1302:
reason to believe the GPL could force proprietary software to become free software, but could "try to enjoin the firm from distributing commercially a program that combined with the GPL'd code to form a derivative work, and to recover damages for infringement." If the firm "actually copied code from a GPL'd program, such a suit would be a perfectly ordinary assertion of copyright, which most private firms would defend if the shoe were on the other foot." Richard
Stallman has described this view with an analogy, saying, "The GPL's domain does not spread by proximity or contact, only by deliberate inclusion of GPL-covered code in your program. It spreads like a
1601:
1160:"Full" and "partial" copyleft relate to another issue. Full copyleft exists when all parts of a work (except the license itself) may only be modified and distributed under the terms of the work's copyleft license. Partial copyleft, by contrast, exempts some parts of the work from the copyleft provisions, permitting distribution of some modifications under terms other than the copyleft license, or in some other way does not impose all the principles of copylefting on the work. An example of partial copyleft is the GPL linking exception made for some software packages.
52:
600:, which is now one of the most popular free-software licenses. For the first time, a copyright holder had taken steps to ensure that the maximal number of rights be perpetually transferred to a program's users, no matter what subsequent revisions anyone made to the original program. This original GPL did not grant rights to the public at large, only those who had already received the program; but it was the best that could be done under existing law.
33:
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require that the whole body of work be shared, even if the author only wants to share a certain part. The plus side for an author of source code is that any modification to the code will not only benefit the original author but that the author will be recognized and ensure the same or compatible license terms cover the changed code. Some
Creative Commons licenses are examples of share-alike copyleft licenses.
4106:
1086:. This allows other software to link to the library and be redistributed without the requirement for the linking software to also be licensed under the same terms. Only changes to the software licensed under a "weak copyleft" license become subject itself to copyleft provisions of such a license. This allows programs of any license to be compiled and linked against copylefted libraries such as
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592:. This was not the first time Stallman had dealt with proprietary software, but he deemed this interaction a "turning point". He justified software sharing, protesting that when sharing, the software online can be copied without the loss of the original piece of work. The software can be used multiple times without ever being damaged or worn out.
1055:
freedoms are more important: the potential future recipients of a work (freedom from proprietization) or just the initial recipient (freedom to proprietize). However, current copyright law and the availability of both types of licenses, copyleft and permissive, allow authors to choose the type under which to license the works they invent.
1066:(GFDL) allow authors to apply limitations to certain sections of their work, exempting some parts of the work from the full copyleft mechanism. In the case of the GFDL, these limitations include the use of invariant sections, which may not be altered by future editors. The initial intention of the GFDL was as a device for supporting the
1273:" is a pejorative name for copyleft licenses. It originates from the terms 'General Public Virus' or 'GNU Public Virus' (GPV), which dates back to 1990, a year after the GPLv1 was released. The name 'viral license' refers to the fact that any works derived from a copyleft work must preserve the copyleft permissions when distributed.
1035:
789:. Any such license typically includes all the provisions and principles of copyleft inside the license's terms. This includes the freedom to use the work, study the work, copy, and share the work with others, modify the work, and distribute exact or modified versions of that work, with or without a fee.
1175:
This implies that any copyleft license is automatically a share-alike license but not the other way around, as some share-alike licenses include further restrictions such as prohibiting commercial use. Another restriction is that not everyone wants to share their work, and some share-alike agreements
1148:(DSL) is a strong copyleft license that applies to any work, not only software or documentation, but also literature, artworks, music, photography, and video. DSL was written by Michael Stutz after he took an interest in applying GNU-style copyleft to non-software works, which later came to be called
792:
Unlike similar permissive licenses that also grant these freedoms, copyleft licenses also ensure that any modified versions of a work covered by a copyleft license must also grant these freedoms. Thus, copyleft licenses have conditions: that modifications of any work licensed under a copyleft license
1301:
compliance engineer David Turner, the term "viral license" creates a misunderstanding and a fear of using copylefted free software. While a person can catch a virus without active action, license conditions take effect upon effective usage or adoption. David McGowan has also written that there is no
1078:
The strength of the copyleft license governing a work is determined by the extent to which its provisions can be imposed on all kinds of derivative works. Thus, the term "weak copyleft" refers to licenses where not all derivative works inherit the copyleft license; whether a derivative work inherits
800:
Copyleft licenses necessarily make creative use of relevant rules and laws to enforce their provisions. For example, when using copyright law, those who contribute to a work under copyleft usually must gain, defer, or assign copyright holder status. By submitting the copyright of their contributions
772:
Copyleft software has economic effects beyond individual creators. The presence of quality copyleft software can force proprietary software developers to increase the quality of their software to compete with free software. This may also have the effect of preventing monopolies in areas dominated by
749:
In the world of computer programming, copyleft-licensed computer programs are often created by programmers to fill a need they have noticed. Such programs are often published with a copyleft license simply to ensure that subsequent users can also freely use modified versions of that program. This is
1054:
are not copyleft licenses because they do not require the licensee to distribute derivative works under the same license. There is an ongoing debate as to which class of license provides the greater degree of freedom. This debate hinges on complex issues, such as the definition of freedom and whose
1309:
Popular copyleft licenses, such as the GPL, have a clause allowing components to interact with non-copyleft components as long as the communication is abstract, such as executing a command-line tool with a set of switches or interacting with a web server. As a consequence, even if one module of an
595:
As
Stallman deemed it impractical in the short term to eliminate current copyright law and the wrongs he perceived it to perpetuate, he decided to work within the framework of existing law; in 1985, he created his own copyright license, the Emacs General Public License, the first copyleft license.
1190:
Those licenses grant users of the software the same freedoms as copyleft licenses but do not require modified versions of that software to also include those freedoms. They have minimal restrictions on how the software can be used, modified, and redistributed, and are thus not copyleft licenses.
1293:
declared that code released under GPL is useless to the commercial sector, since it can only be used if the resulting surrounding code is licensed under a GPL-compatible license, and described it thus as "a cancer that attaches itself in an intellectual property sense to everything it touches".
721:
licenses: any modifiers of a copyleft-licensed work are expected to reciprocate the author's action of copyleft-licensing the software by also copyleft-licensing any derivatives they might have made. Because of this requirement, copyleft licenses have also been described as "viral" due to their
716:
This is due to the underlying principle of copyleft: that anyone can benefit freely from the previous work of others, but that any modifications to that work should benefit everyone else as well, and thus must be released under similar terms. For this reason, copyleft licenses are also known as
583:
version of his work. Symbolics extended and improved the Lisp interpreter, but when
Stallman wanted access to the improvements that Symbolics had made to his interpreter, Symbolics refused. Stallman then, in 1984, proceeded to work towards eradicating this emerging behavior and culture of
566:
GNU is not in the public domain. Everyone will be permitted to modify and redistribute GNU, but no distributor will be allowed to restrict its further redistribution. That is to say, proprietary modifications will not be allowed. I want to make sure that all versions of GNU remain free.
745:
The economic incentives to work on copyleft content can vary. Traditional copyright law is designed to promote progress by providing economic benefits to creators. When choosing to copyleft their work, content creators may seek complementary benefits like recognition from their peers.
693:, a separate definition that contains similar freedoms. The vast majority of copyleft licenses satisfy both definitions, that of the Free Software Definition and Open Source Definition. By guaranteeing viewers and users of a work the freedom and permission to reproduce,
797:, however, copyleft licenses may be superseded, just like regular copyrights. Therefore, any person utilizing a source licensed under a copyleft license for works they invent is free to choose any other license (or none at all) provided they meet the fair use standard.
769:, where social power is determined by an individual's contributions. Contributing to or creating open-source, copyleft-licensed software of high quality can lead to contributors gaining valuable experience and can lead to future career opportunities.
489:
files, which usually contain a copy of the license terms and acknowledge the authors of the code. Copyleft helps ensure everyone's rights to freely use the product but it prohibits owning, registering copyright and earning royalties from copyright.
804:
Some laws used for copyleft licenses vary from one country to another, and may also be granted in terms that vary from country to country. For example, in some countries, it is acceptable to sell a software product without warranty, in standard
655:
While copyright law gives software authors control over copying, distribution and modification of their works, the goal of copyleft is to give all users of the work the freedom to carry out all of these activities. These freedoms (from the
1120:
is one of the strongest copyleft licenses, as this license closes the so-called "private usage" loophole of the GPL, and requires the publishing of source code in any use case. For this reason, the license is considered non-free by the
750:
especially true for creators who wish to prevent "open source hijacking", or the act of reusing open-source code and then adding extra restrictions to it, an action prevented by copyleft-licensing the software. Some creators, such as
2198:
1310:
otherwise non-copyleft product is placed under the GPL, it may still be legal for other components to communicate with it in ways such as these. This allowed communication may or may not include reusing libraries or routines via
1280:
used the term derisively in regards to the GPL's tendency to absorb BSD-licensed code without allowing the original BSD work to benefit from it, while at the same time promoting itself as "freer" than other licenses.
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and then redistributed without any re-licensing required. The concrete effect of strong vs. weak copyleft has yet to be tested in court. Free-software licenses that use "weak" copyleft include the
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This is not a free software license. It requires you to publish the source code publicly whenever you "Deploy" the covered software, and "Deploy" is defined to include many kinds of private use.
1764:
3609:
1172:" condition in some licenses imposes the requirement that any freedom that is granted regarding the original work must be granted on exactly the same or compatible terms in any derived work.
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y agreement with the idea of a lax license in this special case is just as pragmatic as my preference for the GPL in most cases. In both cases it is a matter of how we can attain freedom.
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recommends that when "widespread use of the code is vital for advancing the cause of free software", allowing the code to be copied and used freely is more important than a copyleft.
2334:"Scheibner, James – "What price freedom (of software)? A guide for Australian legal practitioners on open source licensing" [2017] PrecedentAULA 23; (2017) 139 Precedent 39"
801:
under a copyleft license, they deliberately give up some of the rights that normally follow from copyright, including the right to be the unique distributor of copies of the work.
3907:
3529:
709:, where no ownership of copyright is claimed, copyleft allows authors to impose restrictions on the use of their work. One of the main restrictions imposed by copyleft is that
116:
3746:
481:, and require that information necessary for reproducing and modifying the work must be made available to recipients of the software program, which are often distributed as
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In response to
Microsoft's attacks on the GPL, several prominent free-software developers and advocates released a joint statement supporting the license. According to
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1152:. In the 1990s, it was used on music recordings, visual art, and even novels. It is not considered compatible with the GNU GPL by the Free Software Foundation.
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1326:, in that the LGPL specifically allows linking or compiling works licensed under terms that are not compatible with the LGPL, with works covered by the LGPL.
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all warranties regarding a sold product. For this reason, the extent of such warranties is specified in most
European copyleft licenses, for example, the
3624:
414:
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McGowan, David (2005). "Legal
Aspects of Free and Open Source Software". In Joseph Feller; Brian Fitzgerald; Scott A. Hissam; Karim R. Lakahani (eds.).
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3544:
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642:, available since 2001 in several different versions (only some of which can be described as copyleft) and more specifically tailored to U.S. law.
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We don't take the position that artistic or entertainment works must be free, but if you want to make one free, we recommend the Free Art
License.
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must be distributed under a compatible copyleft scheme and that the distributed modified work must include a means of modifying the work. Under
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remarked, "This viral aspect of the GPL poses a threat to the intellectual property of any organization making use of it." In another context,
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refers to the use of the work for any purpose, and the ability to modify, copy, share, and redistribute the work, with or without a fee.
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In addition to restrictions on copying, copyleft licenses address other possible impediments. They ensure that rights cannot be later
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Kirk St.Amant & Brian Still (2008). "Examining Open Source
Software Licenses through the Creative Commons Licensing Model".
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The June date in the May issue is correct. The magazine was behind schedule, the June and July issues were combined to catch up.
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516:—with the last two being intended for non-software works, such as documents and pictures, both academic or artistic in nature.
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The new license was not at this time given the copyleft label. Richard
Stallman stated that the use of "Copyleft" comes from
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3150:"The license term smorgasbord: copyleft, share-alike, reciprocal, viral, or hereditary? – Luis Villa: Open Law and Strategy"
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in May 1976. The listing begins with the title, author's name, and date, but also has "@COPYLEFT ALL WRONGS RESERVED".
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729:, and require the work and its derivatives to be provided in a form that allows further modifications to be made. In
697:, or distribute it, copyleft licenses are distinct from other types of copyright licenses that limit such freedoms.
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We recommend that developers consider using the GNU AGPL for any software which will commonly be run over a network
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On modern computer systems, the formal Unichar|1F12F 🄯 symbol can be generated using one of these methods (
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1437:: a reversed C in a circle. A 2016 proposal to add the symbol to a future version of Unicode was accepted by the
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proprietary software. However, competition with proprietary software can also be a reason to forgo copyleft. The
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Stallman has endorsed the use of non-copyleft licenses in certain circumstances, for example in the case of the
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Both the OSI and the FSF have copyleft and non-copyleft licenses in their respective lists of accepted licenses.
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2156:"Prepared Text of Remarks by Craig Mundie, Microsoft Senior Vice President – The Commercial Software Model"
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re-implementation of the Java library. This ambiguity is an important difference between the GPL and the
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enterprises from using and then selling their product under a proprietary license is also an incentive.
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It has been suggested that copyleft has become a divisive issue in the ideological strife between the
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the freedom to modify the work, and the freedom to distribute modified and therefore derivative works
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2551:"Various Licenses and Comments about Them - Sybase Open Watcom Public License version 1.0 (#Watcom)"
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is an example of a license implementing strong copyleft. An even stronger copyleft license is the
622:, a series of meetings taking place in 2000 under the title "Copyleft Attitude" gave birth to the
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TINY BASIC FOR INTEL 8080 VERSION 1.0 BY LI-CHEN WANG 10 JUNE, 1976 @COPYLEFT ALL WRONGS RESERVED
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2814:"Inoculating Your Purchase – Contractual Protection from Viral Licenses in M&A Transactions"
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Handbook of Research on Open Source Software: Technological, Economic, and Social Perspectives
2199:"Open Source Software: The Success of an Alternative Intellectual Property Incentive Paradigm"
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Dr. Dobb's Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia, Running Light Without Overbyte
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of copylefted software. However, the result is that it can be used for any kind of document.
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which implement copyleft can be used to maintain copyright conditions for works ranging from
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1910:"Share and Share Alike: Understanding and Enforcing Open Source and Free Software Licenses"
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Some of the software programs of the GNU Project are published under non-copyleft licenses.
832:(GNU AGPL), ensures that the source code is available to users of software over a network.
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1314: – some commentators say it does, the FSF asserts it does not and explicitly adds an
1223:. However, there is evidence that copyleft is both accepted and proposed by both parties:
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For some of the philosophy behind the term "SaaSS", see the "Server Software" section of
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Philip Wood; Amy Ryburn; Allan Yeoman; Andrew Matangi; Steve Nightingale (1 July 2013).
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For projects which will be run over a network, a variation of the GNU GPL, called the
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Common practice for using copyleft is to codify the copying terms for a work with a
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825:, a license that allows one to use GNU GPL in combination with a limited warranty.
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3105:
2934:"Reverse-engineering the GNU Public Virus – Is copyleft too much of a good thing?"
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1845:
607:, who mailed him a letter in 1984 or 1985, on which was written: "Copyleft –
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458:, and scientific discoveries, and similar approaches have even been applied to
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1728:
Newman, John (29 December 2011). "Copyright and Open Access at the Bedside".
579:
asked to use the Lisp interpreter, and Stallman agreed to supply them with a
17:
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2236:"5 Reasons Why Contributing To Open Source Projects Helps In Landing A Job"
1749:
1241:
The OSI's licensing how-to recognises the GPL as a "best practice" license.
921:
Grants rights for noncommercial use only. May be combined with share-alike.
3454:
501:, which was the first software copyleft license to see extensive use; the
3797:
3339:
1741:
1581:
1502:
1014:
1005:
908:
Grants use rights, including right to relicense (allows proprietization,
794:
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of the derived work be made available together with the software itself.
376:
283:
229:
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4537:
1820:
1773:
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380:
3299:"The Unicode Standard, Version 15.0: Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement"
2967:"Re: propose: 'cypherpunks license' (Re: Wanted: Twofish source code)"
2874:"Re: Section 5.2 (IPR encumberance) in TAK rollover requirement draft"
2844:"Legal update on Information and Communication Technology – July 2013"
2605:
1058:
For documents, art, and other works other than software and code, the
571:
Stallman's motivation was that a few years earlier he had worked on a
1921:
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814:
726:
619:
111:
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Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal
32:
430:
is the legal technique of granting certain freedoms over copies of
3884:
2262:"Copyleft - The Economics of Linux and Other Open Source Software"
1541:
1000:
3129:"IT Manager's Journal: 10 Common Misunderstandings About the GPL"
2798:
1969:
Free as in Freedom – Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software
2319:
2070:
1532:
1461:
As of 2024, the symbol is generally provided as standard in the
1323:
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434:
works with the requirement that the same rights be preserved in
4134:
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3104:
2592:
Engelfriet, Arnoud (2010). "Choosing an Open Source License".
995:
962:
944:
634:. Shortly thereafter, a separate, unrelated initiative in the
455:
626:(FAL), theoretically valid in any jurisdiction bound by the
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must also be released under a compatible copyleft license.
27:
Practice of mandating free use in all derivatives of a work
3282:
Why you shouldn't use the Lesser GPL for your next library
1846:"Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)"
1469:, but if need be it may be approximated with character
1109:, which requires the publishing of the source code for
705:
Instead of allowing a work to fall completely into the
2600:. Athens University of Economics and Business: 48–49.
2362:. Information Science Reference. pp. 382 of 728.
1042:
icon for Share-Alike, a variant of the copyleft symbol
611:", which is a pun on the common copyright disclaimer "
3086:"Microsoft CEO takes launch break with the Sun-Times"
2773:"Some rights reserved: the alternatives to copyright"
2071:"Free Art License – Frequently Asked Questions"
3530:
Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
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3231:"Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses"
1536:
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1401:
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485:. This information is most commonly in the form of
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2267:. Information Economics and Policy. Archived from
1966:
813:it is not permitted for a software distributor to
679:the freedom to copy and share the work with others
2534:List of free-software licences on the GNU website
2036:
2034:
1885:Source code begins with the following six lines.
1429:The copyleft symbol is a mirrored version of the
1082:"Weak copyleft" licenses are often used to cover
3320:"Proposal to add the Copyleft Symbol to Unicode"
1265:GNU General Public License § "Viral" nature
3393:Open Source Approaches in Spatial Data Handling
3366:"Announcing The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0"
765:culture of programming has been described as a
564:
2705:"What the GPLv3 Means for MS-Novell Agreement"
4146:
3495:
3179:Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software
2812:Jason Greenberg; Daniel Glazer (March 2013).
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1191:Examples of this type of license include the
1133:project. However, the license is accepted as
1060:Creative Commons share-alike licensing system
1046:Copyleft is a distinguishing feature of some
408:
305:
8:
3535:Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities
3059:New York University Stern School of Business
2160:New York University Stern School of Business
1458:. The copyleft symbol has no legal status.
1079:or not often depends on how it was derived.
3210:"The Basement Interviews: Freeing the Code"
2458:"How to choose a license for your own work"
2294:"How to choose a license for your own work"
1636:Comparison of open source and closed source
102:Integrated circuit layout design protection
4466:
4153:
4139:
4131:
3895:
3502:
3488:
3480:
2579:"Various Licenses and Comments about Them"
2406:"Free Software Licensing Agreement CeCILL"
2384:"The EUPL – European Union Public Licence"
1766:Open Source from a Proprietary Perspective
928:; certain rights may or may not be granted
415:
401:
323:
312:
298:
39:
3340:"Proposed New Characters: Pipeline Table"
2880:Namedroppers mailing list. Archived from
2437:Patrice-Emmanuel Schmitz (3 April 2015).
842:Free-software licence § Restrictions
552:The concept of copyleft was described in
4324:Business models for open-source software
2731:"LWN.net: RMS on the Ogg Vorbis license"
1681:History of free and open-source software
1586:
1580:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1033:
845:
31:
2234:Sarmah, Harshajit (23 September 2019).
1720:
1359:
338:
326:
220:Limitations and exceptions to copyright
164:
42:
4680:Free and open-source software licenses
2755:"Microsoft license spurns open source"
2629:"ESR: "We Don't Need the GPL Anymore""
2573:
2571:
1355:
493:Notable copyleft licenses include the
4513:Organization for Transformative Works
1351:characters in this section correctly.
878:
178:Artificial intelligence and copyright
7:
4058:Microsoft Open Specification Promise
3107:Free Software Leaders Stand Together
2998:"Re: Using of parse tree externally"
2627:Biancuzzi, Federico (30 June 2005).
2484:"Who does that server really serve?"
1873:(May 1976). "Palo Alto Tiny BASIC".
1607:Free and open-source software portal
1234:has written a copyleft license, the
836:Types and relation to other licenses
137:Supplementary protection certificate
3525:Alternative terms for free software
3088:. Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from
3023:Griffis, L. Adrian (15 July 2000).
2439:"The meaning of "Copyleft" in EUPL"
3865:Python Software Foundation License
3426:"Unicode Character "🄯" (U+1F12F)"
3208:Poynder, Richard (21 March 2006).
3055:"Speech Transcript – Craig Mundie"
2823:. Association of Corporate Counsel
1794:Stallman, Richard (29 June 2007).
1656:Criticism of intellectual property
1616:List of copyleft software licenses
630:and recommended by Stallman's own
25:
3928:Definition of Free Cultural Works
3545:Free software project directories
3127:Byfield, Bruce (29 August 2006).
1908:Carver, Brian W. (5 April 2005).
1230:The OSI's original Legal Counsel
1118:Sybase Open Watcom Public License
1092:GNU Lesser General Public License
689:Similar terms are present in the
479:permissive free software licenses
4334:Commercial use of copyleft works
4115:
4114:
4104:
3565:Open-source software development
3465:
3453:
2965:Stewart, Bill (8 October 1998).
2932:Hackvän, Stig (September 1999).
2707:. Yro.slashdot.org. 8 March 2007
1631:Commercial use of copyleft works
1599:
1336:
733:, this means requiring that the
524:Attribution-ShareAlike license.
267:Outline of intellectual property
92:Indigenous intellectual property
50:
4314:Alternative compensation system
3923:Debian Free Software Guidelines
3755:Free Software Movement of India
2460:. GNU Project. 20 December 2015
2300:'s Licensing and Compliance Lab
1914:Berkeley Technology Law Journal
1362:
4690:Intellectual property activism
4498:Electronic Frontier Foundation
2017:"Emacs General Public License"
1276:Some advocates of the various
1064:GNU Free Documentation License
334:Articles on copyleft licensing
1:
4685:Free and open-source software
4339:Commons-based peer production
4207:Legal aspects of file sharing
3913:Contributor License Agreement
3727:Open-source-software movement
3511:Free and open-source software
3470:The dictionary definition of
3084:Newbart, Dave (1 June 2001).
2996:Buck, Joe (10 October 2000).
1772:. Red Hat Summit. Nashville:
1480:LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED C
879:Copyleft (protective license)
830:Affero General Public License
819:European Union Public Licence
673:the freedom to study the work
514:share-alike license condition
497:(GPL), originally written by
387:Category:Free and open-source
362:Free and open-source software
4434:Access to Knowledge movement
4084:The Cathedral and the Bazaar
3938:The Free Software Definition
2973:mailing list. Archived from
2631:. ONLamp.com. Archived from
1796:"GNU General Public License"
1537:🄯 or 🄯
596:This later evolved into the
3988:Mozilla software rebranding
3953:Permissive software license
3344:Unicode Character Proposals
1439:Unicode Technical Committee
1186:Permissive software license
986:Private, internal software
931:No information made public
915:Grants use rights, forbids
667:the freedom to use the work
215:Idea–expression distinction
4711:
3993:Proprietary device drivers
3943:The Open Source Definition
1262:
1183:
1103:GNU General Public License
839:
807:GNU General Public License
598:GNU General Public License
495:GNU General Public License
4548:Students for Free Culture
4444:Cultural environmentalism
4401:Prizes instead of patents
4197:Digital rights management
4100:
4078:Source-available software
3978:Digital rights management
2187:. Retrieved 23 April 2022
1156:Full and partial copyleft
991:For other creative works
990:
935:
901:
855:
850:
848:
722:self-perpetuating terms.
562:in 1985, where he wrote:
4503:Free Software Foundation
4073:Shared Source Initiative
3870:Shared Source Initiative
3823:Free Software Foundation
3760:Free Software Foundation
3610:Configuration management
3396:. Springer. p. 29.
3235:Free Software Foundation
2298:Free Software Foundation
2240:Analytics India Magazine
2126:"What is free software?"
2050:Free Software Foundation
1691:Public copyright license
1347:to display the uncommon
1123:Free Software Foundation
1074:Strong and weak copyleft
775:Free Software Foundation
658:Free Software Definition
640:Creative Commons license
632:Free Software Foundation
4634:RiP!: A Remix Manifesto
4344:Electronic sell-through
4239:Monopolies of knowledge
4182:Censorship by copyright
4008:SCO/Linux controversies
3390:Hall, G. Brent (2008).
3094:(Internet archive link)
2411:. INRIA. Archived from
2046:"About the GNU Project"
1396:Alternative symbol: (ɔ)
1318:in the license for the
754:, feel that preventing
127:Plant genetic resources
97:Industrial design right
87:Geographical indication
4648:The Internet's Own Boy
4454:Free software movement
4281:software patent debate
4187:Copyright infringement
3908:Comparison of licenses
3717:Free software movement
3025:"The GNU Public Virus"
2904:"General Public Virus"
2338:classic.austlii.edu.au
2197:Maher, Marcus (2000).
1821:"Free Art License 1.3"
1686:Criticism of copyright
1676:Free software movement
1651:Copyright alternatives
1221:free software movement
1217:Open Source Initiative
1211:Debate and controversy
1146:Design Science License
1096:Mozilla Public License
1052:free-software licenses
1050:licenses, while other
1043:
881:
871:
691:Open Source Definition
569:
520:is copyleft under the
503:Mozilla Public License
198:Criticism of copyright
122:Plant breeders' rights
37:
4695:Typographical symbols
4449:Free-culture movement
4359:Libertarian positions
4354:Free-software license
4319:Anti-copyright notice
4162:Intellectual property
3983:License proliferation
3183:. MIT Press. p.
2657:(18 September 2006).
2386:. European Commission
1763:Troan, Larry (2006).
1671:Free Culture movement
1626:Anti-copyright notice
1573:: Code point: U+1F12F
1316:exception allowing it
1306:, not like a virus."
1236:Open Software License
1111:software as a service
1037:
1022:, no public license,
910:license compatibility
809:style, while in most
357:Free-software license
44:Intellectual property
35:
4369:Open-design movement
4068:Open-source hardware
4003:Proprietary software
3998:Proprietary firmware
3699:Formerly open-source
3694:Formerly proprietary
3560:Open-source software
3462:at Wikimedia Commons
3346:. Unicode Consortium
3280:Stallman, Richard. "
3257:Raymond, Eric Steven
2884:on 27 September 2007
2850:on 21 September 2013
2729:(26 February 2001).
2680:Raymond, Eric Steven
2509:"Why the Affero GPL"
2482:(18 November 2016).
1742:10.1056/NEJMp1110652
1708:In Praise of Copying
1490:Typing the character
1482:between parenthesis
981:Proprietary software
781:Copyleft application
586:proprietary software
4309:All rights reversed
4177:Artificial scarcity
3948:Open-source license
3550:Gratis versus libre
3402:2008osas.book.....H
3259:(9 November 2002).
2682:(9 November 2002).
2320:"What is Copyleft?"
2044:(21 January 2008).
1783:on 22 January 2014.
1646:Copyright abolition
1621:All rights reversed
1180:Permissive licenses
983:, no public license
924:Traditional use of
891:Proprietary license
646:Copyleft principles
613:all rights reserved
609:all rights reversed
352:Open-source license
188:Copyright abolition
4627:Good Copy Bad Copy
4573:Alexandra Elbakyan
4477:Copyright Alliance
3031:on 9 November 2017
2913:. 15 December 1990
2761:. CBS Interactive.
2659:"Licenses by Name"
2185:The New York Times
1496:keyboard shortcuts
1203:, and the various
1084:software libraries
1044:
874:Permissive license
811:European countries
741:Economic incentive
546:Dr. Dobb's Journal
374:Higher categories:
280:Higher categories:
272:Outline of patents
38:
4657:
4656:
4556:
4555:
4508:Open Rights Group
4128:
4127:
4028:Trusted Computing
4018:Software security
3966:
3965:
3647:Operating systems
3555:Long-term support
3458:Media related to
3261:"Licensing HOWTO"
3194:978-0-262-06246-6
3156:. 3 February 2012
2801:on 26 April 2009.
2727:Stallman, Richard
2684:"Licensing HOWTO"
2606:10.1109/MS.2010.5
2480:Stallman, Richard
2369:978-1-59140-999-1
2260:Mustonen, Mikko.
2075:Copyleft Attitude
2042:Stallman, Richard
1984:978-0-596-00287-9
1825:Copyleft Attitude
1736:(26): 2447–2449.
1467:operating systems
1441:. The code point
1427:
1426:
1345:rendering support
1259:"Viral" licensing
1032:
1031:
905:Grants all rights
761:Furthermore, the
590:software hoarding
588:, which he named
477:in contrast with
467:software licenses
448:computer software
438:. In this sense,
425:
424:
389:software licenses
322:
321:
16:(Redirected from
4702:
4588:Richard Stallman
4533:Public Knowledge
4493:Creative Commons
4467:
4374:Open music model
4155:
4148:
4141:
4132:
4118:
4117:
4108:
4013:Software patents
3896:
3808:Creative Commons
3667:Web applications
3504:
3497:
3490:
3481:
3469:
3457:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3370:The Unicode Blog
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3336:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3303:
3295:
3289:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3182:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3111:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3092:on 15 June 2001.
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3061:. Archived from
3047:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3027:. Archived from
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2942:. Archived from
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2872:(6 March 2006).
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2846:. Archived from
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2818:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2797:. Archived from
2787:
2781:
2780:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2737:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2655:Tiemann, Michael
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2558:
2547:
2541:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2418:on 8 August 2010
2417:
2410:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2273:
2266:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2214:
2208:. Archived from
2203:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2162:. Archived from
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2038:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1972:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1922:10.15779/Z388T19
1905:
1890:
1884:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1850:Creative Commons
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1776:. Archived from
1771:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1725:
1661:Internet freedom
1609:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1538:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1465:of most current
1453:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1436:
1431:copyright symbol
1422:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1364:
1361:
1356:
1340:
1040:Creative Commons
887:
876:
846:
628:Berne Convention
624:Free Art License
554:Richard Stallman
522:Creative Commons
511:Creative Commons
507:Free Art License
499:Richard Stallman
436:derivative works
417:
410:
403:
324:
314:
307:
300:
183:Brand protection
117:Peasants' rights
54:
40:
21:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4620:Steal This Film
4607:
4583:Lawrence Lessig
4552:
4481:
4458:
4422:
4418:Video on demand
4297:
4192:Copyright troll
4165:
4159:
4129:
4124:
4096:
4063:Open-core model
4038:
4032:
3962:
3900:
3894:
3764:
3741:
3703:
3586:
3579:
3513:
3508:
3450:
3445:
3444:
3434:
3432:
3430:www.compart.com
3424:
3423:
3419:
3412:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3374:
3372:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3349:
3347:
3338:
3337:
3330:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3279:
3275:
3265:
3263:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3240:
3238:
3229:
3228:
3224:
3214:
3212:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3157:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3133:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3068:
3066:
3065:on 21 June 2005
3049:
3048:
3044:
3034:
3032:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3007:
3005:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2980:
2978:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2949:
2947:
2946:on 18 July 2011
2931:
2930:
2926:
2916:
2914:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2851:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2816:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2735:
2733:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2710:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2688:
2686:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2663:
2661:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2638:
2636:
2635:on 6 March 2018
2626:
2625:
2621:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2577:
2576:
2569:
2556:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2532:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2463:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2242:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2166:on 21 June 2005
2150:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2104:
2102:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2010:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1907:
1906:
1893:
1888:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1769:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1702:Steal This Film
1605:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1588:
1584:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1492:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1452:COPYLEFT SYMBOL
1451:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1434:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1395:
1394:
1392:COPYLEFT SYMBOL
1391:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1371:
1370:Copyleft symbol
1354:
1353:
1352:
1341:
1332:
1312:dynamic linking
1285:vice-president
1267:
1261:
1213:
1188:
1182:
1166:
1158:
1076:
917:proprietization
882:
872:
844:
838:
821:(EUPL), or the
783:
743:
703:
653:
648:
530:
518:Knowledge (XXG)
469:are considered
460:certain patents
421:
388:
371:
318:
282:
278:
193:Copyright troll
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3051:Mundie, Craig
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2594:IEEE Software
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2515:. 10 May 2015
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2019:. 5 July 2001
2018:
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2005:. p. 26.
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1959:Williams, Sam
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1343:You may need
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1320:GNU Classpath
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1291:Steve Ballmer
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