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most often in an attempt to maximize the amount of sunlight that falls on the vineyard. For this reason, some of the best wines come from vineyards planted on quite steep hills, conditions which would make most other agricultural products uneconomic. The stereotypical vineyard site for wine grapes (in the
Northern hemisphere) is a hillside in a dry climate with a southern exposure, good drainage to reduce unnecessary water uptake, and balanced pruning to force the vine to put more of its energy into the fruit, rather than foliage.
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512:(146,000 to 356,000 acres) and Chilean vineyards grew from 654 to 1,679 km (161,500 to 415,000 acres). The size of individual vineyards in the New World is significant. Europe's 1.6 million vineyards are an average of 0.2 km (49 acres) each, while the average Australian vineyard is 0.5 km (120 acres), providing considerable
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The terroir philosophy is predominantly French in origin, the flavour and character of the place defining the individuality and the special attributes of wines and combined with hundreds of years of the finest wine making traditions, terroir gives wines their distinctive taste and signature. However,
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was significantly reduced in the 1980s, but in the 1990s, during the quality revolution incited by Malbec
Pioneer Nicolás Catena Zapata, growers started planting more Malbec, most notably in higher altitudes where cooler temperatures and more intense sunlight yield more concentrated yet smoother and
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Vineyards are often located on hillsides and planted in soil that is of only marginal value to other plants. A common saying is that "the worse the soil, the better the wine." Planting on hillsides, especially those facing north (in the southern hemisphere) or south (in the northern hemisphere), is
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The implementation of mechanical harvesting is often stimulated by changes in labor laws, labor shortages, and bureaucratic complications. It can be expensive to hire labor for short periods of time, which does not square well with the need to reduce production costs and harvest quickly, often at
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vineyard plantings have been increasing almost as fast as
European vineyards are being uprooted. Between 1990 and 2003, the number of U.S. vineyards increased from 1,180 to 3,860 km or 292,000 to 954,000 acres, while Australian vineyard numbers more than doubled from 590 to 1,440 km
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A vignette is a 500-square-metre vineyard which is part of a larger consolidated vineyard. Investors purchase a piece of land within a vineyard, and outsource the grape maintenance and production operations to an outside grape grower or wine producers. Because they are contracting under a
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Local legislation often dictates which varieties are selected, how they are grown, whether vineyards can be irrigated and exactly when grapes can be harvested, all of which in serves to reinforce tradition. Changes in the law can also change which grapes are planted. For example, during
422:) have largely replaced more general, traditional concepts like "yield per unit area" in favor of "maximizing yield of desired quality". Many of these new techniques have since been adopted in place of traditional practice in the more progressive of the so-called "Old World" vineyards.
548:(1920–1933), vineyards in California expanded sevenfold to meet the increasing demand for home brewing. However, they were largely planted in varieties with tough skins that could be transported across the country to home wine-makers and the resulting wine was of a low quality.
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The earliest evidence of wine production dates from between 6000 and 5000 BC. Wine making technology improved considerably with the ancient Greeks but it was not until the end of the Roman Empire that cultivation techniques as we know them were common throughout Europe.
329:. During the lengthy instability of the Middle Ages, the monasteries maintained and developed viticultural practices, having the resources, security, stability and interest in improving the quality of their vines. They owned and tended the best vineyards in Europe, and
555:, in April 2015, China (799,000 hectares or 1,970,000 acres) overtook France (792,000 hectares or 1,960,000 acres) in terms of land devoted to vineyards, in second place behind Spain (1,000,200 hectares or 2,472,000 acres), the world's largest producer.
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designed to promote vineyard change. Alternatively, the development of "T" budding now permits the grafting of a different grape variety onto existing rootstock in the vineyard, making it possible to switch varieties within a two-year period.
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night. However, very small vineyards, incompatible widths between rows of grape vines and steep terrain hinder the employment of machine harvesting even more than the resistance of traditional views which reject such harvesting.
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Terroir refers to the combination of natural factors associated with any particular vineyard. These factors include things such as soil, underlying rock, altitude, slope of hill or terrain, orientation toward the sun, and
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techniques, soil slotting, and mechanical harvesting. Such techniques have made possible the development of wine industries in New World countries such as Canada. Today there is increasing interest in developing
418:(training of the vine, usually along a trellis, and often referred to as "canopy management") and pruning and thinning methods (which aim to optimize the Leaf Area/Fruit (LA/F) ratio relative to a vineyard's
681:
457:, among others, have been conducting scientific experiments to improve viticulture and educate practitioners. The research includes developing improved grape varieties and investigating pest control. The
301:) is a plantation of grape-bearing vines, grown mainly for winemaking, but also raisins, table grapes, and non-alcoholic grape juice. The science, practice and study of vineyard production is known as
313:, a French term loosely translating as "a sense of place" that refers to the specific geographical and geological characteristics of grapevine plantations, which may be imparted to the wine itself.
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601:(typical rain, winds, humidity, temperature variations, etc.). No two vineyards have exactly the same terroir, although any difference in the resulting wine may be virtually undetectable.
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There have also been significant changes in the kinds of grapes that are grown. For example, in Chile, large areas of low-quality grapes have been replaced with such grapes as
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The quest for vineyard efficiency has produced a bewildering range of systems and techniques in recent years. Due to the often much more fertile
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is a multi-national effort to discover a genetic means to improving quality, increasing yield and providing a "natural" resistance to pests.
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varieties were saved by being grafted onto the rootstock of Native
American varieties, although there is still no remedy for
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wildfires in
California and Australia have also influenced the character of vineyard plantations and grapes in those areas.
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In medieval Europe the
Catholic Church was a staunch supporter of wine, which was necessary for the celebration of the
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more complex malbecs. Grape changes are often in response to changing consumer demand but sometimes result from
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growing conditions, attention has focussed heavily on managing the vine's more vigorous growth. Innovation in
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Other recent practices include spraying water on vines to protect them from sub-zero temperatures, new
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in recent years has expanded vineyards into areas which were previously unplantable.
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805:"Grown in Italy, pressed in Sweden, sold as chianti. Europlonk nouveau has arrived"
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673:"Now that's what you call a real vintage: professor unearths 8,000-year-old wine"
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Meet the man who scaled
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has become increasingly popular in viticulture. The use of
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European vineyards were planted with a wide variety of the
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In
Argentina, due to an economic down-turn, acreage of
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67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
877:
671:
779:"Wine and spirits disappoint on sales | nuksoy"
143:Aerial view of a vineyard in Burgundy in France
924:Wine Science: Principles, Practice, Perception
748:Wine Science: Principles, Practice, Perception
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2331:
1568:
995:
305:. Vineyards are often characterised by their
8:
3493:List of organic gardening and farming topics
1448:Effects of climate change on wine production
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553:International Organisation of Vine and Wine
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576:grape vines growing in topsoil covered in
377:Vineyard at an altitude of 1300 metres in
160:Aerial view of vineyards in autumn in the
803:Traynor, Ian; Gow, David (July 5, 2007).
445:For well over half a century, New York's
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
953:A directory of US Vineyards and Wineries
2516:Clarification and stabilization of wine
662:
333:was considered superior to all others.
752:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp.
880:Noble Rot: A Bordeaux Wine Revolution
847:"China overtakes France in vineyards"
836:, The Globe and Mail, September 2014.
362:, which are resistant to the insect.
7:
3678:
907:, England: Oxford University Press.
65:adding citations to reliable sources
3690:
455:California State University, Fresno
1052:International Grape Genome Program
459:International Grape Genome Program
25:
1600:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
1032:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
970:Vineyards and wineries in Britain
27:Plantation of grape-bearing vines
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958:Viticulture on www.extension.org
670:Keys, David (28 December 2003).
632:
263:
217:
41:
684:from the original on 2022-08-17
451:University of California, Davis
172:The extensive vineyards of the
52:needs additional citations for
899:Robinson, Jancis, ed. (1999).
707:. Harper Collins. p. 37.
1:
2542:Glossary of viticulture terms
1479:Glossary of viticulture terms
1111:Diurnal temperature variation
2547:Glossary of winemaking terms
1489:Glossary of winemaking terms
901:The Oxford Companion to Wine
781:(in Turkish). Archived from
728:« Clos Cal Mateu »
406:A vineyard with bird-netting
184:Aerial view of vineyards in
3723:Agricultural establishments
3524:Index of pesticide articles
948:Story of a vineyard: Cahors
926:. United States: Elsevier.
922:Jackson, Ronald S. (2000).
3749:
2668:Climate-friendly gardening
2467:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
1258:Integrated pest management
562:
395:
389:
346:, in which the grape pest
29:
3647:
3544:Plant disease forecasting
3498:Vegan organic agriculture
3348:Genetically modified tree
2575:
2557:History of the wine press
2447:Sparkling wine production
2281:
1550:
1517:
1453:Environmental stewardship
398:Propagation of grapevines
32:Vineyard (disambiguation)
2552:Wine tasting descriptors
2273:Wine tasting descriptors
2202:Phenolic content in wine
2094:Alternative wine closure
1678:Great French Wine Blight
1381:Great French Wine Blight
975:Into the Vineyard travel
744:Jackson, Robert (2000).
648:Vineyard designated wine
344:Great French Wine Blight
2442:Malolactic fermentation
1463:Sustainable agriculture
1244:Frost damage prevention
1126:Regional climate levels
705:A Short History of Wine
546:Prohibition in the U.S.
352:, an insect related to
176:region, southern France
3483:Biodynamic agriculture
3420:Postharvest physiology
3368:Landscape architecture
3065:Indonesian home garden
1484:Glossary of wine terms
876:Echikson, Tom (2004).
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592:Wine estate in Hungary
585:
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2730:Historic conservation
2243:Wine and food pairing
703:Phillips, R. (2000).
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396:Further information:
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3660:Gardening portal
3559:Aquamog weed remover
3534:List of insecticides
1894:Muscat of Alexandria
884:. New York: Norton.
174:Languedoc-Roussillon
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
2472:Yeast in winemaking
2424:Carbonic maceration
1438:Adaptive management
903:(Second ed.).
3529:List of fungicides
3294:Companion planting
2462:Traditional method
2263:Wine personalities
1967:Cabernet Sauvignon
1356:Botrytis bunch rot
1176:Grapevine planting
1106:Climate categories
963:2011-07-12 at the
824:, Jancis Robinson.
732:sainte-leocadie.fr
594:
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525:Cabernet Sauvignon
514:economies of scale
505:
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447:Cornell University
408:
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162:Alsace wine region
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3577:Community orchard
3403:drought tolerance
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2363:Late harvest wine
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1947:Alicante Bouschet
1695:Judgment of Paris
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1376:Grapevine yellows
551:According to the
537:vine pull schemes
202:Judaean Mountains
200:Vineyards in the
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16:(Redirected from
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3733:Wine terminology
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3634:Plant collecting
3570:Related articles
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1874:Grüner Veltliner
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3619:List of gardens
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2562:History of wine
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2391:Deacidification
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2294:Wine portal
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1914:Sauvignon blanc
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1815:grape varieties
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1499:Outline of wine
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1458:Organic farming
1443:Biodynamic wine
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1415:Red spider mite
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1249:Green harvest (
1234:Erosion control
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1205:
1186:Row orientation
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1037:Grape varieties
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965:Wayback Machine
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870:Further reading
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853:. 27 April 2015
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678:The Independent
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436:Biodynamic wine
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1191:Trellis design
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942:External links
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563:Main article:
560:
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477:A vineyard in
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469:Current trends
467:
390:Main article:
387:
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364:Vitis vinifera
359:Vitis labrusca
339:Vitis vinifera
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3304:most valuable
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3272:Arboriculture
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50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
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19:
3694:
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3670:
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3554:Weed control
3443:horticulture
3373:Olericulture
3353:Hydroculture
3343:Fruticulture
3321:Floriculture
3250:Permaculture
3237:Horticulture
2633:Horticulture
2577:
2434:Fermentation
2285:
2268:Wine tasting
1889:Muscat blanc
1859:Chenin blanc
1656:Ancient Rome
1624:
1405:
1371:Downy mildew
1283:Weed control
1273:Millerandage
1250:
1121:Microclimate
1085:
1078:
1073:
1060:
1047:Hybrid grape
1027:Ampelography
1020:horticulture
923:
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855:. Retrieved
841:
829:
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809:The Guardian
808:
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787:. Retrieved
783:the original
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59:Please help
54:verification
51:
3728:Viticulture
3696:WikiProject
3465:Monoculture
3460:Viticulture
3438:agriculture
3398:propagation
3338:Hügelkultur
3260:sustainable
3245:Agriculture
3187:Therapeutic
3167:Shakespeare
2978:Renaissance
2770:Xeriscaping
2765:Sustainable
2760:Square foot
2750:Proplifting
2715:Garden tool
2683:Foodscaping
2537:Wine bottle
2509:Other steps
2500:Wine cellar
2457:Süssreserve
2149:Wine cellar
2139:Wine bottle
2080:accessories
2078:Packaging,
2037:Tempranillo
1666:Noah's wine
1646:Phoenicians
1592:Viticulture
1181:Propagation
1018:Biology and
1011:Viticulture
640:wine portal
507:Numbers of
502:Long Island
479:Napa Valley
392:Viticulture
303:viticulture
3712:Categories
3358:Indigenous
3255:stock-free
3227:Zoological
3107:Pollinator
3000:Greenhouse
2943:Sharawadgi
2931:Vietnamese
2892:East Asian
2800:Australian
2755:Raised bed
2720:Green wall
2416:Maceration
2406:Wine press
2396:Destemming
2347:Winemaking
2253:Wine fraud
2248:Wine fault
2233:Oenophilia
2169:Wine label
2164:Wine glass
2129:Port tongs
2027:Sangiovese
2022:Pinot noir
1982:Douce noir
1909:Rkatsiteli
1854:Chardonnay
1844:Catarratto
1818:by acreage
1792:Biodynamic
1755:Aromatized
1544:winemaking
1509:Winemaking
1431:and issues
1429:Approaches
1391:Phylloxera
1361:Bot canker
1263:Irrigation
1239:Fertilizer
1212:management
1141:Topography
1131:Soil types
789:2019-11-16
657:References
521:Chardonnay
498:North Fork
483:California
368:phylloxera
349:phylloxera
87:newspapers
76:"Vineyard"
3718:Vineyards
3629:Perennial
3592:Floristry
3539:Pesticide
3519:Herbicide
3514:Fungicide
3408:hardiness
3172:Shrubbery
3152:Sculpture
2973:landscape
2902:Cantonese
2877:Container
2872:Community
2840:Byzantine
2835:Butterfly
2825:Botanical
2725:Guerrilla
2673:Community
2663:Butterfly
2658:Arboretum
2653:Allotment
2645:Gardening
2637:gardening
2368:Noble rot
2258:Winemaker
2238:Sommelier
2174:Wine rack
2154:Wine cork
2144:Wine cave
2134:Screw cap
2104:Corkscrew
2069:New World
2064:Old World
2042:Zinfandel
2017:Mourvèdre
1924:Trebbiano
1864:Colombard
1765:Noble rot
1745:Fortified
1723:Sparkling
1690:New World
1420:Vine moth
1386:Nematodes
1351:Black rot
1335:Pests and
1311:Noble rot
1306:Festivals
1151:elevation
1099:variation
1069:Rootstock
509:New World
416:palissage
412:New World
381:, France.
206:Jerusalem
192:, Germany
164:of France
117:July 2007
18:Vineyards
3672:Category
3582:Features
3488:Grafting
3448:forestry
3430:Tropical
3415:Pomology
3388:cuttings
3383:breeding
3217:Wildlife
3197:Tropical
3147:Scottish
3097:Pleasure
3085:Paradise
3080:Charbagh
3050:Monastic
3045:Medieval
2955:Floating
2909:Japanese
2860:Communal
2850:Colonial
2815:Biblical
2780:Types of
2745:Parterre
2383:Pressing
2305:Glossary
2221:Industry
2114:Jug wine
2109:Decanter
2099:Box wine
1997:Isabella
1992:Grenache
1972:Carignan
1919:Sémillon
1904:Riesling
1899:Palomino
1642:Ancient
1625:Vineyard
1620:Veraison
1605:Oenology
1525:Category
1494:Oenology
1472:See also
1366:Dead arm
1338:diseases
1316:Ripeness
1268:Klopotec
1210:Vineyard
1169:planting
1167:Vineyard
1116:Drainage
1074:Vineyard
1062:Veraison
1057:Ripening
961:Archived
857:28 April
851:BBC News
777:nuksoy.
682:Archived
626:See also
613:Vignette
582:La Geria
574:Malvasia
427:grafting
379:Cerdanya
213:vineyard
3684:Commons
3597:Ikebana
3549:Pruning
3475:Organic
3425:Roguing
3311:Cutting
3202:Victory
3177:Spanish
3157:Sensory
3102:Prairie
3070:Persian
3060:Orchard
3025:Kitchen
3020:Keyhole
3015:Italian
3010:Islamic
3005:Hanging
2964:French
2950:Fernery
2938:English
2897:Chinese
2882:Cottage
2810:Baroque
2782:gardens
2735:History
2567:Terroir
2525:Related
2373:Vintage
2355:Harvest
2300:Outline
2124:Muselet
2086:storage
1977:Cinsaut
1952:Barbera
1879:Macabeo
1839:Aligoté
1797:Organic
1787:Natural
1740:Dessert
1685:Georgia
1635:History
1615:Terroir
1610:Species
1326:Weather
1321:Vintage
1293:Harvest
1278:Pruning
1229:Coulure
1136:Terroir
688:10 July
578:lapilli
565:Terroir
559:Terroir
496:on the
432:organic
317:History
309:terroir
101:scholar
3434:Urban
3331:Taiwan
3326:Canada
3289:Botany
3282:Saikei
3277:Bonsai
3222:Winter
3207:Walled
3142:School
3137:Sacred
3092:Physic
3055:Mughal
3035:Market
2990:German
2968:formal
2960:Flower
2926:Korean
2845:Cactus
2830:Bottle
2790:Alpine
2740:Native
2693:Garden
2678:Forest
2532:Winery
2495:Solera
2119:Kvevri
2007:Merlot
2002:Malbec
1802:Kosher
1778:Other
1733:Orange
1706:Styles
1673:France
1219:Canopy
1146:aspect
1042:Grapes
930:
911:
905:Oxford
888:
822:Malbec
760:
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711:
532:Malbec
453:, and
449:, the
354:aphids
103:
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3378:Plant
3316:Flora
3265:urban
3212:Water
3192:Trial
3162:Shade
3122:Roman
2995:Greek
2985:Front
2887:Dutch
2855:Color
2482:Aging
2032:Syrah
1987:Gamay
1957:Bobal
1869:Glera
1834:Airén
1826:White
1782:Table
1770:Straw
1760:Fruit
1718:White
1661:China
1540:Wines
1346:Birds
1201:Yield
1156:slope
1080:Vitis
730:, at
580:, at
298:-yard
261:also
252:-yərd
204:near
190:Baden
108:JSTOR
94:books
3299:Crop
3132:Rose
3127:Roof
3117:Rock
3112:Rain
3075:Bāgh
3040:Mary
3030:Knot
2914:Roji
2805:Back
2635:and
2084:and
1813:Top
1728:Rosé
1584:Wine
1542:and
1504:Wine
1301:Brix
1224:Clos
928:ISBN
909:ISBN
886:ISBN
859:2015
758:ISBN
709:ISBN
690:2020
523:and
494:deck
327:Mass
80:news
3182:Tea
2919:Zen
2820:Bog
2490:Oak
1939:Red
1750:Ice
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500:of
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