by 1993, after the release of the successor

1279: 1271: 1164: 1047: 923: 840: 797: 728: 600: 5207: 4521: 1350:

away from Nintendo consoles and supported competing consoles such as the Sega Genesis or

1012:, who had recently departed Commodore International. Tramiel's new company took the name 1282:

by most users and can only be read by a particular console under normal circumstances.

1256:

A second, highly visible result of the crash was the advancement of measures to control

1016:, and they directed their efforts into developing their new personal computer line, the 501: 5090: 4796: 4680: 4592: 4587: 4478: 3339: 3204: 2964: 2846: 1729: 1427: 1133: 1037: 845: 761: 700: 579: 529: 510: 17: 3470: 1706: 1220: 1132:

decided to go to New York small markets about putting their products in their stores.

5813: 5234: 5075: 5016: 4867: 4808: 4599: 4558: 4501: 1702: 1363: 1241: 1176: 1159:

partly attributed to Japanese companies having more finances to invest in new ideas.

805: 681:. What are you going to do, present a video game root canal?" By September 1983, the 575: 546: 474: 450: 434: 3422: 2633: 1191:

The Famicom's international debut was delayed by two years as a result of the crash.

1101:

worldwide market in 1982, including arcade, console, and computer games, dropped to

505:

Atari VCS, also known as the Atari 2600, the most popular console prior to the crash

5471: 5433: 5275: 5125: 5043: 4708: 4670: 4631: 4531: 4511: 4493: 3709: 3442: 1346:

behavior. In the long run, this pushed many western third-party publishers such as

1338: 1295: 1275: 1266: 1245: 1231: 1051: 1009: 997: 781: 733: 550: 289: 271: 264: 800:

and home accounting. Games were easier to distribute, since they could be sold on

1983:

Stanton, Jeffrey; Wells, Robert P.; Rochowansky, Sandra; Mellin, Michael (1984).

1080:

cited as the end of the home-computer price war, one of the causes of the crash.

5382: 5356: 5179: 5152: 5130: 4933: 4882: 4526: 4461: 4333: 3753: 3703: 1318: 1310: 1305:

Initially, Nintendo was the only developer for the Famicom. Under pressure from

1121: 801: 224: 93: 5428: 5404: 5351: 5239: 4943: 4862: 4470: 3699: 2531: 2096: 2076: 1555: 1214: 1125: 950:

produced cartridge-based games and focused solely on personal computer games.

927: 822: 768:

and the Atari 400 were both at $ 349 (equivalent to $ 1,102 in 2023), the

628: 596: 554: 446: 3689: 3414: 2813: 2692:"A Turning Point for Atari? Report from the Winter Consumer Electronics Show" 2410: 2151: 1672: 1402: 5202: 5120: 4823: 4801: 3262: 2718: 2499: 1965: 1381: 1230:(top), with Japanese companies dominating the market for years to come. The 1156: 736:

survived the crash and became one of the best-selling computers of all time.

706: 667: 426: 1226:

Following the crash, Nintendo became the market leader in America with the

5466: 5418: 5364: 5290: 5280: 5159: 4872: 3797: 3026: 1299: 1109: 1069: 1017: 938: 880: 875: 765: 652: 643: 614: 2120:

Rosenberg, Ronald (December 8, 1983). "Home Computer? Maybe Next Year".

4766: 3238: 3177: 1172: 870:

in June 1983. The price war was so severe that in September Coleco CEO

558: 481: 211: 204: 1571: 1507: 3372: 3114: 2296:"Faded Glory: The Decline, Fall and Possible Salvation of Home Video" 1314: 1201: 1150: 942: 777: 752:

with a $ 1,565 base price (equivalent to $ 5,245 in 2023), while

3334:"Epic's Battle With Apple and Google Actually Dates Back to Pac-Man" 1042:

arcades, and revenue of those that remained open had fallen by 40%.

2444:

Coin-operated Americans: rebooting boyhood at the video game arcade

5411: 5252: 3586: 3582: 1368: 1334: 1306: 1186: 952: 727: 534: 500: 418: 1287: 1168: 757: 661: 523: 5507: 4413: 4260: 3839: 3801: 3438:"The NES turns 30: How it began, worked, and saved an industry" 1902:(2 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill/Osborne. pp. 103–105. 1467:

Classic home video games, 1972–1984: a complete reference guide

894:

became a dirty word in the press. We started replacing it with

3780: 3539: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1883: 745: 2959:"Peak Video Game? Top Analyst Sees Industry Slumping in 2019" 3775:

by Chris Crawford, a game designer at Atari during the crash

3732:

The Dot Eaters.com: "Chronicle of the Great Videogame Crash"

3571:

Video Games: A Report on the Supply of Video Games in the UK

1403:"Knowledge (XXG)に「アタリショックという言葉を初めて使ったのはトイザらスの副社長」と書くことはできない" 5038: 2411:"INTERVIEW – DAVID CRANE (ATARI/ACTIVISION/SKYWORKS)" 1673:"INTERVIEW – DAVID CRANE (ATARI/ACTIVISION/SKYWORKS)" 1737:. XIV International Economic History Congress. Helsinki. 437:. The crash was attributed to several factors, including 3781:

Pctimeline.info: Chronology of the Commodore 64 Computer

3671:

High Score!: The Illustrated History of Electronic Games

2843:"Video Games Gain in Japan, Are Due For Assault on U.S." 1900:

High Score!: The Illustrated History of Electronic Games

1770:. December 26, 1982. pp. Business 1. Archived from 1362:

With waning console interests in the United States, the

1046:

viability of the video game industry, and, according to

2373: 2371: 1286:

achieved a technical victory in one court case against

859:

so they could tap into the existing controller market.

835:

stated in September 1983 about the cancellation of the

772:

sold at $ 379 (equivalent to $ 1,197 in 2023), and

3754:

Intellivisionlives.com: Official Intellivision History

3331:

Mochizuki, Takahashi; Savov, Vlad (August 25, 2020).

3151:. Vol. 16, no. 4. January 1991. p. 92. 2446:. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press. 2139:"Under 1983 Christmas Tree, Expect the Home Computer" 599:

in 1979. Activision was founded by four former Atari

3368:"Konami's Cheat to Get Around a Silly Nintendo Rule" 913:"was the only 4-color computer game magazine left." 5782: 5676: 5605: 5570: 5539: 5459: 5375: 5339: 5301: 5195: 5188: 5113: 5029: 5004: 4954: 4919: 4891: 4853: 4844: 4782: 4752: 4722: 4679: 4653: 4580: 4557: 4492: 4469: 4460: 4349: 4294: 4204: 4141: 4078: 4015: 3952: 3889: 3873: 3535:"Ten Facts about the Great Video Game Crash of '83" 2928:"Ten Facts about the Great Video Game Crash of '83" 2101:. YouTube. May 3, 2016 . Event occurs at 1:06:55. 1851: 1849: 1847: 1523:"Home Video Games Are Coming Under a Strong Attack" 780:to $ 199 (equivalent to $ 628 in 2023) and the 3332: 2957: 2628: 2626: 2558: 2470:. Associated Press. April 26, 2014. Archived from 2008: 2006: 3688:, vol. 49, no. 1, February 2002, pp. 67–82. 3258:"7 things I learned from the designer of the NES" 2836: 2834: 2590: 2588: 618:(released in 1982) selling over 4 million units. 517:by a wide margin. Launched in 1977 just ahead of 3060:. New York: A K Peters/ CRC Press. p. 113. 902:published its last issue in late 1984. In 1988, 3669:DeMaria, Rusel & Wilson, Johnny L. (2003). 3502:"Expected boom in home computer market fizzles" 3469:U.S. Court of Appeals; Federal Circuit (1992). 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3118:. Vol. 127, no. 8. pp. 98, 102. 2711:"The Famicom rules the world! – (1983–89)" 2289: 2287: 2044: 2042: 1585: 1583: 1581: 3771:The History of Computer Games: The Atari Years 3471:"Atari Games Corp. v. Nintendo of America Inc" 2772:"Gainesville Sun - Google News Archive Search" 2323:"The Changing Role of Computer Game Designers" 1986:The Addison-Wesley Book of Atari Software 1984 1666: 1664: 1554:Gallagher, S.; Seung Ho Park (February 2002). 890:in October 1983, but "I noticed that the word 784:to $ 499 (equivalent to $ 1,575 in 2023). 670:of the 1980s only want to play Quick Profit." 320:History of East Asian role-playing video games 5519: 4425: 4272: 3851: 3813: 3145:"Special Report: Gene Lipkin (Data East USA)" 2663:"1984: The Year That Shook Electronic Gaming" 2468:"Diggers Find Atari's E.T. Games in Landfill" 666:who believe that microcomputer games are the 394: 355:History of massively multiplayer online games 27:1983 American video gaming economic recession 8: 2992:"Chapter 17: We Tried to Keep from Laughing" 2873:Lock, Robert; Halfhill, Tom R. (July 1986). 2642:. Season 4. Episode 5010. December 1, 2005. 941:abandoned the video game business entirely. 3785:Events & Game release dates (1982–1990) 3686:IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 3213:. Roseville, California: Prima Publishing. 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2671:. Vol. 3, no. 35. pp. 30–31 1711:Creative Computing Video & Arcade Games 1560:IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 1496:IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 325:History of Western role-playing video games 5526: 5512: 5504: 5192: 4850: 4466: 4432: 4418: 4410: 4279: 4265: 4257: 3858: 3844: 3836: 3820: 3806: 3798: 3673:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill/Osborne. 3642:Before the Crash: Early Video Game History 2344:"Competitors Claim Role in Warner Setback" 2177:"IBM's Peanut Begins New Computer Phase". 1898:DeMaria, Rusel; Wilson, Johnny L. (2003). 1593:"Video Games Industry Comes Down To Earth" 1252:Impact on third-party software development 1148:Prior to the crash, Jonathan Greenberg of 462:in North America. To a lesser extent, the 401: 387: 31: 1822:"New Faces, More Profits For Video Games" 460:second generation of console video gaming 3173:"Greatest Years in Gaming History: 1983" 3027:"No. 3038: The Video Game Crash of 1983" 2528:"HP TouchPads to be dumped in landfill?" 2503:. Vol. 7, no. 32. p. 64. 2098:Coleco Presents The Adam Computer System 2078:Commodore VIC-20 ad with William Shatner 2057:. Vol. 5, no. 2 #6. p. 64 1856:Mitchell, Peter W. (September 6, 1983). 1624: 1087: 967:, and other Atari materials can be seen. 3380:from the original on September 21, 2018 3245:from the original on September 2, 2012. 3037:from the original on September 27, 2020 1924:"IBM Archives: The birth of the IBM PC" 1606:from the original on September 13, 2018 1394: 812:cartridges. This opened the field to a 513:. But by 1980, it was the most popular 433:that occurred from 1983 to 1985 in the 48: 3564: 3562: 3105:Greenberg, Jonathan (April 13, 1981). 2650:from the original on October 16, 2012. 2573:from the original on September 6, 2017 2390:from the original on December 20, 2016 2194:"TI retires from home-computer market" 2105:from the original on January 3, 2017. 1942:The first decade of personal computing 1717:from the original on November 7, 2017. 1707:"Home Video Games: Video Games Update" 1649:from the original on December 20, 2016 1521:Jones, Robert S. (December 12, 1982). 937:A massive industry shakeout resulted. 340:History of tactical role-playing games 5855:Second-generation video game consoles 3547:from the original on January 28, 2021 3514:from the original on December 2, 2021 3347:from the original on November 6, 2021 3313:from the original on February 9, 2023 3270:from the original on October 19, 2015 3185:from the original on January 29, 2021 3125:from the original on December 2, 2021 2854:from the original on February 2, 2021 2820:from the original on February 9, 2023 2778:from the original on February 1, 2021 2538:from the original on November 8, 2011 2507:from the original on February 9, 2023 2181:. Associated Press. November 1, 1983. 2158:from the original on November 7, 2017 2051:"The Fall And Rise of Computer Games" 2027:from the original on January 20, 2015 2016:"The Coming Crisis in Home Computers" 1868:from the original on February 9, 2021 1590:Kleinfield, N.R. (October 17, 1983). 1432:"Chapter 12: The Battle for the Home" 1260:of software. Using secrecy to combat 787:Because computers generally had more 192:Timeline of arcade video game history 7: 3619:Video Kids: Making Sense of Nintendo 3436:Cunningham, Andrew (July 15, 2013). 2495:"Is the PCJr Doomed To Be Landfill?" 2342:Rosenberg, Ron (December 11, 1982). 2252:from the original on April 18, 2016. 1972:from the original on March 26, 2018. 1820:Harmetz, Aljean (January 15, 1983). 1744:from the original on August 10, 2020 345:History of single-player video games 3481:from the original on August 8, 2011 2956:Naramura, Yuki (January 23, 2019). 2934:from the original on May 10, 2015. 2698:from the original on April 9, 2016. 2085:from the original on April 6, 2017. 1832:from the original on August 1, 2019 1323:Super Nintendo Entertainment System 1175:(which was later supplanted by the 1031:, which had had several years of a 445:and available games, many of which 335:History of real-time strategy games 3533:Oxford, Nadia (January 18, 2012). 3450:from the original on July 22, 2021 3171:Parish, Jeremy (August 28, 2014). 2971:from the original on July 15, 2019 2841:Takiff, Jonathan (June 20, 1986). 2740:Dvorchak, Robert (July 30, 1989). 2557:Kennedy, James (August 20, 2011). 2493:Dvorak, John C (August 12, 1985). 1926:. January 23, 2003. Archived from 1764:"Stream of video games is endless" 1535:from the original on June 25, 2020 776:had just reduced the price of the 373:List of video games in development 350:History of multiplayer video games 212:History of personal computer games 25: 3575:Monopolies and Mergers Commission 3569:"Market size and market shares". 3500:Sanger, David E. (June 5, 1984). 3256:O'Kane, Sean (October 18, 2015). 3094:from the original on May 1, 2014. 2900:Leemon, Sheldon (February 1987). 2752:from the original on May 12, 2016 2742:"NEC out to dazzle Nintendo fans" 2192:Mace, Scott (November 21, 1983). 2013:Pollack, Andrew (June 19, 1983). 1181:third generation of home consoles 4644: 3716: 3702: 3366:Plunkett, Luke (July 21, 2012). 3241:. July 21–25, 2003. p. 22. 2423:from the original on May 9, 2016 2294:Prince, Suzan (September 1983). 2219:"Penney Shelves its Computers". 1989:. Addison-Wesley. pp. TOC. 1683:from the original on May 9, 2016 1219: 1213: 468:golden age of arcade video games 252:History of virtual reality games 187:Golden age of arcade video games 35: 3235:"25 Smartest Moments in Gaming" 2997:Ultimate History of Video Games 2602:Ultimate History of Video Games 2526:Jary, Simon (August 19, 2011). 2331:. No. 50. pp. 18, 42. 1940:Ahl, David H. (1984 November). 1793:Clark, Pamela (December 1982). 1437:Ultimate History of Video Games 1058:initial limited release of the 718:Competition from home computers 4324:History of video game consoles 4288:Video game history by platform 3297:University of California Press 2709:Liedholm, Marcus and Mattias. 2321:Daglow, Don L. (August 1988). 2236:"The Greatest Story Ever told" 89:History of video game consoles 1: 4307:History of arcade video games 2808:, p. 88, December 1988, 2804:, vol. 14, no. 12, 2245:. No. 50. pp. 6–7. 2234:Sipe, Russell (August 1988). 2055:Compute!'s Apple Applications 2049:Gutman, Dan (December 1987). 1228:Nintendo Entertainment System 1198:Nintendo Entertainment System 1060:Nintendo Entertainment System 1020:, over the console business. 724:History of personal computers 591:Prior to 1979, there were no 486:Nintendo Entertainment System 182:History of arcade video games 148:9th generation (2020–present) 143:8th generation (2012–present) 3646:Wayne State University Press 2661:Katz, Arnie (January 1985). 1113:were surging across Europe. 857:ubiquitous Atari controllers 466:market also weakened as the 64:Early history of video games 3765:by the original programmers 2380:"The History Of Activision" 2352:. p. 1. Archived from 2266:CVG Nexus: Timeline - 1980s 1639:"The History Of Activision" 1385:Nintendo consoles in 1991. 5871: 4642: 3748:story within the 1998 book 2560:"Book Review: Super Mario" 2442:Kocurek, Carly A. (2015). 1966:"The Inflation Calculator" 1947:December 10, 2016, at the 1097:to recover. The estimated 1035:since the introduction of 982:E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial 721: 704:, and plate-spinning game 587:Loss of publishing control 519:the collapse of the market 138:7th generation (2005–2017) 133:6th generation (1998–2013) 128:5th generation (1993–2005) 123:4th generation (1987–2004) 118:3rd generation (1983–2003) 106:2nd generation (1976–1992) 101:1st generation (1972–1983) 5503: 4452:List of video game genres 4447: 4409: 4256: 3867:Chronology of video games 3835: 3759:January 16, 2018, at the 2908:. No. 81. p. 24 1955:, vol. 10, no. 11: p. 30. 1543:– via Google Books. 640:Consumer Electronics Show 515:second-generation console 5850:1983 in economic history 4744:Digital collectible card 3640:Wolf, Mark, ed. (2012). 3623:Harvard University Press 3415:10.1177/1555412010377319 3058:The Video Games Textbook 2881:. No. 74. p. 6 1728:Ernkvist, Mirko (2006). 1327:Nintendo Seal of Quality 1206:video cassette recorders 1027:The crash also affected 415:video game crash of 1983 111:Video game crash of 1983 4829:Roguelike deck-building 4737:Roguelike deck-building 4341:History of mobile games 3791:August 9, 2012, at the 3581:. April 1995. pp. 3507:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 3289:Kinder, Marsha (1993), 3056:Wardyga, Brian (2018). 1258:third-party development 1002:Atari video game burial 848:allowed manufacture of 774:Commodore International 756:introduced its low-end 330:History of online games 272:History of cloud gaming 232:History of mobile games 44:Part of a series on the 18:Videogame crash of 1983 5830:History of video games 5534:Video games by country 3829:History of video games 3737:June 12, 2018, at the 3690:doi: 10.1109/17.985749 3579:H.M. Stationery Office 2930:. September 21, 2011. 2597:"Chapter 14: The Fall" 2409:Adrian (May 9, 2016). 1795:"The Play's the Thing" 1671:Adrian (May 9, 2016). 1192: 1093: 986:Alamogordo, New Mexico 968: 922:publishers, including 874:welcomed rumors of an 737: 601:video game programmers 593:third-party developers 506: 497:Flooded console market 50:History of video games 5845:1983 in North America 5825:1980s in video gaming 5071:Tactical role-playing 4836:Tactical role-playing 4350:By console generation 4302:Early mainframe games 2990:Kent, Steven (2001). 2595:Kent, Steven (2001). 2328:Computer Gaming World 2243:Computer Gaming World 2146:. December 10, 1983. 1858:"A summer-CES report" 1465:Weiss, Brett (2007). 1378:In the United Kingdom 1190: 1091: 956: 911:Computer Gaming World 905:Computer Gaming World 825:, founder in 1982 of 770:TRS-80 Color Computer 750:IBM Personal Computer 748:introduced the first 731: 629:games of poor quality 606:Warner Communications 537:became the console's 504: 449:. Waning interest in 69:Early mainframe games 5820:1983 in video gaming 5451:Vertically scrolling 2806:Emmis Communications 2223:. December 17, 1983. 1358:Computer game growth 1262:industrial espionage 633:industrial espionage 447:were of poor quality 425:) was a large-scale 5081:Turn-based strategy 4986:Submarine simulator 4792:Action role-playing 4699:Interactive fiction 4387:Seventh (2005–2017) 2566:Wall Street Journal 2378:Flemming, Jeffrey. 2356:on November 7, 2012 2273:on October 13, 2007 1930:on January 2, 2014. 1469:. Jefferson, N.C.: 1140:Japanese domination 864:Service Merchandise 850:integrated circuits 698:, rock band tie-in 443:video game consoles 431:video game industry 5482:Video game modding 5424:Nonlinear gameplay 5086:Turn-based tactics 5054:Real-time strategy 4372:Fourth (1987–2003) 4362:Second (1976–1992) 3724:Video games portal 3573:. United Kingdom: 3475:Digital Law Online 3002:Three Rivers Press 2721:on January 1, 2010 2607:Three Rivers Press 2144:The New York Times 2021:The New York Times 1953:Creative Computing 1637:Fleming, Jeffrey. 1599:The New York Times 1442:Three Rivers Press 1193: 1094: 1029:video game arcades 969: 868:The New York Times 832:The Boston Phoenix 827:Video Games Player 760:microcomputer for 738: 539:killer application 507: 492:Causes and factors 455:personal computers 175:Arcade video games 153:Impact of COVID-19 5835:Business failures 5807: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5499: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5487:Video game remake 5395:Emergent gameplay 5066:Real-time tactics 5025: 5024: 4964:Flight simulation 4694:Graphic adventure 4640: 4639: 4441:Video game genres 4405: 4404: 4382:Sixth (1998–2013) 4377:Fifth (1993–2005) 4367:Third (1983–2003) 4357:First (1972–1980) 4252: 4251: 3596:978-0-10-127812-6 3402:Games and Culture 2690:Halfhill, Tom R. 2474:on April 26, 2014 2453:978-0-8166-9183-8 2200:. pp. 22, 27 1774:on March 12, 2016 1768:Milwaukee Journal 1572:10.1109/17.985749 1508:10.1109/17.985749 1480:978-0-7864-3226-4 1084:Long-term effects 1014:Atari Corporation 917:Immediate effects 837:Intellivision III 754:Sinclair Research 742:Atari 400 and 800 610:restraining order 464:arcade video game 441:in the number of 439:market saturation 411: 410: 205:Personal computer 16:(Redirected from 5862: 5840:Economic bubbles 5528: 5521: 5514: 5505: 5477:Video game clone 5193: 5189:Related concepts 4996:Vehicular combat 4851: 4724:Digital tabletop 4704:Interactive film 4664:Grand Theft Auto 4655:Action-adventure 4648: 4605:Platform fighter 4484:Platform fighter 4467: 4434: 4427: 4420: 4411: 4281: 4274: 4267: 4258: 3860: 3853: 3846: 3837: 3822: 3815: 3808: 3799: 3726: 3721: 3720: 3719: 3712: 3707: 3706: 3659: 3636: 3615:Provenzo, Eugene 3601: 3600: 3566: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3336: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3168: 3153: 3152: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3124: 3111: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3086: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3022: 3016: 3015: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2961: 2953: 2940: 2939: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2875:"Editor's Notes" 2870: 2864: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2838: 2829: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2717:. Archived from 2706: 2700: 2699: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2668:Electronic Games 2658: 2652: 2651: 2630: 2621: 2620: 2592: 2583: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2562: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2375: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2349:The Boston Globe 2339: 2333: 2332: 2318: 2312: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2291: 2282: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2269:, archived from 2260: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2240: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2221:The Boston Globe 2216: 2210: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2179:The Boston Globe 2174: 2168: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2141: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2123:The Boston Globe 2117: 2111: 2110: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2081:. June 9, 2010. 2073: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2046: 2037: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2018: 2010: 2001: 2000: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1962: 1956: 1938: 1932: 1931: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1895: 1878: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1853: 1842: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1817: 1811: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1790: 1784: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1760: 1754: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1743: 1736: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1668: 1659: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1634: 1628: 1622: 1616: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1595: 1587: 1576: 1575: 1551: 1545: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1518: 1512: 1511: 1491: 1485: 1484: 1462: 1456: 1455: 1424: 1418: 1417: 1415: 1413: 1399: 1352:Sony PlayStation 1280:cannot be copied 1223: 1217: 1179:) heralding the 1130:Hiroshi Yamauchi 1118:Westwood Studios 1104: 1100: 1065:Hiroshi Yamauchi 1007: 975: 872:Arnold Greenberg 814:cottage industry 470:came to an end. 403: 396: 389: 39: 32: 21: 5870: 5869: 5865: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5859: 5810: 5809: 5808: 5799: 5778: 5672: 5601: 5566: 5535: 5532: 5491: 5455: 5446:Twitch gameplay 5371: 5335: 5297: 5184: 5136:Survival horror 5109: 5059:Time management 5021: 5000: 4991:Train simulator 4950: 4915: 4887: 4840: 4778: 4748: 4718: 4675: 4649: 4636: 4576: 4572:Survival horror 4553: 4488: 4456: 4443: 4438: 4401: 4345: 4290: 4285: 4248: 4200: 4137: 4074: 4011: 3948: 3885: 3869: 3864: 3831: 3826: 3793:Wayback Machine 3761:Wayback Machine 3739:Wayback Machine 3722: 3717: 3715: 3708: 3701: 3698: 3666: 3664:Further reading 3656: 3639: 3633: 3613: 3610: 3605: 3604: 3597: 3568: 3567: 3560: 3550: 3548: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3517: 3515: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3484: 3482: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3453: 3451: 3435: 3434: 3430: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3383: 3381: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3350: 3348: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3316: 3314: 3307: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3273: 3271: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3221: 3205:Kent, Steven L. 3203: 3202: 3198: 3188: 3186: 3170: 3169: 3156: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3128: 3126: 3122: 3109: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3091: 3084: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3040: 3038: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3012: 3004:. p. 190. 2989: 2988: 2984: 2974: 2972: 2955: 2954: 2943: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2911: 2909: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2884: 2882: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2857: 2855: 2840: 2839: 2832: 2823: 2821: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2781: 2779: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2755: 2753: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2724: 2722: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2674: 2672: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2632: 2631: 2624: 2617: 2609:. p. 190. 2594: 2593: 2586: 2576: 2574: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2541: 2539: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2510: 2508: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2477: 2475: 2466: 2465: 2461: 2454: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2426: 2424: 2408: 2407: 2403: 2393: 2391: 2377: 2376: 2369: 2359: 2357: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2305: 2303: 2302:. Pumpkin Press 2293: 2292: 2285: 2276: 2274: 2263:Seitz, Lee K., 2262: 2261: 2257: 2249: 2238: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2203: 2201: 2191: 2190: 2186: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2161: 2159: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2119: 2118: 2114: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2075: 2074: 2070: 2060: 2058: 2048: 2047: 2040: 2030: 2028: 2012: 2011: 2004: 1997: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1964: 1963: 1959: 1949:Wayback Machine 1939: 1935: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1910: 1897: 1896: 1881: 1871: 1869: 1855: 1854: 1845: 1835: 1833: 1819: 1818: 1814: 1804: 1802: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1777: 1775: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1734: 1727: 1726: 1722: 1705:(Spring 1983). 1701: 1700: 1696: 1686: 1684: 1670: 1669: 1662: 1652: 1650: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1623: 1619: 1609: 1607: 1589: 1588: 1579: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1538: 1536: 1531:. p. 21F. 1528:Gainesville Sun 1520: 1519: 1515: 1493: 1492: 1488: 1481: 1473:. p. 108. 1464: 1463: 1459: 1452: 1444:. p. 190. 1426: 1425: 1421: 1411: 1409: 1401: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1360: 1348:Electronic Arts 1294:(Atari Games), 1272:software piracy 1254: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1224: 1218: 1165:Family Computer 1142: 1102: 1098: 1086: 1070:Seal of Quality 1048:Electronic Arts 1006:US$ 536 million 1005: 974:US$ 356 million 973: 924:Games by Apollo 919: 866:executive told 841:William Shatner 798:word processing 726: 720: 648:Fox Video Games 589: 511:game cartridges 499: 494: 407: 378: 377: 368: 360: 359: 310: 300: 299: 285: 284:Other platforms 277: 276: 267: 257: 256: 247: 245:Virtual reality 237: 236: 227: 217: 216: 207: 197: 196: 177: 167: 166: 157:2023-24 layoffs 84: 74: 73: 59: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5868: 5866: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5812: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5797: 5792: 5786: 5784: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5776: 5774:United Kingdom 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5689:Czech Republic 5686: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5543: 5541: 5537: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5523: 5516: 5508: 5501: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5463: 5461: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5441:Side-scrolling 5438: 5437: 5436: 5431: 5421: 5416: 5409: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5349: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5327: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5293: 5288: 5286:Climate change 5283: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5257: 5256: 5244: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5205: 5199: 5197: 5190: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5156: 5155: 5145: 5140: 5139: 5138: 5128: 5123: 5117: 5115: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5107: 5106: 5105: 5103:Grand strategy 5095: 5094: 5093: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5062: 5061: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5035: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5008: 5006: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4982: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4960: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4946: 4941: 4931: 4925: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4897: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4859: 4857: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4838: 4833: 4832: 4831: 4821: 4819:Monster-taming 4816: 4811: 4806: 4805: 4804: 4799: 4797:Looter shooter 4788: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4776: 4771: 4764: 4758: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4746: 4741: 4740: 4739: 4728: 4726: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4685: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4673: 4668: 4659: 4657: 4651: 4650: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4623: 4622: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4597: 4596: 4595: 4593:Hack and slash 4584: 4582: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4574: 4569: 4563: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4498: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4486: 4481: 4479:Endless runner 4475: 4473: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4439: 4437: 4436: 4429: 4422: 4414: 4407: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4399: 4394: 4392:Eighth (2012–) 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4343: 4338: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4321: 4320: 4319: 4314: 4304: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4291: 4286: 4284: 4283: 4276: 4269: 4261: 4254: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4210: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4147: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4084: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4021: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3958: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3895: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3883: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3870: 3865: 3863: 3862: 3855: 3848: 3840: 3833: 3832: 3827: 3825: 3824: 3817: 3810: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3778: 3768: 3751: 3741: 3728: 3727: 3713: 3697: 3696:External links 3694: 3693: 3692: 3682: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3660: 3654: 3637: 3631: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3602: 3595: 3558: 3525: 3492: 3461: 3428: 3391: 3358: 3340:Bloomberg News 3323: 3305: 3299:, p. 90, 3281: 3248: 3226: 3219: 3196: 3154: 3136: 3097: 3073: 3066: 3048: 3017: 3010: 2982: 2965:Bloomberg L.P. 2941: 2919: 2892: 2865: 2847:The Vindicator 2830: 2789: 2763: 2748:. p. 1D. 2746:The Times-News 2732: 2701: 2682: 2653: 2622: 2615: 2584: 2549: 2518: 2485: 2459: 2452: 2434: 2401: 2367: 2334: 2313: 2283: 2255: 2226: 2211: 2184: 2169: 2129: 2112: 2088: 2068: 2038: 2002: 1995: 1975: 1957: 1933: 1915: 1908: 1879: 1862:Boston Phoenix 1843: 1828:. p. 18. 1812: 1785: 1755: 1720: 1713:. p. 32. 1703:Goodman, Danny 1694: 1660: 1629: 1617: 1577: 1546: 1513: 1486: 1479: 1457: 1450: 1419: 1407:Runner's High! 1393: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1359: 1356: 1253: 1250: 1225: 1212: 1211: 1210: 1167:(Famicom) and 1141: 1138: 1134:Minoru Arakawa 1103:US$ 14 billion 1099:US$ 42 billion 1085: 1082: 1038:Space Invaders 918: 915: 900:Computer Games 888:Computer Games 846:MOS Technology 806:cassette tapes 719: 716: 701:Journey Escape 588: 585: 580:Raymond Kassar 530:Space Invaders 498: 495: 493: 490: 475:home computers 409: 408: 406: 405: 398: 391: 383: 380: 379: 376: 375: 369: 366: 365: 362: 361: 358: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 315:List of genres 311: 306: 305: 302: 301: 298: 297: 292: 286: 283: 282: 279: 278: 275: 274: 268: 263: 262: 259: 258: 255: 254: 248: 243: 242: 239: 238: 235: 234: 228: 223: 222: 219: 218: 215: 214: 208: 203: 202: 199: 198: 195: 194: 189: 184: 178: 173: 172: 169: 168: 165: 164: 163: 162: 160: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 114: 113: 103: 98: 97: 96: 85: 80: 79: 76: 75: 72: 71: 66: 60: 57: 56: 53: 52: 46: 45: 41: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5867: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5781: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5675: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5597:United States 5595: 5593: 5590: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5578:Latin America 5576: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5529: 5524: 5522: 5517: 5515: 5510: 5509: 5506: 5502: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5426: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5414: 5410: 5408: 5407: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5374: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5331:Single-player 5329: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5255: 5254: 5250: 5249: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5210: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5194: 5191: 5187: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5137: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5096: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5076:Tower defense 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5018: 5017:Immersive sim 5015: 5013: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5003: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4965: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4906:City-building 4904: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4834: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4809:Dungeon crawl 4807: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4775: 4774:Tile-matching 4772: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4763: 4762:Hidden object 4760: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4751: 4745: 4742: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4733: 4732:Deck-building 4730: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4721: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4614: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4567:Battle royale 4565: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4556: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4491: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4453: 4450: 4449: 4446: 4442: 4435: 4430: 4428: 4423: 4421: 4416: 4415: 4412: 4408: 4398: 4397:Ninth (2020–) 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4348: 4342: 4339: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4329:Crash of 1983 4327: 4326: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4282: 4277: 4275: 4270: 4268: 4263: 4262: 4259: 4255: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4140: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4014: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3888: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3874:Early history 3872: 3868: 3861: 3856: 3854: 3849: 3847: 3842: 3841: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3818: 3816: 3811: 3809: 3804: 3803: 3800: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3729: 3725: 3714: 3711: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3680: 3679:0-07-222428-2 3676: 3672: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3657: 3655:9780814337226 3651: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3598: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3551:September 11, 3546: 3542: 3541: 3536: 3529: 3526: 3513: 3509: 3508: 3503: 3496: 3493: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3465: 3462: 3454:September 21, 3449: 3445: 3444: 3439: 3432: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3409:(1): 83–100. 3408: 3404: 3403: 3395: 3392: 3384:September 21, 3379: 3375: 3374: 3369: 3362: 3359: 3346: 3342: 3341: 3335: 3327: 3324: 3312: 3308: 3306:0-520-07776-8 3302: 3298: 3294: 3293: 3285: 3282: 3274:September 21, 3269: 3265: 3264: 3259: 3252: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3227: 3222: 3220:0-7615-3643-4 3216: 3212: 3211: 3206: 3200: 3197: 3189:September 13, 3184: 3180: 3179: 3174: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3137: 3121: 3117: 3116: 3108: 3101: 3098: 3090: 3083: 3077: 3074: 3069: 3067:9781351172363 3063: 3059: 3052: 3049: 3041:September 30, 3036: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3018: 3013: 3011:0-7615-3643-4 3007: 3003: 2999: 2998: 2993: 2986: 2983: 2970: 2967: 2966: 2960: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2923: 2920: 2907: 2903: 2896: 2893: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2866: 2853: 2850:. p. 2. 2849: 2848: 2844: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2793: 2790: 2777: 2773: 2767: 2764: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2736: 2733: 2720: 2716: 2715:Nintendo Land 2712: 2705: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2686: 2683: 2670: 2669: 2664: 2657: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2635: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2616:0-7615-3643-4 2612: 2608: 2604: 2603: 2598: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2577:September 10, 2572: 2568: 2567: 2561: 2553: 2550: 2542:September 10, 2537: 2533: 2529: 2522: 2519: 2511:September 10, 2506: 2502: 2501: 2496: 2489: 2486: 2473: 2469: 2463: 2460: 2455: 2449: 2445: 2438: 2435: 2422: 2418: 2417: 2416:Arcade Attack 2412: 2405: 2402: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2355: 2351: 2350: 2345: 2338: 2335: 2330: 2329: 2324: 2317: 2314: 2301: 2297: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2272: 2268: 2267: 2259: 2256: 2248: 2244: 2237: 2230: 2227: 2222: 2215: 2212: 2199: 2195: 2188: 2185: 2180: 2173: 2170: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2133: 2130: 2125: 2124: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2099: 2092: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2079: 2072: 2069: 2056: 2052: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1992: 1988: 1987: 1979: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1961: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1943: 1937: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1919: 1916: 1911: 1909:0-07-223172-6 1905: 1901: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1867: 1864:. p. 4. 1863: 1859: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1816: 1813: 1800: 1796: 1789: 1786: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1759: 1756: 1748:September 11, 1740: 1733: 1732: 1724: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1698: 1695: 1682: 1678: 1677:Arcade Attack 1674: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1633: 1630: 1627:, p. 11. 1626: 1625:Provenzo 1991 1621: 1618: 1610:September 21, 1605: 1601: 1600: 1594: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1550: 1547: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1517: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1490: 1487: 1482: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1461: 1458: 1453: 1451:0-7615-3643-4 1447: 1443: 1439: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1423: 1420: 1408: 1404: 1398: 1395: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1373: 1370: 1365: 1364:computer game 1357: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1276:optical discs 1273: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1251: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1242:TurboGrafx-16 1233: 1229: 1222: 1216: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1178: 1177:Master System 1174: 1170: 1166: 1160: 1158: 1157:Data East USA 1153: 1152: 1146: 1139: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1111: 1106: 1090: 1083: 1081: 1079: 1073: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 966: 965: 960: 955: 951: 948: 945:withdrew its 944: 940: 935: 931: 929: 925: 916: 914: 912: 907: 906: 901: 897: 893: 889: 884: 882: 877: 873: 869: 865: 860: 858: 854: 851: 847: 842: 838: 834: 833: 828: 824: 818: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 794: 790: 785: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 735: 730: 725: 717: 715: 711: 709: 708: 703: 702: 697: 696: 691: 690: 684: 680: 679: 673: 669: 664: 663: 658: 655: 654: 649: 645: 641: 636: 634: 630: 625: 619: 617: 616: 611: 607: 602: 598: 594: 586: 584: 581: 577: 576:Goldman Sachs 572: 568: 566: 565: 560: 556: 552: 548: 547:Intellivision 544: 540: 536: 532: 531: 526: 525: 520: 516: 512: 503: 496: 491: 489: 487: 484:console, the 483: 478: 476: 471: 469: 465: 461: 456: 452: 451:console games 448: 444: 440: 436: 435:United States 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 404: 399: 397: 392: 390: 385: 384: 382: 381: 374: 371: 370: 364: 363: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 312: 309: 304: 303: 296: 293: 291: 288: 287: 281: 280: 273: 270: 269: 266: 261: 260: 253: 250: 249: 246: 241: 240: 233: 230: 229: 226: 221: 220: 213: 210: 209: 206: 201: 200: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 179: 176: 171: 170: 161: 158: 154: 151: 150: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 112: 109: 108: 107: 104: 102: 99: 95: 92: 91: 90: 87: 86: 83: 78: 77: 70: 67: 65: 62: 61: 58:Early history 55: 54: 51: 47: 43: 42: 38: 34: 33: 30: 19: 5562:South Africa 5472:Toys-to-life 5412: 5405: 5357: 5302:Player modes 5266:Personalized 5251: 5240: 5208: 5114:Other genres 5044:Auto battler 5012:Falling-sand 4974:Lunar Lander 4784:Role-playing 4767: 4709:Visual novel 4671:Metroidvania 4663: 4617: 4549:Third-person 4522:Shoot 'em up 4507:First-person 4328: 3784: 3774: 3764: 3747: 3710:1980s portal 3685: 3670: 3641: 3618: 3570: 3549:. Retrieved 3538: 3528: 3516:. Retrieved 3505: 3495: 3483:. Retrieved 3474: 3464: 3452:. Retrieved 3443:Ars Technica 3441: 3431: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3382:. Retrieved 3371: 3361: 3349:. Retrieved 3338: 3326: 3315:, retrieved 3291: 3284: 3272:. Retrieved 3261: 3251: 3229: 3208: 3199: 3187:. Retrieved 3176: 3148: 3139: 3127:. Retrieved 3113: 3100: 3076: 3057: 3051: 3039:. Retrieved 3030: 3025:Boyd, Andy. 3020: 2996: 2985: 2973:. Retrieved 2963: 2935: 2922: 2910:. Retrieved 2905: 2902:"Microfocus" 2895: 2883:. Retrieved 2878: 2868: 2856:. Retrieved 2845: 2822:, retrieved 2802:Orange Coast 2801: 2798:"Toy Trends" 2792: 2782:November 22, 2780:. Retrieved 2766: 2754:. Retrieved 2745: 2735: 2725:February 14, 2723:. Retrieved 2719:the original 2714: 2704: 2685: 2673:. Retrieved 2666: 2656: 2638: 2601: 2575:. Retrieved 2564: 2552: 2540:. Retrieved 2521: 2509:. Retrieved 2498: 2488: 2476:. Retrieved 2472:the original 2462: 2443: 2437: 2425:. Retrieved 2414: 2404: 2394:December 30, 2392:. Retrieved 2383: 2358:. Retrieved 2354:the original 2347: 2337: 2326: 2316: 2306:February 24, 2304:. Retrieved 2299: 2277:November 16, 2275:, retrieved 2271:the original 2265: 2258: 2242: 2229: 2220: 2214: 2204:February 25, 2202:. Retrieved 2197: 2187: 2178: 2172: 2160:. Retrieved 2143: 2132: 2121: 2115: 2106: 2097: 2091: 2077: 2071: 2059:. Retrieved 2054: 2029:. Retrieved 2020: 1985: 1978: 1960: 1952: 1936: 1928:the original 1918: 1899: 1870:. Retrieved 1861: 1836:February 28, 1834:. Retrieved 1825: 1815: 1803:. Retrieved 1798: 1788: 1776:. Retrieved 1772:the original 1767: 1758: 1746:. Retrieved 1730: 1723: 1710: 1697: 1685:. Retrieved 1676: 1653:December 30, 1651:. Retrieved 1642: 1632: 1620: 1608:. Retrieved 1597: 1566:(1): 67–82. 1563: 1559: 1549: 1537:. Retrieved 1526: 1516: 1502:(1): 67–82. 1499: 1495: 1489: 1466: 1460: 1436: 1428:Kent, Steven 1422: 1410:. Retrieved 1406: 1397: 1374: 1361: 1344:monopolistic 1339:lockout chip 1331: 1304: 1296:Color Dreams 1267:ColecoVision 1255: 1246:Sega Genesis 1238: 1232:Sega Genesis 1194: 1161: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1122:Code Masters 1115: 1107: 1095: 1077: 1074: 1056: 1052:Trip Hawkins 1044: 1036: 1026: 1022: 1010:Jack Tramiel 998:urban legend 993: 989: 981: 977: 970: 962: 958: 936: 932: 920: 910: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 885: 876:IBM 'Peanut' 867: 861: 830: 826: 819: 802:floppy disks 786: 782:Commodore 64 739: 734:Commodore 64 712: 705: 699: 695:Lost Luggage 693: 687: 682: 678:Marathon Man 676: 660: 659: 651: 637: 620: 613: 590: 573: 569: 562: 551:ColecoVision 528: 522: 508: 479: 472: 453:in favor of 422: 414: 412: 290:Browser game 265:Cloud gaming 225:Mobile games 110: 29: 5795:New Zealand 5759:Switzerland 5729:Netherlands 5653:Philippines 5643:South Korea 5388:Hypercasual 5309:Multiplayer 5225:Educational 5175:Programming 5170:Photography 5143:Incremental 4939:Kart racing 4883:Virtual pet 4714:Walking sim 4689:Escape room 4588:Beat 'em up 4527:Bullet hell 4334:Console war 4295:By platform 4244:Near future 3608:Works cited 3518:December 2, 3129:December 2, 2975:January 29, 2912:November 9, 2885:November 8, 2675:February 2, 2300:Video Games 2031:January 19, 1872:January 10, 1826:Times-Union 1805:October 19, 1801:. p. 6 1778:January 10, 1412:November 6, 1319:Ultra Games 1311:Hudson Soft 996:led to the 896:simulations 808:instead of 791:and faster 672:Bill Kunkel 624:David Crane 564:Donkey Kong 423:Atari shock 94:Console war 5814:Categories 5613:Bangladesh 5429:Open world 5340:Production 5261:Nonviolent 4944:Sim racing 4911:Government 4846:Simulation 4537:Twin-stick 4471:Platformer 4312:Golden age 3632:0674937090 3351:August 25, 3031:www.uh.edu 2532:PC Advisor 2061:August 18, 1996:020116454X 1389:References 1337:system, a 1126:SquareSoft 1033:golden age 928:U.S. Games 823:Dan Gutman 793:processors 722:See also: 597:Activision 555:Atari 5200 417:(known in 5790:Australia 5724:Lithuania 5628:Indonesia 5215:Christian 5203:Advergame 5091:Artillery 4824:Roguelike 4802:Soulslike 4681:Adventure 4517:Light gun 3881:1947–1972 3485:March 30, 3317:April 26, 3263:The Verge 2858:April 10, 2824:April 26, 2814:0279-0483 2500:InfoWorld 2478:April 26, 2384:Gamasutra 2198:InfoWorld 2152:0362-4331 1643:Gamasutra 1471:McFarland 1382:LCD games 964:Centipede 707:Dishaster 668:hula hoop 521:for home 427:recession 295:Emulation 5663:Thailand 5648:Malaysia 5586:Colombia 5571:Americas 5467:Minigame 5419:Masocore 5365:Fan game 5235:Licensed 5160:Non-game 5031:Strategy 4901:Business 4600:Fighting 4559:Survival 4544:Tactical 4317:Timeline 3789:Archived 3757:Archived 3735:Archived 3617:(1991). 3545:Archived 3512:Archived 3479:Archived 3448:Archived 3423:53358125 3378:Archived 3345:Archived 3311:archived 3268:Archived 3243:Archived 3207:(2001). 3183:Archived 3120:Archived 3089:Archived 3035:Archived 2969:Archived 2932:Archived 2906:Compute! 2879:Compute! 2852:Archived 2818:archived 2776:Archived 2750:Archived 2696:Archived 2648:Archived 2571:Archived 2536:Archived 2505:Archived 2421:Archived 2388:Archived 2360:March 6, 2247:Archived 2156:Archived 2103:Archived 2083:Archived 2025:Archived 1970:Archived 1945:Archived 1866:Archived 1830:Archived 1739:Archived 1715:Archived 1681:Archived 1647:Archived 1604:Archived 1539:July 26, 1533:Archived 1430:(2001). 1300:Camerica 1284:Accolade 1244:and the 1110:Magnavox 1078:Compute! 1018:Atari ST 939:Magnavox 881:JCPenney 853:in-house 766:TI-99/4A 653:AtariAge 644:MCA Inc. 615:Pitfall! 543:Odyssey² 82:Consoles 5783:Oceania 5769:Ukraine 5714:Ireland 5704:Germany 5694:Finland 5684:Belgium 5557:Nigeria 5434:Sandbox 5276:Serious 5209:Bishōjo 5126:Fitness 5098:Wargame 4956:Vehicle 4929:Fishing 4868:Farming 4768:Sokoban 4632:Stealth 4618:Pac-Man 4494:Shooter 3577:(MMC), 3239:GameSpy 3178:USGamer 2756:May 11, 2427:May 10, 2162:July 2, 1687:May 10, 1173:SG-1000 1000:of the 990:Pac-Man 978:Pac-Man 689:Kaboom! 683:Phoenix 559:Vectrex 482:Famicom 429:in the 421:as the 5764:Turkey 5754:Sweden 5744:Russia 5739:Poland 5734:Norway 5709:Greece 5699:France 5677:Europe 5668:Turkey 5658:Russia 5592:Canada 5582:Brazil 5540:Africa 5383:Casual 5376:Design 5358:Doujin 5271:Sci-fi 5247:Sexual 5220:Comedy 5196:Themes 5180:Typing 5153:Rhythm 5131:Horror 4969:Combat 4934:Racing 4921:Sports 4878:Social 4863:Dating 4814:MMORPG 4754:Puzzle 4462:Action 3677: 3652: 3629: 3593: 3421: 3373:Kotaku 3303: 3217: 3149:RePlay 3115:Forbes 3064: 3008: 2812: 2613: 2450: 2150: 1993: 1906: 1477: 1448: 1369:modems 1315:Konami 1298:, and 1292:Tengen 1202:R.O.B. 1151:Forbes 1124:, and 943:Imagic 789:memory 778:VIC-20 692:-like 646:, and 557:, and 308:Genres 5749:Spain 5719:Italy 5638:Japan 5623:India 5618:China 5552:Kenya 5547:Ghana 5460:Other 5413:Kaizo 5406:Gacha 5352:Indie 5314:Co-op 5253:Eroge 5241:Otome 5230:Girls 5165:Party 5148:Music 5005:Other 4979:Space 4666:clone 4627:Snake 4620:clone 4581:Other 4502:Arena 4206:2020s 4143:2010s 4080:2000s 4017:1990s 3954:1980s 3891:1970s 3419:S2CID 3123:(PDF) 3110:(PDF) 3092:(PDF) 3085:(PDF) 2639:Icons 2634:"NES" 2250:(PDF) 2239:(PDF) 1742:(PDF) 1735:(PDF) 1335:10NES 1307:Namco 1278:that 892:games 535:Taito 533:from 419:Japan 367:Lists 5633:Iran 5606:Asia 5360:soft 5291:News 5121:Cozy 5049:MOBA 4855:Life 4612:Maze 4532:Rail 4512:Hero 4239:2025 4234:2024 4229:2023 4224:2022 4219:2021 4214:2020 4196:2019 4191:2018 4186:2017 4181:2016 4176:2015 4171:2014 4166:2013 4161:2012 4156:2011 4151:2010 4133:2009 4128:2008 4123:2007 4118:2006 4113:2005 4108:2004 4103:2003 4098:2002 4093:2001 4088:2000 4070:1999 4065:1998 4060:1997 4055:1996 4050:1995 4045:1994 4040:1993 4035:1992 4030:1991 4025:1990 4007:1989 4002:1988 3997:1987 3992:1986 3987:1985 3982:1984 3977:1983 3972:1982 3967:1981 3962:1980 3944:1979 3939:1978 3934:1977 3929:1976 3924:1975 3919:1974 3914:1973 3909:1972 3904:1971 3899:1970 3675:ISBN 3650:ISBN 3627:ISBN 3591:ISBN 3553:2020 3520:2021 3487:2005 3456:2018 3386:2018 3353:2020 3319:2011 3301:ISBN 3276:2018 3215:ISBN 3191:2019 3131:2021 3062:ISBN 3043:2020 3006:ISBN 2977:2019 2914:2013 2887:2013 2860:2012 2826:2011 2810:ISSN 2784:2020 2758:2017 2727:2006 2677:2012 2611:ISBN 2579:2011 2544:2011 2513:2011 2480:2014 2448:ISBN 2429:2016 2396:2016 2362:2012 2308:2016 2279:2007 2206:2011 2164:2017 2148:ISSN 2063:2014 2033:2015 1991:ISBN 1904:ISBN 1874:2015 1838:2012 1807:2013 1799:BYTE 1780:2015 1750:2020 1689:2016 1655:2016 1612:2018 1541:2016 1475:ISBN 1446:ISBN 1414:2023 1309:and 1288:Sega 1169:Sega 994:E.T. 992:and 959:E.T. 926:and 758:ZX81 732:The 662:BYTE 524:Pong 413:The 5580:(* 5400:FMV 5347:AAA 5324:PVP 5319:MMO 5281:Art 4893:CMS 4873:God 3585:to 3540:IGN 3411:doi 1568:doi 1504:doi 1317:'s 1171:'s 947:IPO 810:ROM 804:or 746:IBM 5816:: 5584:* 5039:4X 3787:. 3783:— 3773:— 3763:— 3746:— 3648:. 3644:. 3625:. 3621:. 3589:. 3587:68 3583:66 3561:^ 3543:. 3537:. 3510:. 3504:. 3477:. 3473:. 3446:. 3440:. 3417:. 3405:. 3376:. 3370:. 3343:. 3337:. 3309:, 3295:, 3266:. 3260:. 3237:. 3181:. 3175:. 3157:^ 3147:. 3112:. 3087:. 3033:. 3029:. 3000:. 2994:. 2962:. 2944:^ 2904:. 2877:. 2833:^ 2816:, 2800:, 2774:. 2744:. 2713:. 2694:. 2665:. 2646:. 2644:G4 2636:. 2625:^ 2605:. 2599:. 2587:^ 2569:. 2563:. 2534:. 2530:. 2497:. 2419:. 2413:. 2386:. 2382:. 2370:^ 2346:. 2325:. 2298:. 2286:^ 2241:. 2196:. 2154:. 2142:. 2053:. 2041:^ 2023:. 2019:. 2005:^ 1968:. 1951:. 1882:^ 1860:. 1846:^ 1824:. 1797:. 1766:. 1709:. 1679:. 1675:. 1663:^ 1645:. 1641:. 1602:. 1596:. 1580:^ 1564:49 1562:. 1558:. 1525:. 1500:49 1498:. 1440:. 1434:. 1405:. 1120:, 1050:' 980:, 961:, 553:, 549:, 545:, 5588:) 5527:e 5520:t 5513:v 4433:e 4426:t 4419:v 4280:e 4273:t 4266:v 3859:e 3852:t 3845:v 3821:e 3814:t 3807:v 3777:. 3767:. 3750:. 3681:. 3658:. 3635:. 3599:. 3555:. 3522:. 3489:. 3458:. 3425:. 3413:: 3407:6 3388:. 3355:. 3278:. 3223:. 3193:. 3133:. 3070:. 3045:. 3014:. 2979:. 2916:. 2889:. 2862:. 2786:. 2760:. 2729:. 2679:. 2619:. 2581:. 2546:. 2515:. 2482:. 2456:. 2431:. 2398:. 2364:. 2310:. 2208:. 2166:. 2126:. 2065:. 2035:. 1999:. 1912:. 1876:. 1840:. 1809:. 1782:. 1752:. 1691:. 1657:. 1614:. 1574:. 1570:: 1510:. 1506:: 1483:. 1454:. 1416:. 1068:" 762:£ 402:e 395:t 388:v 159:) 155:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index