1018:, to propagate panicking messages against the controversial policies. Christians used their political influence in the central government to derail the educational reforms. The Education Bill was referred to the Supreme court by the President of India and on 17 May 1958 the Supreme Court reported that some clauses of the bill infringed the constitutional rights of minorities. However, the government got presidential assent on 19 February 1959 after it had revised the bill. The disagreement widened, and the Church representatives sought the help of the NSS to fight the government. Following the
453:
77:
36:
1061:,, the intensity of fury broke into open violence. The Communist Party government's claim was that the police were forced to open fire on what they claim was a violent mob, who allegedly attempted to attack a police station. The police firing and killing of 7 people is said to have instigated a mass movement against the EMS Government.
179:
1033:
to form an anticommunist front. The government retracted partially on sensing the trouble that could be created by the alliance of NSS and the Syrian
Christians, and it indicated its readiness to make concessions. However, the founder and leader of the NSS, Mannathu Padmanabhan, declared that "the
1107:
The new
Government of Kerala replaced the controversial provisions of the Education Act (the Grant Aided institution managers regained the authority to appoint teachers). The Agrarian Relations Act, sent back by the President for reconsideration and later amended and passed by the Kerala Assembly
514:
and international
Catholic organisations. In the aftermath of the "liberation struggle", at least 15 people, mostly Christians and including a pregnant woman, are recorded to be dead from various police firings and at the hands of communist workers. Following mass protests and deaths from police
1006:: A significant proportion of the schools in Kerala were owned by Syrian Christian churches. They found many reformist policies of government as infringements over their rights and so used newspapers and other publications, such as
1034:
aim is not limited to the redressal of specific issues but extended to the removal of the
Communist Party". He called on all the field units of the NSS to organise the people and on the educational institutions to close them.
1029:, was a major opponent of land reform policies of the government, which they considered as radical and ill-disposed towards the Nair community of Kerala. In December 1958, NSS joined up with the
1048:, the American ambassador to India (1956–61), who is quoted confirming American and his involvement in funding the agitation against EMS's communist government to prevent "additional Keralas".
1022:(13 June 1959) in which seven of its members were killed, the Catholic Church and other Syrian Christian Churches actively participated in the struggle and mobilised massive support.
825:. The bill sought to regulate the Government Grant Aided educational institutions in Kerala. The bill was introduced in July, 1957, passed in September, 1957, later returned by the
1072:
discreetly supported these protests, financially and otherwise. The death of a pregnant fisher woman, named Flory, a
Christian woman in the police firing aggravated the situation.
661:
1068:, the then ruling party of Government of India (Union Government) and were later supported by various religious and communal groups. The communists strongly believed that the
812:
1108:(October, 1960), was declared unconstitutional by the High Court. The Assembly later passed the mellowed Kerala Land Reforms Act of 1963 (came into force in 1964).
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94:
49:
1044:, the American ambassador to India (1973–75) in his 1978 book: "A Dangerous Place". His statements are corroborated by Howard Schaffer, the biographer of
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1040:(CIA): Communists allege that the CIA was behind the liberation struggle. The role of the CIA in the struggle is depicted in the work of
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141:
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However, some clauses in the new bills became controversial as those clauses offended several influential interest groups, such as the
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Rallies and demonstrations against the government took place throughout the state. The protests were spearheaded by the
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One notable feature of the movement was the participation of school and college students supporting the movement; the
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A revolt against the
Communist government's educational policies took shape. At Angamaly, the prime centre of
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firing, in 1959 the Indian government finally bowed to pressure and dismissed
Namboodiripad on 31 July 1959.
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rallied together demanding the dismissal of the EMS ministry. They formed a joint steering committee with
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Political parties: Besides the socio-religious organizations, all the major opposition parties including
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To give the state the authority to appropriate institutions that did not act in accordance with the bill.
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for reconsideration, reconsidered and passed again in
November 1958 and was made law from January, 1959.
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1477:
Agrarian Class
Conflict: The Political Mobilization of Agricultural Labourers in Kuttanad, South India
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510:. The Communists believed the movement received funds mostly from outside of India, mobilised by the
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To crackdown on the eviction powers of landlords (as a security to the hut dwellers).
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Managements would hereafter be able to appoint teachers only from a government list.
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The Union
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in the Kerala Assembly (introduced in December, 1957 and passed in June, 1959).
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The state would acquire excess land with a compensation to the original owner.
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To set standard norms for teacher recruitments in Grant Aided institutions.
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878:
Agrarian Relations Bill, 1957 was introduced by Minister for Land Revenue
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To grant the right to approve minimum teacher qualifications to the state.
1079:, the student wing of the Indian National Congress also played a role.
905:
To establish procedures for determining a fair rent and waive arrears.
494:. Organised opposition to the state government was spearheaded by the
889:
To provide security of tenure to the cultivating peasants (tenants).
479:
268:
1531:
Peasant Struggles, Land Reforms and Social Change: Malabar 1836-1982
1100:
led-coalition won a majority of seats (Congress with 63 seats); the
1026:
483:
909:
1025:
Nair Service Society: NSS, a community welfare organization of
892:
Gave tenants the 'right' to buy 'their' land from the landlord.
908:
To fix a ceiling on the amount of land a family could own (15
857:
To curb powers of the managements to dismiss teachers at will.
172:
70:
29:
1561:. C. Hurst for the Royal Institute of International Affairs.
1357:
Politics, Women, And Well Being: How Kerala Became 'A Model'
1248:
Politics, Women, And Well Being: How Kerala Became 'A Model'
343:
Opposition to Communist Party of India Government in Kerala
900:
All evictions made illegal (after the formation of Kerala).
1426:. Kerala Institute of Labour and Employment. p. 128.
523:
On 1 November 1956, the state of Kerala was formed by the
1480:. University of British Columbia Press. pp. 45–50.
923:
To establish Land Tribunals in every taluk of Kerala.
821:
was introduced in Assembly by Minister for Education
1558:
Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation
1504:
Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation
1450:
Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation
1403:
Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation
385:
314:
294:
275:
263:
255:
250:
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
912:of double-crop paddy land for a family of five).
1507:. University of California Press. p. 156.
1453:. University of California Press. p. 155.
192:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
1423:The History of Trade Union Movement in Kerala
27:Anticommunist backlash against E.M.S Ministry
8:
1415:
1413:
918:Redistribute the excess land thus collected.
1406:. Oxford University Press. pp. 149–57.
1092:(31 July 1959 - 22 February 1960). In the
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
247:
234:Learn how and when to remove this message
216:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
1582:Nair, C. Gouridasan (12 February 2008).
1138:archive, From our online (15 May 2012).
665:
565:
451:
1360:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 172–74.
1251:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 155–56.
1130:
732:Minister for Education and Cooperation
1584:"Fresh Light on 'Liberation Struggle'"
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1289:Joseph, S. C. (1959). "Chapter VIII".
845:Teacher appointments would be made on
1534:. Cooperjal Limited. pp. 78–79.
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1191:"The States Reorganisation Act, 1956"
559:-led government came to power, under
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470:in Kerala (1958–59) was a period of
99:adding citations to reliable sources
752:Minister for Local Self Government
1165:"Kerala: Violence and uncertainty"
742:Minister for Labour and Transport
25:
110:"Liberation Struggle" Kerala
45:This article has multiple issues.
1617:History of Kerala (1947–present)
298:Fall of the Communist Ministry
177:
75:
34:
1219:Chief Electoral Officer, Kerala
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
1474:Tharamangalam, Joseph (1981).
1420:Nair, K. Ramachandran (2006).
1200:. Ministry of Law and Justice.
774:Minister for Food and Forests
476:first elected state government
1:
1293:. The Madras Premier Company.
1291:Kerala: The 'Communist' State
962:Revolutionary Socialist Party
865:Agrarian Relations Bill, 1957
622:Revolutionary Socialist Party
288:Agrarian Relations Bill, 1957
1555:Nossiter, Thomas J. (1982).
1501:Nossiter, Thomas J. (1982).
1447:Nossiter, Thomas J. (1982).
1119:A red dawn that set too soon
1612:Political history of Kerala
1528:Radhakrishnan, P. (2007) .
1314:Kerala Legislative Assembly
1070:Central Intelligence Agency
1038:Central Intelligence Agency
976:, Kumbalathu Sanku Pillai,
577:Percentage of Polled Votes
553:Kerala Legislative Assembly
1643:
1212:"Assembly Elections, 1957"
722:Minister for Land Revenue
504:Indian Union Muslim League
441:Mannathu Padmanabha Pillai
431:Abdurrahiman Bafaki Tangal
358:Indian Union Muslim League
1366:10.1007/978-1-349-12252-3
1257:10.1007/978-1-349-12252-3
763:Minister for Public Works
689:
567:Assembly Elections, 1957
525:States Reorganisation Act
390:
319:
1627:Social history of Kerala
1400:Nossiter, T. J. (1982).
1310:"Bills Passed (1957-58)"
1102:Communist Party of India
1098:Indian National Congress
1066:Indian National Congress
1053:Agitations and reprisals
950:Indian National Congress
885:It primarily attempted,
832:It primarily attempted,
712:Minister for Industries
691:Communist Party of India
596:Indian National Congress
583:Communist Party of India
557:Communist Party of India
508:Indian National Congress
492:Communist Party of India
461:Chief Minister of Kerala
362:Community Organisations
348:Indian National Congress
334:Communist Party of India
327:Communist Party of India
1622:Anti-communism in India
1354:Jeffrey, Robin (1992).
1245:Jeffrey, Robin (1992).
1094:1960 Assembly Elections
1042:Daniel Patrick Moynihan
874:Agrarian Relations Bill
537:Travancore-Cochin state
1198:Legislative Department
1144:The New Indian Express
1020:Angamaly police firing
974:P. T. Chacko, Pullolil
966:Kerala Socialist Party
681:E. M. S. Namboodiripad
561:E. M. S. Namboodiripad
488:E. M. S. Namboodiripad
463:
457:E. M. S. Namboodiripad
426:Pattom A. Thanu Pillai
399:E. M. S. Namboodiripad
285:Educational Bill, 1957
1077:Kerala Students Union
972:as the president and
954:Praja Socialist Party
702:Minister for Finance
609:Praja Socialist Party
455:
353:Praja Socialist Party
329:Government in Kerala
871:Government of Kerala
819:Education Bill, 1957
813:Government of Kerala
807:Education Bill, 1957
797:Minister for Health
527:merging most of the
500:Nair Service Society
474:protest against the
371:Nair Service Society
95:improve this article
994:C. H. Muhammed Koya
982:Fr. Joseph Vadakkan
672:Ministry/Portfolio
568:
549:the first elections
496:Syro-Malabar Church
486:, which was led by
468:Liberation Struggle
459:swearing in as the
251:Liberation Struggle
1171:. 22 November 2013
1000:among its members.
990:N. Sreekantan Nair
780:V. R. Krishna Iyer
566:
464:
436:Community Leaders
307:Assembly Elections
281:Communist Ministry
196:You can assist by
1541:978-1-906083-16-8
1514:978-0-520-04667-2
1487:978-0-7748-0126-3
1460:978-0-520-04667-2
1433:978-81-7827-138-5
1375:978-1-349-12254-7
1266:978-1-349-12254-7
1140:"Flory Day today"
1015:Malayala Manorama
1004:Syrian Christians
847:communal rotation
823:Joseph Mundassery
804:
803:
784:Minister for Law
728:Joseph Mundassery
662:Kerala Government
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16:(Redirected from
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1594:on 2 March 2008.
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770:K. C. George
758:T. A. Majeed
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551:for the new
545:South Kanara
533:Madras state
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188:may require
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88:verification
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1169:India Today
936:of Kerala,
880:K. R. Gowri
793:A. R. Menon
718:K. R. Gowri
409:K. R. Gouri
295:Resulted in
1606:Categories
1125:References
1059:Christians
574:Seats Won
547:. In 1957
519:Background
506:, and the
366:The Church
198:editing it
121:newspapers
50:improve it
1588:The Hindu
970:R. Sankar
827:President
669:Minister
276:Caused by
259:1958 - 59
206:July 2024
56:talk page
940:and the
869:Source:
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660:Source:
541:Kasargod
264:Location
1083:Results
1009:Deepika
956:(PSP),
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590:35.28%
490:of the
315:Parties
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629:3.23%
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480:Kerala
269:Kerala
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1027:Nairs
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