481:
438:
465:). The third section of each stanza shares its rhymes and music with the refrain. Thus, it can be schematically represented as AbbaA, where "A" represents the repeated refrain, "a" represents the verse set to the same music as the refrain, and "b" represents the remaining verses set to different music.
680:, which has a two-line refrain at the beginning, with each stanza ending with a repetition of either the first or the second refrain verse in alternation, and the last stanza ending in both refrain verses in reversed order. These forms have occasionally been reproduced in later English poetry, e.g. by
675:
is a structure without a refrain and with an interlocking rhyme scheme between the stanzas: in the first stanza, the rhymes are AAB AAB AAB, with the B lines shorter than the A lines. In the second stanza, the B rhymes are shifted to the longer verses, and a new C rhyme is introduced for the shorter
472:
may be of three, four or five lines each, with rhyme schemes such as ABA, ABAB, AAAB, ABBA, or AABBA. The structure often involves an alternation of longer with shorter lines. Typically, all three stanzas share the same set of rhymes, which means that the entire poem may be built on just two rhymes,
421:
By the mid-15th century, the form had become largely divorced from music, and numerous examples of this form (including the ballade and the rondeau) were written, which were either not intended to be set to music, or for which the music has not survived.
666:
From the 15th century onwards the virelai was no longer regularly set to music but became a purely literary form, and its structural variety proliferated. The 17th-century prosodist Père
Mourgues defined what he called the
487:
856:
351:
801:
705:
746:
Französische
Virelais aus dem 15. Jahrhundert: Kritische Ausgabe mit Anmerkungen, Glossar und einer literarhistorischen und metrischen Untersuchung
1517:
842:
410:(c. 1300–1377), who also wrote his own verse; 33 separate compositions in the form survive by him. Other composers of virelai include
344:
49:
1286:
1184:
878:
57:
849:
1451:
991:
337:
1522:
1527:
506:
is an example of a virelai with rhymes AAAB in the refrain, and AAB (with a shortened second verse) in each of the
175:
45:
453:
that is stated before the first stanza and again after each. Within each stanza, the structure is that of the
22:
1512:
128:
53:
1406:
1261:
1040:
1036:
786:
503:
468:
Within this overall structure, the number of lines and the rhyme scheme is variable. The refrain and
407:
396:
392:
255:
250:
200:
170:
155:
82:
689:
292:
165:
77:
671:
in a way that has little in common with the musical virelais of the 14th and 15th centuries. His
750:
1391:
1361:
1200:
1101:
681:
411:
374:
324:
277:
205:
195:
190:
99:
1296:
1276:
1174:
1027:
823:
811:
499:
480:
287:
210:
185:
1431:
1371:
1281:
1179:
1106:
1091:
415:
272:
160:
1421:
966:
791:
744:
267:
215:
30:
1506:
1411:
1366:
1301:
1241:
1065:
946:
906:
886:
796:
134:
1336:
1271:
1032:
901:
387:
282:
245:
235:
1471:
1386:
1346:
1291:
1127:
1096:
1055:
1050:
996:
941:
445:
The virelai as a song form of the 14th and early 15th century usually has three
111:
93:
834:
1481:
1476:
1456:
1341:
1326:
1006:
1001:
986:
936:
926:
676:
ones (BBC BBC BBC), and so on. Another form described by Père
Mourgues is the
426:
180:
106:
1461:
1436:
1381:
1246:
1137:
976:
956:
891:
437:
240:
116:
1441:
1416:
1401:
1376:
1351:
1321:
1216:
1158:
1070:
1060:
951:
921:
454:
371:
308:
122:
805:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 111.
1486:
1466:
1426:
1316:
1266:
1221:
1086:
1011:
971:
916:
827:
450:
302:
87:
1306:
1251:
1132:
896:
446:
400:
378:
725:
Harding, Carol E. "Virelai (Virelay)". In
Michelle M. Sauer (ed.).
1446:
1396:
1356:
1331:
1311:
1153:
981:
961:
931:
911:
479:
436:
382:
297:
1256:
1122:
838:
653:
646:
639:
632:
621:
614:
607:
600:
587:
580:
573:
560:
553:
546:
535:
528:
521:
514:
790:
399:) and was one of the most common verse forms set to music in
767:
Holmes, U. T.; Scott, C. "Virelai". In Roland Greene (ed.).
457:, with two sections that share the same rhymes and music (
727:
The Facts on File
Companion to British Poetry Before 1600
425:
A virelai with only a single stanza is also known as a
403:
from the late thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries.
1234:
1209:
1193:
1167:
1146:
1115:
1079:
1020:
877:
870:
477:sections also share their rhymes with the refrain.
769:The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics
812:"The Post-Machaut Generation of Poet-Musicians"
406:One of the most famous composers of virelai is
850:
345:
8:
771:. Princeton University Press. p. 1522.
418:(c. 1400–1474), one of the latest.
874:
857:
843:
835:
352:
338:
17:
762:
760:
706:List of virelais by Guillaume de Machaut
738:
736:
717:
36:
29:
822:. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols: 40–84.
414:, one of the earliest (d. 1304), and
7:
14:
441:Structural schema of the virelai.
1287:Cantigas de escárnio e maldizer
1185:Cantigas de escárnio e maldizer
662:Virelai "ancien" and "nouveau"
1:
655:Seur moy fors vous seulement.
537:Seur moy fors vous seulement.
1518:Western medieval lyric forms
865:Western medieval lyric forms
749:. Halle: Niemeyer. pp.
816:Nottingham Medieval Studies
1544:
622:
615:
608:
601:
588:
581:
574:
561:
554:
547:
743:Heldt, Elisabeth (1916).
623:Se pité ne vous en prent.
385:. It is one of the three
575:Tous les jours de ma vie
461:), followed by a third (
810:Wilkins, Nigel (1968).
802:Encyclopædia Britannica
654:
647:
641:Pour dieu ne pensés mie
640:
633:
616:Dont ma joie est fenie,
589:Sans villain pensement.
536:
529:
523:Pour dieu ne pensés mie
522:
515:
648:Que nulle ait signorie
548:Qu'adès sans tricherie
530:Que nulle ait signorie
495:
442:
1523:Medieval music genres
1235:By alphabetical order
871:By regional tradition
787:Gosse, Edmund William
684:("Spring Sadness", a
609:D'esperance et d'aĂŻe;
562:Vous ay et humblement
483:
440:
412:Jehannot de l'Escurel
391:(the others were the
71:Movements and schools
504:Guillaume de Machaut
408:Guillaume de Machaut
1168:Galician-Portuguese
690:Henry Austin Dobson
602:Helas! et je mendie
325:Renaissance music →
828:10.1484/J.NMS.3.38
496:
443:
1528:Renaissance music
1500:
1499:
1392:Petrarchan sonnet
1230:
1229:
1102:Petrarchan sonnet
634:Douce dame jolie,
516:Douce dame jolie,
362:
361:
100:Notre-Dame school
1535:
1297:Chanson de toile
1277:Cantiga de amigo
1175:Cantiga de amigo
1028:Chanson de toile
875:
859:
852:
845:
836:
831:
806:
794:
773:
772:
764:
755:
754:
740:
731:
730:
722:
657:
650:
643:
636:
625:
624:
618:
617:
611:
610:
604:
603:
591:
590:
584:
583:
577:
576:
564:
563:
557:
556:
550:
549:
539:
532:
525:
518:
500:Douce Dame Jolie
494:
493:
492:
490:
354:
347:
340:
288:Liturgical drama
186:Adam de la Halle
18:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1432:Sicilian octave
1282:Cantiga de amor
1226:
1205:
1189:
1180:Cantiga de amor
1163:
1142:
1111:
1107:Sicilian octave
1075:
1016:
866:
863:
809:
792:"Virelay"
785:
782:
780:Further reading
777:
776:
766:
765:
758:
742:
741:
734:
724:
723:
719:
714:
702:
694:virelai nouveau
678:virelai nouveau
664:
488:
486:
485:
484:
435:
433:Musical virelai
416:Guillaume Dufay
358:
316:
315:
314:
273:Gregorian chant
230:
222:
221:
220:
150:
142:
141:
140:
72:
62:
61:
12:
11:
5:
1541:
1539:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1505:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
883:
881:
872:
868:
867:
864:
862:
861:
854:
847:
839:
833:
832:
807:
797:Chisholm, Hugh
781:
778:
775:
774:
756:
732:
729:. p. 450.
716:
715:
713:
710:
709:
708:
701:
698:
686:virelai ancien
673:virelai ancien
669:virelai ancien
663:
660:
659:
658:
651:
644:
637:
629:
628:
627:
626:
619:
612:
605:
595:
594:
593:
592:
585:
578:
568:
567:
566:
565:
558:
551:
541:
540:
533:
526:
519:
489:MIDI rendering
434:
431:
377:used often in
360:
359:
357:
356:
349:
342:
334:
331:
330:
329:
328:
318:
317:
313:
312:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
264:
263:
258:
253:
243:
238:
232:
231:
228:
227:
224:
223:
219:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
152:
151:
148:
147:
144:
143:
139:
138:
131:
126:
119:
114:
109:
104:
103:
102:
90:
85:
80:
74:
73:
70:
69:
66:
65:
64:
63:
44:
39:
38:
34:
33:
31:Medieval music
27:
26:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1540:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1513:French poetry
1511:
1510:
1508:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1367:Maldit-comiat
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1302:Cobla esparsa
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
947:Maldit-comiat
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
907:Cobla esparsa
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
887:Alba (poetry)
885:
884:
882:
880:
876:
873:
869:
860:
855:
853:
848:
846:
841:
840:
837:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
804:
803:
798:
793:
788:
784:
783:
779:
770:
763:
761:
757:
752:
748:
747:
739:
737:
733:
728:
721:
718:
711:
707:
704:
703:
699:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
674:
670:
661:
656:
652:
649:
645:
642:
638:
635:
631:
630:
620:
613:
606:
599:
598:
597:
596:
586:
579:
572:
571:
570:
569:
559:
552:
545:
544:
543:
542:
538:
534:
531:
527:
524:
520:
517:
513:
512:
511:
509:
505:
501:
491:
482:
478:
476:
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
439:
432:
430:
428:
423:
419:
417:
413:
409:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:
384:
380:
376:
373:
370:is a form of
369:
368:
355:
350:
348:
343:
341:
336:
335:
333:
332:
327:
326:
322:
321:
320:
319:
311:
310:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
248:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
226:
225:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
149:Major figures
146:
145:
137:
136:
135:Ars subtilior
132:
130:
127:
125:
124:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
101:
98:
97:
96:
95:
91:
89:
86:
84:
83:Saint Martial
81:
79:
76:
75:
68:
67:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
42:
41:
40:
35:
32:
28:
24:
20:
19:
16:
1491:
1422:Salut d'amor
1337:Formes fixes
1044:
1033:Formes fixes
967:Salut d'amor
819:
815:
800:
768:
745:
726:
720:
693:
685:
677:
672:
668:
665:
507:
497:
474:
469:
467:
462:
458:
444:
424:
420:
405:
388:formes fixes
386:
375:French verse
366:
365:
363:
323:
307:
268:Geisslerlied
260:
246:Formes fixes
133:
121:
92:
52: /
48: /
15:
1472:Trobar clus
1387:Pastourelle
1347:Grand chant
1292:Cerdd dafod
1128:Cerdd dafod
1097:Ottava rima
1056:Pastourelle
1051:Grand chant
997:Trobar clus
692:("July", a
229:Major forms
94:Ars antiqua
50:Instruments
1507:Categories
1482:Trobar ric
1477:Trobar leu
1457:Torneyamen
1327:Ensenhamen
1007:Trobar ric
1002:Trobar leu
987:Torneyamen
927:Ensenhamen
712:References
682:John Payne
510:sections.
427:bergerette
107:Troubadour
78:Saint Gall
1462:Traethodl
1437:Sirventes
1382:Pastorela
1247:Arlabecca
1138:Traethodl
977:Sirventes
957:Pastorela
892:Arlabecca
241:Conductus
216:Dunstaple
166:Hildegard
117:Minnesang
58:Theorists
46:Composers
1442:Tagelied
1417:Rondelet
1402:Reverdie
1377:Partimen
1362:Madrigal
1352:Kyrielle
1322:Devinalh
1217:Kyrielle
1201:Madrigal
1159:Tagelied
1071:Rondelet
1061:Reverdie
952:Partimen
942:Lo Boièr
922:Devinalh
789:(1911).
700:See also
470:Abgesang
463:Abgesang
455:bar form
449:, and a
395:and the
372:medieval
309:Planctus
293:Madrigal
129:Trecento
123:Ars nova
112:Trouvère
37:Overview
23:a series
21:Part of
1492:Virelai
1487:Viadera
1467:Triolet
1452:Tornada
1427:Sestina
1407:Rondeau
1317:Descort
1267:Ballata
1262:Ballade
1222:Triolet
1194:English
1087:Ballata
1080:Italian
1045:Virelai
1041:Rondeau
1037:Ballade
1012:Viadera
992:Tornada
972:Sestina
917:Descort
879:Occitan
799:(ed.).
688:), and
555:Chierie
508:stollen
475:Stollen
473:if the
459:Stollen
451:refrain
447:stanzas
397:rondeau
393:ballade
367:virelai
303:Organum
261:Virelai
256:Rondeau
251:Ballade
211:Ciconia
206:Landini
201:Machaut
181:PĂ©rotin
176:Walther
171:Bernart
88:Goliard
1412:Rondel
1372:Octave
1307:Cywydd
1252:Aubade
1210:others
1147:German
1133:Cywydd
1092:Octave
1066:Rondel
1021:French
897:Aubade
582:Servie
401:Europe
379:poetry
191:Franco
156:Notker
54:Theory
1447:Tenso
1397:Planh
1357:Leise
1332:Enuig
1312:Dansa
1272:Canso
1154:Leise
1116:Welsh
982:Tenso
962:Planh
932:Enuig
912:Dansa
902:Canso
795:. In
502:" by
383:music
298:Motet
283:Lauda
236:Canso
196:Vitry
161:Guido
1257:Awdl
1242:Alba
1123:Awdl
753:–34.
381:and
1342:Gab
937:Gab
824:doi
696:).
278:Lai
1509::
1043:,
1039:,
820:12
818:.
814:.
759:^
751:27
735:^
429:.
364:A
25:on
1047:)
1035:(
858:e
851:t
844:v
830:.
826::
498:"
353:e
346:t
339:v
60:)
56:(
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