24:
1200:
715:
979:
973:
709:
985:
1193:
215:
617:
1186:
371:. First published in the 1869 journal Annales des voyages, de la géographie, de l’histoire et de l’archéologie, edited by Victor-Adolphe Malte-Brun, Charles Lemire’s article “Coup d’oeil sur la Cochinchine Française et le Cambodge” gives us a fascinating portrait of Saigon-Chợ Lớn less than 10 years after the arrival of the French. 29 December 2015
238:, these cash coins has weight of 7 phần and had the reverse inscription "Lục Văn" (六文) on them indicating that these coins were worth 6 zinc cash coins. The introduction of this new currency symbol marked the change in the relationship between Vietnamese cash coins made from copper and cash coins of zinc and it
23:
244:
increased the value of the
Vietnamese brass cash currency. In November 1879 the official value of 6 copper phần was equal to 6 sapèques of zinc. However the foreign cash coinages as well as imitation (counterfeit) Vietnamese cash coins made of inferior alloys that circulated in Vietnam at the time
443:
This is a translation of the article "Monnaies et circulation monetairé au
Vietnam dans l'ère Tự Đức" (1848–1883) by Francois Thierry Published in Revue Numismatique 1999 (volume # 154). pp. 267–313. This translation is from pages 274–297. Translator: Craig Greenbaum. Retrieved: 19 March
1199:
2276:
390:
1054:
134:(貫) as units of account that could be based on either zinc cash coins or copper-alloy cash coins depending on the region or context. It was continued to be used as a measurement for zinc cash coins when the
1396:
714:
214:
2319:
1685:
491:
138:
was introduced, after which the term still appeared on
Vietnamese cash coins and represented a subdivision of copper-alloy cash coins rather than the piastre, this was known in French as the
1680:
1619:
884:
343:
Note sur la circulation monétaire et les moyens d'échange dans les colonies françaises et pays de protectorat, d'après les documents officiels recueillis par l'administration des colonies
2544:
398:
1132:
533:
263:
During the end of the 19th century a
Tonkinese string of zinc cash coins typically had 600 coins while an Annamese string of copper-alloy cash coins only had 100 coins.
2529:
671:
1381:
2312:
877:
2524:
1261:
1990:
1955:
1578:
2261:
1338:
2271:
1659:
870:
1125:
1604:
526:
2364:
1918:
935:
762:
599:
972:
708:
2498:
1839:
1333:
1323:
2369:
2286:
1410:
1328:
940:
768:
605:
199:
2600:
2395:
1583:
1573:
962:
797:
723:
637:
130:
1930:
175:
tended to be made from copper-alloys and were valued higher than the
Tonkinese zinc cash coins, these cash coins still typically used the
2354:
1965:
925:
750:
572:
231:
28:
2595:
2148:
1898:
1118:
664:
519:
1391:
1244:
506:
337:
2266:
2165:
2093:
1945:
1769:
1764:
454:
978:
1925:
1553:
1526:
1521:
1365:
218:
A Tự Đức Thông Bảo (嗣德通寶) cash coin with the reverse inscription "六文" indicating that it was worth six pieces of zinc cash coins.
1631:
1879:
920:
697:
2539:
2359:
930:
756:
578:
36:
2590:
1950:
296:
Jean-Pascal
Bassino and Hironobu Nakagawa, Exchange Rates and Exchange Rate Policies in Vietnam Under French Rule, 1878-1945
341:
2236:
2155:
1995:
1874:
1654:
1563:
1541:
657:
2022:
1739:
1293:
1536:
1166:
430:
By Sema (Art-Hanoi) Cash coins of Bao Dai were the last cash-style coins produced in the world. Retrieved: 19 March 2019
168:
76:
2534:
2027:
1834:
1799:
2231:
2123:
2113:
1869:
1844:
1829:
1819:
1419:
1162:
1089:
984:
458:
172:
142:, as the production of zinc coinage was ceased by the Imperial government of the Nguyễn dynasty around the year 1871.
1980:
1353:
2098:
1749:
1704:
2416:
2226:
2103:
2037:
1985:
1935:
1779:
1531:
1348:
1288:
1192:
1006:
135:
2302:
2108:
1784:
1754:
1386:
2476:
2470:
2458:
2198:
2052:
1759:
1609:
1864:
1859:
1824:
1774:
1614:
1298:
2203:
2175:
1804:
2073:
1849:
1734:
2464:
2452:
2042:
1714:
1588:
1268:
483:
272:
60:
2088:
2078:
2569:
2032:
1960:
191:
2549:
1724:
1696:
1493:
1050:
1040:
1024:
195:
2554:
1475:
2307:
2047:
2000:
1970:
1646:
347:
83:
2390:
2083:
1854:
1809:
1709:
957:
791:
633:
124:
2605:
2519:
1975:
1940:
1794:
1664:
1558:
1499:
1451:
1343:
1001:
183:
91:
2324:
2118:
1789:
1313:
1156:
1141:
742:
616:
546:
98:
was the primary unit of account for coins made of the same metals, the
Vietnamese system used the
68:
2329:
2010:
1719:
1445:
1439:
1256:
1101:
902:
223:
1913:
1814:
164:
1729:
248:
In the year 1893, large brass Thành Thái Thông Bảo (成泰通寶) cash coins with a denomination of 10
2160:
2057:
1636:
1318:
1251:
1172:
833:
502:
1463:
1229:
306:
2493:
2221:
1884:
1626:
1303:
1278:
993:
203:
2559:
2281:
1481:
1457:
1234:
230:
cash coin passed to 6 (zinc) and the small copper coin to 4 zinc". In 1872 the first brass
2346:
2015:
2005:
1073:
910:
680:
542:
459:"Bas monnayage de Thành Thái 成泰 (1889–1907) – Brass coinage of Thành Thái era (1889–1907)"
277:
64:
52:
17:
689:
1744:
368:
48:
1548:
731:
649:
2564:
1433:
1358:
2584:
1044:
1016:
87:
32:
1308:
1239:
427:
844:
511:
160:
2503:
2256:
440:
2170:
1469:
915:
816:
1487:
418:
French
Southeast Asia Coins & Currency by Howard A. Daniel III (page 97).
307:"Sapeque and Sapeque-Like Coins in Cochinchina and Indochina (交趾支那和印度支那穿孔錢幣)"
1568:
1516:
1185:
2400:
947:
311:
Howard A. Daniel III (The
Journal of East Asian Numismatics – Second issue)
2436:
1427:
838:
240:
222:
It first used by official decree in
January 1868 during the reign of the
1110:
257:
1065:
893:
850:
862:
122:) was worth, the Vietnamese cash coins-based currency system used the
2143:
227:
115:
235:
213:
111:
22:
1397:
Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
332:
330:
328:
103:
1114:
866:
653:
515:
1257:
Nguyễn dynasty's persecution of Catholics in the 19th century
487:
67:
coins was used from 1868 until 1945 during the reign of the
441:
CURRENCY TYPES AND THEIR FACE VALUES DURING THE TỰ ĐỨC ERA.
234:(嗣德通寶) cash coins with the monetary unit văn were cast in
226:
Emperor which decreed that "the value of the large module
256:), or 10 zinc cash coins, started being produced by the
206:, the last of these was officially produced until 1945.
2545:
Postage stamps and postal history of Annam and Tongking
1627:
Names of the Nguyễn dynasty state (Việt Nam / Đại Nam)
102:
as a basic number currency symbol indicating how much
2512:
2486:
2445:
2429:
2409:
2378:
2345:
2338:
2295:
2249:
2214:
2191:
2184:
2136:
2066:
1906:
1897:
1694:
1673:
1645:
1597:
1509:
1418:
1409:
1374:
1277:
1214:
1207:
1149:
1082:
1064:
1033:
1015:
992:
901:
826:
807:
778:
741:
722:
688:
245:were exchanged for only 3 cash coins of zinc.
2530:Esplanade of Sacrifice to the Heaven and Earth
171:. Meanwhile cash coins that circulated in the
90:, however unlike the Chinese system where all
2313:Confucian court examination system in Vietnam
1126:
878:
665:
527:
8:
395:Chương IV "Tiền bạc, văn chương và lịch sử""
2342:
2188:
1903:
1554:House of People's Representatives of Annam
1415:
1211:
1133:
1119:
1111:
885:
871:
863:
672:
658:
650:
534:
520:
512:
369:"Saigon-Cholon in 1868, by Charles Lemire"
2320:Quốc Học – Huế High School for the Gifted
2525:Economy of the Nguyễn dynasty until 1884
1382:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina
2325:Société d’Enseignement Mutuel du Tonkin
289:
94:were cast from the same metals and the
2277:Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục
159:of a piastre (a currency based on the
39:(嗣德寶鈔) with a nominal value of 60 văn.
2499:Imperial Order of the Dragon of Annam
1334:Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League
1324:History of Vietnam during World War I
499:The historical Cash Coins of Viet Nam
7:
84:contemporary Qing dynasty cash coins
16:For the coins of the same name, see
71:. The inspiration to introduce the
1991:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)
1956:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834)
14:
2053:Uprising of the Nghệ-Tĩnh soviets
1951:Anouvong's Rebellion against Siam
1245:Six Provinces of Southern Vietnam
202:(保大通寶) cash coins produced under
2287:Woodblocks of the Nguyễn Dynasty
1926:Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia
1527:Court of Imperial Entertainments
1366:French Indochina in World War II
1198:
1191:
1184:
983:
977:
971:
713:
707:
615:
2487:Orders, decorations, and medals
1931:Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812)
1919:French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh
428:保大 Bảo Đại 1926-1945 cash coins
2137:Special administrative regions
1:
1996:Bombardment of Tourane (1847)
1564:Imperial Household Department
1542:Office of the National Altars
1262:Tự Đức's Catholic persecution
1163:French protectorates of Annam
488:ANNAM and its minor currency.
169:French protectorate of Tonkin
75:may have been to emulate the
2067:Prominent military personnel
2023:Ba Dinh uprising / Cần Vương
1537:Court of Imperial Sacrifices
497:Dr. R. Allan Barker. (2004)
173:French protectorate of Annam
2601:Economic history of Vietnam
2149:Principality of Thuận Thành
1632:Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty
1090:Vietnamese numismatic charm
593:Thành Thái Thông Bảo (成泰通寶)
590:Đồng Khánh Thông Bảo (同慶通寶)
457:(蒂埃里) (14 September 2015).
455:François Thierry de Crussol
167:were primarily used in the
2622:
2596:Modern obsolete currencies
2417:French Indochinese piastre
1986:Cambodian rebellion (1840)
1936:Cambodian rebellion (1820)
1532:Court of the Imperial Stud
1349:Communist Party of Vietnam
1289:French conquest of Vietnam
1180:
1007:French Indochinese piastre
584:Kiến Phúc Thông Bảo (建福通寶)
569:Thiệu Trị Thông Bảo (紹治通寶)
566:Minh Mạng Thông Bảo (明命通寶)
149:was worth generally worth
136:French Indochinese piastre
15:
1647:Provincial administration
1510:Ministries & agencies
1387:Vietnamese famine of 1945
1098:
969:
724:Fourth Chinese domination
705:
624:
613:
587:Hàm Nghi Thông Bảo (咸宜通寶)
560:Gia Long Thông Bảo (嘉隆通寶)
557:Gia Hưng Thông Bảo (嘉興通寶)
553:
2185:Palaces & mausoleums
1966:Nông Văn Vân's Rebellion
1946:Phan Bá Vành's Rebellion
1522:Court of Judicial Review
1299:Great Hanoi Rat Massacre
596:Duy Tân Thông Bảo (維新通寶)
461:(in French). TransAsiart
338:Ministry of the Colonies
190:(文) would appear on the
165:French domination period
86:which had just become a
2540:Long Wall of Quảng Ngãi
2272:Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí
2156:Principality of Hà Tiên
1715:Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau
1329:Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội
273:Farthing (British coin)
2570:Vietnamese nationalism
2262:Đại Nam nhất thống chí
2033:Pacification of Tonkin
1961:Nduai Kabait rebellion
1339:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng
1279:French protectorate(s)
563:Gia Long Cự Bảo (嘉隆巨寶)
490:Hosted on Art-Hanoi. (
393:Sử Việt, đọc vài quyển
219:
40:
2591:Currencies of Vietnam
2303:Imperial Academy, Huế
2250:Society & culture
1674:French administration
1579:Ministry of Education
1392:Abdication of Bảo Đại
1041:South Vietnamese dong
1025:North Vietnamese dong
217:
26:
2535:House of Nguyễn Phúc
2308:Imperial examination
2199:Imperial City of Huế
2043:Vue Pa Chay's revolt
2038:Thái Nguyên uprising
2028:Yên Thế Insurrection
2001:Cochinchina campaign
683:coins by inscription
484:Eduardo Toda y Güell
348:government of France
192:Thành Thái Thông Bảo
2520:Domain of the Crown
2410:Colonial currencies
2365:Khải Định Thông Bảo
2222:Thien Tho Mausoleum
1976:Ja Thak Wa uprising
1971:Katip Sumat's Jihad
1941:Ja Lidong rebellion
1559:Imperial Clan Court
1344:Le Travail movement
1215:Sovereign Việt Nam
1017:Democratic Republic
1002:Cochinchina piastre
936:Khải Định Thông Bảo
763:Khải Định Thông Bảo
600:Khải Định Thông Bảo
2330:Tonkin Free School
2166:Thủy Xá and Hỏa Xá
2011:Garnier Expedition
1981:Lê Văn Khôi revolt
1740:Michael Hồ Đình Hy
1720:Jean Marie Despiau
1102:Economy of Vietnam
1066:Socialist Republic
921:Thái Bình Hưng Bảo
798:mân / cưỡng / quán
732:Vĩnh Lạc Thông Bảo
698:Thái Bình Hưng Bảo
220:
92:Chinese cash coins
41:
2578:
2577:
2425:
2424:
2370:Bảo Đại Thông Bảo
2245:
2244:
2161:Sip Song Chau Tai
2132:
2131:
2124:Trương Minh Giảng
2114:Nguyễn Tri Phương
2058:August Revolution
1893:
1892:
1870:Trương Minh Giảng
1820:Nguyễn Tri Phương
1637:Vietnamese dragon
1405:
1404:
1319:Hanoi Poison Plot
1269:Văn Thân movement
1252:Citadel of Saigon
1173:Empire of Vietnam
1108:
1107:
941:Bảo Đại Thông Bảo
860:
859:
834:Cash coins in art
808:Manufacturing and
769:Bảo Đại Thông Bảo
647:
646:
606:Bảo Đại Thông Bảo
492:Wikimedia Commons
346:(in French). The
200:Bảo Đại Thông Bảo
196:Duy Tân Thông Bảo
2613:
2355:Tự Đức Thông Bảo
2343:
2267:Đại Nam thực lục
2189:
2099:Nguyễn Văn Thành
2094:Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức
1907:Battles and wars
1904:
1885:Philippe Vannier
1880:Nguyễn Văn Tường
1770:Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức
1765:Nguyễn Trường Tộ
1705:Bạch Xuân Nguyên
1681:Khâm sứ Trung Kỳ
1620:Provincial flags
1416:
1304:Hanoi Exhibition
1282:(Pháp thuộc, 法屬)
1212:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1112:
994:Colonial Vietnam
987:
981:
975:
926:Tự Đức Thông Bảo
903:Imperial Vietnam
887:
880:
873:
864:
751:Tự Đức Thông Bảo
717:
711:
674:
667:
660:
651:
628:Currency units:
619:
573:Tự Đức Thông Bảo
536:
529:
522:
513:
471:
470:
468:
466:
451:
445:
437:
431:
425:
419:
416:
410:
409:
407:
406:
397:. Archived from
387:
381:
380:
378:
376:
365:
359:
358:
356:
354:
334:
323:
322:
320:
318:
303:
297:
294:
232:Tự Đức Thông Bảo
158:
157:
153:
145:The French zinc
106:cash coins (銅鐱,
29:Tự Đức Thông Bảo
2621:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2508:
2482:
2441:
2421:
2405:
2374:
2334:
2291:
2241:
2227:Khiêm Mausoleum
2210:
2180:
2128:
2109:Nguyễn Văn Nhơn
2089:Nguyễn Cư Trinh
2062:
2016:Sino-French War
2006:Tonkin campaign
1889:
1845:Tôn Thất Thuyết
1830:Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ
1815:Phan Thanh Liêm
1810:Phan Thanh Giản
1805:Phan Đình Phùng
1785:Nguyễn Văn Nhơn
1690:
1686:Thống sứ Bắc Kỳ
1669:
1641:
1593:
1505:
1401:
1375:Japanese period
1370:
1281:
1273:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1157:Sovereign state
1145:
1139:
1109:
1104:
1094:
1078:
1060:
1051:Liberation dong
1029:
1011:
988:
982:
976:
967:
897:
891:
861:
856:
822:
810:casting process
809:
803:
774:
737:
718:
712:
703:
684:
681:Vietnamese cash
678:
648:
643:
620:
611:
549:
540:
480:
475:
474:
464:
462:
453:
452:
448:
438:
434:
426:
422:
417:
413:
404:
402:
389:
388:
384:
374:
372:
367:
366:
362:
352:
350:
336:
335:
326:
316:
314:
313:. 20 April 2016
305:
304:
300:
295:
291:
286:
278:Mill (currency)
269:
212:
179:currency unit.
155:
151:
150:
140:sapèque en zinc
65:Vietnamese cash
35:of 6 văn and a
21:
18:Vietnamese cash
12:
11:
5:
2619:
2617:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2583:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2550:Thoại Hà Canal
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2379:Currency units
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2360:Tự Đức Bảo Sao
2357:
2351:
2349:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2195:
2193:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2176:Trấn Tây Thành
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2104:Nguyễn Văn Tồn
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2048:Yên Bái mutiny
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1910:
1908:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1875:Trương Tấn Bửu
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1850:Trần Trọng Kim
1847:
1842:
1837:
1835:Thoại Ngọc Hầu
1832:
1827:
1825:Thân Văn Nhiếp
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1800:Phạm Thận Duật
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1780:Nguyễn Văn Tồn
1777:
1775:Nguyễn Văn Tâm
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1725:Hoàng Cao Khải
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1424:
1422:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1221:thời độc lập,
1209:
1205:
1204:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1160:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1142:Nguyễn dynasty
1140:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1115:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1048:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1004:
998:
996:
990:
989:
970:
968:
966:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
944:
943:
938:
933:
931:Tự Đức Bảo Sao
928:
923:
918:
907:
905:
899:
898:
892:
890:
889:
882:
875:
867:
858:
857:
855:
854:
848:
845:Hoa xuyên tiền
842:
836:
830:
828:
824:
823:
821:
820:
813:
811:
805:
804:
802:
801:
795:
789:
782:
780:
779:Currency units
776:
775:
773:
772:
766:
760:
757:Tự Đức Bảo Sao
754:
747:
745:
743:Nguyễn dynasty
739:
738:
736:
735:
728:
726:
720:
719:
706:
704:
702:
701:
694:
692:
686:
685:
679:
677:
676:
669:
662:
654:
645:
644:
642:
641:
625:
622:
621:
614:
612:
610:
609:
603:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:Tự Đức Bảo Sao
576:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
554:
551:
550:
547:Nguyễn dynasty
541:
539:
538:
531:
524:
516:
510:
509:
495:
479:
476:
473:
472:
446:
432:
420:
411:
382:
360:
324:
298:
288:
287:
285:
282:
281:
280:
275:
268:
265:
211:
208:
69:Nguyễn dynasty
45:Vietnamese văn
37:Tự Đức Bảo Sao
31:(嗣德通寶) with a
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2618:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2555:Vĩnh Tế Canal
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2238:
2237:Ứng Mausoleum
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2204:Meridian Gate
2202:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2119:Phan Văn Thúy
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2074:Hoàng Kế Viêm
2072:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:Tôn Thất Đính
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1790:Phan Văn Thúy
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1760:Ngô Đình Khôi
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1750:Ngô Đình Diệm
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1735:Hoàng Kế Viêm
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1610:Đăng đàn cung
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1034:South Vietnam
1032:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
997:
995:
991:
986:
980:
974:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
913:
912:
909:
908:
906:
904:
900:
895:
888:
883:
881:
876:
874:
869:
868:
865:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
835:
832:
831:
829:
825:
818:
815:
814:
812:
806:
800:(緡 / 繦/鏹 / 貫)
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
783:
781:
777:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
748:
746:
744:
740:
733:
730:
729:
727:
725:
721:
716:
710:
699:
696:
695:
693:
691:
687:
682:
675:
670:
668:
663:
661:
656:
655:
652:
639:
635:
631:
627:
626:
623:
618:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
555:
552:
548:
544:
537:
532:
530:
525:
523:
518:
517:
514:
508:
507:981-05-2300-9
504:
500:
496:
493:
489:
485:
482:
481:
477:
460:
456:
450:
447:
442:
436:
433:
429:
424:
421:
415:
412:
401:on 2016-03-03
400:
396:
394:
386:
383:
370:
364:
361:
349:
345:
344:
339:
333:
331:
329:
325:
312:
308:
302:
299:
293:
290:
283:
279:
276:
274:
271:
270:
266:
264:
261:
259:
255:
251:
246:
243:
242:
237:
233:
229:
225:
216:
209:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
163:) during the
162:
148:
143:
141:
137:
133:
132:
127:
126:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
88:fiat currency
85:
81:
80:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
38:
34:
33:nominal value
30:
25:
19:
2513:Other topics
2385:
2232:An Mausoleum
2079:Lê Văn Duyệt
1914:Tây Sơn wars
1860:Đặng Huy Trứ
1855:Trần Cao Vân
1755:Ngô Đình Khả
1710:Cao Xuân Dục
1605:Coat of arms
1569:Quốc Tử Giám
1549:Hàn lâm viện
1354:Phú Riềng Đỏ
1230:Nguyễn lords
1219:(Nhà Nguyễn
952:
785:
690:Đinh dynasty
629:
498:
463:. Retrieved
449:
435:
423:
414:
403:. Retrieved
399:the original
392:
385:
373:. Retrieved
363:
351:. Retrieved
342:
315:. Retrieved
310:
301:
292:
262:
253:
249:
247:
239:
221:
198:(維新通寶), and
187:
181:
176:
161:Mexican peso
146:
144:
139:
129:
123:
119:
107:
99:
95:
78:
72:
61:denomination
56:
44:
42:
2084:Lê Văn Khôi
1865:Trương Định
1589:Viện cơ mật
1502:(1925–1945)
1496:(1916–1925)
1490:(1907–1916)
1484:(1889–1907)
1478:(1885–1889)
1472:(1884–1885)
1466:(1883–1884)
1448:(1847–1883)
1442:(1841–1847)
1436:(1820–1841)
1430:(1802–1820)
1314:Duy Tân Hội
1169:(1883–1945)
1159:(1802–1883)
916:Mother coin
817:Mother coin
204:French rule
118:cash coin (
2606:Cash coins
2585:Categories
2347:Cash coins
1795:Phạm Quỳnh
1730:Hoàng Diệu
1695:Prominent
1482:Thành Thái
1476:Đồng Khánh
1411:Government
1235:Đàng Trong
1100:See also:
911:Cash coins
894:Vietnamese
851:Thiết tiền
839:Duyên tiền
543:Cash coins
439:Art-Hanoi
405:2011-06-13
353:22 January
284:References
184:Vietnamese
2565:Việt gian
2504:Kim Khánh
2437:Hương ước
2296:Education
2171:Trấn Ninh
1697:mandarins
1665:Tổng Trấn
1517:Censorate
1494:Khải Định
1464:Kiến Phúc
1440:Thiệu Trị
1434:Minh Mạng
1359:Việt Minh
1294:Cần Vương
1217:/ Đại Nam
636:(陌), and
120:đồng điếu
2560:Tôn Thất
2446:Treaties
2339:Currency
2282:Khăn vấn
1899:Military
1660:Tuần phủ
1470:Hàm Nghi
1458:Hiệp Hòa
1428:Gia Long
1420:Emperors
1240:Nam tiến
1150:Overview
1083:Exonumia
1045:Republic
896:currency
827:Concepts
465:26 April
340:(1894).
267:See also
254:thập văn
241:de facto
194:(成泰通寶),
128:(陌) and
108:đồng kẽm
82:used on
77:Chinese
2192:Palaces
1745:Lê Chất
1598:Symbols
1584:Nội các
1500:Bảo Đại
1488:Duy Tân
1452:Dục Đức
1309:Đông Du
1223:茹阮𥱯獨立)
1208:History
545:of the
486:(1882)
478:Sources
375:4 March
317:4 March
210:History
154:⁄
147:sapèque
59:) as a
57:Sapèque
49:chữ Hán
2479:(1884)
2473:(1883)
2467:(1874)
2465:Saigon
2461:(1863)
2455:(1862)
2453:Saigon
2257:Áo dài
2144:Champa
1655:Đề Đốc
1574:Lục bộ
1460:(1883)
1454:(1883)
1446:Tự Đức
1175:(1945)
1167:Tonkin
1144:topics
771:(保大通寶)
765:(啓定通寶)
759:(嗣德寶鈔)
753:(嗣德通寶)
734:(永樂通寶)
700:(太平興寶)
608:(保大通寶)
602:(啓定通寶)
581:(嗣德寶鈔)
575:(嗣德通寶)
505:
260:Mint.
228:copper
224:Tự Đức
116:bronze
53:French
2215:Tombs
1615:Flags
847:(花穿錢)
632:(文),
444:2019.
252:(十文,
236:Hanoi
186:term
112:brass
51:: 文;
2430:Laws
2401:Tiền
2396:Quán
2391:Mạch
1165:and
1074:dong
963:quán
958:mạch
948:Tiền
853:(鐵錢)
841:(鉛錢)
819:(母錢)
792:mạch
638:quán
634:mạch
503:ISBN
467:2020
377:2019
355:2022
319:2018
182:The
131:quán
125:mạch
110:) a
104:zinc
63:for
43:The
2494:Bai
2477:Huế
2471:Huế
2459:Huế
2386:Văn
1055:PRG
953:văn
794:(陌)
788:(文)
786:văn
640:(貫)
630:văn
258:Huế
250:văn
188:văn
177:văn
156:600
114:or
100:văn
96:wén
79:wén
73:văn
2587::
501:.
327:^
309:.
55::
27:A
1134:e
1127:t
1120:v
1057:)
1053:(
1047:)
1043:(
886:e
879:t
872:v
673:e
666:t
659:v
535:e
528:t
521:v
494:)
469:.
408:.
391:"
379:.
357:.
321:.
152:1
47:(
20:.
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