424:
432:
47:
594:, causing the attached parietal pleura to also expand outwards. If the pleural functional vacuum stays intact, the pleural space will remain as collapsed as possible and cause the visceral pleura to be pulled along outwards, which in turn draws the underlying lung also into expansion. This transmits the pressure negativity into the
1098:
begin to invaginate into these canals, creating a pair of enlarging cavities that encroach into the surrounding somites and further displace the transverse septum caudally — namely the pleural cavities. The mesothelia pushed out by the developing lungs arise from the splanchnopleure, and become the
329:
leads to additional confusion, as this is connected to the concept of concavity, which might not necessarily apply in all cases (the mediastinal surface is concave in some regions and convex in others).
669:.The function of the visceral pleura is to produce and reabsorb fluid. It is an area that is insensitive to pain due to its association with the lung and innervation by visceral sensory neurons.
411:
by the pleurae, at an average pressure that is below the atmospheric pressure under healthy conditions. The two lungs, each bounded by a two-layered pleural sac, almost fill the
672:
Visceral pleura also forms interlobular septa (that separates secondary pulmonary lobules). Interlobular septa contains connective tissue, pulmonary veins, and lymphatics.
1497:
653:
by the infoldings of the pleura as fissures. The fissures are double folds of pleura that section the lungs and help in their expansion, allowing the lung to
1246:. In forced exhalation, the pleural fluid provides some hydrostatic cushioning for the lungs against the rapid change of pressure within the pleural cavity.
200:
1039:. The dehiscence of these two layers creates a fluid-filled cavity on each side, and with the ventral infolding and the subsequent midline fusion of the
291:. The portion of the pleura seen as the outer layer covers the chest wall, the diaphragm and the mediastinum and is often also misleadingly called the
1608:
1592:
1907:
1639:
1099:
visceral pleurae; while the other mesothelial surfaces of the pleural cavities arise from the somatopleure, and become the parietal pleurae.
164:
423:
267:. This can lead to some confusion, as the lung is not the only visceral organ covered by the pleura. The pleura typically dips between the
260:. Although wrapped onto itself resulting in an apparent double layer, each lung is surrounded by a single, continuous pleural membrane.
1836:
1771:
1880:
1423:"Introduction to the second edition of 'Diagnostic Cytopathology of Serous Fluids' as CytoJournal Monograph (CMAS) in Open Access"
778:
1900:
968:
195:
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during the fourth week, with the splanchnopleure on the inner cavity wall and the somatopleure on the outer cavity wall.
1858:
1864:
1187:
1016:
988:
1609:
https://accessphysiotherapy-mhmedical-com.libaccess.lib.mcmaster.ca/content.aspx?bookid=2478§ionid=202020215
1593:
https://accessphysiotherapy-mhmedical-com.libaccess.lib.mcmaster.ca/content.aspx?bookid=2478§ionid=202020215
964:
960:
1874:
1977:
1870:
1511:
Sureka, Binit; Thukral, Brij
Bhushan; Mittal, Mahesh Kumar; Mittal, Aliza; Sinha, Mukul (October–December 2013).
956:
952:
816:
1893:
1144:
1071:
654:
638:
183:
147:
31:
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end of the intraembryonic coeloms fuse early to form a single cavity, which rotates anteriorly and apparently
510:. Both pleurae are quite firmly attached to their underlying structures, and are usually covered by surface
1972:
976:
794:
666:
475:
1272:
1191:
1136:
1012:
979:. Similarly, its nerve supply is from its underlying structures — the costal pleura is innervated by the
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159:
1989:
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366:
288:
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of the parietal pleura, pleural irritations, especially if from acute causes, often produce a sharp
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848:
814:. Its junction with the costal pleura at the diaphragmatic margin is a sharp gutter known as the
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798:
708:
646:
595:
385:
354:
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103:
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remains intact, the lung will be drawn to expand along with the chest wall, relaying a negative
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The parietal pleura is supplied by blood from the cavity wall under it, which can come from the
1763:
1471:
372:
The pulmonary pleura covers the entire lung parenchyma. It meets the mediastinal pleura at the
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863:. Its anterosuperior part (especially of the left side) not infrequently can bulge into the
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1655:
Soldati, Gino; Smargiassi, Andrea; Demi, Libertario; Inchingolo, Riccardo (2020-02-25).
1086:. The two cavities communicate via a slim pair of remnant coeloms adjacent to the upper
920:
of a pleura comes from the structures under it. The visceral pleura is supplied by the
789:. This is the most superficial (and thus most vulnerable) part of the pleura and can be
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1631:
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blockages can lead to a build-up of serous fluid within the pleural space, known as a
46:
2004:
1936:
1331:
1294:. Pleural effusion obliterates the pleural vacuum and can collapse the lung (due to
1239:
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992:
984:
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237:
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Between the two layers of the pleura is what historically has been referred to as a
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1268:
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1112:
1028:
933:
913:
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530:
400:
384:-like extension of the pulmonary pleura hanging under to the hilum is known as the
276:
263:
The portion of the pleura that covers the surface of each lung is often called the
98:
1861:
at the
University of Michigan Health System - "X-ray, chest, posteroanterior view"
715:, from which it separates the pleural cavity. It joins the visceral pleura at the
244:
and lining their surrounding tissues, locally appearing as two opposing layers of
1019:, each lateral mesoderm splits into two layers. The dorsal layer joins overlying
995:; the mediastinal pleura is innervated by branches of the phrenic nerve over the
152:
1931:
1793:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1788:
1726:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1721:
1657:"Artifactual Lung Ultrasonography: It Is a Matter of Traps, Order, and Disorder"
1563:
1335:
1327:
921:
917:
852:
832:
724:
716:
712:
381:
365:. Some authors also designate a cervical portion (covering the underside of the
249:
123:
1867:
at the
University of Michigan Health System - "Transverse section through lung"
17:
1311:
1276:
1231:
1227:
1179:
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1120:
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896:
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872:
785:, where it is covered by an extension of the endothoracic fascia known as the
603:
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522:
511:
503:
495:
463:
459:
438:
of the normal mesothelial cells that line the pleurae, with typical features.
342:
253:
55:
is exaggerated since normally there is no space between the pulmonary pleurae.
1852:
1682:
1529:
1438:
1166:, also holds the two opposing pleurae in close sliding contact and keeps the
1158:
property of the pleural fluid to various cellular surfaces, coupled with its
176:
1696:
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856:
642:
533:
secreted from the apical region of the parietal pleura. The combination of
487:
483:
451:
408:
280:
1800:
1733:
1548:
1456:
1338:
can be performed to establish permanent obliteration of the pleural space.
703:
by the endothoracic fascia. The
Parietal includes the inner surface of the
517:
The enclosed space between the parietal and visceral pleurae, known as the
306:
in favour of a 4-portion system based on the structures the pleura covers:
298:
A correct anatomical nomenclature refrains from using the ambiguous terms
213:
1264:
1211:
1155:
1095:
1048:
1032:
1024:
743:
704:
435:
395:, which in reality is an actual space of about 15 μm. This is called the
362:
1885:
1787:
Mahabadi, Navid; Goizueta, Alberto A; Bordoni, Bruno (7 February 2021).
1720:
Mahabadi, Navid; Goizueta, Alberto A; Bordoni, Bruno (7 February 2021).
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1656:
1062:
inverted in front of the thorax, and is later encroached by the growing
1302:. The condition can be treated by mechanically removing the fluid via
1223:
1203:
1087:
1055:
892:
868:
479:
734:
The parietal pleura is subdivided according to the surface it covers.
1219:
1215:
1207:
1175:
1020:
880:
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575:) within the pleural space, causing it to mostly stay collapsed as a
447:
765:
The apical part of the costal pleura, sometimes referred to as the
944:
559:
430:
422:
135:
110:
1762:(3. ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Churchill Livingstone. p.
1470:
Gorman, Niamh, MSc; Salvador, Francesca, MSc (29 October 2020).
782:
658:
630:
467:
241:
1889:
1855:
at The
Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University)
1399:
Image by Mikael Häggström, MD. Sources for mentioned features:
1199:
1131:. These, coupled with the smoothness of the glycocalyces and
747:
521:, is normally filled only by a tiny amount (less than 10
507:
83:
586:
between the parietal and visceral pleurae. Contracting the
333:
The portion of pleura that covers the mediastinum is called
86:
991:, and by the intercostal nerves in its periphery near the
742:
is the pleural portion covering the inner surfaces of the
810:
is the portion covering the convex upper surface of the
657:
more effectively even if parts of it (usually the basal
1210:
of the pleural cavity, further increasing the negative
871:
and even touch its contralateral counterpart in forced
557:, results in a normally negative pressure of -5 cm
482:-rich laminae. The costal parietal pleurae also have
1214:
within the pleural space. As long as the functional
1603:
Lungs. In: Morton DA, Foreman K, Albertine KH. eds.
1587:
Lungs. In: Morton DA, Foreman K, Albertine KH. eds.
1383:
1381:
1368:"pleura Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary"
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is the portion covering the lateral surfaces of the
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399:(also pleural space). It contains a tiny amount of
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182:
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1318:procedure. Infected pleural effusion can lead to
1115:(pleural fluid) that contains various lubricating
474:, and supported by a well-vascularized underlying
1620:McLoud, Theresa C.; Boiselle, Phillip M. (2010).
983:; the diaphragmatic pleura is innervated by the
236:) are the two flattened closed sacs filled with
1082:, separated from the pericardial cavity by the
427:Diagrammatic view of exaggerated pleural space.
1789:"Anatomy, Thorax, Lung Pleura And Mediastinum"
1722:"Anatomy, Thorax, Lung Pleura And Mediastinum"
1901:
1074:portions of the coeloms fuse later below the
1031:; and the ventral layer joins the underlying
30:"Pleura" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
1496:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1007:The visceral and parietal pleurae, like all
924:that supply the lung surface (from both the
502:that separates the subserosa from the inner
1139:when the opposing pleural surfaces have to
514:that limit fluid loss and reduce friction.
1908:
1894:
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879:communicate unless there is a significant
45:
1672:
1538:
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1135:of the pleural fluid itself, reduces the
376:("hilum") through a smooth fold known as
252:, the inside surfaces of the surrounding
1875:Grossanatomy/thorax0/thor_lec/thor6.html
1607:. McGraw Hill; Accessed July 12, 2021.
1591:. McGraw Hill; Accessed July 12, 2021.
1298:), impairing ventilation and leading to
1094:. During the fifth week, the developing
695:'wall') lines the inside of the
561:
478:containing two poorly defined layers of
353:portion covers the upper surface of the
27:Membrane lining the thoracic cavity wall
1517:Indian Journal of Radiology and Imaging
1513:"Radiological review of pleural tumors"
1359:
1306:(also known as a "pleural tap") with a
820:, which has diagnostic significance on
723:and pulmonary ligament as a smooth but
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1234:is however usually passive, caused by
727:circumferential junction known as the
711:, as well as the side surfaces of the
211:
36:
1831:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1387:
1279:that is worse by breathing, known as
229:
51:Lung detail showing the pleurae. The
7:
1701:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1334:. For recurrent pleural effusions,
470:) long. The mesothelium is without
446:Each pleura comprises a superficial
1472:"The Anatomy of the Pleural cavity"
1632:10.1016/b978-0-323-02790-8.00018-4
1605:The Big Picture: Gross Anatomy, 2e
1589:The Big Picture: Gross Anatomy, 2e
1271:condition of pleurae. Due to the
987:in its central portion around the
25:
875:, but the left and right pleurae
661:) fail to expand properly due to
361:portion covers the inside of the
1421:Shidham VB, Layfield LJ (2021).
70:
1322:, which can create significant
1182:occurs, the contraction of the
1174:while maintaining a functional
454:of flat (squamous) or cuboidal
1626:. Elsevier. pp. 379–399.
1562:Hacking, Craig; Knipe, Henry.
859:and (very rarely) an enlarged
248:separating the lungs from the
1:
707:and the upper surface of the
1226:into the lung, resulting in
1188:external intercostal muscles
746:, and is separated from the
699:which is set apart from the
649:. Each lung is divided into
629:'organ') covers the
579:that acts as a functionally
498:considered belonging to the
492:subpleural/extrapleural fats
349:and its main branches). The
1754:Larsen, William J. (2001).
1478:. Dotdash publishing family
1404:"Mesothelial cytopathology"
1047:anterolaterally around the
1015:. During the third week of
2027:
1825:Light, Richard W. (2007).
1330:that require division and
1300:type 2 respiratory failure
1253:
1170:collapsed, maximizing the
1147:, thus help improving the
1143:against each other during
1092:pericardioperitoneal canal
961:internal thoracic arteries
795:subclavian catheterization
680:The parietal pleura (from
614:The visceral pleura (from
567:(approximately −3.68
545:drop caused by the inward
29:
957:inferior phrenic arteries
932:), and innervated by the
817:costodiaphragmatic recess
206:
44:
1859:Atlas image: lung_pleura
1530:10.4103/0971-3026.125577
1439:10.25259/CMAS_02_01_2021
1372:dictionary.cambridge.org
1222:pressure that causes an
1133:hydrodynamic lubrication
1111:, the pleura secretes a
843:, the first part of the
553:and the rigidity of the
240:, each ensheathing each
32:Pleuron (disambiguation)
1865:Atlas image: lung_lymph
1013:lateral plate mesoderms
1011:, both derive from the
799:penetrating neck injury
476:loose connective tissue
275:, and is formed by the
1137:frictional coefficient
1045:intraembryonic coeloms
685:
645:-like band called the
619:
443:
428:
310:(of the lung proper),
208:Anatomical terminology
1990:Suprapleural membrane
1250:Clinical significance
1196:pump handle movements
1078:to become the larger
926:pulmonary circulation
787:suprapleural membrane
434:
426:
367:suprapleural membrane
289:embryonic development
1348:Pleural friction rub
1296:hydrostatic pressure
1149:pulmonary compliance
975:branches), or their
969:anterior intercostal
904:Neurovascular supply
865:anterior mediastinum
835:, predominantly the
808:diaphragmatic pleura
773:, bulges beyond the
641:from the hilum as a
602:, thus facilitating
1985:Endothoracic fascia
1881:Diagram at kent.edu
1674:10.3390/app10051570
1476:The Ken Hub Library
1286:Pleural disease or
1273:somatic innervation
1244:respiratory muscles
1172:total lung capacity
997:fibrous pericardium
965:pericardiacophrenic
837:fibrous pericardium
760:endothoracic fascia
756:intercostal muscles
588:respiratory muscles
500:endothoracic fascia
490:, which present as
339:fibrous pericardium
141:pleurae pulmonarius
1978:Costodiaphragmatic
1965:Pulmonary ligament
1242:and relaxation of
1068:pericardial cavity
1043:, forms a pair of
981:intercostal nerves
869:upper sternal body
849:superior vena cava
829:mediastinal pleura
779:posterior triangle
647:pulmonary ligament
527:US fl oz
444:
429:
386:pulmonary ligament
378:pleural reflection
189:H3.05.03.0.00001
116:Intercostal nerves
104:Respiratory system
1998:
1997:
1697:"Parietal pleura"
1641:978-0-323-02790-8
1162:and the negative
1084:transverse septum
1080:peritoneal cavity
930:bronchial vessels
845:subclavian artery
822:plain radiography
694:
633:surfaces and the
628:
472:basement membrane
456:mesothelial cells
450:made of a simple
269:lobes of the lung
222:
221:
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16:(Redirected from
2018:
1973:Costomediastinal
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1292:pleural effusion
1206:) increases the
1190:(along with the
1160:oncotic pressure
1064:primordial heart
953:superior phrenic
938:pulmonary plexus
771:cupula of pleura
729:hilar reflection
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635:hilar structures
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539:oncotic pressure
374:root of the lung
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1320:pleural empyema
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1109:serous membrane
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1041:trilaminar disc
1037:splanchnopleure
1005:
906:
767:cervical pleura
721:pulmonary hilum
697:thoracic cavity
678:
676:Parietal pleura
612:
610:Visceral pleura
577:potential space
571:or −0.491
563:
558:
551:lung parenchyma
535:surface tension
421:
413:thoracic cavity
393:potential space
325:Using the verb
293:parietal pleura
265:visceral pleura
246:serous membrane
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1240:alveolar walls
1236:elastic recoil
1164:fluid pressure
1117:macromolecules
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1076:umbilical vein
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989:central tendon
973:musculophrenic
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775:thoracic inlet
725:acutely angled
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547:elastic recoil
543:fluid pressure
496:histologically
466:(0.00024
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1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1937:Thoracic wall
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1899:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1853:thoraxlesson2
1851:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1780:
1775:
1773:0-443-06583-7
1769:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1750:
1747:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1713:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1507:
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1499:
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1477:
1473:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1444:
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1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1409:
1405:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1332:decortication
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1316:thoracoscopic
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:pleural space
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:phospholipids
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:embryogenesis
1014:
1010:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
993:costal margin
990:
986:
985:phrenic nerve
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
941:
939:
935:
934:nerve endings
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
910:rule of thumb
903:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
823:
819:
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813:
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805:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
740:costal pleura
737:
736:
735:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
701:thoracic wall
698:
692:
687:
683:
675:
673:
670:
668:
667:consolidation
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
626:
621:
617:
609:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
582:
578:
574:
570:
565:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
525:or 0.34
524:
520:
519:pleural space
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
462:up to 6
461:
457:
453:
449:
441:
437:
433:
425:
418:
416:
414:
410:
406:
405:pleural fluid
402:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:diaphragmatic
348:
344:
340:
336:
331:
328:
323:
321:
317:
316:diaphragmatic
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
238:pleural fluid
235:
227:
215:
209:
205:
202:
199:
197:
193:
190:
187:
185:
181:
178:
175:
173:
169:
166:
163:
161:
157:
154:
151:
149:
145:
142:
139:
137:
133:
128:
125:
121:
117:
114:
112:
108:
105:
102:
100:
96:
91:
68:
66:Pronunciation
64:
59:
54:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
1873:
1827:
1804:. Retrieved
1792:
1782:
1757:
1749:
1737:. Retrieved
1725:
1715:
1704:. Retrieved
1700:
1691:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1622:
1615:
1604:
1599:
1588:
1583:
1571:. Retrieved
1567:
1557:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1480:. Retrieved
1475:
1465:
1430:
1426:
1411:. Retrieved
1407:
1395:
1390:, p. 1.
1371:
1362:
1285:
1280:
1269:inflammatory
1259:
1153:
1113:serous fluid
1106:
1091:
1059:
1053:
1035:to form the
1029:somatopleure
1027:to form the
1006:
942:
918:nerve supply
907:
876:
828:
815:
807:
770:
766:
739:
733:
728:
719:base of the
679:
671:
637:and extends
613:
592:chest cavity
590:expands the
531:serous fluid
516:
512:glycocalyces
491:
445:
404:
401:serous fluid
390:
377:
371:
358:
350:
334:
332:
326:
324:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
297:
292:
285:thoracic sac
277:invagination
272:
264:
262:
233:
225:
223:
165:A07.1.02.001
140:
1932:Mediastinum
1667:(5): 1570.
1568:Radiopaedia
1427:CytoJournal
1336:pleurodesis
1145:ventilation
1090:called the
1003:Development
977:anastomoses
949:intercostal
922:capillaries
867:behind the
853:azygos vein
833:mediastinum
717:pericardial
713:mediastinum
382:bell sleeve
335:mediastinal
320:mediastinal
254:chest walls
250:mediastinum
130:Identifiers
124:vagus nerve
1706:2021-06-12
1623:The Pleura
1573:8 February
1413:2022-10-18
1388:Light 2007
1354:References
1312:chest tube
1277:chest pain
1232:Exhalation
1228:inhalation
1180:inhalation
1125:hyaluronan
1121:sialomucin
1009:mesothelia
897:malignancy
889:iatrogenic
873:inhalation
752:cartilages
663:congestion
604:inhalation
600:bronchioli
555:chest wall
541:, and the
504:periosteum
484:adipocytes
460:microvilli
343:oesophagus
283:into each
1969:Recesses
1683:2076-3417
1288:lymphatic
1261:Pleuritis
1184:diaphragm
1096:lung buds
936:from the
885:traumatic
857:esophagus
812:diaphragm
791:punctured
777:into the
709:diaphragm
655:ventilate
643:mesentery
584:interface
581:vacuumous
488:subserosa
452:monolayer
355:diaphragm
308:pulmonary
281:lung buds
258:diaphragm
2005:Category
1801:30085590
1734:30085590
1549:24604935
1492:cite web
1457:35126608
1342:See also
1328:fibrosis
1324:adhesion
1265:pleurisy
1212:pressure
1186:and the
1178:. When
1156:adhesive
1119:such as
1103:Function
1060:descends
1049:gut tube
1033:endoderm
1025:ectoderm
928:and the
744:rib cage
705:rib cage
659:segments
639:caudally
494:and are
436:Cytology
409:secreted
363:rib cage
322:pleura.
304:parietal
300:visceral
273:fissures
256:and the
1925:General
1819:Sources
1806:11 June
1739:11 June
1540:3932573
1482:11 June
1448:8813611
1314:, or a
1238:of the
1224:airflow
1204:sternum
1198:of the
1088:foregut
1066:as the
1056:cranial
1021:somites
959:), the
893:disease
781:of the
758:by the
693:
627:
620:viscera
596:alveoli
549:of the
506:of the
486:in the
480:elastin
419:Anatomy
327:to line
287:during
226:pleurae
153:D010994
61:Details
2011:Pleura
1918:thorax
1835:
1799:
1770:
1732:
1681:
1638:
1547:
1537:
1455:
1445:
1433:: 30.
1220:airway
1216:vacuum
1208:volume
1192:bucket
1176:vacuum
1072:caudal
1070:. The
912:, the
881:injury
877:do not
861:thymus
855:, the
847:, the
839:, the
686:paries
448:serosa
359:costal
357:. The
312:costal
234:pleura
99:System
40:Pleura
1267:is a
1141:slide
1107:As a
945:aorta
914:blood
908:As a
891:) or
797:or a
682:Latin
651:lobes
616:Latin
529:) of
458:with
212:[
136:Latin
111:Nerve
1833:ISBN
1808:2021
1797:PMID
1768:ISBN
1741:2021
1730:PMID
1679:ISSN
1636:ISBN
1575:2016
1545:PMID
1498:link
1484:2021
1453:PMID
1326:and
1310:, a
1202:and
1200:ribs
1154:The
1127:and
1054:The
1023:and
971:and
955:and
916:and
827:The
806:The
783:neck
754:and
748:ribs
738:The
691:lit.
631:lung
625:lit.
598:and
569:mmHg
508:ribs
380:. A
318:and
302:and
242:lung
224:The
201:9583
177:3322
160:TA98
148:MeSH
1764:138
1669:doi
1628:doi
1535:PMC
1525:doi
1443:PMC
1435:doi
1263:or
1230:.
887:or
793:by
769:or
665:or
573:kPa
369:).
279:of
271:as
230:sg.
196:FMA
172:TA2
84:ʊər
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468:in
464:μm
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