1474:
1276:
624:
35:
1655:
1488:
1460:
526:
1502:
1433:
490:(425-455). One type of solidus and two types of tremissis were issued under his name. The solidus is catalogued as MEC 167-9, and copies a coin of the same value, Cohen VIII 212, 19. The obverse shows a portrait of the emperor facing right, with diadem, mantle and armour. On the reverse the emperor stands with a foot on a serpent with a human head. In his right hand he holds a cross, and in his left a globe supporting a Victory.
300:
184:
811:. The reverse features a monogram of the mint's name in place of the usual facing portrait of Chindasuinth, and instead the obverse bears a bust in profile. After the death of Chindasuinth, the mints would not have had instructions regarding the style or designs of the new issues, and consequently made different choices: some returned to the type bearing two busts, one on each side, for example
719:
1023:
553:
921:
461:
493:
The first tremissis (MEC 171-172) depicts on the reverse a cross encircled by a laurel wreath, and imitates a tremissis struck in various mints (Cohen VIII 216, 49), while the second (MEC 173) imitates a solidus (Cohen VIII 212, 17). On the reverse of this issue, Victory is depicted facing, holding a
103:
The first coins, commonly known as the pseudo-imperial series, imitate contemporary Roman and
Byzantine coinage, with copied legends. After 580 coins were issued in the name of the Visigothic kings. This royal coinage continued until the second decade of the eighth century, when Visigothic rule was
755:
Issues of
Liuvigild with a facing bust on both the obverse and the reverse are known. According to Grierson, this new type, characteristic of Visigothic coinage, was started between 579 and 586, in the last years of Liuvigild's reign, when his brother Liuva I, who had earlier reigned with him, had
435:
The coinage of the
Visigoths can be distinguished from the imperial prototypes by the style. The engraving is generally more crude, and small figures have disproportionately large heads with respect to their bodies. The letters of the inscriptions also vary; the vertical bars of the "G" are short
274:
is applied. The coinage of the migratory and Gallic periods are not distinguishable, both consisting of pseudo-Imperial issues. The third period coinage can be divided into two phases, the first which continues the imitation of
Imperial coinage, and the latter in which the coins are issued in the
869:
For the rest of the reign of
Recceswinth, all the mints issued a type with a profile bust, and a cross mounted on a set of steps on the reverse. Different bust types are known; in some cases the bust is shown helmeted, in other cases with a bare head. The king is generally shown with a beard, in
779:
From approximately 584 to 649, the most common type was that with a facing bust on either side, with one side bearing the name of the king, and the other that of the mint. This type was only minted after the defeat of
Hermenegild by Liuvigild; it is thought that the innovation might have been to
349:
are also known. All denominations are very similar to their Roman archetypes, faithfully copying legends and designs, albeit crudely. The tremissis was worth a third of a solidus, and the siliqua an eighth of a tremissis. The coins do not bear any identifying marks to distinguish them from Roman
966:
is found as SVINTHVLΛ, SINTILΛ, SVINTH:L:, SVINTIIV among others, Liuva as LEOVΛ, LIVVΛ and similar. The number of variants increases notably with more complicated names such as
Chindasuinth and Recceswinth, in which some letters commonly end up being combined as a ligature or monogram.
649:
The coinage of this period consist exclusively of solidi and tremisses. A copper coin was historically considered part of this issue. Bearing the monogram AMR, it was associated with a tremissis of this period bearing the same letters. In the past this coin (MEC 341) was attributed to
1010:
DVS for
Liuvigild, and sometimes the letter "D" is used in place of a "B". Ligatures of up to five letters are known. Sometimes dots are substituted for letters, especially vowels, normally two as a colon, but sometimes one or three, an example being SVINTH:L: for Suintila.
697:
Only tremisses were minted in this period, and the purity of the gold used diminished over time. The coins bear the name of the king and also the name of the mint where they were struck. Unlike
Frankish or later Anglo-Saxon coins, the name of the moneyer is not given.
744:(567-586). For a short period coins imitating Byzantine issues, but with the name of Visigothic king were struck - an example is MEC 210. This tremissis of Liuvigild was minted in Barcelona. The obverse shows a stylised bust of the king facing left, with the legend "
1149:
The hoard of La
Capilla, discovered in 1891, likely included between 800 and 1000 coins, is one of the most important. Although the coins were dispersed soon after their discovery, over a third of the extent specimens are now found in the collection of the
893:, which was issued in around 692. The coinage of Justinian featured a bust of Christ with a cross superimposed on his halo. Grierson hypothesises that these issues reflect the important theological issues of the day, in particular the condemnation of
693:
From the 580s, the Visigothic kings began to strike coins in their own names. This last phase of the Visigothic coinage lasted a hundred and thirty years: coins beyond 710 are unknown, as the Visigothic kingdom was overthrown by the Umayyad invasion.
772:. Following his marriage, Hermenegild abandoned Arianism, rebelling against his father and assuming the title of king, in a widespread revolt which was only subdued in 584. Hermenegild died in the following year, and his death allowed his brother
95:
settled at the beginning of the fifth century, and was followed by coinage from Hispania in the beginning of the sixth century, which became the centre of Visigothic rule after they lost the majority of their territory in Gaul to the
756:
already died. Grierson further argues that the introduction of the royal coinage, featuring the names of the Visigothic kings in the place of those of the Byzantine Emperors, was connected with the eldest son of Liuvigild, Saint
576:. Alaric was killed in the battle, and the Visigothic army suffered a crushing defeat, which led to Clovis' conquest of Toulouse and the large part of the Visigothic possessions in Gaul. The Visigoths only succeeded in defending
1102:
We do not have any documentation of the mints and little is known of their organisation or the relationship between the mints and the Visigothic state, beyond what can be inferred from the changes in the coinage over time.
970:
The reverse bears the name of the mint, also in Latin. TOLETO, CORDODΛ (CORΛOBΛ, CORDOBΛ, CORΔOBΛ), ELLIBERI (IIBERI), ISPΛLI, ELVORΛ (ERBO:RΛ) indicate Toledo, Cordoba, Eliberi or Illiberis (modern-day
889:. Over the years, the quality of the engraving of the dies deteriorated, and on some coins the arms of the cross behind Christ's head resemble ears. This type preceded a similar, albeit finer, issue of
935:, abbreviated as RGS, RG or similar. Only under Liuvigild and Ermenegild does one find the name of the king in the genitive, rather than the nominative, and preceded by D N, an abbreviation for
885:, with a facing bust of Christ (MEC 267) in place of the king, and on the reverse a cross mounting a set of steps. The first tremisses with this type seemed to have been coined at the mint of
870:
contrast with the busts on previous issues, which were stylised in accordance with Byzantine prototypes. In the following reigns, the same type was issued; only during the joint reign of
388:
The Visigothic coinage in Gaul were initially imitations of Western Roman coinage, which ended in around 481. After 509, imitations of Byzantine coinage follow, starting with those of
124:
and Mark Blackburn in 2007. Visigothic coins can be found between the catalogue numbers 166 and 277. Another important catalogue is George Carpenter's study, published in 1952 by the
791:, Liuvigild introduced this symbol of kingship to the Visigoths. Instead, at least one of the busts is shown with shoulder-length hair, a symbol of regal authority among the ancient
88:
1014:
The name of the mint on the reverse is typically followed by a royal epithet. The most common is PIVS, but IVSTUS is also commonly found. FELIX and VICTOR are also known.
776:
to become king. The struggle between Liuvigild and Hermenegild is thought to have resulted in the striking of coinage bearing the names of the two claimants to the crown.
381:(carmen 23) of 460, but under imperial control - as no issues from such a mint are known this may be poetic license. Narbonne definitely had a mint during the reign of
506:(461-5) exist (Cohen VIII, 227.8). The most common type is the same as that of the solidi of Valentinian III, with the emperor standing on a human-headed snake.
986:
The epigraphy of the Visigothic coinage is characteristic. The letter "A" is normally written without a bar - Λ. The letter D is commonly replaced with a Greek
787:
The bust types of the coins vary between mints and across reigns. It is notable that the monarchs are shown uncrowned, despite the fact that according to Saint
1184:
1173:, in 1945, includes 90 tremisses, the latest being issues of Livuigild I, which, while not bearing the names of the mint, were presumably produced locally.
377:, a puppet emperor supported by Ataulf. This coin bears the mintmark "NB", which may indicate Narbonne. A mint at Narbonne is also referenced in a poem of
844:
1793:
420:
with his right hand, and a globe bearing a Victory in his left hand. His left foot rests on a prostrate captive. On the side of the emperor the letters
1033:
The majority of mints were of relatively little importance and are known only thanks to a few extent examples, in some cases not more than one or two.
1159:
752:", identifying the mint. Another type, MEC 209, shows the king facing right on the obverse, and Victory with a palm and crown on the reverse.
1218:
1202:, Madrid : Ministerio de Educación Nacional, 1946. Informes y memorias (Spain. Comisaría General de Excavaciones Arqueológicas), no. 10.
1185:
Minting, State, and Economy in the Visigothic Kingdom: From Settlement in Aquitaine through the First Decade of the Muslim Conquest of Spain
337:
South-central Gaul was the heart of the Visigothic Kingdom from 418 to 507. The pseudo-imperial coinage of this period consists mainly of
780:
indicate the new status of Reccared as co-regnant. Coins were minted in this style for over sixty years, until the end of the reign of
1030:
Miles identifies 79 mints. A few others have subsequently come to light, and therefore the total currently known is a little over 80.
1250:
928:
The legend normally gives the name of the king in Latin, followed by REX, sometimes abbreviated as a monogram as shown to the left.
131:
The only study which covers the entirety of the coinage is that of Reinhart, with separate works on the Gallic and Hispanic series.
385:
in the late 6th century, but minting likely already started in 507, when the city became the capital of the Visigothic Kingdom.
898:
144:
1163:
1798:
1127:
677:(527-565). They are distinguished from imperial issues by style, and other imitations by being exclusively found in the
264:
105:
1200:
El Tesorillo visigodo de Trientes de las excavaciones del plan nacional de 1944-45 en Zorita de los Canes (Guadalajara)
951:, with various other abbreviations known, such as INDNM, INDIMN. The coinage of Egica also sometimes bear the legend N
1783:
1151:
125:
1123:
263:, the Visigoths became sovereign rulers of most of the Iberian peninsula. The resulting state survived until the
135:
1473:
460:
1788:
373:. This hypothesis arises from a solidus, now lost, but published in the 18th century, minted in the name of
203:
a migratory period, which started in 376 and ended with the Visigothic settlement of south-west Gaul in 418.
1052:(Cordova). Other important centres of production, with a hundred to two hundred coins known for each, were
878:
was another type introduced, which featured two facing busts separated by a sceptre surmounted by a cross.
1654:
1487:
1142:, although at least three were forgeries. In 1816, a hoard of over 800 coins was found in La Grassa, near
1026:
The distribution of mints. The names of the mints with the largest number of extent coins are capitalised.
623:
592:
153:
1169:
The hoard of Zorita de los Canes, found at the site of the Christian basilica in the Visigothic city of
536:
VICTORIA AUGGG, standing emperor, feet on a human-headed serpent, with a cross and Victory. R-A//COMOB.
34:
1602:
1459:
812:
412:
and the bust of the emperor facing right, wearing a diadem and armour. On the reverse the legend reads
1111:
Several major hoards of Visigothic coins are known, the most important recent discovery being that of
1126:, in 1731. The exact composition of the hoard is unknown, but a large part of it was acquired by the
666:
561:
389:
378:
256:
222:
207:
525:
400:
The first coins of the Visigoths, struck approximately between 420 and 440, imitate those minted in
1659:
1112:
685:, and a type with a Victory facing right, holding a palm, and raising a crown with her other hand.
319:
350:
issues; they are identified by style and archaeological context. The dating is hence approximate.
299:
1281:
788:
405:
370:
308:
287:
244:
240:
188:
174:
1501:
1432:
468:
D N PLA VALENTINIANVS P G, bust of emperor facing right, with pearl-diadem, armour and drapery.
1246:
1214:
860:
823:
continued with the new design featuring a monogram and a profile bust. Some others, including
678:
596:
73:
681:. The most common reverse types are: with a standing Victory holding a cross, above a letter
886:
843:
792:
315:
260:
236:
157:, Vol. 10. Imitations of Byzantine coins are covered by the catalogue of the collection of
217:
an Iberian period, which was ended by the Islamic conquest of the Iberian peninsula in 714.
1096:
769:
487:
448:
374:
148:
121:
1227:, BCEN (Bulletin trimestriel du Cercle d'Études Numismatiques) 11 (1974), p. 23-28
987:
513:
503:
366:
338:
158:
80:
1777:
894:
816:
271:
226:
1232:"Visigothic currency and its making and moovement: a varying state of circumstances"
139:
1245:. Late Antique and Early Medieval Iberia 6. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
1139:
948:
940:
890:
808:
781:
729:
Victory advancing with palm and crown, crescent on the line of the exeurge; ILOON.
556:
The Visigothic kingdom in Spain at its height c. 650, showing known mint locations.
91:
by both Western and Eastern emperors. The earliest coinage is from Gaul, where the
22:
1143:
183:
1256:
357:, in South Gaul, the royal capital. It is thought that there was also a mint at
116:
The most recent work on the Visigothic coinage is the first volume of the series
1302:
Reinhart, Wilhelm (1938). "Die Münzen des tolosanischen Reiches der Westgoten".
1241:
Martínez Jiménez, Javier; Isaac Sastre de Diego; Carlos Tejerizo García. (2018)
1036:
Around half of the 3500 coins conserved originated from four mints: the capital
804:
757:
674:
655:
611:
718:
634:
VICTOΛ VIΛ IIVSTOИVI, Victory facing right, holding a palm and a crown; COИOB.
1271:
1231:
1170:
1119:
1022:
773:
577:
552:
1321:
Reinhart, Wilhelm (1940). "Die Münzen des westgotischen Reiches von Toledo".
726:
King facing right, with a cross superimposed on his tunic. Blundered legend.
1135:
1069:
741:
640:
573:
477:
382:
342:
231:
192:
178:
92:
84:
851:+ID IN M N ERVIGIVS RX, facing bust of Christ with a cross behind his head
803:
Around 649 a new type was introduced, with the reverse bearing the name of
214:, King of the Franks, conquered most of the Visigothic territories of Gaul.
665:
The solidi minted in this period bear the names of the Byzantine emperors
643:, 15mm, 1,42 g. Mint of Narbonne or Barcelona. c. AD 527-565. Not in MEC.
199:
The history of the Visigoths can be divided into three important periods:
134:
The pseudo-imperial coinage imitating Western archetypes is catalogued by
1131:
1085:
1077:
1061:
980:
963:
765:
670:
651:
591:
The centre of the Visigothic state was then in the old Roman province of
585:
581:
569:
358:
354:
252:
248:
211:
69:
1243:
The Iberian Peninsula between 300 and 850. An Archaeological Perspective
983:) respectively. In some cases the mint is indicated only by a monogram.
920:
1155:
976:
972:
909:
905:
875:
820:
659:
425:
417:
401:
346:
328:
51:
824:
761:
565:
362:
97:
65:
408:(393-423). The most common type has an obverse type with the legend
931:
During the joint reign of Egica and Wittiza, the titles given were
764:
in 579. His wife was a Frankish princess, and therefore was not an
599:, where their kingdom prospered until the Islamic invasion of 711.
1021:
995:
947:(in the name of the Lord), which became common until the reign of
919:
882:
871:
834:
551:
259:(in c. 585) and the final abandonment of continental Spain by the
255:. In the first half of the seventh century, after the fall of the
182:
962:
The names of the kings were written in various ways, for example
141:
Description Historique des monnaies frappées sous l'Empire Romain
1056:, close to modern day Granada, and three more northerly mints:
247:, which over the course of the fifth century extended over the
943:, the mint of Toledo introduced the legend INDN, abbreviating
740:
The first of the royal coinage was issued during the reign of
682:
486:
From c. 450 the Visigoths produced imitations of the coins of
1258:
The Coinage of the Visigoths in Spain: Leovigild to Achila II
322:
on a globe with her right hand and a sword in her left hand.
1134:
in 1803 included 38 Visigothic tremisses from the reign of
1225:
Un monnayage irrégulier du début du Ve siècle de notre ère
1099:), where there had been important mines from Roman times.
998:(Θ). The letter "L" is often rendered simply as a cross,
533:
D N HBIVS SEVE-RVS P F AVG, bust of emperor facing right.
1644:
In DeI NoMiNe ERVIGIVS ReX In the Name of God, King Erwig
908:, which ended in 710. However, forgeries of a coinage of
270:
In the study of the coinage of the Visigoths a different
1130:, where it remains to the present day. A hoard found in
1084:
was the last mint under Visigothic control north of the
760:, who was named co-regnant in 573, and married his wife
654:(502-531), but modern scholarship attributes it to the
748:"; on the reverse, a cross on steps, with the legend "
881:
Another distinct issue is the tremissis coined under
436:
whereas in the originals they are particularly long.
311:
facing right, with pearl diadem, mantle, and armour.
1624:
Historia de regibus Gothorum, Vandalorum et Suevorum
1603:"Leovigildo (573-586), tremisse di Barcellona, MNAC"
631:
C N IVSTIИIINVS IPVC, bust of emperor facing right.
827:, used a profile bust, but a cross on the reverse.
76:, between the fifth century and approximately 710.
904:No legitimate issues are known after the reign of
1146:, but it was scattered soon after its discovery.
494:cross and with a star in the field to the right.
331:, 1,37g, minted in Gaul before 415. Unpublished.
50:AV Tremissis (1.56 g, 6h). Hispalis (modern-day
1727:
1708:
1678:
1582:
1538:
1519:
807:, now associated with the throne of his father
416:and the emperor is depicted on foot, holding a
128:, which covers the period between 580 and 713.
1154:. In 1932, 110 Visigothic coins were found in
8:
206:a Gallic period which ended in 507 with the
353:The most probable mint for these issues is
1578:
1576:
1574:
1268:, 2 vols. Seville: Universidad de Sevilla.
1211:The Early Middle Ages (5th–10th Centuries)
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1419:Stagnis, flumine, merce, ponte, ponto...
16:Middle Age coinage from Gaul and Hispania
1515:
1513:
1511:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1261:, New York, American Numismatic Society.
1122:and various other monarchs was found in
541:AV solidus, 4.38 g, c. 461-466. MEC 175
1294:
1160:National Archaeological Museum of Spain
1115:, unearthed by archaeologists in 1945.
854:+EMERITΛ PIVS, cross over three steps.
897:by a synod in Rome in 679, and by the
734:AV (1,39 g, 6h), c. 580-583. MEC 209.
480:, 1,44 g, minted c. 471-507. MEC 171.
424:indicate the mint of Ravenna, and the
1205:Grierson, Philip and Mark Blackburn,
1040:(Toledo) and three southern centres:
471:COMOB, cross within a laurel wreath.
251:, including a significant portion of
225:in the 370s and became significantly
79:The principal denominations were the
7:
1411:Thermis, Arcubus, horreis, macellis,
1415:Pratis, fontibus, insulis, salinis,
1369:The depiction is reported in Kent:
243:. This was the first centre of the
1399:Portis, porticibus, foro, theatro,
229:. In 418 they were recognised as
14:
1794:Germanic archaeological artifacts
1395:Muris, Civibus, ambitu, tabernis,
1323:Deutsches Jahrbuch für Numismatik
1304:Deutsches Jahrbuch für Numismatik
1213:, Cambridge, 2007. p. 39-54
603:Pseudo-imperial coinage (509-580)
1653:
1500:
1486:
1472:
1458:
1431:
1391:Urbe et rure simul bonus videri,
1387:Salve, Narbo, potens salubritate
1274:
1091:Other minor mints were found in
842:
717:
622:
524:
459:
298:
33:
1255:Miles, George Carpenter (1952)
994:is often written using a Greek
899:Third Council of Constantinople
275:names of the Visigothic Kings.
1310:. Kreß & Hornung: 107–135.
1164:Instituto Valencia of Don Juan
702:From Liuvigild to Chindasuinth
502:Various solidi in the name of
221:The Visigoths migrated to the
1:
1635:MIB 1, 257, tavola 13, p. 446
1436:Original solidus of Honorius.
1264:Pliego Vázquez, Ruth, (2009)
1188:. Amsterdam University Press.
1088:after the Battle of Vouillé.
440:Imitations of Valentinian III
318:seated facing left , holding
1128:Real Academia de la Historia
955:P N•M•, an abbreviation of
307:D N HONORI-VS AVG, bust of
42:+CN•SVINLVS PX, facing bust
1463:The original of Valentinian
1152:Hispanic Society of America
859:(1,43 g). mint of Emerita (
799:From Recceswinth to Wittiza
580:, between the mouth of the
498:Imitation of Libius Severus
126:American Numismatic Society
87:, gold coins issued in the
45:+ISPALI PIVS, facing bust.
1815:
172:
106:Islamic conquest of Iberia
1505:Solidus of Libius Severus
1207:Medieval European Coinage
990:(Δ). Likewise the group
959:(in the name of Christ).
912:are recorded (MEC 1471).
858:
841:
832:
733:
716:
708:
638:
621:
609:
572:and the Visigoths led by
540:
523:
511:
475:
458:
446:
326:
297:
285:
118:Medieval European Coinage
49:
32:
21:
1124:Garrovillas de Alconétar
314:VICTORA AVGGG, armoured
163:Moneta Imperii Byzantini
62:coinage of the Visigoths
1158:, and deposited at the
863:). Miles 415a; MEC 267
689:Royal coinage (580-710)
564:was fought between the
410:D N HONORI – VS P F AVG
265:Islamic invasion of 711
1731:
1718:
1688:
1592:
1548:
1529:
1491:Solidus of Valentinian
1403:Delubris, Capitoliis,
1238:3 (2018-2019): 165-97.
1027:
925:
770:Chalcedonian Christian
595:, then in the central
593:Hispania Tarraconensis
557:
428:bears the inscription
396:Imitations of Honorius
196:
154:Roman Imperial Coinage
1025:
923:
916:Legends and epigraphy
555:
186:
1622:Isidore of Seville:
1118:A hoard of coins of
1095:(roughly modern day
819:, others, including
390:Anastasius I Dicorus
379:Sidonius Apollinaris
257:Kingdom of the Suebi
223:Western Roman Empire
120:(MEC), published by
1799:Medieval currencies
1758:Miles, 1952, p. 105
1749:Miles, 1952, p. 110
1236:Visigothic Symposia
1198:Cabré Aguiló, Juan
1182:Andrew Kurt. 2020.
1113:Zorita de los Canes
235:, and were granted
1784:Visigothic Kingdom
1662:di Giustiniano II.
1282:Numismatics portal
1266:La moneda visigoda
1209:(MEC) - Volume 1,
1028:
926:
789:Isidore of Seville
568:commanded by King
558:
245:Visigothic Kingdom
197:
189:Visigothic Kingdom
175:Visigothic Kingdom
169:Historical context
147:2008-05-11 at the
1767:Miles 1952, p. 42
1219:978-0-521-03177-6
867:
866:
751:
747:
738:
737:
679:Iberian peninsula
647:
646:
597:Iberian Peninsula
562:Battle of Vouillé
545:
544:
484:
483:
431:
423:
415:
414:VICTORI – A AVGGG
411:
335:
334:
208:battle of Vouillé
195:(484-507, c. 500)
151:, Vol. 8, and in
89:late imperial era
74:early Middle Ages
58:
57:
54:) mint. MEC 255.
1806:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1732:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1706:
1689:
1686:
1676:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1627:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1580:
1549:
1546:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1517:
1506:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1406:
1380:
1374:
1367:
1361:
1354:
1331:
1330:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1299:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1277:
979:), and Elvorra (
957:In Xristi Nomine
945:In nomine Domini
846:
830:
829:
793:Germanic peoples
749:
745:
721:
706:
705:
626:
607:
606:
548:Hispanic coinage
528:
509:
508:
463:
444:
443:
429:
421:
413:
409:
302:
283:
282:
261:Byzantine Empire
37:
19:
18:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1707:
1692:
1687:
1684:
1677:
1666:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1581:
1552:
1547:
1544:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1518:
1509:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1453:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1371:Un monnayage...
1368:
1364:
1355:
1334:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1195:
1179:
1177:Further reading
1109:
1048:(Siviglia) and
1020:
1009:
1005:
1002:, for example
1001:
954:
918:
901:in 680 to 681.
801:
704:
691:
605:
550:
500:
488:Valentinian III
449:Valentinian III
442:
398:
375:Priscus Attalus
361:, where in 414
281:
181:
171:
149:Wayback Machine
122:Philip Grierson
114:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1812:
1810:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1789:Coins of Spain
1786:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1760:
1751:
1742:
1733:
1720:
1712:
1690:
1682:
1664:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1615:
1594:
1586:
1550:
1542:
1531:
1523:
1507:
1493:
1479:
1465:
1451:
1438:
1424:
1382:
1375:
1362:
1332:
1313:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1253:
1239:
1230:Kurt, Andrew.
1228:
1221:
1203:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1178:
1175:
1108:
1105:
1019:
1016:
1007:
1003:
999:
952:
917:
914:
865:
864:
856:
855:
852:
848:
847:
839:
838:
800:
797:
736:
735:
731:
730:
727:
723:
722:
714:
713:
703:
700:
690:
687:
673:(518-527) and
645:
644:
636:
635:
632:
628:
627:
619:
618:
604:
601:
549:
546:
543:
542:
538:
537:
534:
530:
529:
521:
520:
514:Libius Severus
504:Libius Severus
499:
496:
482:
481:
473:
472:
469:
465:
464:
456:
455:
441:
438:
397:
394:
367:Galla Placidia
333:
332:
324:
323:
312:
304:
303:
295:
294:
280:
279:Gallic coinage
277:
219:
218:
215:
210:, after which
204:
170:
167:
159:Dumbarton Oaks
113:
110:
64:was minted in
56:
55:
47:
46:
43:
39:
38:
30:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1811:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1764:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
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1675:
1673:
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1629:
1625:
1619:
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1604:
1598:
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1585:
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1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1477:Barbaric copy
1475:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
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1341:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1251:9789089647771
1248:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1015:
1012:
997:
993:
989:
984:
982:
978:
974:
968:
965:
960:
958:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
929:
922:
915:
913:
911:
907:
902:
900:
896:
895:Monothelitism
892:
888:
887:Mérida, Spain
884:
879:
877:
873:
862:
857:
853:
850:
849:
845:
840:
836:
833:Tremissis of
831:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
798:
796:
794:
790:
785:
783:
777:
775:
771:
768:but rather a
767:
763:
759:
753:
750:REX VARCINONA
743:
732:
728:
725:
724:
720:
715:
712:
707:
701:
699:
695:
688:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
661:
657:
653:
642:
637:
633:
630:
629:
625:
620:
617:
613:
610:Imitation of
608:
602:
600:
598:
594:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
554:
547:
539:
535:
532:
531:
527:
522:
519:
515:
512:Imitation of
510:
507:
505:
497:
495:
491:
489:
479:
474:
470:
467:
466:
462:
457:
454:
450:
447:Imitation of
445:
439:
437:
433:
427:
419:
407:
403:
395:
393:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
351:
348:
344:
340:
330:
325:
321:
317:
313:
310:
306:
305:
301:
296:
293:
289:
286:Imitation of
284:
278:
276:
273:
272:periodisation
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
233:
228:
224:
216:
213:
209:
205:
202:
201:
200:
194:
190:
185:
180:
176:
168:
166:
164:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
143:
142:
137:
132:
129:
127:
123:
119:
111:
109:
107:
104:ended by the
101:
99:
94:
90:
86:
82:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
53:
48:
44:
41:
40:
36:
31:
28:
24:
20:
1763:
1754:
1745:
1740:Aguiló, 1946
1736:
1728:
1723:
1709:
1679:
1649:
1640:
1631:
1623:
1618:
1606:. Retrieved
1597:
1583:
1539:
1534:
1520:
1496:
1482:
1468:
1454:
1446:
1441:
1427:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1370:
1365:
1357:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1265:
1257:
1242:
1235:
1224:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1183:
1168:
1148:
1117:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1090:
1081:
1073:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1013:
991:
985:
975:), Ispalis (
969:
961:
956:
944:
941:Chindasuinth
936:
932:
930:
927:
924:REX monogram
903:
891:Justinian II
880:
868:
809:Chindasuinth
802:
786:
782:Chindasuinth
778:
754:
739:
710:
696:
692:
667:Anastasius I
664:
648:
615:
590:
559:
517:
501:
492:
485:
452:
434:
399:
387:
369:, sister of
352:
336:
291:
269:
230:
220:
198:
162:
152:
140:
133:
130:
117:
115:
102:
78:
61:
59:
26:
23:Chindasuinth
1360:, pp. 44-46
1223:Kent, J.P.
1058:Cesaracosta
805:Recceswinth
784:(641-652).
758:Hermenegild
746:XIVVIGILDVS
709:Liuvigild:
675:Justinian I
669:(491-518),
662:(524-534).
612:Justinian I
560:In 507 the
136:Henry Cohen
72:during the
1778:Categories
1445:Grierson:
1356:Grierson:
1193:References
1171:Reccopolis
1120:Reccared I
1044:(Mérida),
837:(680-687)
774:Reccared I
656:Burgundian
578:Septimania
173:See also:
161:(DOC) and
112:Cataloging
1589:pp. 49-52
1526:pp. 46-49
1329:: 69–101.
1289:Footnotes
1144:Constantí
1136:Liuvigild
1093:Gallaecia
1070:Tarragona
939:. Under
742:Liuvigild
711:tremissis
641:tremissis
616:tremissis
574:Alaric II
478:tremissis
453:tremissis
383:Liuvigild
343:tremisses
232:foederati
227:romanized
193:Alaric II
179:Visigoths
93:Visigoths
85:tremissis
27:tremissis
1713:—
1710:Grierson
1683:—
1680:Grierson
1608:17 April
1587:—
1584:Grierson
1543:—
1540:Grierson
1524:—
1521:Grierson
1162:and the
1132:Bordeaux
1086:Pyrenees
1078:Narbonne
1062:Zaragoza
1054:Eliberis
964:Suintila
671:Justin I
652:Amalaric
586:Pyrenees
584:and the
570:Clovis I
406:Honorius
371:Honorius
365:married
359:Narbonne
355:Toulouse
347:Siliquae
309:Honorius
288:Honorius
253:Hispania
249:Pyrenees
241:Honorius
237:Aquitane
212:Clovis I
145:Archived
83:and the
70:Hispania
1449:, p. 44
1405:monetis
1373:, p. 24
1156:Abusejo
1097:Galicia
1082:Narbona
1074:Narbona
1066:Tarraco
1050:Cordoba
1046:Ispalis
1042:Emerita
977:Seville
973:Granada
937:dominus
910:Roderic
906:Wittiza
876:Wittiza
821:Seville
813:Cordova
660:Godomar
518:solidus
426:exergue
418:labarum
402:Ravenna
329:siliqua
320:Victory
292:siliqua
165:(MIB).
81:solidus
52:Seville
1660:solido
1249:
1217:
1107:Hoards
1072:) and
1038:Toleto
1006:IVVIGI
861:Mérida
825:Girona
817:Toledo
762:Ingund
566:Franks
363:Ataulf
339:solidi
191:under
98:Franks
1729:Miles
1715:p. 53
1685:p. 52
1140:Wamba
1018:Mints
996:theta
988:delta
981:Évora
949:Wamba
933:reges
883:Erwig
872:Egica
835:Erwig
766:Arian
658:King
582:Rhône
430:COMOB
422:R – V
138:, in
1626:, 51
1610:2009
1545:p.76
1358:cit.
1247:ISBN
1215:ISBN
874:and
815:and
639:AV,
341:and
316:Roma
187:The
177:and
68:and
66:Gaul
60:The
1658:Il
1447:MEC
1384:...
1138:to
1080:).
1064:),
683:rho
476:AV
404:by
327:AR
239:by
1780::
1693:^
1667:^
1553:^
1510:^
1335:^
1325:.
1306:.
1234:,
1166:.
992:th
795:.
614::
588:.
516::
451::
432:.
392:.
345:.
290::
267:.
108:.
100:.
25::
1612:.
1407:,
1327:3
1308:1
1076:(
1068:(
1060:(
1008:+
1004:+
1000:+
953:+
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
