538:
new gender roles that compromised the traditional egalitarian model understood by Native nations. "Conquest, cultural invasion, divide and rule, and manipulation" relegated Native women to a lower status by being stripped of their political and religious power and often being raped and used as sex slaves by colonists. The patriarchal systems of
Europeans treated women as subordinate figures, the property of their husbands, so indigenous women became vulnerable to such treatment as colonists began to take control of what is now the United States. Patriarchal colonialism falls under Burnette's larger critical framework of historical oppression defined "the chronic, pervasive, and intergenerational experiences of subjugation that, over time, have been imposed, normalized, and internalized into the daily lives of many indigenous American peoples." Since IPV was likely very rare in Native nations before colonization, an overview of historical violence and oppression is crucial to understanding how this violence has manifested. IPV is the product of larger oppressive systems and historical disruptions that build upon each other. Burnette identifies "experiences of oppression, historical and contemporary losses, cultural disruption, manifestations of oppression, and dehumanizing beliefs and values" as possible reasons for the manifestation of IPV that Native women experience.
219:
529:. Under her intersectional framework that reveals the links between colonization, patriarchy and capitalism, indigenous women face violence due to corporate globalization. These intersecting systems create new forms of violence. In the United States, this sexual and racial violence manifests can manifest as militarization. Indigenous women are increasingly recruited into the army due to the fewer choices they have as a result of the privatization of public services and education under globalization. Entering the military means being exposed to higher levels of sexual violence and the continuation of the United States' collective violence against Native Americans. Incorporation of Native women into the army helps realize the goal of colonial assimilation and using Native women as soldiers to enforce the empire abroad means the United States can reinforce itself as a nation and suppress indigenous sovereignty.
464:. The US Department of Justice found that 84% of Native American and Alaskan Native women have suffered some form of violence. This means Native women are 1.2 times more likely to experience violence than Non-Hispanic white women. 56.1% of Native American women experience sexual violence and more than 90% of these women were assaulted by a non-tribal member. 55.5% of these women report not being safe, and being pushed, shoved, or beaten. 48.8% experience psychological aggression by an intimate partner. Furthermore, 97% of indigenous women who are victims of violence experience it at the hands of a perpetrator who is not Native and 35% of victims experience violence from a Native person. About 33% of Native women are raped and are stalked at a rate double that of any other population.
291:
564:
broken bones, black eyes, or chipped teeth can be common as well. This violence tends to manifest during long-term relationships and is often part of a cycle of abuse in intimate relationships that Native women have experienced since they were children. Higher rates of IPV in Native communities may be correlated with low socioeconomic status. Furthermore, IPV's association with mental illness corresponds to a higher rate of mental health problems, such as PTSD, depression, and substance abuse, anxiety, antisocial behavior, and suicidal thoughts which make
Indigenous women even more susceptible to violence. IPV also negatively affects the mental health of children who live in households with IPV. They tend to have lower self-esteem and insecure attachment.
361:
American women in
Albuquerque, Phoenix, Oklahoma City, and Aberdeen, South Dakota. Most of these women were between 15 and 44 years old. This was a large number of Native American women who were sterilized, equivalent to 452,000 non-Native American women. Many of these sterilization procedures violated the US District Court's definition of informed consent: "voluntary, knowing assent from the individual on whom any sterilization is to be performed." There was often a lack of translators to explain the severity of the procedure to Native American women and doctors withheld information about the irreversibility of the sterilization or other forms of birth control.
489:
specific communities. This becomes problematic because there are varying levels of violence within each tribe. Data is unknown because no agency collects such information. The data is also further obscured because homeless people are often not included in The
National Crime Victimization Survey and Native American people make up a significant portion of the homeless population. The data also suggests that Native American women experience violence by perpetrators who are often not Native which is often met with skepticism by tribes and researchers who see this as data as a major anomaly that distracts from better understanding the issue.
246:, signs of resistance and verbal expressions of non-consensual participation. The crime of battery, another type of assault, is determined by the perpetrators actions and intent. The victim's response to this type of assault does not determine whether a crime has taken place or not. The victim does not have to demonstrate that they resisted, gave consent or have a history of being punched. In addition, the question of assault occurring after consent is given complicates the understanding of violence and injury - even if sex is consensual. Changes in the laws regarding some sexual acts may "lead to the glorification of sexual violence".
592:
Justice's federal missing persons database logged about 2% of these cases or 116 cases. A 2017 study conducted by the Urban Indian Health
Institute (UIHI) found 506 MMIWG cases in 71 cities across the United States. Of these 506 cases, 128 were missing Indigenous women, 280 were murdered Indigenous women, 98 were unknown meaning the UIHI could not determine if the Native American girl or woman was dead or found. The ages of the victims ranged from under 1 year old to 83 years old with the median age of the victims being 29 years old. The UIHI also identified 153 cases that are currently not in law enforcement records.
2928:
109:, appearing as a victim in about 10% of advertisements. The main magazines featuring sexual objectification of women were of the fashion and adolescent topics. These advertisements often portrayed women in various positions and expressions that were derived from pornography. The study also stated that women in the United States feel that rape is "trivialized in American culture" and concluded that "media imagery that presents women as both sex object and as victims" has possibly contributed to this trivialization.
573:
forcible removal and settler expansion of the United States of
America was also characterized in sexual term linking the metaphorical raping of the land manifested as the literal raping of Native women. The dehumanization of Native American women through rape may have helped to justify their lower status in colonial society. The rape of Native American women often coincides with violent acts against Native peoples in the United States such as the Trail of Tears and the Gold Rush.
171:. Due to housing regulations that practice a 'no tolerance' policy requiring eviction of all household members when even one person is convicted of any crime, battered women can then be homeless as a result. This practice essentially creates a disincentive for reporting violence in the home. Some women who have experienced violence in the home risk the loss of their jobs related to their need for medical treatment, counselling, finding new housing and legal protection.
160:, about 1 in every 4 women suffer from at least one physical assault experience from a partner during adulthood. A 2007 report found that in about 64% of female homicides were perpetrated by a partner or family member. Intimate partner abuse may also include other types behavior considered abusive. These are instances in which one partner seeks to control finances, force isolation from friends and family and dominate the relationship.
642:
724:
Protection Orders. Section 904 allows tribes to have jurisdiction over non-Natives who have connections to a tribe given that the non-Native lives on federally-recognized tribal land, is employed on tribal land, or is married to or the partner of a Native
American. Section 905 provides tribes concurrent jurisdiction with the United States federal government over intimate partner violence.
2642:
352:, Europeans who arrived sought to control Native American populations in order to acquire more capital and resources from the newly discovered land. This resulted in policies of genocide and removal targeting Native American women and girls in order to procure land for settlements. Records have shown that Native American girls as young as eleven years-old had
365:
cancer. Many Native
American women were not made aware of these side effects. Sterilization is often the default solution for contraception for Native American women, who are often coerced into such procedures by government officials. In 2004, about 1/3 of Native American women were undergoing tubal ligation, a rate that is 123% greater than for white women.
2652:
476:
murdered. Current intimate partners commit 81% of the murders and 12% are committed by a past intimate partner. Jealousy, arguments and preceding violent acts occur before the murder 66% of the time. Human trafficking of Native
American Women and Alaska Native women is thought to also occur, but studies and statistics are lacking.
648:
647:
644:
643:
649:
711:
expressed that "VAWA is one of the most effective pieces of legislation enacted to end domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking. It has dramatically improved the law enforcement response to violence against women and has provided critical services necessary to support women in
600:
Immigrants to the US have great difficulties when they try to leave violent relationships. If a perpetrator controls the immigration status, they can then use the threat of deportation to prevent the battered woman from contacting authorities and assistance agencies. Some legislation passed by the US
576:
Rape often happens outside of intimate partnerships. Native women can be raped by many different types of people: strangers, friends, neighbors, relatives. Oftentimes, Native women are raped by people who are not Native. This trend differs from other forms of violent crime which are often intraracial
209:
had declined by 58%, from 5.0 victimizations per 1,000 females age 12 or older to 2.1 per 1,000. However, a study in 2013 regarding rape in the United States found that cases remain underreported. Law enforcement in the United States also manipulates rape statistics to "create the illusion of success
742:
ranked sexual misconduct by police officers, or public officials, as the second most prevalent form of police crime. Research shows that most victims of police sexual assault and harassment were women, who in many cases were weak to an officer's authority, such as arrestees, confidential informants,
591:
Murder is the third leading cause of death for Native
American women in the United States as reported by the Center of Disease Control (CDC). In 2016, there were over 5,700 cases of missing Native American and Alaskan Native women and girls by the National Crime Information Center. The Department of
467:
These counts may be underestimated. Native tribal courts are not able to prosecute non-tribal members for sexual assault and rape. Non-Native American men are responsible for most of the assaults against Native American women. Psychological aggression has been experienced by 66.4% by their partner.
263:
American women were highly objectified by colonists and often raped as a method of control while establishing the New World. Under European law, Native American women became the property of their colonist husbands leading to the literal possession and subsequent objectification of Indigenous women.
163:
Women who have been identified as being at a higher risk for domestic and sexual abuse are older women, those living in rural communities, disabled women and immigrants. Addressing and preventing such violence may be difficult because some women do not have nearby access to victim services. A woman
537:
Like Kuokkanen's intersectional approach to understanding violence against indigenous women, Catherine Burnette, a professor at Tulane University, explains that the intersection of colonialism, sexism, and racism multiplied to form a system called patriarchal colonialism. This colonization imposed
262:
themselves and felt body shame. Native American women have been objectified in popular culture under the stereotype of the "sexy Squaw" as seen by sexy Halloween costumes and other avenues such as fashion shows which use the aesthetic of a sexually promiscuous Indigenous woman. Furthermore, Native
488:
Statistics are lacking for violence against Native American women who reside on reservations. This data can also be combined with violence statistics from Native American women who do not live on reservations. Data sets often combine many different Indigenous nations, so there is not much data on
471:
Over 39% of American Indian and Alaska Native women have experienced violence in the past year. Of these, 14% percent were sexually abused, 9% were assaulted by their intimate partner, 12% were stalked and 25% experienced psychological aggression by their intimate partner. In the past year, over
125:
Violence against women can lead to immediate physical injuries and longer-term mental and physical health conditions. In addition to negatively impacting mental and physical health, violence against women can interfere with life at work, home, and school. In some cases, violence results in death.
116:
and pornography brought upon more thoughts of objectification, which in turn led to more support of violence toward women. In the study's results, it is stated "the relationship between objectifying media exposure and attitudes supportive of violence against women was fully mediated by notions of
572:
Native American women experience the highest per capita rate of rape in the United States. Just like IPV, sexual assault was rare in indigenous communities before colonization. The sexual assault and rape of indigenous women was often used as a method of control and domination by colonizers. The
563:
IPV manifests in many forms such as being punched or hit with a hand, being slammed against a wall or a hard surface, being dragged across the floor or room and choked. Many Native American women report injured by their partners. While they are often minor injuries like cuts, major injuries like
360:
Native American women could not unseal court records that documented the sterilization practices of the Indian Health Service (IHS) at the request of the United States government. A General Accounting Office (GAO) study conducted between 1973 and 1976 found IHS facilities sterilized 3,406 Native
328:
President Lyndon B. Johnson's War of Poverty, upheld by the logic that the world would not have the resources necessary to care for the entire global population as argued by Dr. Barbara Gurr, a professor at University of Connecticut, led to the creation of the Office of Economic Opportunity that
650:
364:
Physicians at the IHS were prescribing Depo-Provera, a long-term chemical contraceptive, to Native American women 20 years before it was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1992. This contraception has long-term side effects such as depression, osteoporosis, sterility, and cervical
723:
which allowed intimate partner violence against Native American women by non-Native people to be prosecuted by tribal courts. These new jurisdictional provisions came into effect on March 7, 2015, under Section 904: Tribal Jurisdiction Over Crimes of Domestic Violence and Section 905: Tribal
475:
Native American women and Alaska Native women, along with black women, have high murder rates when compared with other ethnicities. Women between ages 18 and 29 comprise 36.3% of Native American women and Alaska Native women murder victims. Intimate partner violence accounts for 47% of those
356:
operations performed. Native American women have been a minority group that is easier to target for sterilization due to high levels of bureaucratic secrecy and the unique circumstances of colonization and sexual violence that has kept their plight invisible to mainstream feminist movements.
646:
479:
When compared to other ethnicities, Native American women experience sexual assault and rape rates that are 2.5 higher. Though the Violence Against Women Act was reauthorized in 2013, most tribes struggle to fund jails, courts, jails, law enforcement, judges, and prevention programs.
577:
in the United States. Rape is often part of an intergenerational cycle of violence. Many women in the community are raped just like their mothers, grandmothers, and other female relatives. Many of these rapists are not prosecuted due to jurisdictional and other legal issues.
329:
dealt with education, training, and contraception for the poor. The Family Planning Act of 1970 passed almost unanimously, inspired by eugenicist thinking, and the sterilization of women increased by 350% with almost 1 million women sterilized each year from 1970 to 1975.
132:
Domestic violence is one of the leading causes of homelessness among women. According to research, about 80% of homeless women have experienced domestic violence before. Women and families are the fastest-growing of homeless population groups in the United States.
551:
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is one of the most prevalent forms of violence that Native American women experience and includes physical, psychological, and sexual violence perpetrated by a partner or former partner. Indigenous women experience high levels of
560:. This high level of violence concerns Indigenous communities because Indigenous women are considered sacred in traditional matrilineal Native communities. Violence against Native women was extremely uncommon and deemed contrary to indigenous values.
776:
601:
Congress allowed immigrant victims to leave situations of domestic violence. Other proposed policies not yet in effect are designed to stop deportation of immigrants who have experienced domestic violence, sexual assault, and human trafficking.
1500:
934:
Rape and Sexual Assault in the Legal System, Presented to the National Research Council of the National Academies Panel on Measuring Rape and Sexual Assault in the Bureau of Justice Statistics Household Surveys Committee on National
762:, reported progress in regards to violence towards women in the United States, though she also made recommendations regarding African and Native Americans, immigrants, military personnel and those who are imprisoned.
189:
survey in 1995, 17.6% rate; a 2007 Department of Justice study on rape found 18% rate). About 500 women were raped per day in the United States in 2008. About 21.8% of rapes of female victims in the United States are
2778:
404:
It is better for all the world, if instead of waiting to execute degenerate offspring for crime, or to let them starve for their imbecility, society can prevent those who are manifestly unfit from continuing their
688:. The Act granted $ 1.6 billion of funding for investigating and prosecuting violent crimes directed towards women, making compensation from those convicted automatic and mandatory. VAWA was accepted by
334:
I consider a woman who brings a child every two years as more profitable than the best man on the farm ... What she produces is an addition to the capital, while his labors disappear in mere consumption
645:
376:, with slave women being forced into pregnancy to increase the slave labor force. This history of controlling African American populations motivated the future sterilization of African American women.
218:
1514:
1163:
2863:
610:
1313:"Violence Against Women; Studies from University of Nebraska Yield New Information about Violence Against Women (Violence Against Women through the Lens of Objectification Theory)".
3461:
2987:
3255:
816:
Wright, Paul J.; Tokunaga, Robert S. (May 2016). "Men's Objectifying Media Consumption, Objectification of Women, and Attitudes Supportive of Violence Against Women".
497:
The high levels of violence that Indigenous women experience has led to multiple academic frameworks to better understand this phenomenon. Most frameworks account for
290:
129:
Children exposed to violence are also at risk for developing mental and physical health problems. Depending on their age, children may react differently to exposure.
3471:
167:
In some instances of violence, a woman and her children may not be able to procure housing apart from the perpetrator. Between 22 and 57% and of these women become
2856:
102:
The imagery of women being sexually victimized in advertisements, pornography, films and music videos has been shown to increase support for violence toward women.
3320:
3194:
791:
450:
105:
In a study published in 2008, it was found that in nearly 2,000 print advertisements of 58 magazines popular in the United States, 50% of ads depicted women as
317:
women were coerced into sterilization programs, with Native Americans and African Americans especially being targeted. Many of these projects were a result of
755:
1375:"Fighting Colonial Violence in "Indian Country": Deconstructing racist sexual stereotypes of Native American Women in American popular culture and history"
1198:
622:
and sex workers, are at risk of sexual, physical, and emotional violence. Transgender women are more likely to be violently attacked than cisgender women.
3466:
2849:
1847:
153:
2977:
1159:
50:
of violence towards women, with media in the United States possibly contributing to making women-directed violence appear unimportant to the public.
2311:""It will always continue unless we can change something": consequences of intimate partner violence for indigenous women, children, and families"
1817:
460:
Native American and Alaska Native women experience high rates of violence. These acts of violence include sexual assault, domestic violence, and
3440:
3410:
3315:
2071:
383:
endorsed eugenics programs in the country. The ruling pushed the eugenics movement further and resulted in more forced sterilizations of women.
3476:
2982:
2912:
1422:
1410:
285:
147:
1238:
3400:
3260:
3140:
2942:
2474:"The Violence Against Women Act: A Double-Edged Sword for Native Americans, Their Rights, and Their Hopes of Regaining Cultural Independence"
2055:
1908:"Rerighting the Historical Record: Violence against Native Women and the South Dakota Coalition Against Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault"
1682:
1352:
976:
786:
586:
498:
349:
302:
3435:
185:
The percentage of women who have been raped in the United States is between 15% and 20%, with various studies disagreeing with each other. (
2947:
3365:
1620:
Gurr, Barbara (2012). "The Failures and Possibilities of a Human Rights Approach to Secure Native American Women's Reproductive Justice".
3415:
3486:
3481:
3295:
3270:
3130:
3053:
3033:
3008:
2163:"Historical Oppression, Resilience, and Transcendence: Can a Holistic Framework Help Explain Violence Experienced by Indigenous People?"
1203:
701:
655:
198:
2531:
Valencia-Weber, Gloria; Zuni, Christine P. (1995). "Domestic Violence and Tribal Protection of Indigenous Women in the United States".
3280:
2972:
2952:
2892:
380:
3305:
2111:"Historical Oppression and Intimate Partner Violence Experienced by Indigenous Women in the United States: Understanding Connections"
3187:
3114:
3084:
3069:
3013:
2992:
2907:
2902:
1738:
3215:
1128:
3370:
3109:
3300:
3290:
3235:
3161:
3156:
3079:
3038:
3023:
3018:
2967:
2917:
2887:
2806:
697:
693:
677:
3405:
1972:"Racial and Ethnic Differences in Homicides of Adult Women and the Role of Intimate Partner Violence — United States, 2003–2014"
1077:
3104:
3099:
3028:
2962:
2957:
1745:
The Foundation continued to support German eugenicists even after the National Socialists had gained control of German science.
1505:
932:
3425:
2731:
743:
incarcerated people, sex workers, and police investigators (young people who were interested in a career in law enforcement).
3420:
3135:
3043:
1467:
708:
3430:
2927:
387:
was also supported by American eugenists and practiced in rare instances, with the most promoted method of euthanasia being
3310:
3220:
1970:
Petrosky, Emiko; Blair, Janet M.; Betz, Carter J.; Fowler, Katherine A.; Jack, Shane P.D.; Lyons, Bridget H. (2017-07-21).
1882:
1177:
Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women: Findings From the National Violence Against Women Survey
3395:
3390:
3385:
3240:
1702:
322:
281:
277:
157:
3380:
294:
A map from a 1929 Swedish royal commission report displays the U.S. states that had implemented sterilization legislation
3345:
3250:
3225:
3180:
369:
202:
3375:
3360:
3355:
3285:
3265:
3094:
3074:
2897:
1956:
1454:"Sterilization racism and pan-ethnic disparities of the past decade: the continued encroachment on reproductive rights"
952:
3230:
3089:
818:
468:
In the US, greater than 1.5 million American Indian and Alaska Native women have suffered violence during their life.
318:
3350:
3275:
3245:
420:
assisted with the development and funding of numerous eugenics projects in Germany, including a program directed by
636:
525:, argues that globalization is an extension of systems of oppression, such as white supremacy, the patriarchy, and
425:
1189:
Kilpatrick, Dean G.; Resnick, Heidi S.; Ruggiero, Kenneth J.; Conoscenti, Lauren M.; McCauley, Jenna (July 2007).
1644:
553:
397:
180:
47:
1458:
2377:"Socioeconomic disparities in intimate partner violence against Native American women: a cross-sectional study"
1601:
781:
258:
found that college women in the United States who were victims of sexual violence or partner violence began to
2591:
1253:
Berzofsky, Marcus; Krebs, Christopher; Langton, Lynn; Planty, Michael; Smiley-McDonald, Hope (March 7, 2013).
1101:
891:
Stankiewicz, Julie M.; Rosselli, Francine (2008). "Women as Sex Objects and Victims in Print Advertisements".
1284:
Yung, C. R. (2014). How to Lie with Rape Statistics: America's Hidden Rape Crisis. Iowa Law Review, 99(1197).
325:. In total, 31 of 50 states had official eugenics programs with tens of thousands of women being sterilized.
1585:
1501:"Victims speak out about North Carolina sterilization program, which targeted women, young girls and Blacks"
941:. National Academies Workshop on Measuring Rape and Sexual Assault in Bureau of Justice Statistics Surveys.
2872:
728:
417:
384:
255:
210:
in fighting violent crime" according to a 2014 study. When investigated, defendants are rarely convicted.
106:
2616:
1160:"ACLU Letter to the Senate Judiciary Committee Regarding the Violence Against Women Act of 2005, S. 1197"
1000:
1106:
522:
394:
314:
2676:"The Role of Violence Against Women Act in Addressing Intimate Partner Violence: A Public Health Issue"
1971:
2617:"Transgender people over four times more likely than cisgender people to be victims of violent crime"
2473:
298:
259:
1599:
Vincenti Carpio, Myla (2004). "The Lost Generation: American Indian Women and Sterilization Abuse".
893:
557:
2552:"Disentangling Indigenous Women's Experiences with Intimate Partner Violence in the United States"
2244:
2138:
1935:
1772:
1481:
910:
843:
513:, due to the unique history of Native American women as victims of colonial and sexual violence.
414:
373:
113:
2047:
1344:
931:
Tracy, Carol Lee; Fromson, Terry L.; Long, Jennifer Gentile; Whitman, Charlene (June 5, 2012).
2713:
2695:
2573:
2416:
2398:
2350:
2332:
2288:
2236:
2192:
2184:
2130:
2051:
2037:
2009:
1991:
1927:
1734:
1678:
1648:
1562:
1414:
1392:
1348:
1332:
1055:
835:
615:
310:
306:
23:
1728:
1672:
112:
A 2016 study regarding the objectification of women in the media found that men's magazines,
2703:
2687:
2563:
2504:
2497:"Violence Against Women and Family Violence: Developments in Research, Practice, and Policy"
2445:
2406:
2388:
2340:
2322:
2280:
2228:
2174:
2122:
2043:
1999:
1983:
1919:
1764:
1554:
1471:
1382:
1340:
1045:
1037:
902:
827:
685:
433:
341:
1818:"Recognizing the National Day of Awareness for Missing and Murdered Native Women and Girls"
391:, though it never gained footing in the United States and sterilization became preference.
164:
may also have language barriers, economic and psychological dependence on the perpetrator.
3172:
2759:
2647:
1081:
502:
461:
239:
67:
31:
2437:
1797:
Indian Health Service, The Federal Health Program for American Indians and Alaska Natives
1542:
1254:
2835:
2449:
1558:
1190:
2779:"INVISIBLE BETRAYAL: POLICE VIOLENCE AND THE RAPES OF BLACK WOMEN IN THE UNITED STATES"
2708:
2675:
2345:
2310:
2110:
2004:
1792:
1050:
1025:
759:
752:
739:
619:
372:. During the period of slave trade in the United States, African slaves were used as a
235:
223:
206:
42:
against women in the United States. It has been recognized as a public health concern.
2411:
2376:
1907:
727:
Since early 2019, the VAWA has not been extended due to political disputes within the
3455:
2248:
2142:
1939:
1923:
1776:
1543:"Native American Women and Coerced Sterilization: On the Trail of Tears in the 1970s"
1072:
914:
689:
421:
410:
2841:
861:
847:
2372:
777:
Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence
670:
666:
353:
168:
1957:"Report confirms Native women suffer from high rate of homicide in United States"
1024:
Welch-Lazoritz, Melissa L.; Whitbeck, Les B.; Armenta, Brian E. (November 2015).
368:
Regarding African Americans, the origin of their population control was from the
1026:"Characteristics of Mothers Caring for Children During Episodes of Homelessness"
388:
2216:
2802:
2232:
1768:
1753:
The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism.
1041:
906:
831:
526:
506:
91:
79:
2699:
2577:
2402:
2336:
2292:
2240:
2188:
2134:
1995:
1931:
1730:
The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism
1674:
The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism
1566:
1396:
1294:
Hanna, C (2000). "Sex is Not a Sport: Consent and Violence in Criminal Law".
409:
Eugenics and sterilization programs in the United States would later inspire
238:, the severity of the crime has been determined by establishing the victim's
2568:
2551:
2496:
1848:"Why Native American women still have the highest rates of rape and assault"
1176:
673:
669:
signed into law the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), which was drafted by
658:
429:
191:
2717:
2508:
2420:
2393:
2354:
2268:
2196:
2013:
1987:
1059:
839:
2691:
2327:
2284:
1510:
771:
681:
243:
2179:
2162:
1485:
1387:
1374:
301:
is recognized as a type of gender-based violence. In the United States,
1959:. Indianz.com, by Ho-Chunk Inc. and the Winnebago Tribe. July 24, 2017.
1476:
231:
43:
39:
1453:
1191:"Drug-facilitated, Incapacitated, and Forcible Rape: A National Study"
472:
730,000 American Indian and Alaska Native women experienced violence.
510:
75:
71:
27:
2269:"Not an Indian Tradition: The Sexual Colonization of Native Peoples"
2072:"The Facts on Violence Against American Indian/Alaskan Native Women"
2674:
Modi, Monica N.; Palmer, Sheallah; Armstrong, Alicia (March 2014).
2126:
2643:"House GOP Budget Cutters Try to Limit Domestic Violence Programs"
1883:"Violence Against American Indian and Alaska Native Women and Men"
640:
83:
59:
2438:"Domestic Violence: Muslim Communities: United States of America"
205:, from 1995 to 2010, the estimated annual rate of female rape or
2161:
Burnette, Catherine Elizabeth; Figley, Charles R. (2016-11-05).
1084:
National Network to End Domestic Violence. Retrieved 2011-11-20.
94:
based upon their past knowledge on the topic of sexual assault.
87:
35:
3176:
2845:
2823:
2786:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
2736:
2732:"Funding bill leaves out Violence Against Women Act extension"
1074:
The Violence Against Women Act of 2005, Summary of Provisions.
521:
Rauna Kuokkanen, a professor of Arctic Indigenous Politics at
63:
2829:
2811:
696:
attempted to cut down on funding in 1995. VAWA created the
230:
Sexual assault differs significantly from other crimes of
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
2817:
1129:"Violence and Safety Full Section - Women in the States"
611:
Violence against transgender people in the United States
1006:. American Civil Liberties Union Women's Rights Project
436:, Nazis used Holmes' above quote to defend themselves.
78:
a suspected perpetrator. The history of sexual assault
1499:
Kessel, Michelle; Jessica, Hopper (7 November 2011).
715:
In 2013, the VAWA overturned the Supreme Court cases
661:, who originally drafted VAWA, speaking about the Act
82:
influences whether or not current cases are taken to
2309:
Burnette, Catherine E.; Cannon, Clare (2014-09-12).
1703:"Eugenics and the Nazis – the California connection"
1273:
Estimating the Incidence of Rape and Sexual Assault.
3334:
3208:
3149:
3123:
3062:
3001:
2935:
2880:
2592:"Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women & Girls"
1339:, University of Minnesota Press, pp. 107–122,
1275:
Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2013.
2217:"Globalization as Racialized, Sexualized Violence"
1226:Handbook on the Study of Multiple Perpetrator Rape
1582:American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World
1243:JournalistsResource.org, retrieved March 24, 2012
16:Public health issue of violent acts against women
712:their struggle to overcome abusive situations".
62:have a current effect on how new sexual assault
1102:"Violence Against Women Is A U.S. Problem, Too"
581:Missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls
402:
332:
2777:M. S. Tomlinson, Yolande (22 September 2014).
1799:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
1255:"Female Victims of Sexual Violence, 1994-2010"
1239:"Female Victims of Sexual Violence, 1994-2010"
3188:
2857:
1696:
1694:
792:Sexual victimization of Native American women
451:Sexual victimization of Native American women
8:
2442:Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures
1547:American Indian Culture and Research Journal
1333:"Toward an Indigenous Jurisprudence of Rape"
756:Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women
3462:Violence against women in the United States
1976:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
1641:Racism: From Slavery to Advanced Capitalism
1199:National Criminal Justice Reference Service
20:Violence against women in the United States
3195:
3181:
3173:
2864:
2850:
2842:
2221:International Feminist Journal of Politics
866:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
154:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2707:
2567:
2410:
2392:
2344:
2326:
2178:
2003:
1475:
1386:
1049:
66:are drafted, how the laws are applied by
46:in the United States has led towards the
3203:Violence against women in North America
2838:provided by the Office of Women's Health
2048:10.5749/minnesota/9780816696314.001.0001
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1345:10.5749/minnesota/9780816696314.003.0008
289:
217:
1733:. Oxford University Press. p. 21.
1677:. Oxford University Press. p. 86.
1166:from the original on December 22, 2015.
926:
924:
803:
2812:The National Domestic Violence Hotline
2526:
2524:
2467:
2465:
2432:
2430:
2375:; Montgomery, Juliann M (2004-05-24).
2366:
2364:
2315:European Journal of Psychotraumatology
2304:
2302:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2109:Burnette, Catherine (September 2015).
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1423:European Institute for Gender Equality
1326:
1324:
692:with bipartisan support, though House
286:Sterilization of Native American women
148:Domestic violence in the United States
2550:Burnette, Catherine E. (2019-05-30).
2210:
2208:
2206:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
1951:
1949:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
787:Missing and murdered Indigenous women
587:Missing and murdered Indigenous women
7:
2758:Blanks, Jonathan (1 November 2017).
1001:"Domestic Violence and Homelessness"
886:
884:
882:
811:
809:
807:
3472:Women's rights in the United States
2824:National Teen Dating Abuse Helpline
2450:10.1163/1872-5309_ewic_ewiccom_0690
1559:10.17953/aicr.24.2.7646013460646042
1204:United States Department of Justice
199:United States Department of Justice
2478:Saint Louis University Law Journal
1452:Volscho, Thomas W. (Spring 2010).
1179:. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-10-01.
717:Oliphant vs. Squamish Indian Tribe
556:in the United States often due to
381:Supreme Court of the United States
272:Forced pregnancy and sterilization
14:
3467:Violence against women by country
2641:Cooper, Kenneth (July 15, 1995).
2042:. University of Minnesota Press.
1727:KĂĽhl, Stefan (10 February 1994).
1671:KĂĽhl, Stefan (14 February 2002).
665:On September 13, 1994, President
58:The history of laws and cultural
3316:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2926:
2888:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2807:Office on Violence Against Women
2760:"The Police Who Prey on Victims"
1924:10.5749/wicazosareview.27.2.0021
1415:"What is gender-based violence?"
977:"Domestic violence and children"
698:Office on Violence Against Women
1701:Edwin Black (9 November 2003).
1506:Rock Center with Brian Williams
1030:Community Mental Health Journal
862:"Violence Prevention Home Page"
547:Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)
187:National Violence Against Women
2215:Kuokkanen, Rauna (June 2008).
1751:Rod Stackelberg (June 1996). "
1541:Torpy, Sally J. (2000-01-01).
1468:Johns Hopkins University Press
709:American Civil Liberties Union
1:
3477:Violence in the United States
2596:Urban Indian Health Institute
2039:The Beginning and End of Rape
1887:National Institute of Justice
1373:Croisy, Sophie (2017-11-01).
1337:The Beginning and End of Rape
684:) and co-written by Democrat
350:days of European colonization
323:eugenics in the United States
282:Genocide in the United States
278:Eugenics in the United States
222:Annual rape and all forms of
197:A March 2013 report from the
158:National Institute of Justice
3441:United States Virgin Islands
1259:Bureau of Justice Statistics
953:"Health effects of violence"
370:slavery in the United States
203:Bureau of Justice Statistics
1906:Kimberly Robertson (2012).
1793:"Intimate Partner Violence"
1580:Stannard, David E. (1993).
1271:National Research Council.
819:Archives of Sexual Behavior
735:Sexual misconduct by police
3503:
3487:Genocides in North America
3482:Women in the United States
2805:provided for women by the
2371:Malcoe, Lorraine Halinka;
2077:. Futures Without Violence
2036:Deer, Sarah (2015-11-01).
1639:Wilson, Carter A. (1996).
1331:Deer, Sarah (2015-11-01),
1228:. Routledge 2013, page 15.
637:Violence Against Women Act
634:
631:Violence Against Women Act
608:
584:
448:
275:
178:
145:
3416:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
2924:
2680:Journal of Women's Health
2233:10.1080/14616740801957554
1769:10.1017/S0008938900013182
1645:Thousand Oaks, California
1622:Societies Without Borders
1296:Boston College Law Review
1042:10.1007/s10597-014-9794-8
907:10.1007/s11199-007-9359-1
832:10.1007/s10508-015-0644-8
618:, especially transgender
554:intimate partner violence
181:Rape in the United States
3436:Turks and Caicos Islands
2836:Relationships and Safety
1757:Central European History
1224:Horvath, Miranda et al.
782:Compulsory sterilization
424:who would later perform
2569:10.22329/csw.v16i1.5913
2495:Fisher, Bonnie (2004).
1707:San Francisco Chronicle
1586:Oxford University Press
1162:. ACLU. July 27, 2005.
117:women as sex objects".
3366:British Virgin Islands
2873:Violence against women
2818:Sexual Assault Hotline
2509:10.1037/e532602006-001
2394:10.1186/1741-7015-2-20
2267:Smith, Andrea (2003).
1988:10.15585/mmwr.mm6628a1
729:United States Congress
662:
493:Frameworks of Violence
418:Rockefeller Foundation
407:
385:Involuntary euthanasia
337:
295:
256:University of Nebraska
227:
3306:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2692:10.1089/jwh.2013.4387
2533:St. John's Law Review
2328:10.3402/ejpt.v5.24585
2285:10.1353/hyp.2003.0042
2115:Social Service Review
1317:: 274. 26 March 2015.
1315:Women's Health Weekly
1107:Amnesty International
702:Department of Justice
653:
533:Historical oppression
523:University of Lapland
426:human experimentation
398:Oliver Wendell Holmes
395:Supreme Court Justice
315:Puerto Rican-American
293:
276:Further information:
221:
2988:United Arab Emirates
2556:Critical Social Work
299:Forced sterilization
254:A 2015 study by the
3321:Trinidad and Tobago
3216:Antigua and Barbuda
1388:10.4000/angles.1313
1133:Women in the States
558:structural violence
484:Concerns About Data
3256:Dominican Republic
2740:. 15 February 2019
2621:Williams Institute
1517:on 8 November 2011
1477:10.1353/wic.0.0053
1413:(24 August 2015).
1080:2011-12-16 at the
663:
415:private foundation
374:mode of production
296:
260:self-objectificate
228:
226:per 100,000 people
114:reality television
90:make decisions to
74:decide whether to
3449:
3448:
3338:other territories
3170:
3169:
2501:PsycEXTRA Dataset
2180:10.1093/sw/sww065
2057:978-0-8166-9631-4
1755:By Stefan KĂĽhl".
1684:978-0-19-534878-1
1649:SAGE Publications
1354:978-0-8166-9631-4
651:
616:Transgender women
605:Transgender women
542:Types of Violence
152:According to the
142:Domestic violence
137:Types of violence
3494:
3406:Saint Barthélemy
3336:Dependencies and
3209:Sovereign states
3197:
3190:
3183:
3174:
3150:Transcontinental
2930:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2843:
2832:(1-855-484-2846)
2826:(1-866-331-9474)
2820:(1-800-656-4673)
2814:(1-800-799-7233)
2790:
2789:
2783:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2711:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2655:on July 24, 2012
2651:. Archived from
2638:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:. 23 August 2018
2588:
2582:
2581:
2571:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2528:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2472:Mullen, Mary K.
2469:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2434:
2425:
2424:
2414:
2396:
2368:
2359:
2358:
2348:
2330:
2306:
2297:
2296:
2264:
2253:
2252:
2212:
2201:
2200:
2182:
2158:
2147:
2146:
2106:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2076:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2033:
2018:
2017:
2007:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1912:WĂÄŤazo Ĺ a Review
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1879:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1844:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1747:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1668:
1653:
1652:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1538:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1513:. Archived from
1496:
1490:
1489:
1479:
1459:WĂÄŤazo Ĺ a Review
1449:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1390:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1235:
1229:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1206:. pp. 43–45
1195:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1156:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1098:
1085:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1053:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1005:
997:
991:
990:
988:
987:
981:womenshealth.gov
973:
967:
966:
964:
963:
957:womenshealth.gov
949:
943:
942:
940:
928:
919:
918:
901:(7–8): 579–589.
888:
877:
876:
874:
873:
858:
852:
851:
813:
686:Louise Slaughter
652:
445:Native Americans
434:Nuremberg trials
344:
342:Thomas Jefferson
311:African American
307:Mexican American
3502:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3339:
3337:
3330:
3204:
3201:
3171:
3166:
3145:
3119:
3058:
2997:
2931:
2922:
2876:
2870:
2803:Local Resources
2799:
2794:
2793:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2743:
2741:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2658:
2656:
2648:Washington Post
2640:
2639:
2635:
2626:
2624:
2623:. 23 March 2021
2615:
2614:
2610:
2601:
2599:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2530:
2529:
2522:
2513:
2511:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2471:
2470:
2463:
2454:
2452:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2373:Duran, Bonnie M
2370:
2369:
2362:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2266:
2265:
2256:
2214:
2213:
2204:
2160:
2159:
2150:
2108:
2107:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2035:
2034:
2021:
1982:(28): 741–746.
1969:
1968:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1891:
1889:
1881:
1880:
1861:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1836:
1827:
1825:
1822:www.justice.gov
1816:
1815:
1811:
1802:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1750:
1741:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1670:
1669:
1656:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1540:
1539:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1451:
1450:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1270:
1266:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1158:
1157:
1146:
1137:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1113:
1111:
1100:
1099:
1088:
1082:Wayback Machine
1071:
1067:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:
994:
985:
983:
975:
974:
970:
961:
959:
951:
950:
946:
938:
930:
929:
922:
890:
889:
880:
871:
869:
860:
859:
855:
815:
814:
805:
800:
768:
749:
737:
641:
639:
633:
628:
613:
607:
598:
589:
583:
570:
549:
544:
535:
519:
503:white supremacy
495:
486:
462:sex trafficking
458:
453:
447:
442:
413:. The American
346:
339:
303:Native American
288:
274:
269:
252:
250:Objectification
240:moral character
224:sexual assaults
216:
183:
177:
150:
144:
139:
123:
100:
68:law enforcement
56:
32:sex-trafficking
17:
12:
11:
5:
3500:
3498:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3454:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3426:Sint Eustatius
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3371:Cayman Islands
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3342:
3340:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3177:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3110:United Kingdom
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2833:
2830:Victim Connect
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2798:
2797:External links
2795:
2792:
2791:
2769:
2764:Cato Institute
2750:
2723:
2686:(3): 253–259.
2666:
2633:
2608:
2583:
2542:
2520:
2487:
2461:
2426:
2360:
2298:
2254:
2227:(2): 216–233.
2202:
2148:
2127:10.1086/683336
2121:(3): 531–563.
2088:
2063:
2056:
2019:
1962:
1945:
1898:
1859:
1834:
1809:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1763:(2): 274–276.
1739:
1719:
1690:
1683:
1654:
1631:
1612:
1602:Social Justice
1591:
1572:
1528:
1491:
1435:
1419:eige.europa.eu
1402:
1365:
1353:
1320:
1305:
1286:
1277:
1264:
1245:
1230:
1217:
1181:
1169:
1144:
1120:
1086:
1065:
1036:(8): 913–920.
1016:
992:
968:
944:
920:
878:
853:
826:(4): 955–964.
802:
801:
799:
796:
795:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
767:
764:
760:Rashida Manjoo
753:United Nations
748:
745:
736:
733:
700:, part of the
656:Vice President
635:Main article:
632:
629:
627:
624:
620:women of color
606:
603:
597:
594:
585:Main article:
582:
579:
569:
566:
548:
545:
543:
540:
534:
531:
518:
515:
494:
491:
485:
482:
457:
454:
449:Main article:
446:
443:
441:
438:
331:
273:
270:
268:
267:State violence
265:
251:
248:
236:sexual assault
215:
214:Sexual assault
212:
207:sexual assault
179:Main article:
176:
173:
146:Main article:
143:
140:
138:
135:
122:
119:
99:
96:
55:
52:
48:trivialization
24:domestic abuse
22:is the use of
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3499:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3333:
3327:
3326:United States
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3198:
3193:
3191:
3186:
3184:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3049:United States
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2855:
2853:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2751:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2667:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2637:
2634:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1899:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1740:0-19-508260-5
1736:
1732:
1731:
1723:
1720:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1017:
1002:
996:
993:
982:
978:
972:
969:
958:
954:
948:
945:
937:
936:
927:
925:
921:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
895:
887:
885:
883:
879:
867:
863:
857:
854:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
820:
812:
810:
808:
804:
797:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
769:
765:
763:
761:
757:
754:
751:In 2011, the
746:
744:
741:
734:
732:
730:
725:
722:
721:Duro v. Reina
718:
713:
710:
707:In 2005, the
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
672:
668:
660:
657:
638:
630:
625:
623:
621:
617:
612:
604:
602:
595:
593:
588:
580:
578:
574:
567:
565:
561:
559:
555:
546:
541:
539:
532:
530:
528:
524:
517:Globalization
516:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
492:
490:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
463:
455:
452:
444:
439:
437:
435:
432:. During the
431:
427:
423:
422:Josef Mengele
419:
416:
412:
411:Nazi eugenics
406:
401:
399:
396:
392:
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
371:
366:
362:
358:
355:
351:
345:
343:
336:
330:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
292:
287:
283:
279:
271:
266:
264:
261:
257:
249:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
225:
220:
213:
211:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
188:
182:
174:
172:
170:
165:
161:
159:
155:
149:
141:
136:
134:
130:
127:
120:
118:
115:
110:
108:
103:
97:
95:
93:
89:
86:. Judges and
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
53:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
3431:Sint Maarten
3411:Saint Martin
3325:
3048:
2983:Saudi Arabia
2913:South Africa
2785:
2772:
2763:
2753:
2742:. Retrieved
2735:
2726:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2657:. Retrieved
2653:the original
2646:
2636:
2625:. Retrieved
2620:
2611:
2600:. Retrieved
2595:
2586:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2536:
2532:
2512:. Retrieved
2500:
2490:
2481:
2477:
2453:. Retrieved
2441:
2384:
2381:BMC Medicine
2380:
2321:(1): 24585.
2318:
2314:
2279:(2): 70–85.
2276:
2272:
2224:
2220:
2173:(1): 37–44.
2170:
2166:
2118:
2114:
2079:. Retrieved
2066:
2038:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1890:. Retrieved
1886:
1851:. Retrieved
1826:. Retrieved
1824:. 4 May 2018
1821:
1812:
1801:. Retrieved
1796:
1787:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1729:
1722:
1710:. Retrieved
1706:
1673:
1640:
1634:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1584:. New York:
1581:
1575:
1550:
1546:
1519:. Retrieved
1515:the original
1504:
1494:
1463:
1457:
1426:. Retrieved
1418:
1405:
1378:
1368:
1358:, retrieved
1336:
1314:
1308:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1280:
1272:
1267:
1258:
1248:
1233:
1225:
1220:
1208:. Retrieved
1197:
1184:
1172:
1136:. Retrieved
1132:
1123:
1112:. Retrieved
1110:. 2011-06-11
1105:
1073:
1068:
1033:
1029:
1019:
1008:. Retrieved
995:
984:. Retrieved
980:
971:
960:. Retrieved
956:
947:
933:
898:
892:
870:. Retrieved
868:. 2018-03-06
865:
856:
823:
817:
750:
738:
726:
720:
719:of 1978 and
716:
714:
706:
667:Bill Clinton
664:
614:
599:
590:
575:
571:
562:
550:
536:
520:
499:colonization
496:
487:
478:
474:
470:
466:
459:
440:Demographics
408:
403:
393:
389:gas chambers
378:
367:
363:
359:
354:hysterectomy
347:
338:
333:
327:
297:
253:
229:
196:
186:
184:
166:
162:
151:
131:
128:
124:
111:
104:
101:
80:prosecutions
57:
19:
18:
3401:Puerto Rico
3311:Saint Lucia
3261:El Salvador
3141:New Zealand
2978:Philippines
2943:Afghanistan
2167:Social Work
1609:(4): 40–53.
1553:(2): 1–22.
1428:18 November
694:Republicans
509:norms like
507:patriarchal
107:sex objects
3456:Categories
3396:Montserrat
3391:Martinique
3386:Guadeloupe
3241:Costa Rica
2948:Bangladesh
2875:by country
2744:2019-12-23
2627:2021-09-28
2602:2020-11-23
2514:2020-11-22
2484:: 811–834.
2455:2020-11-22
1892:2018-05-16
1853:2018-05-14
1828:2018-05-10
1803:2018-05-14
1712:2 February
1360:2020-11-23
1302:: 239–290.
1138:2018-05-14
1114:2018-05-11
1010:2023-12-30
986:2018-11-08
962:2018-11-08
935:Statistics
872:2018-05-16
798:References
609:See also:
596:Immigrants
527:capitalism
456:Statistics
348:Since the
192:gang rapes
3381:Greenland
3296:Nicaragua
3271:Guatemala
3131:Australia
3054:Venezuela
3034:Guatemala
3009:Argentina
2700:1540-9996
2659:April 19,
2578:1543-9372
2539:: 69–170.
2403:1741-7015
2387:(1): 20.
2337:2000-8198
2293:1527-2001
2249:145183624
2241:1461-6742
2189:0037-8046
2143:147048944
2135:0037-7961
1996:0149-2195
1940:159344874
1932:0749-6427
1918:(2): 21.
1777:146788001
1567:0161-6463
1470:: 17–31.
1397:2274-2042
915:143452062
894:Sex Roles
747:Reactions
674:Joe Biden
659:Joe Biden
430:Auschwitz
379:In 1927,
3346:Anguilla
3281:Honduras
3251:Dominica
3226:Barbados
3002:Americas
2973:Pakistan
2953:Cambodia
2893:Ethiopia
2718:24299159
2421:15157273
2355:25279104
2197:28395035
2014:28727682
1511:NBC News
1486:40891307
1210:16 March
1164:Archived
1078:Archived
1060:25536936
848:20376803
840:26585169
772:Femicide
766:See also
690:Congress
400:penned:
244:behavior
169:homeless
156:and the
70:and how
3376:Curaçao
3361:Bonaire
3356:Bermuda
3286:Jamaica
3266:Grenada
3221:Bahamas
3124:Oceania
3115:Ukraine
3095:Ireland
3085:Germany
3075:Belgium
3070:Belarus
3014:Bolivia
2993:Vietnam
2908:Nigeria
2903:Namibia
2898:Morocco
2709:3952594
2346:4163752
2273:Hypatia
2005:5657947
1628:: 1–28.
1051:4722539
671:Senator
232:assault
121:Effects
92:convict
54:History
44:Culture
40:assault
3301:Panama
3291:Mexico
3236:Canada
3231:Belize
3162:Turkey
3157:Russia
3090:Greece
3080:France
3063:Europe
3039:Mexico
3024:Canada
3019:Brazil
2968:Israel
2918:Uganda
2881:Africa
2716:
2706:
2698:
2576:
2419:
2412:446227
2409:
2401:
2353:
2343:
2335:
2291:
2247:
2239:
2195:
2187:
2141:
2133:
2081:16 May
2054:
2012:
2002:
1994:
1938:
1930:
1775:
1737:
1681:
1565:
1484:
1395:
1379:Angles
1351:
1058:
1048:
913:
846:
838:
511:sexism
505:, and
319:racism
284:, and
234:. For
88:juries
76:arrest
72:police
60:taboos
28:murder
3351:Aruba
3276:Haiti
3105:Spain
3100:Italy
3029:Chile
2963:India
2958:China
2782:(PDF)
2562:(1).
2245:S2CID
2139:S2CID
2075:(PDF)
1936:S2CID
1773:S2CID
1521:9 May
1482:JSTOR
1466:(1).
1381:(5).
1194:(PDF)
1004:(PDF)
939:(PDF)
911:S2CID
844:S2CID
654:Then-
98:Media
84:court
3421:Saba
3246:Cuba
3136:Fiji
3044:Peru
2936:Asia
2714:PMID
2696:ISSN
2661:2012
2574:ISSN
2417:PMID
2399:ISSN
2351:PMID
2333:ISSN
2289:ISSN
2237:ISSN
2193:PMID
2185:ISSN
2131:ISSN
2083:2018
2052:ISBN
2010:PMID
1992:ISSN
1928:ISSN
1735:ISBN
1714:2017
1679:ISBN
1563:ISSN
1523:2016
1430:2013
1411:EIGE
1393:ISSN
1349:ISBN
1212:2015
1056:PMID
836:PMID
740:Cato
568:Rape
405:kind
321:and
313:and
175:Rape
64:laws
38:and
36:rape
2737:CNN
2704:PMC
2688:doi
2564:doi
2505:doi
2446:doi
2407:PMC
2389:doi
2341:PMC
2323:doi
2281:doi
2229:doi
2175:doi
2123:doi
2044:doi
2000:PMC
1984:doi
1920:doi
1765:doi
1555:doi
1472:doi
1383:doi
1341:doi
1046:PMC
1038:doi
903:doi
828:doi
626:Law
428:at
201:'s
3458::
2784:.
2762:.
2734:.
2712:.
2702:.
2694:.
2684:23
2682:.
2678:.
2645:.
2619:.
2594:.
2572:.
2560:16
2558:.
2554:.
2537:69
2535:.
2523:^
2503:.
2499:.
2482:61
2480:.
2476:.
2464:^
2444:.
2440:.
2429:^
2415:.
2405:.
2397:.
2383:.
2379:.
2363:^
2349:.
2339:.
2331:.
2317:.
2313:.
2301:^
2287:.
2277:18
2275:.
2271:.
2257:^
2243:.
2235:.
2225:10
2223:.
2219:.
2205:^
2191:.
2183:.
2171:62
2169:.
2165:.
2151:^
2137:.
2129:.
2119:89
2117:.
2113:.
2091:^
2050:.
2022:^
2008:.
1998:.
1990:.
1980:66
1978:.
1974:.
1948:^
1934:.
1926:.
1916:27
1914:.
1910:.
1885:.
1862:^
1837:^
1820:.
1795:.
1771:.
1761:29
1759:.
1743:.
1705:.
1693:^
1657:^
1647::
1643:.
1624:.
1607:31
1605:.
1561:.
1551:24
1549:.
1545:.
1531:^
1509:.
1503:.
1480:.
1464:25
1462:.
1456:.
1438:^
1421:.
1417:.
1391:.
1377:.
1347:,
1335:,
1323:^
1300:42
1298:.
1257:.
1202:.
1196:.
1147:^
1131:.
1104:.
1089:^
1054:.
1044:.
1034:51
1032:.
1028:.
979:.
955:.
923:^
909:.
899:58
897:.
881:^
864:.
842:.
834:.
824:45
822:.
806:^
758:,
731:.
704:.
682:DE
501:,
309:,
305:,
280:,
242:,
194:.
34:,
30:,
26:,
3196:e
3189:t
3182:v
2865:e
2858:t
2851:v
2788:.
2766:.
2747:.
2720:.
2690::
2663:.
2630:.
2605:.
2580:.
2566::
2517:.
2507::
2458:.
2448::
2423:.
2391::
2385:2
2357:.
2325::
2319:5
2295:.
2283::
2251:.
2231::
2199:.
2177::
2145:.
2125::
2085:.
2060:.
2046::
2016:.
1986::
1942:.
1922::
1895:.
1856:.
1831:.
1806:.
1779:.
1767::
1716:.
1687:.
1651:.
1626:7
1588:.
1569:.
1557::
1525:.
1488:.
1474::
1432:.
1399:.
1385::
1343::
1261:.
1241:.
1214:.
1141:.
1117:.
1062:.
1040::
1013:.
989:.
965:.
917:.
905::
875:.
850:.
830::
680:-
678:D
676:(
340:—
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
