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results in a chronic progressive pneumonia. Visna refers to the neurological form of the disease and predominantly causes meningoencephalitis in adult sheep. This disease has inflicted many economic losses worldwide due to the long incubation period and the high mortality rate of sheep and goats. MV virus can infect sheep of any age but clinical symptoms rarely occur in sheep less than two years old. The onset of the diseases is gradual resulting in relentless loss of weight in addition to breathing problems. Cough, abortion, rapid breathing, depression, chronic mastitis and arthritis are also additional symptoms observed. These symptoms appear mostly in animals over the age of three and therefore might spread to other flocks before clinical diagnosis can be achieved. Animals showing the above symptoms might die within six months of infection. This causal lentivirus can be found in monocytes, lymphocytes and macrophages of infected sheep in the presence of humoral and cell mediated immune response and can also be detected by conducting several serological tests. Transmission of the disease occurs most commonly via the oral route caused by ingestion of colostrum or milk that contains the virus or inhalation of infected aerosol droplets. Due to variation of the strains of MVV, some of the association clinical symptoms may be more pre-dominant in a flock relative to others along with differences in genetic susceptibility patterns.
402:, CD4 and CXCR4 proteins as possible receptors however, none of these proteins have been established as the main receptor. Another study suggests that C-type lectins part of the mannose receptor (MR) family play a role as an alternative SRLV receptor. The mannose receptor is a 180-kDa transmembrane protein with eight tandem C-type lectin carbohydrate recognition domains (CRD) of which CRD4 and CRD5 are essential in recognizing mannose, fucose and N-acetyl glucosamine residues. Studies suggest that VMV gains entrance to the cell via mannosylated residues on its envelope proteins. MR is involved in recognizing the surface of pathogens and is involved in phago- and
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48:
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the
Karakul sheep, which brought the virus from Germany to Iceland. Susceptibility to infection also increases with a higher level. VMV infects cells of the monocyte lineage, but only replicates at high levels when the monocytes are more mature/differentiated. Infected differentiated monocytes, also known as
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group (SRLV). In general, SRLVs enter the cell through the interaction of their glycosylated envelope protein with a cellular receptor on the cell's plasma membrane facilitating fusion of the viral and cellular membrane. However, the specific cellular receptor that VMV binds is not entirely certain.
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Houwers, D. J. Epidemiology, diagnosis and control of SRLVinfections. Universidad de
Zaragoza. 1997. Jaca – Spain, Universidad de Zaragoza. Badiola, J. J., Gonzalez, L., Lujan, L., Amorena, B., and Juste, R. A. Universidad de Zaragoza. 3rd. European Workshop on Ovine and Caprine Retroviruses. Jaca,
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refers to the cell types a virus infects. Visna virus is generally known to target cells of the immune system, mainly monocytes and their mature form, macrophages. Studies suggest that the amount of viral replication appears to have a direct correlation with the maturity of the infected cells, with
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and then is integrated into the host's genome after infection. This integration is what leads to VMV's lifelong persistent infection. VMV has a long incubation period. During the initial outbreak among sheep in
Iceland, there was no sign of clinical disease until six years after the importation of
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Visna – Maedi is a chronic viral disease prevalent in adult sheep. The disease is rarely found in certain species of goat. Maedi Visna virus is also referred to as ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP). This disease corresponds to two clinical entities caused by the same virus. Maedi is a form that
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plays an important role among livestock due to their often close quarters, especially during winter stabling. Free virus or virus infected cells are generally transferred in through inhalation of respiratory secretions. Additionally, fecal-oral transmission often occurs through contamination of
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gene encodes a 94-amino acid protein. Tat is the most enigmatic of the proteins of the visna virus. Most studies have indicated that Tat is a transcription factor necessary for viral transcription from the LTRs. Tat contains both a suppressor domain and a powerful acidic
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in 1933. The susceptibility to maedi-visna infection varies across sheep breeds, with coarse-wool breeds apparently more susceptible than fine-wool sheep. Attempts at vaccination against maedi-visna virus have failed to induce immunity, occasionally causing increased
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and activate transcription. However, other studies have suggested that the visna virus "Tat" protein is not a trans-activator for transcription but instead exhibits a function involved in cell cycle arrest, making it more closely related to the HIV-1
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that exists as a heterodimer protein with RNase H activity. The dUTPase enzyme is not present in all lentiviruses. The role of the dUTPase in the visna virus life cycle is unclear. dUTPase-deficient visna virus knockout strains show no decrease in
1582:"Mannose receptor and its putative ligands in normal murine lymphoid and nonlymphoid organs: In situ expression of mannose receptor by selected macrophages, endothelial cells, perivascular microglia, and mesangial cells, but not dendritic cells"
1748:
Al Ahmad MZ, Chebloune Y, Chatagnon G, Pellerin JL, Fieni F (2012). "Is caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) transmitted vertically to early embryo development stages (morulae or blastocyst) via in vitro infected frozen semen?".
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and milk. This is one of the key features in affected populations, as it contributes greatly to the virus becoming endemic in the flock. Lambs are extremely vulnerable to infection due to the permeability of the guts of newborns.
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and colleagues in the HIV field. It has been postulated that the effects of maedi-visna infection in sheep are the "equivalent" of central nervous system disease and wasting syndrome found in human AIDS patients. Despite limited
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Salvatori D, Volpini R, Vincenzetti S, et al. (September 2002). "Adenine and deazaadenine nucleoside and deoxynucleoside analogues: inhibition of viral replication of sheep MVV (in vitro model for HIV) and bovine BHV-1".
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Lechat, E., Milhau, N., Brun., P., Bellaton, C., Greenland, T., Mornex, J., Le Jan, C. (2005). "Goat endothelial cells may be infected in vitro by transmigration of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus infected leukocytes".
1346:"Visna/maedi virus Env protein expressed by a vaccinia virus recombinant induces cell-to-cell fusion in cells of different origins in the apparent absence of Env cleavage: role of glycosylation and of proteoglycans"
508:
Infection can also occur in mammary epithelial and endothelial cells, implying mammary glands as a main viral reservoir, showing the importance that vertical transmission plays in the spread of the virus.
2423:
KristbjörnsdĂłttir HB, AndrĂ©sdĂłttir V, Svansson V, TorsteinsdĂłttir S, MatthĂasdĂłttir S, AndrĂ©sson OS (January 2004). "The vif gene of maedi-visna virus is essential for infectivity in vivo and in vitro".
351:; however, if given assistance in eating and drinking, infected animals may survive for long periods of time, sometimes greater than ten years. Viral replication is almost exclusively associated with
1985:"Sequences in the visna virus long terminal repeat that control transcriptional activity and respond to viral trans-activation: involvement of AP-1 sites in basal activity and trans-activation"
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in the viral LTRs. The closest AP-1 binding site is bound by the Jun and Fos proteins to activate transcription. A duplicated motif in the visna virus LTR is associated with cell tropism and
531:
is reverse transcribed into proviral DNA. The visna virus genome resembles that of other lentiviruses, in terms of the gene functions that are present. Visna virus is closely related to the
703:
gene encodes a post-transcriptional regulatory protein. Rev is required for expression of unspliced or partially spliced mRNA coding for the viral envelope protein, including
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drinking water. Sexual transmission has also been shown to be possible. No link has yet been made between transmission and other excretory products such as saliva and urine.
2388:
Audoly G, Sauze N, Harkiss G, Vitu C, Russo P, Querat G, Suzan M, Vigne R (August 1992). "Identification and subcellular localization of the Q gene product of visna virus".
574:(viral infectivity factor), is also encoded. However, the number and role of auxiliary genes varies by strain of visna virus. The genome sequence is flanked by 5’ and 3’
1920:
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3230:
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Oskarsson T, HreggvidsdĂłttir HS, AgnarsdĂłttir G, MatthĂasdĂłttir S, OgmundsdĂłttir MH, JĂłnsson SR, Georgsson G, Ingvarsson S, AndrĂ©sson OS, AndrĂ©sdĂłttir V (2007).
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Salvatori D, Vincenzetti S, Maury G, Gosselin G, Gaubert G, Vita A (April 2001). "Maedi-visna virus, a model for in vitro testing of potential anti-HIV drugs".
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PĂ©tursson G, Turelli P, MatthĂasdĂłttir S, Georgsson G, AndrĂ©sson OS, TorsteinsdĂłttir S, Vigne R, AndrĂ©sdĂłttir V, Gunnarsson E, AgnarsdĂłttir G, QuĂ©rat G (1998).
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in infected tissues; however, replication is restricted in these cells—that is, the majority of cells containing viral RNA do not produce infectious virus.
1664:"Tropism of sheep lentiviruses for monocytes: susceptibility to infection and virus gene expression increase during maturation of monocytes to macrophages"
1885:
980:"Visna virus exhibits a complex transcriptional pattern: one aspect of gene expression shared with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome retrovirus"
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in a similar manner as the HIV Rev protein. Rev binds as a multimer to the Rev
Response Element (RRE) which has a stem-loop secondary structure.
2717:
2560:"Visna virus as an in vitro model for human immunodeficiency virus and inhibition by ribavirin, phosphonoformate, and 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides"
940:
Benavides J, GarcĂa-Pariente C, Fuertes M, et al. (January 2009). "Maedi-visna: the meningoencephalitis in naturally occurring cases".
3286:
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analysis demonstrated that the AIDS virus was a retrovirus related to visna and provided early clues as to the mechanism of HIV infection.
532:
241:. It is known as visna when found in the brain, and maedi when infecting the lungs. Lifelong, persistent infections in sheep occur in the
1209:
Sonigo P, Alizon M, Staskus K, et al. (August 1985). "Nucleotide sequence of the visna lentivirus: relationship to the AIDS virus".
3705:
3184:
2086:"Duplicated sequence motif in the long terminal repeat of maedi-visna virus extends cell tropism and is associated with neurovirulence"
1936:"Regulation of the visna virus long terminal repeat in macrophages involves cellular factors that bind sequences containing AP-1 sites"
2929:
2981:
2690:
754:, including the establishment of persistent infection with chronic active lymphoproliferation; however, visna virus does not infect
590:
3905:
2548:
Adv
Pharmacol. 2000;49:315-85. "HIV-1-associated central nervous system dysfunction." Krebs FC, Ross H, McAllister J, Wigdahl B.
2037:"Targeting of the Visna Virus Tat Protein to AP-1 Sites: Interactions with the bZIP Domains of Fos and Jun In Vitro and In Vivo"
2851:
2836:
1480:
Crespo H, Reina R, Glaria I, RamĂrez H, de AndrĂ©s X, Jáuregui P, Luján L, MartĂnez-Pomares L, Amorena B, de AndrĂ©s DF (2011).
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enzymes. A crystal structure of the virion has not been obtained and the triangulation number of the icosahedron is unknown.
460:
In endemically infected flocks of livestock, free virus and virus infected cells are passed through from mothers to lambs via
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Hovden AO, Sommerfelt MA (2002). "The influence of CD4 and CXCR4 on maedi-visna virus-induced syncytium formation".
47:
3143:
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687:. It has been suggested that Tat interacts with the cellular AP-1 transcription factors Fos and Jun to bind to the
305:, Maedi-visna virus was the first lentivirus to be isolated and characterized, accomplished in 1957 by Sigurdsson.
3872:
1784:
de Boer G. F.; Terpstra C.; Houwers D. J.; Hendriks J. (1979). "Studies in epidemiology of maedi/visna in sheep".
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733:
555:
2782:
448:
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Pepin M, Vitu C, russo P, Mornex JF, Peterhans E (1998). "Maedi-visna virus infection in sheep: a review".
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and mediating antigen processing and presentation in a variety of cells including monocyte/macrophages and
3727:
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SIGURDSSON B, PALSSON P, GRIMSSON H (July 1957). "Visna, a demyelinating transmissible disease of sheep".
341:
258:
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2793:
2233:"Maedi-Visna Virus and Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus Genomes Encode a Vpr-Like but No Tat Protein"
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575:
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423:
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with HIV, the genomic organization of visna is very similar, allowing visna infection to be used as an
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in vivo. The integrase enzyme exists inside the viral capsid, facilitating integration into the host
3787:
3388:
2480:
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1662:, Narayan O, Kennedy-Stoskopf S, Kennedy PG, Ghotbi Z, Clements JE, Stanley J, Pezeshkpour G (1986).
783:
688:
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586:
42:
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2469:"Sequence homology and morphologic similarity of HTLV-III and visna virus, a pathogenic lentivirus"
2184:"Visna virus Tat protein: a potent transcription factor with both activator and suppressor domains"
1659:
1482:"Identification of the ovine mannose receptor and its possible role in Visna/Maedi virus infection"
790:
3654:
3583:
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2955:
3532:
3397:
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Russo P.; Vitu C.; Guiguen F. (1991). "La maladie maedi-visna du mouton: revue et perspectives".
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1234:
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Straub OC (January 2004). "Maedi-Visna virus infection in sheep. History and present knowledge".
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167:
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Visna virus particles are spheres approximately 100 nm in diameter. Virions consist of an
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1254:"Seroepidemiological survey of maedi-visna virus infection in sheep and goat flocks in Quebec"
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1295:"Retroviral Infections in Sheep and Goats: Small Ruminant Lentiviruses and Host Interaction"
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Thormar H (2005). "Maedi-visna virus and its relationship to human immunodeficiency virus".
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and more severe disease. Eradication programs have been established in countries worldwide.
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while the surface glycoprotein is non-covalently linked to the transmembrane glycoprotein.
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relatively little virus replication in monocytes when compared to more mature macrophages.
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Gonda, MA; Wong-Staal, F; Gallo, RC; Clements, JE; Narayan, O; Gilden, RV (January 1985).
2282:"Visna virus encodes a post-transcriptional regulator of viral structural gene expression"
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Visna virus has a positive-strand RNA genome approximately 9.2 kilobases in length. As a
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Research using visna was important in the identification and characterization of HIV.
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The visna viral genome encodes three structural genes characteristic of retroviruses,
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901:"Mapping and characterization of visna/maedi virus cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes"
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sheep herd conditions that were only found to be related after
Sigurdsson's work.
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gene is translated into a single precursor polyprotein that is cleaved by a host
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1395:"Identification of a putative cellular receptor for the lentivirus visna virus"
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1345:
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Sanchez AB, Rodriguez D, Garzon A, Amorena B, Esteban M, Rodriguez JR (2002).
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glycoprotein. The transmembrane glycoprotein is anchored inside the envelope
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2341:"Structural and functional analysis of the visna virus Rev-response element"
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431:, will continuously present VMV antigens inducing T-lymphocytes to produce
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The viral LTRs are essential for viral transcription. The LTRs include a
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2101:
1951:
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Dalziel RG, Hopkins J, Watt NJ, Dutia BM, Clarke HA, McConnell I (1991).
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but has limited nucleotide sequence similarity with other lentiviruses.
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Villet S, Bouzar BA, Morin T, Verdier G, Legras C, Chebloune Y (2003).
1715:
773:
368:
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302:
550:(envelope protein). The genome also encodes two regulatory proteins,
3690:
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Tiley LS, Brown PH, Le SY, Maizel JV, Clements JE, Cullen BR (1990).
1311:
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The maedi-visna control programme of the
Swedish Board of Agriculture
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477:
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Visna infection may progress to total paralysis leading to death via
250:
3721:
2468:
1714:
Pépin M, Vitu C, Russo P, Mornex JF, Peterhans E (May–August 1998).
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Torsteinsdottir S, Andresdottir V, Arnarson H, Petursson G (2007).
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484:. Inside the capsid are the nucleoprotein-genome complex and the
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59:
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gene encodes five enzymatic functions: a reverse transcriptase,
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2699:
2514:
Forsman A, Weiss RA (December 2008). "Why is HIV a pathogen?".
2182:
Carruth LM, Hardwick JM, Morse BA, Clements JE (October 1994).
3250:
899:
Wu C, Barbezange C, McConnell I, Blacklaws BA (October 2008).
693:
726:
in animals. Deletion experiments have demonstrated that the
358:
The disease was introduced to
Iceland following an import of
852:"Infection of Dendritic Cells by the Maedi-Visna Lentivirus"
663:
after entry and virion uncoating. The protease cleaves the
2558:
Frank KB, McKernan PA, Smith RA, Smee DF (September 1987).
2135:"Visna virus dUTPase is dispensable for neuropathogenicity"
1580:
Linehan SA, Martinez-Pomares L, Stahl PD, Gordon S (1999).
1252:
Lamontagne, L.; Roy, R.; Girard, A.; Samagh, B. S. (1983).
850:
Ryan S, Tiley L, McConnell I, Blacklaws B (November 2000).
585:
at the -20 position and a recognition site for the AP-4
422:
meaning its genome consists of a (+)RNA that undergoes
435:
that in turn induce the differentiation of monocytes.
393:
Visna Maedi virus (VMV) belongs to the small ruminant
627:
into two proteins, the surface glycoprotein and the
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1934:Gabuzda DH, Hess JL, Small JA, Clements JE (1989).
650:, and protease. The reverse transcriptase is an
2683:ICTVdB – The Universal Virus Database, version 4
1716:"Maedi-visna virus infection in sheep: a review"
1165:"Visna of Sheep. A Slow Demyelinating Infection"
762:was first published in 1985 by visna researcher
480:surrounded by an envelope derived from the host
1629:Pálsson PA (1976). "Maedi and visna in sheep".
1475:
1473:
978:Davis JL, Molineaux S, Clements JE (May 1987).
722:gene product, a 29 kDa protein, induces a weak
3231:Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus
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589:at the -60 position. There are several AP-1
562:(regulator of virion protein expression). A
8:
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1919:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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2035:Morse BA, Carruth LM, Clements JE (1999).
289:lineage are the main target of the virus.
31:
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2364:
2315:
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2109:
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2008:
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1886:Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology
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1163:SIGURDSSON B, PALSSON PA (October 1958).
1103:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1003:
916:
875:
750:, visna shares many characteristics with
612:, and the matrix protein which links the
566:response element (RRE) exists inside the
1709:
1707:
1258:Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine
1983:Hess JL, Small JA, Clements JE (1989).
801:
758:. The relationship of visna and HIV as
1912:
1088:"Immune response to maedi-visna virus"
375:Associated diseases and Clinical Signs
265:; The condition is sometimes known as
2609:Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis
1042:Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis
7:
3287:Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus
2687:Ovine Progressive Pneumonia in Sheep
1763:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.12.012
1293:Larruskain, A.; Jugo, B. M. (2013).
533:caprine arthritis encephalitis virus
3706:Human teratocarcinoma-derived virus
3185:Walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus
730:gene is essential for infectivity.
714:The function of the auxiliary gene
2930:Caenorhabditis elegans Cer13 virus
1448:10.1034/j.1600-0463.2002.1101003.x
868:10.1128/JVI.74.21.10096-10103.2000
746:Though it does not produce severe
591:transcription factor binding sites
25:
2982:Caenorhabditis elegans Cer1 virus
2691:University of Minnesota Extension
1533:"C-type lectins and phagocytosis"
3253:(human immunodeficiency viruses)
2249:10.1128/jvi.77.17.9632-9638.2003
2200:10.1128/JVI.68.10.6137-6146.1994
1141:10.1097/00005072-195707000-00010
336:'wasting' or 'shrinking' of the
46:
3257:Simian immunodeficiency viruses
2852:Woolly monkey hepatitis B virus
2837:Ground squirrel hepatitis virus
2357:10.1128/JVI.66.6.3609-3615.1992
2151:10.1128/JVI.72.2.1657-1661.1998
2001:10.1128/JVI.63.7.3001-3015.1989
996:10.1128/JVI.61.5.1325-1331.1987
3627:Soybean chlorotic mottle virus
3275:Equine infectious anemia virus
1940:Molecular and Cellular Biology
1531:Kerrigan AM, Brown GD (2009).
742:Model system for HIV infection
1:
3711:Human Endogenous Retrovirus-W
3502:Strawberry vein banding virus
3281:Bovine immunodeficiency virus
3263:Feline immunodeficiency virus
3210:Abelson murine leukemia virus
2657:10.1016/S0968-0896(02)00131-1
2621:10.1016/S0147-9571(00)00021-7
1798:10.1016/S0034-5288(18)32917-5
1223:10.1016/S0092-8674(85)80132-X
1054:10.1016/S0147-9571(02)00078-4
3467:Kalanchoe top-spotting virus
3094:Avian sarcoma leukosis virus
2564:Antimicrob. Agents Chemother
2402:10.1016/0042-6822(92)90596-h
2339:Tiley LS, Cullen BR (1992).
1899:10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.12.005
752:human immunodeficiency virus
652:RNA-dependent DNA polymerase
398:A few studies have proposed
277:, or Montana sheep disease.
3492:Carnation etched ring virus
3159:Simian-T-lymphotropic virus
3124:Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus
2438:10.1016/j.virol.2003.09.044
2053:10.1128/JVI.73.1.37-45.1999
1680:10.1128/JVI.58.1.67-74.1986
1549:10.1016/j.imbio.2008.11.003
1412:10.1099/0022-1317-72-8-1905
1129:J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol
918:10.1099/vir.0.2008/002634-0
297:First described in 1954 by
273:(OPP), particularly in the
3922:
3144:Human T-lymphotropic virus
2286:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
954:10.1016/j.jcpa.2008.07.010
608:products: the capsid, the
570:gene. An auxiliary gene,
542:(group specific antigen),
3522:Cassava vein mosaic virus
3462:Cacao swollen shoot virus
3119:Mouse mammary tumor virus
2847:Woodchuck hepatitis virus
2528:10.1016/j.tim.2008.09.004
1363:10.1007/s00705-002-0874-7
718:is not fully known. The
604:gene encodes three final
173:
166:
41:
34:
3497:Cauliflower mosaic virus
3906:Sheep and goat diseases
2783:Heron hepatitis B virus
2493:10.1126/science.2981428
2307:10.1073/pnas.87.19.7497
1598:10.1084/jem.189.12.1961
1499:10.1186/1297-9716-42-28
671:polyprotein precursor.
449:Horizontal transmission
444:Horizontal transmission
418:Visna Maedi virus is a
3472:Rubus yellow net virus
3457:Banana streak MY virus
2778:Duck hepatitis B virus
1838:Spain. 2–5 March 1997.
738:
330:
314:
259:central nervous system
3896:Animal viral diseases
3220:Feline leukemia virus
3205:Murine leukemia virus
3165:Bovine leukemia virus
2576:10.1128/aac.31.9.1369
736:
576:long terminal repeats
486:reverse transcriptase
456:Vertical transmission
424:reverse transcription
2731:Reverse transcribing
2102:10.1128/jvi.02319-06
1952:10.1128/mcb.9.6.2728
689:TATA-binding protein
587:transcription factor
554:(trans-activator of
43:Virus classification
2794:Herpetohepadnavirus
2485:1985Sci...227..173G
2298:1990PNAS...87.7497T
1857:Veterinary Research
791:Nucleotide sequence
786:for HIV infection.
3398:Simian foamy virus
3372:Prosimiispumavirus
3361:Feline foamy virus
3099:Rous sarcoma virus
911:(Pt 10): 2586–96.
764:Janice E. Clements
739:
696:protein than Tat.
616:and the envelope.
546:(polymerase), and
439:Viral transmission
3883:
3882:
3831:Visna/maedi virus
3766:Visna-maedi virus
3736:Visna-maedi virus
3728:Taxon identifiers
3719:
3718:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3403:Human foamy virus
3307:Spumaretrovirinae
3300:
3299:
3292:Visna-maedi virus
3176:Epsilonretrovirus
3074:Orthoretrovirinae
3056:
3055:
2990:
2989:
2938:
2937:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2842:Hepatitis B virus
2828:Orthohepadnavirus
2681:Visna/maedi virus
2645:Bioorg. Med. Chem
2292:(19): 7497–7501.
2243:(17): 9632–9638.
2194:(10): 6137–6146.
1995:(7): 3001–30015.
1592:(12): 1961–1972.
1356:(12): 2377–2392.
862:(21): 10096–103.
769:sequence homology
408:endothelial cells
384:Viral replication
279:White blood cells
222:Orthoretrovirinae
198:Maedi-visna virus
186:Visna-maedi virus
182:
181:
16:(Redirected from
3913:
3876:
3875:
3863:
3862:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3822:
3821:
3809:
3808:
3796:
3795:
3783:
3782:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3723:
3443:
3432:
3426:dsDNA-RT viruses
3313:
3225:Koala retrovirus
3080:
3069:
3003:
2951:
2916:
2905:
2899:ssRNA-RT viruses
2894:
2863:Parahepadnavirus
2811:Metahepadnavirus
2764:
2753:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2697:
2669:
2668:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2587:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2516:Trends Microbiol
2511:
2505:
2504:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2368:
2351:(6): 3609–3615.
2336:
2330:
2329:
2319:
2309:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2260:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2211:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2162:
2145:(2): 1657–1661.
2130:
2124:
2123:
2113:
2096:(8): 4052–4057.
2081:
2075:
2074:
2064:
2032:
2023:
2022:
2012:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1963:
1946:(6): 2728–2733.
1931:
1925:
1924:
1918:
1910:
1893:(3–4): 257–263.
1879:
1873:
1872:
1852:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1729:(3–4): 341–367.
1720:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1691:
1656:
1647:
1646:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1609:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1560:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1511:
1501:
1477:
1468:
1467:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1414:
1405:(8): 1905–1911.
1390:
1384:
1383:
1365:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1324:
1314:
1312:10.3390/v5082043
1305:(8): 2043–2061.
1290:
1284:
1283:
1273:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1206:
1195:
1194:
1184:
1160:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1107:
1083:
1066:
1065:
1037:
1018:
1017:
1007:
975:
966:
965:
937:
931:
930:
920:
896:
890:
889:
879:
847:
836:
835:
815:
748:immunodeficiency
513:Genome structure
469:Virion structure
299:Bjorn Sigurdsson
204:Ovine lentivirus
51:
50:
32:
27:Species of virus
21:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3871:
3866:
3858:
3853:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3825:
3817:
3812:
3804:
3799:
3791:
3786:
3778:
3773:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3730:
3720:
3715:
3665:
3648:
3631:
3611:
3594:
3577:
3560:
3543:
3526:
3506:
3476:
3407:
3389:Simiispumavirus
3382:
3365:
3345:
3328:
3296:
3269:Puma lentivirus
3235:
3196:Gammaretrovirus
3189:
3169:
3135:Deltaretrovirus
3128:
3103:
3085:Alpharetrovirus
3052:
3035:
3018:
2986:
2966:
2934:
2873:
2856:
2821:
2804:
2787:
2769:Avihepadnavirus
2740:
2736:Revtraviricetes
2724:
2677:
2672:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2479:(4683): 173–7.
2466:
2465:
2461:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2034:
2033:
2026:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1911:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1854:
1853:
1842:
1836:
1832:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1442:(10): 697–708.
1433:
1432:
1428:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1208:
1207:
1198:
1169:Br J Exp Pathol
1162:
1161:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1085:
1084:
1069:
1039:
1038:
1021:
977:
976:
969:
942:J. Comp. Pathol
939:
938:
934:
898:
897:
893:
849:
848:
839:
817:
816:
803:
799:
744:
724:immune response
515:
498:
482:plasma membrane
471:
458:
446:
441:
416:
391:
386:
377:
295:
293:Viral infection
189:(also known as
162:
110:Revtraviricetes
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3919:
3917:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3888:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3864:
3851:
3835:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3810:
3797:
3784:
3771:
3756:
3740:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3687:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3623:
3621:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3518:
3516:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3488:
3486:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3453:
3451:
3440:
3437:Caulimoviridae
3429:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3394:
3392:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3352:Felispumavirus
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:Equispumavirus
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:Bovispumavirus
3310:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3247:
3245:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3201:
3199:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3110:Betaretrovirus
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3077:
3066:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3000:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2948:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2913:
2902:
2891:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2831:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2761:
2758:Hepadnaviridae
2750:
2742:
2741:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2684:
2676:
2675:External links
2673:
2671:
2670:
2651:(9): 2973–80.
2634:
2599:
2570:(9): 1369–74.
2550:
2541:
2522:(12): 555–60.
2506:
2459:
2432:(1): 350–359.
2415:
2396:(2): 734–739.
2380:
2331:
2272:
2223:
2174:
2125:
2076:
2024:
1975:
1926:
1874:
1863:(3): 341–367.
1840:
1830:
1811:
1792:(2): 202–208.
1776:
1751:Theriogenology
1740:
1703:
1648:
1621:
1572:
1543:(7): 562–575.
1523:
1469:
1426:
1385:
1336:
1285:
1264:(3): 309–315.
1244:
1196:
1135:(3): 389–403.
1119:
1067:
1019:
990:(5): 1325–31.
967:
932:
891:
837:
800:
798:
795:
743:
740:
683:domain on the
595:neurovirulence
514:
511:
497:
494:
470:
467:
457:
454:
445:
442:
440:
437:
415:
412:
390:
387:
385:
382:
376:
373:
294:
291:
263:mammary glands
180:
179:
178:
177:
171:
170:
164:
163:
156:
154:
150:
149:
142:
138:
137:
130:
126:
125:
118:
114:
113:
106:
102:
101:
98:Artverviricota
94:
90:
89:
82:
78:
77:
70:
63:
62:
57:
53:
52:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3918:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3820:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3757:
3752:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3422:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2997:Pseudoviridae
2993:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2910:Belpaoviridae
2906:
2903:
2900:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2747:Blubervirales
2743:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2716:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2615:(2): 113–22.
2614:
2610:
2603:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1878:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1757:(8): 1673–8.
1756:
1752:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1537:Immunobiology
1534:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1217:(1): 369–82.
1216:
1212:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1175:(5): 519–28.
1174:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:Front. Biosci
1089:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
974:
972:
968:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
936:
933:
928:
924:
919:
914:
910:
906:
905:J. Gen. Virol
902:
895:
892:
887:
883:
878:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
846:
844:
842:
838:
833:
829:
826:(4): 233–45.
825:
821:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
802:
796:
794:
792:
787:
785:
782:
781:
776:
775:
770:
765:
761:
757:
756:T-lymphocytes
753:
749:
741:
735:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
712:
710:
706:
702:
697:
695:
690:
686:
682:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
657:pathogenicity
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
633:lipid bilayer
630:
629:transmembrane
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
556:transcription
553:
549:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
525:
521:in the genus
520:
512:
510:
506:
503:
502:viral tropism
495:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
476:
468:
466:
463:
455:
453:
450:
443:
438:
436:
434:
430:
425:
421:
413:
411:
409:
405:
401:
396:
388:
383:
381:
374:
372:
370:
365:
361:
360:Karakul sheep
356:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
334:
333:
327:
323:
319:
318:
317:
312:
308:
304:
300:
292:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
275:United States
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:
219:
215:
214:
210:
206:
205:
200:
199:
194:
193:
188:
187:
175:
174:
172:
169:
165:
161:
160:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:
143:
140:
139:
136:
135:
131:
128:
127:
124:
123:
119:
116:
115:
112:
111:
107:
104:
103:
100:
99:
95:
92:
91:
88:
87:
83:
80:
79:
76:
75:
71:
68:
65:
64:
61:
58:
55:
54:
49:
44:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
3901:Lentiviruses
3830:
3735:
3655:Vaccinivirus
3653:
3636:
3616:
3601:Solendovirus
3599:
3584:Ruflodivirus
3582:
3567:Rosadnavirus
3565:
3548:
3531:
3511:
3483:Caulimovirus
3481:
3446:
3435:
3387:
3370:
3350:
3333:
3316:
3305:
3291:
3240:
3215:Friend virus
3194:
3174:
3133:
3108:
3083:
3072:
3063:Retroviridae
3061:
3040:
3023:
3006:
2995:
2971:
2956:Errantivirus
2954:
2943:
2919:
2908:
2888:Ortervirales
2886:
2861:
2826:
2809:
2792:
2767:
2756:
2745:
2734:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2544:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2348:
2344:
2334:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2191:
2187:
2177:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2047:(1): 37–45.
2044:
2040:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1915:cite journal
1890:
1884:
1877:
1860:
1856:
1833:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1726:
1722:
1674:(1): 67–74.
1671:
1667:
1660:Gendelman HE
1634:
1630:
1624:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1489:
1485:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1353:
1349:
1339:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1214:
1210:
1172:
1168:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1105:10.2741/2166
1095:
1091:
1045:
1041:
987:
983:
945:
941:
935:
908:
904:
894:
859:
855:
823:
819:
788:
784:model system
778:
772:
760:lentiviruses
745:
727:
719:
715:
713:
708:
704:
700:
698:
675:
673:
668:
664:
646:H, dUTPase,
639:
637:
620:
618:
610:nucleocapsid
606:glycoprotein
601:
599:
580:
571:
567:
563:
559:
551:
547:
543:
539:
537:
524:lentivirinae
522:
516:
507:
499:
472:
459:
447:
417:
400:MHC class II
392:
378:
357:
346:
329:
325:
313:
306:
296:
269:progressive
233:and chronic
231:encephalitis
229:that causes
220:
211:
203:
202:
197:
196:
191:
190:
185:
184:
183:
158:
157:
145:
134:Retroviridae
133:
122:Ortervirales
121:
109:
97:
86:Pararnavirae
85:
73:
66:
56:(unranked):
35:
29:
3760:Wikispecies
3638:Tungrovirus
3533:Dioscovirus
3513:Cavemovirus
3161:(types 1-4)
3025:Pseudovirus
2945:Metaviridae
2921:Semotivirus
1786:Res.Vet.Sci
1399:J Gen Virol
1098:: 1532–43.
948:(1): 1–11.
475:icosahedral
429:macrophages
414:Replication
404:endocytosis
353:macrophages
340:) refer to
338:spinal cord
328:(Icelandic
247:lymph nodes
235:pneumonitis
207:) from the
192:Visna virus
176:Maedi virus
159:Visna virus
36:Visna virus
18:Visna virus
3890:Categories
3683:Endogenous
3618:Soymovirus
3448:Badnavirus
3242:Lentivirus
1631:Front Biol
1350:Arch Virol
1048:(1): 1–5.
797:References
699:The viral
685:N-terminus
674:The viral
661:chromosome
519:retrovirus
420:retrovirus
395:lentivirus
287:macrophage
227:retrovirus
213:Lentivirus
146:Lentivirus
3751:Q51928610
3550:Petuvirus
3042:Sirevirus
3008:Hemivirus
2973:Metavirus
2733:viruses (
1821:Point VĂ©t
1637:: 17–43.
1586:J Exp Med
1492:(1): 28.
681:activator
648:integrase
500:The term
490:integrase
462:colostrum
433:cytokines
349:inanition
311:Icelandic
271:pneumonia
218:subfamily
153:Species:
81:Kingdom:
74:Riboviria
3860:11461180
3846:Q1883623
3840:Wikidata
3793:51946901
3745:Wikidata
2665:12110319
2629:11247044
2536:18977141
2446:14972560
2426:J. Virol
2390:J. Virol
2345:J. Virol
2267:12915575
2237:J. Virol
2188:J. Virol
2139:J. Virol
2120:17287273
2090:J. Virol
2041:J. Virol
1989:J. Virol
1907:15734546
1827:: 33–38.
1771:22341707
1668:J. Virol
1616:10377192
1567:19261355
1518:21314911
1486:Vet. Res
1464:24400058
1456:12583436
1380:22240337
1372:12491104
1331:23965529
1239:13636891
1191:13584702
1157:43432826
1149:13439402
1114:17127400
1062:14656537
984:J. Virol
962:18922546
927:18796728
886:11024138
856:J. Virol
832:16425963
820:AIDS Rev
780:in vitro
625:protease
583:TATA box
578:(LTRs).
322:dyspnoea
283:monocyte
168:Synonyms
129:Family:
93:Phylum:
3819:2169971
3155:, 3, 4)
2594:2445282
2501:2981428
2481:Bibcode
2473:Science
2454:9046372
2410:1322597
2375:1316470
2326:2170981
2294:Bibcode
2218:8083955
2169:9445073
2111:1866131
2071:9847304
2019:2542608
1970:2548087
1869:9689746
1735:9689746
1723:Vet Res
1698:3005660
1607:2192961
1558:2702671
1509:3041668
1421:1651984
1322:3761241
1299:Viruses
1280:6315198
1271:1235944
1231:2410140
1182:2082258
1014:3033262
774:in vivo
496:Tropism
369:viremia
364:Germany
342:endemic
324:') and
303:Iceland
281:of the
225:, is a
141:Genus:
117:Order:
105:Class:
3696:ERVWE1
3691:ERV-Fc
3277:(EIAV)
3227:(KoRV)
3153:HTLV-2
3148:HTLV-1
2663:
2627:
2592:
2585:174944
2582:
2534:
2499:
2452:
2444:
2408:
2373:
2366:241143
2363:
2324:
2314:
2265:
2258:187391
2255:
2216:
2209:237033
2206:
2167:
2160:124651
2157:
2118:
2108:
2069:
2062:103805
2059:
2017:
2010:250855
2007:
1968:
1961:362346
1958:
1905:
1867:
1806:233619
1804:
1769:
1733:
1696:
1689:252877
1686:
1643:182560
1641:
1614:
1604:
1565:
1555:
1516:
1506:
1462:
1454:
1419:
1378:
1370:
1329:
1319:
1278:
1268:
1237:
1229:
1189:
1179:
1155:
1147:
1112:
1060:
1012:
1005:254106
1002:
960:
925:
884:
877:102048
874:
830:
614:capsid
558:) and
529:genome
527:, the
478:capsid
261:, and
255:joints
251:spleen
3873:11741
3855:IRMNG
3806:59452
3780:5BKT3
3283:(BIV)
3271:(PLV)
3265:(FIV)
3259:(SIV)
2727:Virus
2450:S2CID
2317:54774
1719:(PDF)
1460:S2CID
1436:APMIS
1376:S2CID
1235:S2CID
1153:S2CID
644:RNase
389:Entry
362:from
332:visna
326:visna
307:Maedi
267:ovine
243:lungs
239:sheep
209:genus
67:Realm
60:Virus
3868:NCBI
3814:NCBI
3701:HCP5
2661:PMID
2625:PMID
2590:PMID
2532:PMID
2497:PMID
2442:PMID
2406:PMID
2371:PMID
2322:PMID
2263:PMID
2214:PMID
2165:PMID
2116:PMID
2067:PMID
2015:PMID
1966:PMID
1921:link
1903:PMID
1865:PMID
1802:PMID
1767:PMID
1731:PMID
1694:PMID
1639:PMID
1612:PMID
1563:PMID
1514:PMID
1452:PMID
1417:PMID
1368:PMID
1327:PMID
1276:PMID
1227:PMID
1211:Cell
1187:PMID
1145:PMID
1110:PMID
1058:PMID
1010:PMID
958:PMID
923:PMID
882:PMID
828:PMID
777:and
707:and
667:and
638:The
619:The
600:The
488:and
316:mæði
216:and
201:and
3801:ISC
3788:EoL
3775:CoL
3251:HIV
2653:doi
2617:doi
2580:PMC
2572:doi
2524:doi
2489:doi
2477:227
2434:doi
2430:318
2398:doi
2394:189
2361:PMC
2353:doi
2312:PMC
2302:doi
2253:PMC
2245:doi
2204:PMC
2196:doi
2155:PMC
2147:doi
2106:PMC
2098:doi
2057:PMC
2049:doi
2005:PMC
1997:doi
1956:PMC
1948:doi
1895:doi
1891:104
1794:doi
1759:doi
1684:PMC
1676:doi
1602:PMC
1594:doi
1590:189
1553:PMC
1545:doi
1541:214
1504:PMC
1494:doi
1444:doi
1440:110
1407:doi
1358:doi
1354:147
1317:PMC
1307:doi
1266:PMC
1219:doi
1177:PMC
1137:doi
1100:doi
1050:doi
1000:PMC
992:doi
950:doi
946:140
913:doi
872:PMC
864:doi
728:vif
720:vif
716:vif
709:env
705:gag
701:rev
694:Vpr
676:tat
669:pol
665:gag
640:pol
621:env
602:gag
572:vif
568:env
564:rev
560:rev
552:tat
548:env
544:pol
540:gag
301:in
237:in
3892::
3870::
3857::
3842::
3816::
3803::
3790::
3777::
3762::
3747::
2729::
2689:,
2659:.
2649:10
2647:.
2623:.
2613:24
2611:.
2588:.
2578:.
2568:31
2566:.
2562:.
2530:.
2520:16
2518:.
2495:.
2487:.
2475:.
2471:.
2448:.
2440:.
2428:.
2404:.
2392:.
2369:.
2359:.
2349:66
2347:.
2343:.
2320:.
2310:.
2300:.
2290:87
2288:.
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