34:
273:
74:
88:
60:
391:— mountain, hill). In pre-Mongol era there were two primary territories where Chuvashs lived and at the time they were distinguished not by the Volga river flow but instead by settlement on the left (hill,
351:
which have distinctive differences between dialects, Chuvash dialects and specific ethnic subgroup cultural features developed relatively late. It is evidence of
Chuvash ancestors in pre-
215:, assimilated by Chuvashs. Anthropological analysis via mathematical simulation suggests Hill Maris and Upper Chuvashs are represented by the same anthropological type.
422:
363:
were formed on basis of different tribal dialects consolidation. Bulgarian language later became a foundation of
Chuvash language.
352:
483:
223:
Russian chronicles refer to Upper
Chuvashs and Hill Maris as "cheremisa gorniaya" ("черемиса горняя", literally
465:Козлова К.И. Об этнических связях чувашей и марийцев. Вестник МГУ: историко-филологическая серия. Москва. 1985.
106:
33:
535:
456:Трофимова Т.А. Антропологические материалы к вопросу о происхождении чувашей//СЭ. 1950. №3. С. 55, 65.
272:
404:
266:
209:
518:Иванов В.П., Николаев В.В., Димитриев В.Д. Чуваши: этническая история и традиционная культура
122:
437:
427:
384:
360:
191:
169:
159:
110:
517:
474:Хамидуллин Б.Л. Народы Казанского ханства: этносоциологическое исследование. Казань, 2002.
239:
359:
which was in process of ethnic consolidation. At the same time all the basic features of
356:
179:
135:
529:
494:
432:
344:
258:
226:
212:
183:
143:
407:
described exactly two groups of
Chuvashs - upstream of Volga and Kama steppe.
400:
262:
238:
Virjal women's dress cut is virtually the same as Hill Mari women's dress as
250:
246:
79:
403:
area) banks of the river. During academical expedition of the 18th century
495:Труды и лѣтописи Общества истории и древностей российских, Том 4, Выпуск 1
249:
which was different from the one used by Anatri. Upper
Chuvashs wore long
348:
484:Абрамов В.К. К вопросу об антропологическом типе горных марийцев. 2005.
416:
200:— lower, east), i. e. Lower Chuvash, living downstream of Volga River.
93:
314:
254:
187:
139:
65:
505:Гаген-Торн Н. И. Женская одежда народов Поволжья. — Чебоксары, 1960.
337:
318:
302:
271:
371:
In some areas of Virjal settlement Mari toponymy is still used.
343:
As opposed to subgroups of some adjacent ethnicities like
182:. Denomination "Virjal", i. e. upper, living upstream of
245:
Virjal and Hill Mari had similar technology of making
269:
had black and white ones, and Anatri had just white.
276:
Viryal
Chuvash traditional dress. Late 19th century.
208:Some scientists suggest Upper Chuvash descend from
129:
116:
100:
50:
40:
16:Turkic people of Eastern Europe and Central Asia
423:Alikovo District Literary and Local Lore Museum
257:. Feet wrapping was thick, similar to that of
8:
513:
511:
22:
32:
21:
449:
178:— village, community) is a subgroup of
7:
379:Upper Chuvashs are sometimes called
51:Regions with significant populations
267:Anat Jenchi (Middle Lower Chuvashs)
324:is often used instead of literary
289:is often used instead of literary
14:
86:
72:
58:
1:
419:- national folklore ensemble
552:
395:) and the right (steppe -
355:era were basically united
388:
361:common Bulgarian language
195:
173:
163:
134:
121:
105:
55:
45:
31:
285:In Virjal dialect vowel
293:and sometimes others:
277:
259:Finno Ugric neighbours
275:
130:Related ethnic groups
261:. Virjal had black
219:Historical evidence
28:
405:Peter Simon Pallas
278:
242:and others refer.
168:— upper, west and
125:, Chuvash Paganism
234:Traditional dress
149:
148:
543:
520:
515:
506:
503:
497:
492:
486:
481:
475:
472:
466:
463:
457:
454:
438:Virjal shevlisem
428:Turkic languages
390:
357:Bulgarian nation
197:
186:, is opposed to
175:
165:
123:Russian Orthodox
96:
92:
90:
89:
82:
78:
76:
75:
68:
64:
62:
61:
41:Total population
36:
29:
551:
550:
546:
545:
544:
542:
541:
540:
526:
525:
524:
523:
516:
509:
504:
500:
493:
489:
482:
478:
473:
469:
464:
460:
455:
451:
446:
413:
377:
369:
283:
240:Nina Gagen-Torn
236:
221:
206:
87:
85:
84:
73:
71:
70:
59:
57:
56:
24:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
549:
547:
539:
538:
536:Chuvash people
528:
527:
522:
521:
507:
498:
487:
476:
467:
458:
448:
447:
445:
442:
441:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
412:
409:
376:
373:
368:
365:
282:
279:
235:
232:
220:
217:
205:
202:
180:Chuvash people
147:
146:
136:Chuvash people
132:
131:
127:
126:
119:
118:
114:
113:
103:
102:
98:
97:
53:
52:
48:
47:
46:approx. 170000
43:
42:
38:
37:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
548:
537:
534:
533:
531:
519:
514:
512:
508:
502:
499:
496:
491:
488:
485:
480:
477:
471:
468:
462:
459:
453:
450:
443:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
418:
415:
414:
410:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
386:
382:
374:
372:
366:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
280:
274:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
243:
241:
233:
231:
229:
228:
218:
216:
214:
211:
203:
201:
199:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
171:
167:
161:
157:
153:
145:
141:
137:
133:
128:
124:
120:
115:
112:
108:
107:Upper Chuvash
104:
99:
95:
81:
67:
54:
49:
44:
39:
35:
30:
27:
23:Upper Chuvash
501:
490:
479:
470:
461:
452:
396:
392:
380:
378:
370:
342:
333:
329:
325:
321:
310:
306:
298:
294:
290:
286:
284:
244:
237:
224:
222:
207:
198:
176:
166:
155:
151:
150:
26:Virjal, Turi
25:
19:Ethnic group
433:Volga Finns
332:instead of
309:instead of
297:instead of
265:footwraps,
184:Volga River
144:Anat jenchi
444:References
317:). Plural
263:broadcloth
247:bast shoes
251:footwraps
101:Languages
80:Chuvashia
530:Category
411:See also
367:Toponymy
349:Mordvins
227:Cheremis
117:Religion
417:Valinke
385:Chuvash
334:лашасем
330:лашасам
281:Dialect
255:puttees
192:Chuvash
170:Chuvash
160:Chuvash
111:Chuvash
94:Mari El
353:Mongol
338:horses
315:barley
204:Origin
188:Anatri
156:Viryal
152:Virjal
140:Anatri
91:
77:
66:Russia
63:
399:, or
397:хирти
345:Maris
319:affix
303:money
225:Hill
213:Maris
401:Kama
393:тури
381:Turi
375:Turi
347:and
326:-сем
322:-сам
311:урпа
307:орпа
299:укçа
295:окçа
253:and
210:Hill
196:анат
340:).
305:),
230:).
164:вир
154:or
532::
510:^
389:ту
387::
328::
194::
174:ял
172::
162::
142:,
138:,
109:,
83:,
69:,
383:(
336:(
313:(
301:(
291:у
287:о
190:(
158:(
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