Hallucination - Knowledge (XXG)

1457:) that are associated with sensory processing. Cortical inputs to thalamic neurons enable attentional modulation of sensory neurons. Dysfunction in sensory afferents, and abnormal cortical input may result in pre-existing expectations modulating sensory experience, potentially resulting in the generation of hallucinations. Hallucinations are associated with less accurate sensory processing, and more intense stimuli with less interference are necessary for accurate processing and the appearance of gamma oscillations (called "gamma synchrony"). Hallucinations are also associated with the absence of reduction in P50 amplitude in response to the presentation of a second stimuli after an initial stimulus; this is thought to represent failure to gate sensory stimuli, and can be exacerbated by 1146:

hallucinations can frighten and disconcert as to what is real and what is not. The hallucinations can sometimes be dispersed by eye movements, or by reasoned logic such as, "I can see fire but there is no smoke and there is no heat from it" or perhaps, "We have an infestation of rats but they have pink ribbons with a bell tied on their necks." Over elapsed months and years, the hallucinations may become more or less frequent with changes in ability to see. The length of time that the sight impaired person can have these hallucinations varies according to the underlying speed of eye deterioration. A differential diagnosis are ophthalmopathic hallucinations.

159: 880:, cenesthopathic hallucinations are a pathological alteration in the sense of bodily existence, caused by aberrant bodily sensations Most often, cenesthopathic hallucinations will refer to sensation in the visceral organs. Therefore, it is also known as visceral hallucinations.Manifestations are often subjective, hard to describe and unique to the sufferer. Common manifestations include pressure, burning, tickling, or tightening in various body systems. While these hallucinations can be experienced by a variety of psychiatric and neurological disorder, cenesthopathic schizophrenia is recognized by the 403:. They may be benevolent (telling the subject good things about themselves) or malicious, cursing the subject. 55% of auditory hallucinations are malicious in content, for example, people talking about the subject, not speaking to them directly. Like auditory hallucinations, the source of the visual counterpart can also be behind the subject. This can produce a feeling of being looked or stared at, usually with malicious intent. Frequently, auditory hallucinations and their visual counterpart are experienced by the subject together. 1514:

Children and adolescents have been found to experience similar rates (12.7% and 12.4% respectively) which occur mostly during late childhood and adolescence. This is compared with adults and those over 60 (with rates of 5.8% and 4.8% respectively). For those with schizophrenia, the lifetime prevalence of hallucinations is 80% and the estimated prevalence of visual hallucinations is 27%, compared to 79% for auditory hallucinations. A 2019 study suggested 16.2% of adults with

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something simple or something that is a threat, it is still considered a "command hallucination." Some helpful questions that can assist one in determining if they may have this includes: "What are the voices telling you to do?", "When did your voices first start telling you to do things?", "Do you recognize the person who is telling you to harm yourself (or others)?", "Do you think you can resist doing what the voices are telling you to do?"

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erogenous zone, sensing stimulation in the genitals, feeling the fondling of one's breasts or buttocks and tastes or smells related to sexual activity. Visualizations of sexual content and auditory voices making sexually explicit remarks may sometimes be included in this classification. While it features components of other classifications, sexual hallucinations are distinct due to the orgasmic component and unique presentation.

482:) are the perception of sound without outside stimulus. Auditory hallucinations can be divided into elementary and complex, along with verbal and nonverbal. These hallucinations are the most common type of hallucination, with auditory verbal hallucinations being more common than nonverbal. Elementary hallucinations are the perception of sounds such as hissing, whistling, an extended tone, and more. In many cases, 36: 1188:, a hallucination of a mirror image of one's self. These "other selves" may be perfectly still or performing complex tasks, may be an image of a younger self or the present self, and tend to be briefly present. Complex hallucinations are a relatively uncommon finding in temporal lobe epilepsy patients. Rarely, they may occur during occipital focal seizures or in 1388:, which suggested approximately 10% of the population had experienced at least one hallucinatory episode in the course of their life. More recent studies have validated these findings; the precise incidence found varies with the nature of the episode and the criteria of "hallucination" adopted, but the basic finding is now well-supported. 1064:. The segue into hallucination may begin with illusions where sensory perception is greatly distorted, but no novel sensory information is present. These typically last for several minutes, during which time the subject may be either conscious and normal or drowsy/inaccessible. Insight into these hallucinations is usually preserved and 666:

Command hallucinations are hallucinations in the form of commands; they appear to be from an external source, or can appear coming from the subject's head. The contents of the hallucinations can range from the innocuous to commands to cause harm to the self or others. Command hallucinations are often

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A risk factor for multimodal hallucinations is prior experience of unimodal hallucinations. In 90% cases of psychosis, a visual hallucination occurs in combination with another sensory modality, most often being auditory or somatic. In schizophrenia, multimodal hallucinations are twice as common as

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hallucination refers to somatic hallucinations not otherwise categorized by the above subsections. Common examples include when an individual feels that their body is being mutilated, i.e. twisted, torn, or disemboweled. Other reported cases are invasion by animals in the person's internal organs,

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Command hallucinations are sometimes used to defend a crime that has been committed, often homicides. In essence, it is a voice that one hears and it tells the listener what to do. Sometimes the commands are quite benign directives such as "Stand up" or "Shut the door." Whether it is a command for

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These hallucinations occur just before falling asleep and affect a high proportion of the population: in one survey 37% of the respondents experienced them twice a week. The hallucinations can last from seconds to minutes; all the while, the subject usually remains aware of the true nature of the

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or orgasmic stimuli. They may be unimodal or multimodal in nature and frequently involve sensation in the genital region, though it is not exclusive. Frequent examples of sexual hallucinations include the sensation of being penetrated, experiencing orgasm, feeling as if one is being touched in an

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Prevalence of hallucinations varies depending on underlying medical conditions, which sensory modalities are affected, age and culture. As of 2022, auditory hallucinations are the most well studied and most common sensory modality of hallucinations, with an estimated lifetime prevalence of 9.6%.

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Complex hallucinations are those of voices, music, or other sounds that may or may not be clear, may or may not be familiar, and may be friendly, aggressive, or among other possibilities. A hallucination of a single individual person of one or more talking voices is particularly associated with

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One proposed model of hallucinations posits that over-activity in sensory regions, which is normally attributed to internal sources via feedforward networks to the inferior frontal gyrus, is interpreted as originating externally due to abnormal connectivity or functionality of the feedforward

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person. The hallucinations can occur at any time and can distress people of any age, as they may not initially be aware that they are hallucinating. They may fear for their own mental health initially, which may delay them sharing with carers until they start to understand it themselves. The

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is an elementary auditory hallucination. However, some people who experience certain types of tinnitus, especially pulsatile tinnitus, are actually hearing the blood rushing through vessels near the ear. Because the auditory stimulus is present in this situation, it does not qualify it as a

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is called multimodal, analogous to unimodal hallucinations which have only one sensory modality. The multiple sensory modalities can occur at the same time (simultaneously) or with a delay (serial), be related or unrelated to each other, and be consistent with reality (congruent) or not

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In schizophrenia, voices are normally perceived coming from outside the person, but in dissociative disorders they are perceived as originating from within the person, commenting in their head instead of behind their back. Differential diagnosis between schizophrenia and

1010:. These hallucinations usually occur in the evenings, but not during drowsiness, as in the case of hypnagogic hallucination. The subject is usually fully conscious and then can interact with the hallucinatory characters for extended periods of time. As in the case of 1482:

medication may also be utilized to treat the illness if the symptoms are severe and cause significant distress. For other causes of hallucinations there is no factual evidence to support any one treatment is scientifically tested and proven. However, abstaining from

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Disruptions in thalamocortical circuitry may underlie the observed top down and bottom up dysfunction. Thalamocortical circuits, composed of projections between thalamic and cortical neurons and adjacent interneurons, underlie certain electrophysical characteristics

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drugs, stimulant drugs, managing stress levels, living healthily, and getting plenty of sleep can help reduce the prevalence of hallucinations. In all cases of hallucinations, medical attention should be sought out and informed of one's specific symptoms.

1040:. Individuals with delirium tremens may be agitated and confused, especially in the later stages of this disease. Insight is gradually reduced with the progression of this disorder. Sleep is disturbed and occurs for a shorter period of time, with 5137: 5122: 1473:

There are few treatments for many types of hallucinations. However, for those hallucinations caused by mental disease, a psychologist or psychiatrist should be consulted, and treatment will be based on the observations of those doctors.

1203:), distorted perception of movement (where moving objects may appear to be moving very slowly or to be perfectly still), a sense that surfaces such as ceilings and even entire horizons are moving farther away in a fashion similar to the 5275: 693:

Phantosmia (olfactory hallucinations), smelling an odor that is not actually there, and parosmia (olfactory illusions), inhaling a real odor but perceiving it as different scent than remembered, are distortions to the sense of smell

1166:, multiply, or form concentric rings and generally persist from a few seconds to a few minutes. They are usually unilateral and localized to one part of the visual field on the contralateral side of the seizure focus, typically the 523:

with schizophrenia or other psychiatric illnesses, it is crucial to take into consideration that, even if a person does exhibit psychotic features, they do not necessarily have a psychiatric disorder on its own. Disorders such as

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Abnormal assignment of salience to stimuli may be one mechanism of hallucinations. Dysfunctional dopamine signaling may lead to abnormal top down regulation of sensory processing, allowing expectations to distort sensory input.

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Trauner R, Obwegeser H (July 1957). "The surgical correction of mandibular prognathism and retrognathia with consideration of genioplasty. I. Surgical procedures to correct mandibular prognathism and reshaping of the chin".

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for their similar hallucinatory symptoms. Presence hallucinations can be an early indicator of cognitive decline in Parkinson's Disease. The symptoms strike during the evening in any part of the visual field, and are rarely

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Hallucinations may be manifested in a variety of forms. Various forms of hallucinations affect different senses, sometimes occurring simultaneously, creating multiple sensory hallucinations for those experiencing them.

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Somatic hallucinations refer to an interoceptive sensory experience in the absence of stimulus. Somatic hallucinations can be broken down into further subcategories: general, algesic, kinesthetic, and cenesthopathic.

626:(SVH) are also referred to as non-formed visual hallucinations and elementary visual hallucinations. These terms refer to lights, colors, geometric shapes, and indiscrete objects. These can be further subdivided into 1500:

can also reduce the severity of hallucinations. Furthermore, there are recovery movements all around the world that advocate for individuals with schizophrenia or voice-hearers (individuals that hear voices). The

1184:. Complex hallucinations may appear to be real or unreal, may or may not be distorted with respect to size, and may seem disturbing or affable, among other variables. One rare but notable type of hallucination is 2058:

Dudley R, Aynsworth C, Cheetham R, McCarthy-Jones S, Collerton D (November 2018). "Prevalence and characteristics of multi-modal hallucinations in people with psychosis who experience visual hallucinations".

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being a risk factor for religious hallucinations, with and 61.7% of people having experienced any delusion and 75.9% of those having experienced a religious delusion found to also experience hallucinations.

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This type of hallucination is the perception of taste without a stimulus. These hallucinations, which are typically strange or unpleasant, are relatively common among individuals who have certain types of

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Lim A, Hoek HW, Deen ML, Blom JD, Bruggeman R, Cahn W, et al. (October 2016). "Prevalence and classification of hallucinations in multiple sensory modalities in schizophrenia spectrum disorders".

1112:. The hallucinations occur during states of full consciousness, and insight into the hallucinatory nature of the images is preserved. It has been noted that ataxic lesions accompany the migraine coma. 1441:, and the right hemispheric homologue of Broca's area in the inferior frontal gyrus. Grey and white matter abnormalities in visual regions are associated with hallucinations in diseases such as 413:

are considered normal phenomena. Hypnagogic hallucinations can occur as one is falling asleep and hypnopompic hallucinations occur when one is waking up. Hallucinations can be associated with

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Engmann B (2008). "Phosphene und Photopsien – Okzipitallappeninfarkt oder Reizdeprivation?" [Phosphenes and photopsias - ischaemic origin or sensorial deprivation? - Case history].

1505:, starting in Europe, is a great example of utilizing the knowledge and experience of voice hearers and combining it with experts in disorders such as schizophrenia, such as psychiatrists. 2652:

Engmann B, Reuter M (2009). "Melodiewahrnehmung ohne äußeren Reiz: Halluzination oder Epilepsie? Ein Fallbericht" [Spontaneous perception of melodies: Hallucination or epilepsy?].

671:. People experiencing command hallucinations may or may not comply with the hallucinated commands, depending on the circumstances. Compliance is more common for non-violent commands. 3491:

Chaton L, Chochoi M, Reyns N, Lopes R, Derambure P, Szurhaj W (December 2018). "Localization of an epileptic orgasmic feeling to the right amygdala, using intracranial electrodes".

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Musical hallucinations are also relatively common in terms of complex auditory hallucinations and may be the result of a wide range of causes ranging from hearing-loss (such as in

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A 2015 review of 55 publications from 1962 to 2014 found 16–28.6% of those experiencing hallucinations report at least some religious content in them, along with 20–60% reporting

1369:, such as so-called benign hallucinations, may occur in a person in a state of good mental and physical health, even in the apparent absence of a transient trigger factor such as 1108:

This type of hallucination is usually experienced during the recovery from a comatose state. The migraine coma can last for up to two days, and a state of depression is sometimes

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when it occurs for prolonged periods of time, and almost always occurs in the modality being deprived (visual for blindfolded/darkness, auditory for muffled conditions, etc.)

698:), and in most cases, are not caused by anything serious and will usually go away on their own in time. It can result from a range of conditions such as nasal infections, 752:

Tactile hallucinations are the illusion of tactile sensory input, simulating various types of pressure to the skin or other organs. One subtype of tactile hallucination,

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The evidence for this statement has been accumulating for more than a century. Studies of benign hallucinatory experiences go back to 1886 and the early work of the

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Ozsarac M, Aksay E, Kiyan S, Unek O, Gulec FF (July 2012). "De novo cerebral arteriovenous malformation: Pink Floyd's song "Brick in the Wall" as a warning sign".

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For example, one may report hallucinating a giraffe. A simple visual hallucination is an amorphous figure that may have a similar shape or color to a giraffe (

1433:, is associated with auditory hallucinations as a trait, while acute hallucinations are associated with increased activity in the same regions along with the 2115: 1413:

It has been reported that in serotonergic hallucinations, the person maintains an awareness that they are hallucinating, unlike dopaminergic hallucinations.

4659:"What Constitutes Sufficient Evidence for Case Formulation-Driven CBT for Psychosis? Cumulative Meta-analysis of the Effect on Hallucinations and Delusions" 1713:"What Constitutes Sufficient Evidence for Case Formulation-Driven CBT for Psychosis? Cumulative Meta-analysis of the Effect on Hallucinations and Delusions" 1421:

Hallucinations are associated with structural and functional abnormalities in primary and secondary sensory cortices. Reduced grey matter in regions of the

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Maijer K, Begemann MJ, Palmen SJ, Leucht S, Sommer IE (April 2018). "Auditory hallucinations across the lifespan: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

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School of Psychological Sciences revealed that as few as five cups of coffee a day (approximately 500 mg of caffeine) could trigger the phenomenon.

2595:"Diagnosing Organic Causes of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Findings from a One-Year Cohort of the Freiburg Diagnostic Protocol in Psychosis (FDPP)" 1896: 2990: 1449:

network. This is supported by cognitive studies of those with hallucinations, who have demonstrated abnormal attribution of self generated stimuli.

881: 640:(CVH) are also referred to as formed visual hallucinations. CVHs are clear, lifelike images or scenes such as people, animals, objects, places, etc. 4760: 706:, strokes, or brain tumors. Environmental exposures can sometimes cause it as well, such as smoking, exposure to certain types of chemicals (e.g., 515:

may sometimes hear voices as well. One important example to consider when forming a differential diagnosis for a patient with paracusia is lateral

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pars compacta, but recent evidence suggests that PD affects a number of sites in the brain. Some places of noted degradation include the median

4788:"A comprehensive review of auditory verbal hallucinations: lifetime prevalence, correlates and mechanisms in healthy and clinical individuals" 1324:

as a dissociative. These drugs also can induce sleep (relating to hypnagogic hallucinations) and especially the pethidines have atropine-like

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Aleman A, Vercammon A. "The Bottom Up and Top Down Components of Hallucinatory Phenomenon". In Jardri R, Cachia A, Pins D, Thomas P (eds.).

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Behrendt RP (May 2006). "Dysregulation of thalamic sensory "transmission" in schizophrenia: neurochemical vulnerability to hallucinations".

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meaning to wander in the mind. For Browne, hallucination means a sort of vision that is "depraved and receive its objects erroneously".

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Ohayon MM, Priest RG, Caulet M, Guilleminault C (October 1996). "Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations: pathological phenomena?".

1340:, called the "wonder drug of the 1930s" after its invention in Germany in 1928, but only rarely specially compounded today) (q.q.v.). 598: 5223: 4177: 5050: 5031: 4121: 578:

is a support and advocacy group for people who hallucinate voices, but do not otherwise show signs of mental illness or impairment.

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perceptions", in which a correctly sensed and interpreted stimulus (i.e., a real perception) is given some additional significance.

119: 1014:, insight into the nature of the images remains intact. The false images can occur in any part of the visual field, and are rarely 3904: 3395:

Janszky J, Ebner A, Szupera Z, Schulz R, Hollo A, Szücs A, et al. (September 2004). "Orgasmic aura—a report of seven cases".

158: 2820: 1336:(respectively in the Twilight Sleep technique and the combination drug Skophedal, which was eukodal (oxycodone), scopolamine and 948:(incongruent). For example, a person talking in a hallucination would be congruent with reality, but a cat talking would not be. 1207:, and other illusions. Even when consciousness is impaired, insight into the hallucination or illusion is typically preserved. 585:

consumption has been linked to an increase in likelihood of one experiencing auditory hallucinations. A study conducted by the

2170:"Visual hallucinations in the psychosis spectrum and comparative information from neurodegenerative disorders and eye disease" 1180:, on the other hand, can produce complex visual hallucinations of people, scenes, animals, and more as well as distortions of 4156: 3598:

Jenkins G, Röhricht F (2007). "From Cenesthesias to Cenesthopathic Schizophrenia: A Historical and Phenomenological Review".

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Penfield W, Rasmussen T. The cerebral cortex of man: a clinical study of localization of function. London: Macmillan, 1950.

1998:"A Review of Multimodal Hallucinations: Categorization, Assessment, Theoretical Perspectives, and Clinical Recommendations" 1328:

activity, which was possibly also a limiting factor in the use, the psychotomimetic side effects of potentiating morphine,

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Multimodal hallucinations are correlated to poorer mental health outcomes, and are often experienced as feeling more real.

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Akhtar S, Thomson JA (April 1980). "Schizophrenia and sexuality: a review and a report of twelve unusual cases--part I".

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actions and certain stimulants, which are known to cause visual and auditory hallucinations. Some psychedelics such as

5590: 5480: 2843: 1810: 1308:, amongst which there also appears to be a stronger correlation with the relative analgesic strength. Three opioids, 817:

The regions of the brain responsible differ by the subsection of sexual hallucination. In orgasmic auras, the mesial

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are connected. Limited studies have been done to understand the mechanism of action behind sexual hallucinations in

5260: 4970:"Religious psychopathology: The prevalence of religious content of delusions and hallucinations in mental disorder" 1361: 1238: 1130:

Migraine attacks may result in visual hallucinations including auras and in rarer cases, auditory hallucinations.

738:). The perceived odors are usually unpleasant and commonly described as smelling burned, foul, spoiled, or rotten. 2951:

Knoll JL, Resnick PJ (February 2008). "Insanity Defense Evaluations: Toward a Model for Evidence-Based Practice".

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Beck-Sander A, Birchwood M, Chadwick P (February 1997). "Acting on command hallucinations: a cognitive approach".

2103: 46: 5368: 5250: 3676:"Hallucinations in the movies tend to be about chaos, violence and mental distress. But they can be positive too" 1683:"Hallucinations in the movies tend to be about chaos, violence and mental distress. But they can be positive too" 1599: 1056: 207: 1158:

differ depending on the region of the brain where the seizure occurs. For example, visual hallucinations during

619:, which is a distortion of a real external stimulus. Visual hallucinations are classified as simple or complex: 5152: 3043:

Hong SC, Holbrook EH, Leopold DA, Hummel T (June 2012). "Distorted olfactory perception: a systematic review".

2368: 2224:"The neuropharmacology of sleep paralysis hallucinations: serotonin 2A activation and a novel therapeutic drug" 2150: 1559: 1041: 1011: 934:. The general feeling that one's flesh is decomposing is also classified under this type of this hallucination. 406: 322: 314: 86: 4888:

The impact of personal religiosity and culture on the content of delusions and hallucinations in schizophrenia

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to different degrees—it may be associated with the absolute degree of agonism or antagonism of especially the

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is "the perception of an external visual stimulus where none exists". A separate but related phenomenon is a

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Bunevičius P, Stompe R, Adomaitienė T, Vaškelytė V, Kupčinskas JJ, Stakišaitis L, et al. (2008-09-08).

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The word "hallucination" itself was introduced into the English language by the 17th-century physician Sir

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Sem-Jacobsen CW. Depth-electrographic stimulation of the human brain and behavior. Toronto: Ryerson, 1968.

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Chen E, Berrios GE (1996). "Recognition of hallucinations: a new multidimensional model and methodology".

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Brown GG, Thompson WK (2010). "Functional Brain Imaging in Schizophrenia: Selected Results and Methods".

337:, which does not mimic real perception, and is under voluntary control. Hallucinations also differ from " 2741:"Emerging Processes Within Peer-Support Hearing Voices Groups: A Qualitative Study in the Dutch Context" 1640: 1584: 1426: 1269: 1261: 1125: 765: 747: 533: 504: 430: 302: 223: 756:, is the sensation of insects crawling underneath the skin and is frequently associated with prolonged 4628: 5256:

Geometric visual hallucinations, Euclidean symmetry and the functional architecture of striate cortex

5203: 1630: 1614: 1604: 1037: 984:. Hypnagogic hallucinations are sometimes associated with brainstem abnormalities, but this is rare. 556: 3927: 3250:"Sexual Hallucinations in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders and Their Relation With Childhood Trauma" 5346: 5141: 4242:

Mason OJ, Brady F (October 2009). "The psychotomimetic effects of short-term sensory deprivation".

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Montagnese M, Leptourgos P, Fernyhough C, Waters F, Larøi F, Jardri R, et al. (January 2021).

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One of the more enigmatic forms of visual hallucination is the highly variable, possibly polymodal

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seizures are typically visions of brightly colored, geometric shapes that may move across the

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experience hallucinations, with prevalence rising to 24% in the most hearing impaired group.

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Distortions in visual perception during a temporal lobe seizure may include size distortion (

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Losurdo G, Principi M, Iannone A, Amoruso A, Ierardi E, Di Leo A, et al. (April 2018).

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and some other families are more associated with this side effect than natural opioids like

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Linszen MM, van Zanten GA, Teunisse RJ, Brouwer RM, Scheltens P, Sommer IE (January 2019).

3880:"Presence Hallucinations as an Early Indicator of Cognitive Decline in Parkinson's Disease" 93: 5377: 2593:

Endres D, Matysik M, Feige B, Venhoff N, Schweizer T, Michel M, et al. (2020-09-14).

1574: 1438: 1325: 1234: 1081: 850: 798: 727: 715: 438: 385: 243: 235: 170: 4336:"Extra-intestinal manifestations of non-celiac gluten sensitivity: An expanding paradigm" 2424:"Mechanisms Underlying Auditory Hallucinations—Understanding Perception without Stimulus" 1855:

Purves D, Augustine G, Fitzpatrick D, Hall WC, LaMantia A, Mooney R, et al. (2018).

1569: 1430: 906:, are the sensation of movement of the limbs or other body parts without actual movement. 395:, and can occur in most of the senses above. These may be things like seeing movement in 3912: 2168:

Waters F, Collerton D, Ffytche DH, Jardri R, Pins D, Dudley R, et al. (July 2014).

793:. The regions of the brain responsible for gustatory hallucination in this case are the 4994: 4969: 4814: 4787: 4732: 4707: 4683: 4658: 4547: 4520: 4496: 4479: 4455: 4430: 4362: 4335: 4098: 4004: 3979: 3855: 3830: 3659: 3634: 3468: 3443: 3276: 3249: 2888: 2767: 2740: 2629: 2594: 2517: 2482: 2458: 2423: 2250: 2223: 2196: 2169: 2022: 1997: 1954: 1786: 1761: 1737: 1712: 1265: 1159: 903: 810: 794: 714:), or radiation treatment for head or neck cancer. It can also be a symptom of certain 512: 508: 369: 334: 5146: 4220: 3159: 3134: 2828: 5574: 4923:"Auditory hallucinations in adults with hearing impairment: a large prevalence study" 4723: 4300:

Sidgwick E, Johnson A, et al. (1894). "Report on the Census of Hallucinations".

3444:"Bilateral cortical representation of orgasmic ecstasy localized by depth electrodes" 3072: 2964: 2136: 2039: 1922:"Early-stage visual perception impairment in schizophrenia, bottom-up and back again" 1921: 1777: 1645: 1489: 1475: 1305: 1273: 1189: 1167: 1155: 1121: 1077: 885: 874: 818: 735: 668: 496: 445: 400: 388:. Hallucinations are referred to as multimodal if multiple sensory modalities occur. 381: 349: 306: 281: 227: 4599: 4446: 4271: 2088: 760:

use. However, formication may also be the result of normal hormonal changes such as

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a giraffe), while a complex visual hallucination is a discrete, lifelike image that

519:. Despite the tendency to associate hearing voices, or otherwise hallucinating, and 5434: 4871: 3733: 2692: 2072: 1660: 1515: 1484: 1226: 1222: 1216: 1171: 1163: 1073: 834: 769: 231: 215: 4429:

El Haj M, Roche J, Jardri R, Kapogiannis D, Gallouj K, Antoine P (December 2017).

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Assessment in psychiatric and mental health nursing: in search of the whole person

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or the overall receptor activation profile as synthetic opioids like those of the

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is the name given to visual hallucinations experienced by a partially or severely

5157: 4255: 4027:

Bien CG, Benninger FO, Urbach H, Schramm J, Kurthen M, Elger CE (February 2000).

3544: 3504: 3354: 3056: 17: 5557: 5532: 5187: 4126: 3768: 3755: 2611: 1434: 1333: 1309: 1281: 1277: 1185: 1109: 1085: 838: 826: 773: 753: 707: 699: 549: 410: 399:, or hearing faint noises or voices. Auditory hallucinations are very common in 377: 310: 305:

that has the compelling sense of reality. Hallucination is a combination of two

35: 5168: 4706:

Penney D, Sauvé G, Mendelson D, Thibaudeau É, Moritz S, Lepage M (March 2022).

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is usually reduced. Parkinson's disease is usually associated with a degraded

1061: 1015: 1007: 981: 974: 684: 606: 602: 298: 276: 191: 4985: 4896: 4804: 4674: 4583: 4392:. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. Vol. 4. pp. 181–214. 4352: 4089: 3964: 3635:"A first psychotic episode with kinesthetic hallucinations. Report of a case" 3266: 2620: 2508: 2449: 1945: 1728: 5552: 5495: 5457: 5429: 5363: 5329: 5319: 5311: 5303: 5131: 4756: 4537: 3584: 2499: 2440: 2186: 2013: 1609: 1337: 1329: 1313: 1293: 1289: 1200: 1196: 1097: 1065: 960: 761: 631: 627: 545: 520: 492: 426: 418: 365: 357: 318: 5003: 4949: 4863: 4823: 4741: 4692: 4591: 4556: 4505: 4464: 4415: 4371: 4263: 4228: 4107: 4050: 4013: 3864: 3804: 3619: 3552: 3512: 3477: 3416: 3372: 3285: 3116: 3064: 2937: 2776: 2700: 2665: 2638: 2553: 2526: 2467: 2259: 2205: 2080: 2031: 1963: 1834: 1795: 1746: 511:

such as hallucinations. However, many people who do not have a diagnosable

3777: 3725: 3717: 3312: 3168: 3150: 2896: 2309: 1312:(a benzormorphan opioid/pentazocine relative) and two levorphanol-related 5515: 5510: 5505: 5449: 5422: 5334: 5324: 4397: 4081: 3995: 1589: 1530: 1458: 1297: 1285: 926: 846: 842: 822: 786: 688: 582: 483: 338: 330: 251: 4657:

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can cause hallucinations that range in the spectrum of mild to intense.

5542: 5500: 5407: 5394: 5382: 5341: 5299: 4153:"Talwin Injection - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses" 1301: 829:

are involved. In males, genital specific sensations are related to the

757: 711: 703: 568: 563:), lateral temporal lobe epilepsy, arteriovenous malformation, stroke, 5114: 3756:"Complex visual hallucinations. Clinical and neurobiological insights" 3611: 2301: 1174:

begin on the contralateral side and move toward the ipsilateral side.

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and arousal and ejaculation are linked to stimulation in the

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marked by primarily cenesthopathic hallucinations and other

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is challenging due to many overlapping symptoms, especially

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A Clinical Guide to Epileptic Syndromes and their Treatment

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and Dextrorphan are classified as hallucinogens, and

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Hallucinations can be caused by a number of factors.

5104: 4521:"Hallucinations: Etiology and clinical implications" 2844:"Approach to the patient with visual hallucinations" 5471: 5448: 5393: 5310: 5178: 5108: 1396:There is tentative evidence of a relationship with 1256:, particularly auditory, are known side effects of 275: 261: 187: 177: 151: 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4178:"Prescription Drugs That Can Cause Hallucinations" 3139:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2870: 2868: 1815:Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes 1002:, which is a neural tract running to and from the 4302:Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 2483:"Hallucinations: Clinical aspects and management" 4891:. Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT). 3015:"Phantosmia (Smelling Odours That Aren't There)" 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 317:. They are distinguishable from several related 139:"Hallucinate" redirects here. For the song, see 5224:"Anthropology and Hallucinations; chapter from 4209:Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral Pathology 3835:Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology 3799:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 3128: 3126: 4974:The International Journal of Social Psychiatry 4755:Knowledge (XXG) contributors (February 2024). 3084: 3082: 2104:"Auditory Hallucinations in Adult Populations" 1047: 930:such as snakes in the stomach or frogs in the 552:, and many others can present with psychosis. 448:in 1646 from the derivation of the Latin word 5276: 4064:Teeple RC, Caplan JP, Stern TA (2009-02-15). 3831:"Delirium Tremens: Assessment and Management" 2217: 2215: 1920:Adámek P, Langová V, Horáček J (2022-03-21). 702:, dental problems, migraines, head injuries, 8: 4029:"Localizing value of epileptic visual auras" 3442:Surbeck W, Bouthillier A, Nguyen DK (2013). 2715:"Rare Hallucinations Make Music In The Mind" 1889:Journal of the Hong Kong Medical Association 1409:Dopaminergic and serotonergic hallucinations 809:Sexual hallucinations are the perception of 4519:Kumar S, Soren S, Chaudhury S (July 2009). 1625:Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder 919:, refers to a perceived perception of pain. 391:A mild form of hallucination is known as a 5283: 5269: 5261: 5105: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 2877:The British Journal of Clinical Psychology 1221:Drug-induced hallucinations are caused by 1048:Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia 898:Kinesthetic hallucinations, effecting the 157: 148: 5083:(1. American ed.). New York: Knopf. 4993: 4813: 4803: 4731: 4682: 4546: 4536: 4495: 4454: 4361: 4351: 4244:The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 4097: 4040: 4003: 3854: 3767: 3658: 3467: 3362: 3275: 3265: 3158: 3106: 2927: 2766: 2756: 2628: 2610: 2516: 2498: 2457: 2439: 2249: 2239: 2195: 2185: 2021: 1953: 1785: 1736: 437:. Many hallucinations happen also during 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 4484:Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience 4383: 4381: 2987:raining Institute for Suicide Assessment 2352:(6e ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 283. 634:which are SVH with geometric structures. 167:My eyes at the moment of the apparitions 4480:"On the neurobiology of hallucinations" 4287:Phantasms of the Living, Vols. 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These may be associated with 630:which are SVH without structure, and 7: 3928:"Migraine Doctor Rice Village 77005" 3573:Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 3448:Epilepsy & Behavior Case Reports 2717:. ScienceDaily.com. August 9, 2000. 2053: 2051: 2049: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1400:, the so-called "gluten psychosis". 58:adding citations to reliable sources 5251:Hallucination: A Normal Phenomenon? 4786:de Leede-Smith S, Barkus E (2013). 3829:Grover S, Ghosh A (December 2018). 2983:"Uncovering Command Hallucinations" 2792:"Caffeine Linked to Hallucinations" 1527:some religious content in delusions 998:Peduncular means pertaining to the 5234:. November 4, 2006. Archived from 4615:The Neuroscience of Hallucinations 3633:Moreno FC, Barea MV (April 2021). 3301:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 3025:from the original on 2 August 2016 2889:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1997.tb01237.x 2422:Tracy D, Shergill S (2013-04-26). 599:Visual hallucinations in psychosis 25: 4340:World Journal of Gastroenterology 3706:The British Journal of Psychiatry 2681:The Journal of Emergency Medicine 2567:Thompson A (September 15, 2006). 1809:El-Mallakh RS, Walker KL (2010). 1344:Sensory deprivation hallucination 4724:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0277 3953:Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie 3762:. 121 ( Pt 10) (10): 1819–1840. 2993:from the original on 2014-01-02. 1778:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0277 1348:Hallucinations can be caused by 509:Schneiderian first rank symptoms 344:Hallucinations can occur in any 34: 4903:from the original on 2024-03-04 4792:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 4763:from the original on 2023-11-28 4639:from the original on 2024-01-08 4447:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.021 4188:from the original on 2021-08-28 4159:from the original on 2018-04-24 4134:from the original on 2018-04-24 3811:from the original on 2023-12-04 3686:from the original on 2023-05-28 2854:from the original on 2014-08-26 2802:from the original on 2024-01-01 2404:from the original on 2024-01-01 2379:from the original on 2024-01-01 2330:from the original on 2008-05-16 2118:from the original on 2022-06-07 1902:from the original on 2021-02-24 1693:from the original on 2023-05-28 45:needs additional citations for 27:Perception that only seems real 2965:10.1093/brief-treatment/mhm024 2916:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 2693:10.1016/j.jemermed.2009.05.035 2073:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.032 1386:Society for Psychical Research 855:post-traumatic stress disorder 478:hallucinations (also known as 301:in the absence of an external 134:Hallucination (disambiguation) 1: 5045:. London Sydney: Croom Helm. 5041:Slade PD, Bentall RP (1988). 5024:The Anatomy of Hallucinations 4572:Journal of Psychopharmacology 4525:Industrial Psychiatry Journal 4319:Slade PD, Bentall RP (1988). 4221:10.1016/S0030-4220(57)80063-2 3409:10.1016/j.seizure.2003.09.005 2827:. 8 June 2011. Archived from 2487:Industrial Psychiatry Journal 2102:Waters F (30 December 2014). 1529:. There is some evidence for 1398:non-celiac gluten sensitivity 1392:Non-celiac gluten sensitivity 1154:Visual hallucinations due to 797:and the superior bank of the 638:Complex visual hallucinations 256:Non-celiac gluten sensitivity 4256:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181b9760b 4035:. 123 ( Pt 2) (2): 244–253. 3545:10.1016/j.schres.2016.06.010 3505:10.1016/j.cortex.2018.07.013 3355:10.1097/HRP.0000000000000388 3343:Harvard Review of Psychiatry 3089:Leopold D (September 2002). 3057:10.3109/00016489.2012.659759 1494:cognitive behavioral therapy 1233:, including many drugs with 624:Simple visual hallucinations 542:systemic lupus erythematosus 266:Cognitive behavioral therapy 5481:Sensory processing disorder 3903:Derr D (14 February 2006). 3187:Panayiotopoulos CP (2010). 2612:10.3390/diagnostics10090691 837:. In females, however, the 652:, unmistakably, a giraffe. 5612: 5060:Aleman A, Larøi F (2008). 3878:Franchina P (2023-06-30). 3847:10.1016/j.jceh.2018.04.012 3651:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2101 3460:10.1016/j.ebcr.2013.03.002 2929:10.1177/070674370404901207 1938:10.1038/s41537-022-00237-9 1362:Hallucinations in the sane 1359: 1239:lysergic acid diethylamide 1214: 1211:Drug-induced hallucination 1119: 1025: 991: 972: 958: 943:A hallucination involving 745: 726:, intoxication, substance 682: 659: 596: 559:, the auditory version of 468: 411:hypnopompic hallucinations 138: 131: 4942:10.1017/S0033291718000594 4856:10.1017/s0033291717002367 4757:"Hearing Voices Movement" 4289:. London: Trubner and Co. 3791:Rahman A, Paul M (2023). 3769:10.1093/brain/121.10.1819 3197:10.1007/978-1-84628-644-5 3133:Berrios GE (April 1982). 2758:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.647969 2348:Nolen-Hoeksema S (2014). 2326:. thefreedictionary.com. 2241:10.1007/s00213-018-5042-1 2222:Jalal B (November 2018). 2151:"Auditory Hallucinations" 1827:10.1521/psyc.2010.73.1.34 1600:Microwave auditory effect 1332:, and other opioids with 1304:and semi-synthetics like 1012:hypnagogic hallucinations 407:Hypnagogic hallucinations 165: 156: 5026:. Chicago: Nelson-Hall. 4986:10.1177/0020764015573089 4805:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00367 4584:10.1177/0269881105057696 4353:10.3748/wjg.v24.i14.1521 3965:10.1024/1016-264X.19.1.7 3267:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00193 2540:Shibayama M (2011). "". 1560:Closed-eye hallucination 1252:, or intensification of 1042:rapid eye movement sleep 969:Hypnagogic hallucination 4538:10.4103/0972-6748.62273 4042:10.1093/brain/123.2.244 3254:Frontiers in Psychiatry 3108:10.1093/chemse/27.7.611 3013:HealthUnlocked (2014), 2745:Frontiers in Psychiatry 2500:10.4103/0972-6748.77625 2441:10.3390/brainsci3020642 1656:Apparitional experience 1503:Hearing Voices Movement 1423:superior temporal gyrus 1139:Charles Bonnet syndrome 1134:Charles Bonnet syndrome 994:Peduncular hallucinosis 988:Peduncular hallucinosis 764:, or disorders such as 576:Hearing Voices Movement 561:Charles Bonnet syndrome 212:Charles Bonnet syndrome 196:Peduncular hallucinosis 5490:Auditory hallucination 5232:psychanalyse-paris.com 5226:The Making of Religion 5218:Hearing Voices Network 4930:Psychological Medicine 4844:Psychological Medicine 4675:10.1093/schbul/sbaa045 4663:Schizophrenia Bulletin 3926:Zegar A (2022-12-15). 3533:Schizophrenia Research 3045:Acta Oto-Laryngologica 2666:10.1055/s-0038-1628605 2174:Schizophrenia Bulletin 2002:Schizophrenia Bulletin 1729:10.1093/schbul/sbaa045 1717:Schizophrenia Bulletin 1620:Psychedelic experience 1498:metacognitive training 1480:atypical antipsychotic 1178:Temporal lobe seizures 890:body image aberrations 835:posterior frontal lobe 791:temporal lobe epilepsy 534:metabolic disturbances 517:temporal lobe epilepsy 505:dissociative disorders 471:Auditory hallucination 431:neurological disorders 270:metacognitive training 4968:Cook CC (June 2015). 4478:Boksa P (July 2009). 4323:. London: Croom Helm. 3718:10.1192/bjp.169.4.459 3585:10.1093/arclin/act029 3151:10.1136/jnnp.45.4.285 2275:Pseudodoxia Epidemica 2187:10.1093/schbul/sbu036 2014:10.31219/osf.io/zebxv 1641:Vision (spirituality) 1585:Anomalous experiences 1427:middle temporal gyrus 1367:Anomalous experiences 1270:delta opioid receptor 1262:kappa opioid receptor 1126:Scintillating scotoma 766:peripheral neuropathy 748:Tactile hallucination 224:Anomalous experiences 4398:10.1007/7854_2010_54 4215:(7): 677–89, contd. 4082:10.4088/PCC.08r00673 3996:10.4088/PCC.08r00673 2796:Smithsonian Magazine 2481:Chaudhury S (2010). 1631:Psychotic depression 1605:Phantom eye syndrome 1250:pseudohallucinations 1038:alcohol use disorder 613:visual hallucination 557:musical ear syndrome 321:, such as dreaming ( 132:For other uses, see 54:improve this article 5347:Anterograde amnesia 5022:Johnson FH (1978). 3932:Rice Emergency Room 3639:European Psychiatry 2571:. LiveScience.com. 2350:Abnormal Psychology 2155:clevelandclinic.org 2061:Psychiatry Research 1651:Bicameral mentality 1580:Hallucinogenic fish 1555:Pseudohallucination 1443:Alzheimer's disease 1379:sensory deprivation 1350:sensory deprivation 1053:Parkinson's disease 732:psychotic disorders 662:Bicameral mentality 587:La Trobe University 327:pseudohallucination 220:Sensory deprivation 204:Parkinson's disease 5591:Nonexistent things 5352:Retrograde amnesia 5292:Signs and symptoms 5179:External resources 3909:The New York Times 3793:"Delirium Tremens" 2825:Medical News Today 2228:Psychopharmacology 1565:Dimethyltryptamine 1516:hearing impairment 1455:gamma oscillations 1057:Lewy body dementia 961:Psychosis (causes) 945:sensory modalities 538:multiple sclerosis 530:endocrine diseases 495:disorders such as 417:use (particularly 208:Lewy body dementia 141:Hallucinate (song) 5568: 5567: 5440:Suicidal ideation 5213: 5212: 5090:978-0-307-95724-5 5079:Sacks OW (2012). 5071:978-1-4338-0311-6 4407:978-3-642-13716-7 4346:(14): 1521–1530. 3612:10.1159/000106314 3231:978-0-7487-3174-9 3220:Barker P (1997). 3206:978-1-84628-643-8 2302:10.1159/000284972 2234:(11): 3083–3091. 2108:Psychiatric Times 1866:978-1-60535-380-7 1636:Simulated reality 1615:Prisoner's cinema 1205:dolly zoom effect 1182:visual perception 1090:parabrachial area 831:postcentral gyrus 423:sleep deprivation 397:peripheral vision 374:equilibrioceptive 309:states of brain: 291: 290: 248:sleep deprivation 240:drug intoxication 146:Medical condition 130: 129: 122: 104: 18:Visual distortion 16:(Redirected from 5603: 5285: 5278: 5271: 5262: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5106: 5094: 5075: 5056: 5037: 5008: 5007: 4997: 4965: 4954: 4953: 4927: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4839: 4828: 4827: 4817: 4807: 4783: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4768: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4735: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4686: 4669:(5): 1072–1085. 4654: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4644: 4633:Cleveland Clinic 4625: 4619: 4618: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4567: 4561: 4560: 4550: 4540: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4499: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4458: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4385: 4376: 4375: 4365: 4355: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4193: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4164: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4139: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4101: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4044: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4007: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3938: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3911:. 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Vol 31 No 12. 2099: 2093: 2092: 2055: 2044: 2043: 2025: 1993: 1968: 1967: 1957: 1917: 1911: 1910: 1908: 1907: 1901: 1886: 1880:Chiu LP (1989). 1877: 1871: 1870: 1852: 1846: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1789: 1757: 1751: 1750: 1740: 1723:(5): 1072–1085. 1708: 1702: 1701: 1699: 1698: 1687:The Conversation 1678: 1461:release agents. 1322:Dextromethorphan 1248:Hallucinations, 1116:Migraine attacks 1094:pedunculopontine 1070:substantia nigra 1034:delirium tremens 1028:Delirium tremens 1022:Delirium tremens 917:sensory modality 900:sensory modality 884:as a subtype of 878:sensory modality 873:- Effecting the 724:bipolar disorder 716:mental disorders 696:olfactory system 667:associated with 526:Wilson's disease 435:delirium tremens 346:sensory modality 200:Delirium tremens 161: 149: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 5611: 5610: 5606: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5600: 5571: 5570: 5569: 5564: 5467: 5444: 5389: 5378:Lightheadedness 5306: 5289: 5241: 5239: 5238:on May 29, 2016 5222: 5214: 5209: 5208: 5174: 5173: 5117: 5103: 5098: 5091: 5078: 5072: 5059: 5053: 5040: 5034: 5021: 5017: 5015:Further reading 5012: 5011: 4967: 4966: 4957: 4925: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4906: 4904: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4841: 4840: 4831: 4785: 4784: 4775: 4766: 4764: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4712:JAMA Psychiatry 4705: 4704: 4700: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4642: 4640: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4569: 4568: 4564: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4408: 4387: 4386: 4379: 4333: 4332: 4328: 4318: 4317: 4313: 4299: 4298: 4294: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4250:(10): 783–785. 4241: 4240: 4236: 4205: 4204: 4200: 4191: 4189: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4162: 4160: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4137: 4135: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4026: 4025: 4021: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3936: 3934: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3902: 3901: 3897: 3888: 3886: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3814: 3812: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3753: 3752: 3741: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3689: 3687: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3600:Psychopathology 3597: 3596: 3592: 3570: 3569: 3560: 3530: 3529: 3520: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3441: 3440: 3433: 3428: 3424: 3394: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3340: 3339: 3320: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3247: 3246: 3239: 3232: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3207: 3186: 3185: 3176: 3132: 3131: 3124: 3095:Chemical Senses 3088: 3087: 3080: 3051:(S1): S27–S31. 3042: 3041: 3037: 3028: 3026: 3012: 3011: 2998: 2980: 2979: 2972: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2922:(12): 838–842. 2909: 2908: 2904: 2874: 2873: 2866: 2857: 2855: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2805: 2803: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2724: 2722: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2654:Nervenheilkunde 2651: 2650: 2646: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2578: 2576: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2539: 2538: 2534: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2421: 2420: 2416: 2407: 2405: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2382: 2380: 2367: 2366: 2357: 2347: 2346: 2342: 2333: 2331: 2322: 2321: 2317: 2290:Psychopathology 2287: 2286: 2282: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2221: 2220: 2213: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2135: 2134: 2130: 2121: 2119: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2057: 2056: 2047: 1995: 1994: 1971: 1919: 1918: 1914: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1884: 1879: 1878: 1874: 1867: 1854: 1853: 1849: 1839: 1837: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1766:JAMA Psychiatry 1759: 1758: 1754: 1710: 1709: 1705: 1696: 1694: 1680: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1575:Ganzfeld effect 1540: 1522:unimodal ones. 1511: 1471: 1439:parahippocampus 1419: 1411: 1406: 1404:Pathophysiology 1394: 1364: 1358: 1346: 1326:anticholinergic 1266:sigma receptors 1235:anticholinergic 1219: 1213: 1152: 1136: 1128: 1118: 1106: 1088:neurons in the 1082:locus coeruleus 1055:is linked with 1050: 1030: 1024: 996: 990: 977: 971: 963: 957: 941: 863: 807: 799:sylvian fissure 782: 768:, high fevers, 750: 744: 691: 683:Main articles: 681: 664: 658: 617:visual illusion 609: 595: 487:hallucination. 473: 467: 458: 439:sleep paralysis 236:Sleep paralysis 171:August Natterer 147: 144: 137: 126: 115: 109: 106: 69:"Hallucination" 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5609: 5607: 5599: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5581:Hallucinations 5573: 5572: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5535: 5530: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5493: 5483: 5477: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5465: 5463:Russell's sign 5460: 5454: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5426: 5425: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5399: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5385: 5380: 5371: 5369:Disequilibrium 5361: 5356: 5355: 5354: 5349: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5316: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5290: 5288: 5287: 5280: 5273: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5220: 5211: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5195: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5160: 5149: 5134: 5118: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5109:Classification 5102: 5101:External links 5099: 5097: 5096: 5089: 5081:Hallucinations 5076: 5070: 5057: 5051: 5038: 5032: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5010: 5009: 4980:(4): 404–425. 4955: 4936:(1): 132–139. 4913: 4877: 4850:(6): 879–888. 4829: 4773: 4747: 4718:(5): 417–429. 4698: 4649: 4620: 4605: 4578:(3): 356–372. 4562: 4531:(2): 119–126. 4511: 4490:(4): 260–262. 4470: 4421: 4406: 4377: 4326: 4311: 4292: 4277: 4234: 4198: 4169: 4144: 4113: 4056: 4019: 3970: 3943: 3918: 3915:on 2011-09-26. 3895: 3870: 3841:(4): 460–470. 3821: 3783: 3739: 3712:(4): 459–467. 3696: 3666: 3625: 3606:(5): 361–368. 3590: 3579:(5): 511–512. 3558: 3518: 3483: 3431: 3422: 3403:(6): 441–444. 3387: 3378: 3318: 3307:(4): 134–142. 3291: 3237: 3230: 3212: 3205: 3174: 3145:(4): 285–293. 3122: 3101:(7): 611–615. 3078: 3035: 2996: 2970: 2943: 2902: 2883:(1): 139–148. 2864: 2834: 2831:on 2013-03-11. 2812: 2782: 2731: 2706: 2687:(1): e17–e20. 2671: 2660:(4): 217–221. 2644: 2585: 2559: 2548:(9): 906–911. 2532: 2473: 2434:(2): 642–669. 2428:Brain Sciences 2414: 2389: 2355: 2340: 2315: 2280: 2265: 2211: 2160: 2142: 2128: 2094: 2045: 2008:(1): 237–248. 1969: 1912: 1872: 1865: 1847: 1801: 1772:(5): 417–429. 1752: 1703: 1672: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1510: 1507: 1485:hallucinogenic 1470: 1467: 1418: 1415: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1393: 1390: 1360:Main article: 1357: 1354: 1345: 1342: 1274:NMDA receptors 1215:Main article: 1212: 1209: 1168:temporal field 1160:occipital lobe 1156:focal seizures 1151: 1150:Focal epilepsy 1148: 1143:sight impaired 1135: 1132: 1117: 1114: 1105: 1102: 1096:nuclei of the 1049: 1046: 1026:Main article: 1023: 1020: 992:Main article: 989: 986: 973:Main article: 970: 967: 956: 953: 940: 937: 936: 935: 920: 907: 893: 871:Cenesthopathic 862: 859: 806: 803: 787:focal epilepsy 781: 778: 746:Main article: 743: 740: 680: 677: 657: 654: 642: 641: 635: 594: 591: 513:mental illness 469:Main article: 466: 463: 457: 456:Classification 454: 370:proprioceptive 335:mental imagery 289: 288: 279: 273: 272: 263: 259: 258: 189: 185: 184: 181: 175: 174: 163: 162: 154: 153: 145: 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5608: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5586:Medical signs 5584: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5487: 5486:Hallucination 5484: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5343: 5340: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5286: 5281: 5279: 5274: 5272: 5267: 5266: 5263: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5227: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5205: 5204:Hallucination 5201: 5200: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5189: 5185: 5184: 5181: 5177: 5170: 5166: 5165: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5154: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5119: 5116: 5111: 5107: 5100: 5092: 5086: 5082: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5054: 5052:0-7099-3961-2 5048: 5044: 5039: 5035: 5033:0-88229-155-6 5029: 5025: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5005: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4924: 4917: 4914: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4889: 4881: 4878: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4825: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4762: 4758: 4751: 4748: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4702: 4699: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4653: 4650: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4624: 4621: 4616: 4609: 4606: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4566: 4563: 4558: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4515: 4512: 4507: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4474: 4471: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4425: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4384: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4327: 4322: 4315: 4312: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4293: 4288: 4281: 4278: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4238: 4235: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4202: 4199: 4187: 4183: 4182:azcentral.com 4179: 4173: 4170: 4158: 4154: 4148: 4145: 4133: 4129: 4128: 4123: 4117: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4023: 4020: 4015: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3974: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3955:(in German). 3954: 3947: 3944: 3933: 3929: 3922: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3899: 3896: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3822: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3697: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3670: 3667: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3629: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3594: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3487: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3426: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3391: 3388: 3382: 3379: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3295: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3227: 3223: 3216: 3213: 3208: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3036: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2959:(1): 92–110. 2958: 2954: 2947: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2903: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2838: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2813: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2786: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2732: 2720: 2716: 2710: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2675: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2656:(in German). 2655: 2648: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2589: 2586: 2574: 2570: 2563: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2536: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2477: 2474: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2418: 2415: 2403: 2399: 2393: 2390: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2344: 2341: 2329: 2325: 2319: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2284: 2281: 2276: 2269: 2266: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2164: 2161: 2156: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2138: 2132: 2129: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2098: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1926:Schizophrenia 1923: 1916: 1913: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1883: 1876: 1873: 1868: 1862: 1858: 1851: 1848: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1805: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1756: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1707: 1704: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1677: 1674: 1667: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1646:Schizophrenia 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1490:Meta-analyses 1486: 1481: 1477: 1476:Antipsychotic 1468: 1466: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1450: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1416: 1414: 1408: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1391: 1389: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1343: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1306:hydromorphone 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1227:dissociatives 1224: 1223:hallucinogens 1218: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1191: 1190:parietal lobe 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1122:Migraine aura 1115: 1113: 1111: 1104:Migraine coma 1103: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1080:parts of the 1079: 1078:noradrenergic 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1054: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1029: 1021: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 995: 987: 985: 983: 976: 968: 966: 962: 954: 952: 949: 946: 938: 933: 928: 924: 921: 918: 915: 911: 908: 905: 904:the same name 901: 897: 894: 891: 887: 886:schizophrenia 883: 879: 876: 872: 869: 868: 867: 860: 858: 856: 852: 851:substance use 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 819:temporal lobe 815: 812: 804: 802: 800: 796: 792: 789:, especially 788: 779: 777: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 749: 741: 739: 737: 736:schizophrenia 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 690: 686: 678: 676: 672: 670: 669:schizophrenia 663: 655: 653: 651: 647: 639: 636: 633: 629: 625: 622: 621: 620: 618: 614: 608: 604: 600: 592: 590: 588: 584: 579: 577: 572: 570: 566: 562: 558: 553: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 500: 498: 497:schizophrenia 494: 488: 485: 481: 477: 472: 464: 462: 455: 453: 451: 447: 446:Thomas Browne 442: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 402: 401:schizophrenia 398: 394: 389: 387: 386:chronoceptive 383: 382:thermoceptive 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 342: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 295:hallucination 287: 283: 282:Antipsychotic 280: 278: 274: 271: 267: 264: 260: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 228:Schizophrenia 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 190: 186: 182: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 155: 152:Hallucination 150: 142: 135: 124: 121: 113: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 5485: 5435:Irritability 5294:relating to 5240:. 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