525:
85:
60:
71:
38:
417:
732:
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431:
The late Roman
Republic witnessed an explosion of villa construction in central Italy (current regions of Toscana, Umbria, Lazio, and Campania), especially in the years following the dictatorship of
950:
785:
124:
which was inside them) and residential, with accommodation for the owner. The definition also changed with time: the earliest examples are mostly humble farmhouses in Italy, while from the
150:
The present meaning of "villa" is partially based on the fairly numerous ancient Roman written sources and on archaeological remains, though many of these are poorly preserved.
1136:
Van Oyen, A. (2020). The Socio-Economics of Roman
Storage: Agriculture, Trade, and Family (pp. 197–228). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108850216.010
524:
881:
volume XIV. Late
Antiquity: Empire and Successors A.D. 425-600. Edited by Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward-Perkins, and Michael Whitby. Cambridge University Press 2000.
118:
Nevertheless, the term "Roman villa" generally covers buildings with the common features of being extra-urban (i.e. located outside urban settlements, unlike the
191:(according to Columella), an estate with little or no agriculture situated in the country, in the suburbs of a town or within close vicinity to a city; and
172:
The Romans built many kinds of villas and any country house with some decorative features in the Roman style may be called a "villa" by modern scholars.
84:
1022:
Laura
Tedeschi. Ville romane tardoantiche della regione Marche, Master's thesis submitted to obtain the degree of Master in Archeology 2013-2014
857:
Laura
Tedeschi. Ville romane tardoantiche della regione Marche, Master's thesis submitted to obtain the degree of Master in Archeology 2013-2014
202:
808:
Eeva-Maria
Viitanen: Locus Bonus – the relationship of the roman villa to its environment in thE vicinity of Rome. ISBN 978-952-10-6450-0 (PDF)
59:
1296:
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985:
886:
455:
In the imperial period villas sometimes became quite palatial, such as the villas built on seaside slopes overlooking the Gulf of Naples at
709:
688:
243:
which produced and exported agricultural produce; such villas might lack luxuries (e.g. Cato) but many were very sumptuous (e.g. Varro).
540:; large working villas were donated by aristocrats and territorial magnates to individual monks, often to become the nucleus of famous
1187:
760:
506:
505:
Villas were centres of a variety of economic activity such as mining, pottery factories, or horse raising such as those found in
495:
157:(116–27 BC) dating from the end of the Republican period, which is used for most modern considerations. But Roman authors (e.g.
750:
745:
165:) wrote in different times, with different objectives and for aristocratic readers and hence had specific interpretations of
715:
498:
in
Pompeii still shows a row of seafront villas, all with porticos along the front, some rising up in porticoed tiers to an
755:
889:. Part III East and West: Economy and Society. Chapter 12. Land, labour, and settlement, by Bryan Ward-Perkins. Page 333.
926:
765:
869:
Marzano, Annalisa. 2007. Roman Villas in
Central Italy: A Social and Economic History. Leiden and Boston: Brill. p 3-5
1155:
1023:
858:
381:
494:
described his villas in his letters. The Romans invented the seaside villa: a vignette in a frescoed wall at the
1240:
Marzano, Annalisa. 2007. Roman Villas in
Central Italy: A Social and Economic History. Leiden and Boston: Brill.
640:
294:
1145:
Andrea
Carandini, M. Rossella Filippi, Settefinestre: una villa schiavistica nell'Etruria romana, 1985, Panini
387:
By the first century BC, the "classic" villa took many architectural forms, with many examples employing an
646:
630:
676:
664:
652:
74:
1095:
658:
388:
670:
70:
1365:
1243:
Potter, Timothy W.. Roman Italy. London, British Museum Publications, 1987.
737:
464:
306:
830:
Romizzi, L. 2001. Ville d’otium dell’Italia antica (II sec. a.C. – I sec. d.C.). Aucnus X. p 29–32
634:
223:
618:
479:
421:
334:
37:
1292:
1227:
1183:
1117:
1049:
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allegedly possessed no fewer than seven villas, the oldest of them, which he inherited, near
703:
518:
1221:
1045:
597:
416:
549:
545:
472:
361:
219:
162:
125:
108:
1359:
557:
483:
439:
425:
338:
302:
196:
137:
104:
41:
624:
514:
112:
1285:
1038:
975:
1206:, identifiable as from Baetica, have been found in Roman sites of northern Gaul.
1024:
https://www.academia.edu/19881526/Ville_romane_tardoantiche_della_regione_Marche
859:
https://www.academia.edu/19881526/Ville_romane_tardoantiche_della_regione_Marche
601:
560:
was born in a highly placed Gallo-Roman family at the 'villa' of Chaptelat near
468:
325:. Wealthy Romans also escaped the summer heat in the hills within easy reach of
310:
239:
141:
372:, with villa, without an inference that there were any dwellings there at all.
17:
1000:
N. Terrenato, 2001, "The Auditorium site and the origins of the Roman villa",
727:
589:
585:
581:
577:
444:
369:
64:
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Areas within easy reach of Rome offered cool lodgings in the heat of summer.
698:
692:
565:
541:
529:
510:
405:
392:
207:
184:
158:
100:
1269:, Williams Symposium on Classical Architecture, University of Pennsylvania
356:
By the 4th century, "villa" could simply connote an agricultural holding:
1350:
573:
569:
330:
45:
1203:
561:
460:
449:
400:
346:
318:
227:
89:
78:
1351:
Villa Villae, French Ministry of Culture Website on Gallo-Roman villas
210:
estate usually associated with small-scale agriculture or viticulture.
977:
La fattoria e la villa dell'Auditorium nel quartiere Flaminio di Roma
605:
487:
357:
342:
322:
974:
Andrea Carandini; Maria Teresa D'Alessio; Helga Di Giuseppe (2006).
593:
536:
In some cases villas survived the fall of the Empire and into the
523:
456:
432:
314:
218:
were the middle and late Republican villas that encroached on the
154:
145:
120:
31:
553:
517:
in Germany became a feature of the southern Iberian province of
326:
226:
or at Grottarossa in Rome, and those outside the city walls of
153:
The most detailed ancient text on the meaning of "villa" is by
353:
had three or four which are well known from his descriptions.
1258:
Villa to Village: The Transformation of the Roman Countryside
809:
1223:
Roman Republican Villas: Architecture, Context, and Ideology
289:
for production and storage of oil, wine, grain, grapes etc..
927:"A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), VILLA"
404:) and many would have had under-floor heating known as the
237:
A third type of villa was a large commercial estate called
278:; service, farm personnel and livestock section run by a
1226:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 152.
1182:. London: Gerald Duckworth and Company. pp. 49–53.
572:
was founded ca 650 on the domain of a former villa near
222:, at that time on the edge of Rome, the one at Rome's
128:
period a range of larger building types are included.
442:
from the 1st century BC was the centre of one of the
398:
Villas were often furnished with heated bath suites (
301:) such as those on picturesque sites overlooking the
230:
which demonstrate the antiquity and heritage of the
548:established a monastery in the ruins of a villa at
448:involved in large-scale agricultural production in
1284:
1037:
509:. Villas specialising in the seagoing export of
1317:The Villas of Pliny from Antiquity to Posterity
1256:Hodges, Riccardo; Francovich, Riccardo (2003).
1093:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Gethsemane".
951:"Roman domestic architecture (villa) (article)"
786:"Roman domestic architecture (villa) (article)"
1287:Houses, Villas, and Palaces in the Roman World
1040:Houses, Villas, and Palaces in the Roman World
486:) was in an area popular with Romans of rank.
471:preserved by the ashfall from the eruption of
246:The whole estate of a villa was also called a
175:Two kinds of villas were generally described:
115:, sometimes reaching extravagant proportions.
532:-heated rooms with mosaics (La Olmeda, Spain)
8:
1328:, Studies in ancient history and archaeology
1220:Becker, Jeffrey; Terrenato, Nicola (2012).
395:for interior spaces open to light and air.
1308:The Roman Villa: A Historical Introduction
1315:du Prey, Pierre de la Ruffiniere (1995).
584:established an abbey at a Roman villa of
699:La Olmeda Roman Villa in Palencia, Spain
580:had a similar founding. As late as 698,
415:
83:
69:
58:
36:
777:
502:at the top that would catch a breeze.
1249:The Roman villa in South-West England
7:
1260:. Duck worth Debates in Archaeology.
1099:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1156:"House of Marco Lucretius Frontone"
1116:. Heinemann Library. pp. 31–.
25:
1077:Comelius Nepos, Atticus, 25.14.3.
1036:Alexander G. McKay (1 May 1998).
761:Roman villas in northwestern Gaul
710:Gallo-Roman villa of Orbe-Boscéaz
689:Pliny's Comedy and Tragedy villas
649:in Piazza Armerina, Sicily, Italy
376:Architecture of the villa complex
297:villas were built on the coasts (
88:Entrance to the Villa San Marco,
1086:
730:
496:House of Marcus Lucretius Fronto
368:, describing the olive grove of
272:; residential part for the owner
27:Historical residential structure
751:List of Roman villas in England
746:List of Roman villas in Belgium
812:Helsinki University, 2010 p. 3
1:
1267:The Roman Villa: Villa Urbana
879:The Cambridge Ancient History
766:List of Roman villas in Spain
756:List of Roman villas in Wales
49:
1283:McKay, Alexander G. (1998).
1265:Frazer, Alfred, ed. (1990),
1002:Journal of Roman Archaeology
627:, near Ivaylovgrad, Bulgaria
1274:Johnston, David E. (2004).
980:. L'ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER.
821:Varro, de Rustica, 3,2,3–17
716:Roman ruins of São Cucufate
661:in Gloucestershire, England
333:and including the imperial
1382:
1326:The Roman villa in Britain
1178:Dyson, Stephen L. (2003).
810:http://ethesis.helsinki.i/
382:Ancient Roman architecture
379:
135:
29:
1324:Rivert, A. L. F. (1969),
528:Villas had luxuries like
438:For example the villa at
380:For general context, see
132:Typology and distribution
30:For general context, see
1247:Branigan, Keith (1977).
839:Columella, de Re Rustica
641:Lullingstone Roman Villa
612:Examples of Roman villas
107:in the territory of the
1306:Percival, John (1981).
647:Villa Romana del Casale
637:in West Sussex, England
631:Fishbourne Roman Palace
293:Under the Empire, many
183:(e.g. Pliny's villa at
1044:. JHU Press. pp.
677:Villa of the Mysteries
671:Villa Rumana in Żejtun
665:Littlecote Roman Villa
653:Villa of the Quintilii
533:
428:
92:
81:
75:Villa of the Mysteries
67:
56:
1335:Life in a Roman Villa
1333:Shuter, Jane (2004).
1180:The Roman Countryside
1168:Veyne 1987 ill. p 152
1113:Life in a Roman Villa
1096:Catholic Encyclopedia
931:www.perseus.tufts.edu
848:Cato, De Agri Cultura
667:in Wiltshire, England
659:Chedworth Roman Villa
552:that had belonged to
527:
419:
285:sometimes a separate
87:
73:
62:
40:
1342:Smith, J.T. (1998).
1110:Jane Shuter (2004).
898:Pliny epistulae 2.17
608:, presented to him.
490:had several villas.
329:, especially around
313:, or on the isle of
1337:. Picture the Past.
916:Pliny epistulae 5.6
738:Ancient Rome portal
467:and its library at
465:Villa of the Papyri
307:Villa of the Papyri
635:Bignor Roman Villa
534:
429:
420:Maritime theatre,
360:translated in the
265:had 2 or 3 parts:
234:in Central Italy.
224:Parco della Musica
214:Other examples of
93:
82:
68:
57:
1298:978-0-8018-5904-5
1233:978-0-472-11770-3
1202:Numerous stamped
1123:978-1-4034-5838-4
1068:Columella I.4 § 6
1055:978-0-8018-5904-5
1013:Columella, 1.1.19
987:978-88-8265-406-1
907:Columella, 1.1.19
887:978-0-521-32591-2
683:House of Menander
576:and the abbey of
538:Early Middle Ages
507:northwestern Gaul
492:Pliny the Younger
351:Pliny the Younger
16:(Redirected from
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734:
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704:Roman Villa Borg
643:in Kent, England
621:in Tivoli, Italy
519:Hispania Baetica
299:villae maritimae
99:was typically a
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21:
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1214:Further reading
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721:
619:Hadrian's Villa
614:
598:Irmina of Oeren
568:. The abbey at
544:. For example,
480:Hadrian's Villa
422:Hadrian's Villa
414:
385:
378:
335:Hadrian's Villa
282:or farm manager
200:(Pliny's villa
189:villa suburbana
148:
134:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Villa suburbana
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628:
622:
615:
613:
610:
604:, king of the
600:, daughter of
556:. Around 590,
546:Saint Benedict
473:Mount Vesuvius
413:
412:Social history
410:
377:
374:
362:Gospel of Mark
291:
290:
287:pars fructaria
283:
273:
254:or sometimes,
220:Campus Martius
216:villae urbanae
212:
211:
192:
163:Cato the Elder
133:
130:
109:Roman Republic
63:Villa Regina,
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1378:
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1294:
1291:. JHU Press.
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1189:0-7156-3225-6
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723:
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712:, Switzerland
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697:
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675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
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655:, Rome, Italy
654:
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587:
583:
579:
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559:
558:Saint Eligius
555:
551:
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539:
531:
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522:
520:
516:
515:Roman legions
512:
508:
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489:
485:
481:
476:
474:
470:
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462:
459:and those at
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453:
451:
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446:
441:
440:Settefinestre
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303:Bay of Naples
300:
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267:
266:
264:
263:villa rustica
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138:Villa Rustica
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106:
105:country house
102:
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91:
86:
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66:
61:
47:
43:
42:Villa Poppaea
39:
33:
19:
1344:Roman Villas
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1334:
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1276:Roman Villas
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1094:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1039:
1031:
1018:
1009:
1001:
996:
976:
969:
958:. Retrieved
955:Khan Academy
954:
945:
934:. Retrieved
930:
921:
912:
903:
894:
878:
874:
865:
853:
844:
835:
826:
817:
804:
793:. Retrieved
790:Khan Academy
789:
780:
625:Villa Armira
535:
504:
499:
477:
454:
443:
437:
430:
399:
397:
386:
365:
355:
298:
292:
286:
279:
276:pars rustica
275:
269:
262:
260:
255:
251:
247:
245:
238:
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232:villa urbana
231:
215:
213:
201:
195:
188:
181:villa urbana
180:
174:
171:
166:
152:
149:
119:
117:
113:Roman Empire
96:
94:
53: 50 BC
1366:Roman villa
602:Dagobert II
542:monasteries
469:Herculaneum
349:in Latium.
337:-palace at
311:Herculaneum
270:pars urbana
240:latifundium
146:Villa Otium
142:Latifundium
97:Roman villa
960:2023-08-16
936:2023-08-16
795:2023-08-16
772:References
718:, Portugal
590:Luxembourg
586:Echternach
582:Willibrord
482:at Tibur (
445:latifundia
370:Gethsemane
364:(xiv, 32)
136:See also:
126:Republican
65:Boscoreale
1004:14, 5-32.
706:, Germany
693:Lake Como
685:, Pompeii
679:, Pompeii
566:Aquitaine
530:hypocaust
511:olive oil
435:(81 BC).
406:hypocaust
393:peristyle
305:like the
295:patrician
208:farmhouse
203:in Tuscis
185:Laurentum
159:Columella
101:farmhouse
1360:Category
1204:amphorae
724:See also
596:, which
570:Stavelot
475:in 79.
463:and the
331:Frascati
280:villicus
248:praedium
111:and the
46:Oplontis
695:, Italy
673:, Malta
578:Vézelay
562:Limoges
550:Subiaco
461:Stabiae
450:Etruria
401:thermae
366:chorion
347:Arpinum
321:and at
319:Circeii
228:Pompeii
90:Stabiae
79:Pompeii
1295:
1230:
1186:
1120:
1091:
1052:
984:
885:
606:Franks
500:altana
488:Cicero
484:Tivoli
426:Tivoli
389:atrium
358:Jerome
343:Cicero
339:Tivoli
323:Antium
252:fundus
187:), or
144:, and
594:Trier
592:near
588:, in
574:Liège
564:, in
457:Baiae
433:Sulla
317:, at
315:Capri
206:), a
167:villa
155:Varro
121:domus
32:villa
1293:ISBN
1228:ISBN
1184:ISBN
1118:ISBN
1050:ISBN
1026:p 17
982:ISBN
883:ISBN
633:and
554:Nero
327:Rome
194:the
179:the
1048:–.
1046:246
513:to
391:or
309:at
256:rus
103:or
44:at
1362::
953:.
929:.
788:.
691:,
521:.
452:.
424:,
408:.
341:.
261:A
258:.
250:,
169:.
161:,
140:,
95:A
77:,
50:c.
1346:.
1319:.
1310:.
1301:.
1278:.
1251:.
1236:.
1192:.
1158:.
1126:.
1058:.
990:.
963:.
939:.
798:.
384:.
55:)
48:(
34:.
20:)
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