494:), who did not want to cooperate with the Varpininkai. To bridge the gap between the LSDP and the Varpininkai he founded the social-patriotic organization Draugas in 1904, although he still technically remained a member of the LSDP. After prolonged negotiations, in 1905 Draugas merged with the LSDP and Mickevičius was elected a member of the Central Committee of the LSDP. He at that time belonged to the federalist wing of the LSDP, which promoted the idea of an independent Lithuania in a federation with Poland, Belarus, Ukraine and Latvia (former territories of the
33:
801:
997:
1408:
938:
Kapsukas was literally the social democratic party's and
Lithuanian idea's martyr. Always breathless, hungry, without real shelter he travelled across Lithuania spreading national awareness and enlightenment. Of course, social democratic voices mattered most to him, but he also passionately loved his
791:
and farm laborers. Lithuanian farmers mostly supported the
Council of Lithuania, who promised land to those who cultivate it. In an agrarian country, as Lithuania was at that time, farmers' support was essential. Understanding his limited support base, Mickevičius resisted Lenin's demands to recruit
734:
and 15 LSDP members (social democrats). On
December 8, the Vilnius Soviet formed the Provisional Revolutionary Workers' and Peasants' Government of Lithuania. Mickevičius was elected the new government's chairman (Prime Minister) and the Minister of Foreign Affairs. On December 16, the Mickevičius
922:
During the 1905 revolution, Mickevičius dedicated all his energy to fighting for free
Lithuania. He already saw the freedom of Lithuania through the glasses of social justice. To him social justice, human dignity and individual freedom were more important than national independence. According to
528:
and northern
Lithuania. Mickevičius was briefly detained by authorities but, with no evidence against him, he managed to talk his way out. In December 1905, he was arrested under the name of J. Jaks-Tyris and convicted of revolutionary activities, but managed to escape from a prison hospital in
1019:(now Jelgava, Latvia). They divorced in 1913 after the death of their daughter Vanda in 1913. He married Elena Domicėlė Tautkaitė (1893–1937) in 1922 in Moscow, Russia. They had three children: Jūra Mickevičiūtė (1921–2008), Vincas Mickevičius (1925–2014), and Lena Mickevičiūtė (1927–2001).
1379:
Kapsukas buvo stačiai socialdemokratų partijos ir lietuvių idėjos kankinys. Visuomet uždusęs, alkanas, be tikros pastogės slankiojo jis po Lietuvą nešiodamas tautinį supratimą ir šviesą. Be abejo socialdemokratų balsai jam rupejo labiausiai, bet ir savo Lietuvą jis mylėjo
624:, Scotland. In 1916, he left Great Britain for the United States where he lived until 1917. He joined the American Lithuanian Socialist Union (ALSU) and took over management of all major left press. He edited left wing science and literature monthly magazine
681:
485:
By 1903, Mickevičius felt that the LDP did not go far enough in its political goals. The LDP sought autonomy within Russia as opposed to full independence. They also did not adequately address social issues. In 1903 he left the LDP and joined the
1030:
Between 1937 and 1953, Mickevičius was on Stalin's "gray list," not officially an "enemy of state," but not to be mentioned in public. After Stalin's death in 1953, the communist government of
Lithuania, especially the first secretary of the
444:. A secret police search at his home produced a large amount of illegal Lithuanian literature. Mickevičius was indicted in a political case for anti-tsarist activities. To avoid arrest, he escaped via East Prussia to Switzerland.
576:
In
December 1913, Mickevičius escaped from the exile with fake documents. For several weeks in early 1914 he was in hiding in Latvia and Lithuania (count Nikolai Zubov offered him a hiding place in his Medemrodė estate, now in
669:
1433:
1428:
820:. Working on the executive committee of the Comintern from 1923 to 1935, he became a candidate member of the executive committee of the Comintern in 1924 and a member in 1928. Kapsukas was a delegate to the
1043:
of
Mickevičius. Gradually, the commemoration of Mickevičius' legacy grew to the point of idolization. Streets, squares, museums and ships were named after him, and several monuments were erected.
1443:
685:
398:, but was expelled after a year for his illegal political activities. He was a member of the secret Lithuanian Clerical Society and participated in the dissemination of illegal Lithuanian press.
833:
829:
1027:
Vincas
Mickevičius-Kapsukas was the author of more than 50 works on politics, history, philosophy, and literature and around 2000 articles. He also wrote memoirs, essays, and short stories.
825:
821:
1413:
841:
769:
54:
736:
309:
987:
The same could be noticed through his entire communist activities in
Vilnius: he cared about Lithuania not in a communist way. Everybody felt that, even his fellow Bolsheviks.
641:
305:
97:
780:
was liberating previously Communist-occupied parts of Lithuania, so that by August 1919, almost all of Lithuania and Belarus was freed from the Soviets. In July 1920, the
707:, there were German, Polish, and Soviet forces. Expecting an occupation by the Soviet Red Army, pro-Communist groups such as the Lithuanian Social Democrats, Bolsheviks,
361:
which outlawed materials printed in the Lithuanian language. Vincas's father Simonas and elder brother Juozas were Lithuanian patriots. His uncle Antanas Mickevičius was
1423:
659:
585:
to act abroad on behalf of the LSDP. With the help of local activists, Mickevičius crossed the border to Prussia and traveled to Austria with fake documents. In 1914 in
541:) back in 1893. In 1909, after authorities discovered that Mickevičius was the same person who escaped from prison in 1906, he was sentenced to an additional 8 years of
901:
were responsible for the nationalist character of this movement, while their peasant roots shaped the social program. Many social ideas were carried over from the
772:(Litbel) was formed. Mickevičius served as the chairman and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Litbel government. Poland pushed back against the Red Army in the
792:
more Lithuanians to the Red Army and reported to Lenin that such an effort would be counter-productive and would reduce Lithuanian support for his government.
565:
decreed the amnesty for certain non-violent prisoners. Mickevičius, as a political prisoner of non-violent nature, was released from prison and exiled to the
1418:
746:
533:
in 1906. He was arrested again in May 1907 and sentenced to 3 years for anti-tsarist activities. Among his defenders in the Suwałki court were attorneys
498:). Russia was not part of their designs. The federalists fought with the autonomist wing of the LSDP, who promoted Lithuanian autonomy within Russia.
765:
1226:
Ta pat galėjai pasergėti per visą jo komunistišką veikimą Vilniuje: jam Lietuva ne komunistiškai rūpėjo. Tai visi jautė, net jo sėbrai bolševikai.
602:
754:
415:
newspaper, aimed at raising Lithuanian consciousness, promoting education, Lithuanian language and culture. Mickevičius was contributing to
689:
338:
1438:
813:
227:
781:
495:
1448:
971:
who also influenced his views. By 1918 he considered himself a Marxist. However, until his last days Mickevičius venerated his mentor
727:
487:
293:
220:
609:
editorial staff. He stayed in Kraków until the beginning of the World War I and then emigrated through Switzerland to Great Britain.
374:
Around 1888–1892 he was tutored at home and attended a Lithuanian school run by his uncle. From 1892 to 1897, Mickevičius studied at
870:
Kapsukas died on 17 February 1935 in a hospital in Moscow. The official report listed the cause of death as the complications from
704:
468:. During his stay in Tilsit, Mickevičius gained access to the Printing House archives and published historic materials from the
837:
537:, who, after the 1917 February revolution, was the head of Russian government, and M. F. Volkenstein, who employed V. Ulyanov (
440:. In 1901 he was expelled for storing illegal Lithuanian press and belonging to yet another Lithuanian book smuggling society,
365:, a founder of and a teacher at underground Lithuanian schools. Vincas Mickevičius was early exposed to old illegal issues of
1004:
His father, Simonas (Simas) Mickevičius (1830–1915), was a wealthy farmer. From his first marriage to Barbora Kriaučiūnaitė (
712:
267:
890:
723:
394:, smuggled them and disseminated in Lithuania. After graduating from the Gymnasium in 1897, Mickevičius enrolled at the
612:
From 1914 to 1916, he lived in Great Britain. Mickevičius headed the LSDP chapter in Scotland. In 1915–1916, he edited
490:(LSDP). Mickevičius was not willing to sever his ties with the Varpininkai, however, and clashed with LSDP leadership (
894:
479:
379:
289:
32:
1217:
1032:
980:
708:
301:
897:. The leaders of this movement came mostly from emancipated peasants. Their Lithuanian origin and relatively weak
761:
the same day. The Red Army entered Vilnius on 5 January and the Mickevičius government reestablished its control.
645:
680:, Mickevičius served as the Commissar of the Soviet government for Lithuanian affairs and was a member of the
375:
929:
742:
German occupying forces were still stationed in Vilnius but started leaving in late December 1918, while the
735:
government issued a manifesto, in which they dismissed German occupational administration and proclaimed the
1040:
750:
673:
317:
924:
1453:
1191:
955:
and other Marxists and his views drifted profoundly toward Marxism. Later in exile and emigration, he met
425:. Mickevičius chose his pen name Kapsukas, a diminutive version of Vincas Kapsas, one of the pen names of
773:
582:
590:
491:
395:
546:
1403:
1398:
976:
700:
406:
358:
202:
800:
1409:
Candidates of the Central Committee of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
1036:
910:
651:
1060:
847:
From 1921 until 1935, Mickevičius was on the editorial board of Lithuanian communist periodicals
677:
534:
521:
453:
278:
274:
247:
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1196:
905:
of 1863. Therefore, many future social democrats belonged to the Lithuanian National Revival.
578:
437:
409:. Since 1888, he was active Varpininkas – a member of the patriotic organization, named after
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952:
902:
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558:
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From 1901 to 1903, Mickevičius studied philosophy, sociology and political economy at
1392:
695:
In late 1918, Mickevičius returned to Lithuania (then still occupied by Germany; see
662:(RSDLP(b)). He became the editor of Lithuanian socialist (later communist) newspaper
313:
282:
1012:
1850–1934), his second wife, Simonas had two sons: Juozapas (1872–1950) and Vincas.
983:, Bolsheviks knew that for him Lithuania mattered more than narrow party directives:
1008:
1840–1870), Simonas had a daughter, Konstancija Mickevičiūtė. With Ona Kuršėnaitė (
968:
898:
871:
391:
192:
188:
996:
886:
Mickevičius is a case study of gradual drift from social-patriotic nationalist to
730:
electing 96 communists and their non-affiliated sympathizers, 60 Bund members, 22
421:
915:
788:
562:
878:" and their three children were adopted and taken home by their maternal aunt.
312:(Litbel) in 1918–1919. After the fall of these republics, Mickevičius left for
875:
731:
530:
242:
231:
893:. His early views were greatly influenced by his patriotic family and by the
784:
was concluded, and the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic ceased to exist.
654:, Mickevičius was no longer a fugitive. He arrived from the United States to
1175:. Vol. XVIII. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapocius. pp. 354–356.
817:
655:
621:
598:
525:
342:
297:
271:
1321:. Washington: The National Council for Eurasian and East European Research.
586:
524:, Mickevičius organized anti-tsarist peasant demonstrations and strikes in
501:
Around the same time (1904–1906), Mickevičius founded and edited magazines
456:
in Switzerland. Around the same time (1902–1903) he became a co-editor of
316:, where he continued to lead the Lithuanian communists and worked for the
300:, and then to communism, he became one of the founders and leaders of the
1195:. Vol. III. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. pp. 38–40.
1016:
743:
696:
1000:
Postage stamp of the USSR with a portrait of Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas
948:
887:
808:
From late 1921 until the end of his life in 1935, Mickevičius lived in
716:
570:
566:
542:
292:, he wrote for and edited many Lithuanian publications and joined the
809:
758:
581:
village). There he prepared for his emigration and was authorized by
550:
470:
465:
411:
367:
184:
1189:
Simas Sužiedėlis, ed. (1970–1978). "Kapsukas-Mickevičius, Vincas".
1015:
Vincas Mickevičius married Vanda Didžiulytė (1881–1941) in 1901 in
995:
787:
The support for Mickevičius' government mostly came from the city
757:) took control over Vilnius. The Council of Lithuania withdrew to
664:
538:
1200:
557:
until 1913. In 1913, to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the
1171:
Jonas Puzinas, ed. (1953–1966). "Mickevičius-Kapsukas, Vincas".
944:
874:. His wife, Elena Domicėlė Tautkaitė, was executed in 1937 for "
726:
took place in Vilnius. In December, elections were held for the
943:
During his prison years (1907–1914), Mickevičius read works of
270:
23 March] 1880 – 17 February 1935), was a Lithuanian
1339:
A. M. Prokhorov, ed. (1979). "Mickevicius-Kapsukas, Vincas".
836:
RCP(b) Congresses. He was elected a candidate member of the
1277:
Pirmoji Lietuvos Proletarinė Revoliucija ir Sovietu Valdzia
390:, a group that printed Lithuanian books and periodicals in
1356:
The Years of the First Republic, 1918–1940 (Paperback ed.)
1130:
Pirmoji Lietuvos proletarinė revoliucija ir Tarybų valdžia
96:
1st Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the
53:
1st Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the
1076:
Lietuvos buržuazijos stiprėjimas ir jos reikalų reiškėjai
1434:
Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic people
1369:
Rudokas, Jonas (2005). "Pirmasis Lietuvos komunistas".
509:. From 1906 to 1907 he also contributed to and edited
1429:
Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–19) people
913:
and was arrested when he was helping re-print Marx's
770:
Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia
382:
when his brother Juozas introduced him to the secret
1065:
1964–1989: Award of the Lithuanian Journalists Union
482:(LDP). Mickevičius became one of its first members.
1444:
People granted political asylum in the Soviet Union
919:, and Mickevičius called himself a social-patriot.
241:
216:
208:
198:
174:
147:
142:
126:
114:
95:
83:
71:
52:
23:
753:. On 2 January 1919, the Polish Committee forces (
699:). Lithuania was contested by many as besides the
378:. In 1895, he became an active participant in the
1315:From "Russian" to "Polish": Vilna-Wilno 1900–1925
749:trying to seize as many of the lands lost by the
660:Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolshevik)
474:days and materials pertaining to the founding of
478:. In 1902, the Varpininkai Congress founded the
310:Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
722:In early October, the founding congress of the
672:in Petrograd and supported the creation of the
1112:Keturių teismo komedija ir paskutinės valandos
642:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–19)
1414:People from Vilkaviškis District Municipality
341:, to a family of wealthy Lithuanian farmers.
8:
357:of 1863, the tsarist government imposed the
333:Mickevičius was born in 1880 in the town of
768:(created on January 1) were merged and the
764:On 27 February 1919 the Lithuanian SSR and
110:8 December 1918 – 27 February 1919
1354:A. Eidintas; V. Žalys; A. E. Senn (1999).
296:. As his views turned from nationalism to
31:
20:
1292:"Pilietinis karas tarp Amerikos lietuviu"
1106:Pirmoji Gegužės nepriklausomoje Lietuvoje
682:Central Bureau of the Lithuanian Sections
668:. In August 1917, he participated in the
605:. In 1914 Mickevičius became a member of
401:Around 1898–1899, Mickevičius tutored at
1424:Communist Party of Lithuania politicians
1296:Draugas (The Lithuanian World-Wide Daily
799:
766:Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia
67:27 February 1919 – 19 July 1919
1307:
1305:
1212:
1210:
1152:
1047:Named after Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas
715:and more, began actively organizing in
371:monthly magazine hidden at their home.
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
603:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1184:
1182:
755:Self-Defence of Lithuania and Belarus
436:In 1900, Mickevičius was admitted to
7:
1275:Vincas Kapsukas-Mickevicius (1934).
1253:Vincas Mickevicius-Kapsukas (1929).
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
934:, a witness of the 1905 revolution,
737:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
690:Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
306:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
728:Vilnius Soviet of Workers' Deputies
488:Lithuanian Social Democratic Party
294:Lithuanian Social Democratic Party
221:Lithuanian Social Democratic Party
14:
1371:Opozicija (Lithuanian Periodical)
1257:. Philadelphia: "Laisvės" spauda.
1142:, vols. 1–10), Vilnius, 1960–1971
686:Central Committee of the RSDLP(b)
816:through Sixth Congresses of the
705:independence on 16 February 1918
448:Social democrat and imprisonment
1419:People from Suwałki Governorate
1358:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
1224:. Kaunas: "Švyturio" bendrove.
882:Political views and personality
838:Central Committee of the RCP(b)
1088:Lietuvos Bresto taikos derybos
975:and retained deep respect for
782:Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty
628:in Philadelphia and newspaper
496:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
1100:1905 m. revoliucija Lietuvoje
1009:
1005:
719:and other Lithuanian towns.
405:, a Lithuanian school run by
38:
1279:. Chicago: "Vilnies" spauda.
724:Communist Party of Lithuania
589:, then part of the Austrian
1041:started reviving the memory
895:Lithuanian National Revival
812:. He was a delegate to the
650:In 1917, after the Russian
480:Lithuanian Democratic Party
380:Lithuanian National Revival
304:and headed the short-lived
290:Lithuanian National Revival
288:As an active member of the
262:, known under his pen name
55:Lithuanian–Byelorussian SSR
25:Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas
1470:
1439:Lithuanian revolutionaries
1033:Lithuanian Communist Party
776:, while newly-established
639:
302:Lithuanian Communist Party
1449:University of Bern alumni
1341:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
713:Socialist Revolutionaries
545:. He did his time in the
253:
138:
103:
60:
48:
30:
1290:Januta, Donatas (2012).
670:6th congress of RSDLP(b)
329:Early life and education
1218:Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas
981:Juozas Tumas-Vaižgantas
751:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
676:(Comintern). After the
674:Communist International
636:Communist revolutionary
318:Communist International
228:Russian Communist Party
1343:. New York: MacMillan.
1192:Encyclopedia Lituanica
1173:Lietuvių enciklopedija
1001:
989:
941:
805:
1082:J. Biliūno biografija
999:
985:
936:
925:Ona Pleirytė-Puidienė
876:Trotskyist activities
804:Kapsukas in the 1930s
803:
646:Lithuanian–Soviet War
591:Grand Duchy of Cracow
492:Augustinas Janulaitis
396:Sejny Priest Seminary
376:Marijampolė Gymnasium
16:Lithuanian politician
1312:T. R. Weeks (2005).
1094:Trumpa LSDP istorija
909:was a member of the
701:Council of Lithuania
597:, the leader of the
359:Lithuanian press ban
339:Vilkaviškis district
203:Novodevichy Cemetery
121:Position established
78:Position established
652:February Revolution
266:(7 April [
1061:Vilnius University
1002:
806:
678:October Revolution
535:Alexander Kerensky
522:Revolution of 1905
460:and the editor of
454:University of Bern
275:political activist
260:Vincas Mickevičius
248:University of Bern
133:Position abolished
90:Position abolished
1096:, 2 d., 1918–1920
977:Povilas Višinskis
911:Proletariat Party
774:Polish–Soviet War
747:attacked westward
438:Jelgava Gymnasium
407:Povilas Višinskis
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1037:Antanas Sniečkus
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1007:
965:Nikolai Bukharin
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903:January Uprising
891:internationalist
703:that proclaimed
688:and then of the
614:Socialdemokratas
583:Mykolas Biržiška
555:Vladimir Prisons
355:January Uprising
353:. Following the
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223:
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178:17 February 1935
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143:Personal details
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1056:city and region
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979:. According to
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884:
842:Eighth Congress
798:
778:Lithuanian Army
709:Jewish Bundists
658:and joined the
648:
640:Main articles:
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601:faction of the
559:Romanov Dynasty
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347:Congress Poland
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217:Political party
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973:Vincas Kudirka
961:Vladimir Lenin
957:Yakov Sverdlov
907:Vincas Kudirka
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880:
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637:
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626:Naujoji Gadynė
595:Vladimir Lenin
511:Naujoji Gadynė
449:
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427:Vincas Kudirka
384:book smuggling
351:Russian Empire
349:, part of the
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182:(aged 54)
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1070:Bibliography
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969:Leon Trotsky
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899:Polonization
885:
872:tuberculosis
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193:Soviet Union
189:Russian SFSR
180:(1935-02-17)
158:7 April 1880
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128:Succeeded by
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85:Succeeded by
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1404:1935 deaths
1399:1880 births
1138:, t. 1–10 (
1108:, 1919–1920
1059:1956–1989:
1054:Marijampolė
1052:1955–1989:
939:Lithuania.
928: [
916:Das Kapital
834:Seventeenth
789:proletariat
563:Nicholas II
549:, Suwałki,
520:During the
507:Darbininkas
363:daraktorius
335:Vilkaviškis
236:(1917–1935)
224:(1903–1917)
209:Nationality
161:Vilkaviškis
116:Preceded by
73:Preceded by
42: 1918
1393:Categories
1298:(21 July).
1147:References
865:Komunistas
853:Kibirkstis
830:Fourteenth
796:Later life
732:Mensheviks
692:(RCP(b)).
684:under the
618:Rankpelnis
569:region in
243:Alma mater
232:Bolsheviks
212:Lithuanian
154:1880-04-07
1222:Rastai IV
1201:74-114275
953:Plekhanov
861:Komunaras
818:Comintern
656:Petrograd
622:Bellshill
599:Bolshevik
593:, he met
526:Suvalkija
462:Ūkininkas
422:Ūkininkas
343:Suvalkija
324:Biography
298:socialism
279:publicist
272:communist
106:In office
63:In office
37:Kapsukas
1220:(1922).
1017:Mintauja
844:(1919).
832:through
822:Eleventh
744:Red Army
697:Ober Ost
579:Agluonai
388:Sietynas
386:society
264:Kapsukas
1380:karštai
1377:(666).
1124:Lietuva
949:Kautsky
923:writer
888:Marxist
840:at the
826:Twelfth
717:Vilnius
571:Siberia
567:Yenisei
561:, Tsar
547:Vilnius
543:katorga
531:Suwałki
515:Skardas
503:Draugas
442:Kūdikis
403:Sakalai
1199:
1136:Raštai
1126:, 1931
1114:, 1929
1102:, 1926
1090:, 1918
1084:, 1917
1078:, 1914
1023:Legacy
863:, and
857:Balsas
828:, and
814:Second
810:Moscow
759:Kaunas
607:Vilnis
587:Kraków
553:, and
551:Warsaw
476:Varpas
471:Auszra
466:Tilsit
458:Varpas
431:Varpas
417:Varpas
412:Varpas
368:Auszra
185:Moscow
1319:(PDF)
1140:Works
932:]
849:Tiesa
665:Tiesa
539:Lenin
1197:LCCN
967:and
945:Marx
644:and
630:Kova
616:and
513:and
505:and
419:and
308:and
281:and
268:O.S.
175:Died
148:Born
739:.
620:in
464:in
1395::
1375:14
1373:.
1327:^
1304:^
1294:.
1263:^
1233:^
1209:^
1181:^
1155:^
1039:,
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1010:c.
1006:c.
963:,
959:,
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191:,
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1203:.
230:(
156:)
152:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
