743:
and seeks his Muse for comfort for some unknown grief. The third poem in the work sings of the greatness of the house of Godwin, but then mourns its impending doom, when all shall be lost. Possibly the most heart-breaking poem in the work is the last one, which sits between the initial account of Edward's death and the stories of his miracles. In this poem, the
Anonymous is more grieved than ever, saying that all is lost, the brothers have turned against each other, and a new and horrible people is in England. This is a strong indication that the poetry was written after the Normans came, and was added into the text. Partly, this was to give the text a more engaging format, but partly, it was to put a solemn perspective on the events described, considering what would happen after Hastings. On this note, it is worth stating that once the account of Edward's miracles begins, there are no more poems.
712:
Edith and Harold—indicates that it was written at a time when those two were possibly the most influential people in
England. Likewise, the text's scathing portrayal of Robert of Jumièges as an evil man would not have been written in Edward's lifetime, since he was a favorite of Edward. Tostig is portrayed sympathetically in the text, with the Anonymous taking an almost conflicted tone, singing praise of Tostig, but also saying his was a bit too fierce in his punishment of evil. Likewise, after Tostig was exiled, the Anonymous says that his earldom fell into chaos. This does not seem like it was written after Tostig allied himself with the Norwegians and was defeated at
727:—is likely from after the Norman invasion. The reason is that it feels disjunct, as though it were forced on the text afterward. The earlier part of the text contains a full account of Edward's life (albeit, from a fairly Godwinist perspective) that ends with his death. Edward is portrayed as a wonderful man, but not as a miracle-working saint. Why did the author then go back and add a section about how holy Edward was? When the Normans ruled England, writing a book about Edward that focused on how fortunate he was to have the wonderful family of Godwins guiding him would have been a dangerous political move. By including a part about how Edward was truly a
547:
Godwin clearly desired for his family to rule the kingdom, with his sons as the major earls, and his daughter as the queen. This did not always sit well with Edward, which led to the banishment of the
Godwins (including the removal of Edith as queen) in 1051. Interestingly enough, the popular opinion in England seems to have been on Godwin's side more than Edward's, since there was nothing Edward could do to stop his return from exile, since the earl's forces were stronger than his own and the people were with him. The
700:, when William was subduing England. The work does not give us an exact date, but there are many clues in the text that indicate its rough date. The prose in the first half of the text is written with the benefit of hindsight regarding Edward's life. It flows consistently and only gives necessary details in one, consistent storyline. It goes from Godwin's preeminence in the reign of Cnut to his encouraging of the crowning of Edward. Then it tells of Edith, and how wonderful a wife she was to Edward. It deals with
884:
all about to end. The poetry is representative of Edith grieving for the loss of peace, prosperity, and power that the
Godwins suffered because of the feud between Harold and Tostig, and ultimately, the arrival of the Normans. The prose of the second half shows Edith finding a new way forward, remembering the sanctity of her husband. This could also have been a safeguard to justify a work that spoke so well of the Godwins in an era when Norman rule would have been hostile to memories of the old power structure.
876:
no matter what happened, her fate was intrinsically tied to that of her own family. For this reason, she tried in every way (through her anonymous writer) to redeem her family from whatever stains and faults it could be accused of. She attempted to shift blame away from her brothers and toward the corrupt
English church whenever possible. The eventual falling out between Harold and Tostig is the ultimate loss and tragedy: the ruin of the great house of Godwin which Edith worked so hard to uphold and protect.
437:, who wrote the first true hagiography of King Edward, ignored book i and built his narrative around book ii. Book i is generally considered the more valuable section for modern historians. In the view of historian J. L. Grassi, it is the most valuable narrative source for the reign of Edward the Confessor, containing around 40 unique items of information. Book i is interspersed with poetry (largely absent from book ii), usually used as "transitional pieces" between different stages of the narrative.
784:, two Flemish monks who lived in England in the early 11th century and wrote many saints' lives. The evidence for this stems partially from the fact that the author's disdain for certain elements about the English church indicate that he was a foreigner. There are equally strong stylistic and circumstantial claims for both Goscelin and Folcard, so according to Barlow, there is really no way of knowing which of the two wrote it, but it is extremely unlikely that anyone else would have written it.
704:'s persuasion of Edward to exile Godwin and his family. Shortly afterward in the text, however, Godwin returns with the favor of the people and is reconciled. After Godwin's death, the text turns to Edward's good works, and the border wars of Harold and Tostig—especially the rise of Harold to replace his father. It talks of Tostig's troubles with his earldom of Northumbria, and his exile. This first part ends with Edward's death.
35:
871:
piece in her father's plan of control for his family. It was quite unusual for so much power in
England to be concentrated in the hands of a single other family other than the royal family, and the Godwins had mastered this. Edith was—in some ways—the greatest piece in this puzzle, being the wife of the king himself, and thus bringing her family into Edward's most intimate circle. The
676:. This view is not held by any current historians. Barlow dismisses Bloch's theory, saying that the single manuscript can be reliably dated to around AD 1100, and that it at least the earlier part of the text was in use in the 1080's. Barlow's view was also already stated in Eleanor Heningham's "The Genuineness of the Vita Æduuardi Regis" in 1946, who claimed that the
596:. William claimed that Edward had promised the throne to him, and the Bayeux Tapestry shows Harold in Normandy, swearing an oath on holy relics that he would let William be king. There is little disagreement in primary sources that this oath was in fact sworn, but there are differences of opinion on why. Sources with a more Norman leaning say that Harold had gone to
346:. It is written from the perspective of an anonymous author (hereafter referred to as the Anonymous) who receives inspiration from his Muse. The text is mostly Latin prose, but it is interspersed with bits of poetry, which the Muse tells the Anonymous to include so that his tale is not tiresome. The story goes from the Danish invasion and
639:—all dead, he proceeded to become the king of England and subdue the rest of his new realm. This was a long and brutal process that felt to many in England like their entire world was coming undone. The previous power balance had been entirely upset, and many of the English saw the invasion as God's divine judgement for their sins.
575:'s claims. Either way, Harold was clearly intent on becoming king, as his seeming eagerness to be crowned immediately after Edward's death indicates, especially since that was not common practice among the English at the time. We do not know if Harold desired to seize the crown and made up Edward's request as an excuse, or if the
742:
is a creature of its own. It is interspersed throughout the first part of the book, but it was probably added after the Norman
Conquest. Many of the poems take on a grieving or doom-laden tone that is absent from the rest of the text. Even at the very beginning, the Anonymous says that all is ruined,
711:
was written after Edward's death, but before the Battle of
Hastings. The consistency of the narrative is one thing. It appears to all have been written at roughly the same time, and with the same goal in mind. The text goes all the way to Edward's death, and its praise of the Godwin family—especially
623:
itself—though it usually takes a stance favorable to Tostig—says that he was a little too harsh sometimes, and this is probably an understatement. The chief cause of the rebellion was likely Tostig's tax policy, which his subjects perceived to be too harsh, as well violence and cruelty to his people.
875:
is essentially her story—or rather, it is the story of the people who were closest to her, told from her perspective. Edith's perspective is of a Godwin, seeking to uphold the power and dignity of her family. She effectively had two roles/identities: the queen of
England, and the daughter of Godwin;
551:
says no less than five times that Godwin was viewed by the whole kingdom as its father, and while there is surely some exaggeration here, it shows an immense amount of support that he had among the
English. This makes logical sense, considering that they elected Godwin's son, Harold, to be king when
883:
encapsulates Edith's greatest hopes and fears at the time it was written. The prose of the first part is ambitious, hopeful, and joyful for the sake of the Godwins and their triumphs. At the time of Harold's coronation, the Godwins reached the apex of their power, and they did not know that it was
546:
and other sources tell of the struggles between Earl Godwin and the king, and while these conflicts took many forms (such as the ownership of land, or question of Godwin's involvement in the murder of Edward's brother), the basis behind them all was the struggle for power. Edward was the king, but
895:
suggest that she was also the author of the Bayeux Tapestry, saying that she used it to support the Norman invasion, while not destroying the English legacy, attempting to become a unifying force of peace. She could be both English and something else at the same time. After all, by blood, she was
870:
is to understand the situation and mind of its patron: Queen Edith. She was the daughter of Godwin and the wife to Edward, and it would not be an understatement to say that she was the most powerful woman in England at the time of her reign as queen, and possibly even afterward. She was a crucial
652:
Barlow claims that the first half of the book—the half dealing with Edward's reign and the doings of the house of Godwin—was written between 1065 and 1066, while the second half—in which the miracles of Edward are recounted—was most likely written around 1067. This opinion has been the subject of
329:
around 1100, owing to the style of the hand. The two centre folios that originally lay between 40 and 41, and 54 and 55 are lost, though their content can be partially reconstructed. Its recent editor, historian Frank Barlow, thought that it was based on an earlier version of the text at Christ
624:
He was also accused of robbing churches and conspiring to murder noblemen in his earldom. After Tostig was expelled, he remained bitter towards Harold, and it is not surprising that he would have desired to challenge his brother's throne. This challenge came in the form of allying with
350:
up until the death of Edward, speaking mostly in a historical fashion, and then it backtracks and returns to Edward's life, telling of the miracles he performed and his saintliness. Besides Edward himself, the main character of the story (particularly the historical part) is his wife,
819:, as well as the works of both Goscelin and Folcard. Arbabzadah shows that in this respect, Folcard is a significantly more likely candidate for authorship. Even so, Arbabzadah is cautious in assigning Folcard as the author, saying that statistics are not a perfect tool, and that the
906:). In this, Edith proved to be just like her father. She survived from one regime to another, clinging to the past and moving into the future at the same time, a foot in two worlds, belonging to both and neither. She was a survivor, and despite her faults, she was a noble one. The
720:. The Anonymous did not have the hindsight of the Norman Conquest when he wrote this part of the text. Even Harold's visit to Normandy and oath to William are not recorded, indicating that perhaps the author did think them to be of great consequence.
245:
is incredibly important to historians of England in the eleventh century, because it is one of the few good primary sources still available from the period. Also, it is a transitional piece, showing how England was more closely related to
285:
survives in one manuscript, written in folios 38 to 57 of the British Library Harley MS 526, these twenty folios measuring c. 13 cm by 18.5 c and penned in "brownish ink". Written on the manuscript at a later date is the name of
910:
is a powerful testament to her ability to honor her father Godwin, her brothers Harold and Tostig, and her husband Edward, all while becoming a part of the glorious Anglo-Norman England that emerged from the ashes of 1066.
764:, either as monk or a clerk; he had been a servant of Queen Edith; and he was not English. It is highly unlikely that he was Norman, but rather Flemish or Lotharingian. Flemish is most likely, as he mentions St Omer and
811:—as lining up with Folcard's writing style. Most recently, Moreed Arbabzadah has also put forth a further case for Folcard in his article, "Word Order in Goscelin and Folcard: Implications for the Attribution of the
608:, most people who were involved in the workings of government) would have known that William would not be easily ignored. Matters would come to a head with him sooner or later, as they in the autumn when he invaded.
660:. Monika Otter agrees with Barlow in her article, "1066: The Moment of Transition in Two Narratives of the Norman Conquest," saying that the text was started and finished on either side of the Battle of Hastings.
615:. If the knowledge of William and his claim to the throne was known in England, the knowledge of Tostig and his grievance with his family would have been known even better. He had been the earl of
664:
takes a different stance, saying that the entire text was written between 1065 and 1066, and thus completed before the Norman Conquest began. One of the most extreme opinions on the date of the
563:
says this claim is shaky, but cannot be completely refuted, since the pro-Godwin sources of the period say the story is true—albeit cautiously—and even the anti-Godwin sources such as
680:
provided sufficient evidence in itself to prove that it was genuine. Likewise, J. L. Grassi says in "The Vita Ædwardi Regis: The Hagiographer as Insider" that whoever wrote the
1885:
Lives of Edward the Confessor: I. La Estoire de Seint Aedward le Rei. II. Vita Beati Edvardi Regis et Confessoris. III. Vita Æduuardi Regis qui Apud Westmonasterium Requiescit.
619:, but due to a rebellion of his people, he was expelled while Edward was king and Harold was the earl of Wessex. Tostig was a harsh ruler, and his people did not love him. The
838:. She claims that the Biblical and Classical allusions in the text are closer to Goscelin's writing, particularly the reference to the four rivers of Eden, and the term,
799:, but they disagree about which of the two it was. Tom Licence suggests that Folcard was the more likely candidate. Licence cites the author's use of rarer words such as
850:, however, responded in "Earl Godwine's Ship" that these claims were weak, considering that the reference to the four rivers of Paradise is handled differently in the
571:
suggest that Edward might have changed his own mind about the succession of the throne multiple times, leading to the uncertainty surrounding Harold's, William's and
229:, and the second dealing with the holiness of King Edward. It is likely that the two parts were originally distinct. The first book is a secular history, not
1959:
294:(1604–1610), who must therefore have acquired it. Its location prior to the life of Archbishop Bancroft is unclear, but possible locations include
834:. Rhona Beare also wrote an article titled "Did Goscelin Write the Earliest Life of Edward the Confessor?" claiming that Goscelin was the author of the
631:
Shortly afterward, the Normans invaded from the south and William emerged from the Battle of Hastings as the victor. With Godwin's sons—Harold, Tostig,
499:, some of which – roughly 500 words regarding Edith's marriage to Edward – are unique and probably represent part of the lost sections of the original
900:, who was Norman by birth, married an English king, then a Danish one, and then commissioned a book presenting herself as the hero of the story (the
355:. The Anonymous explicitly states that he desires to write praise to Edith, and the Muse tells him also to write of the goodness of Edith's father,
1989:
559:
claims that Edward gave the kingship of England to Harold with his dying words. However, there is no definitive proof that this was the case.
1979:
1974:
1969:
896:
half Danish. Why could she not honor the legacy of the old England, while supporting William's new one? She could be like her predecessor,
604:
itself does not say anything on the matter. Either way, William was a contender to the English throne, and likely many people in England (
483:
was the most widely circulated hagiography of Edward, and all later accounts of Edward's miracles and life are based on this. Book iv of
1949:
887:
In fact, Edith did well under William's regime, likely in part due to her ability to adapt, knowing when to let go of the past—as the
600:
with the purpose of making the oath, while English sources claim that the oath—or possibly the entire trip—had not been planned. The
1954:
1851:
1827:
1806:
291:
731:, the book could claim to be a saint's life, and perhaps its pro-Godwin perspective might be overlooked by the Norman conquerors.
1763:
233:, although book ii is more hagiographic and was used as the basis of later saints' lives dedicated to the king, such as those by
768:, intimately, the latter three times. His spelling of place-names resembles the orthography characteristic of areas speaking
815:
and Other Works," by analyzing the number of verb-medial constructions (separation of two connected words by a verb) in the
1984:
1964:
1841:
628:, king of Norway, and invading England, an attempt which was stopped at the Battle of Stamford Bridge, where Tostig died.
765:
684:
clearly had access to inside and personal information about the king, and was probably even present at Edward's death.
552:
Edward died without an heir. There is no evidence to suggest that there was any internal opposition to Harold's rule.
515:
was crowned king of England, and there were multiple threats poised against England from different sides. There was
464:, written c. 1085, makes use of the work too, and it is this that enables historians to theorise that a copy of the
568:
542:
was written was the climb to power by the Godwin family, and the struggle between the Godwins and King Edward. The
222:
713:
531:
in the sky that year certainly did not boost morale among the English, either. This was the setting in which the
326:
1794:
1750:
410:
270:
560:
1888:, Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi scriptores ; 3, London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts
902:
484:
356:
330:
Church Canterbury by 1085; he also believed that other copies, now lost, existed at Westminster Abbey and
299:
226:
121:
593:
516:
468:
was at the Abbey of Westminster by this date. More use of the text, if indirect, was made by the famous
445:
331:
207:
701:
359:, and his family. The Anonymous obeys this injunction vigorously throughout the text. It may be named
1879:
769:
343:
266:
167:
125:
653:
controversy, since it says the book was started before the Norman invasion and completed afterward.
1944:
564:
418:
1897:
1642:
1378:
1322:
697:
636:
476:
238:
1568:
Moreed Arbabzadah, "Word Order in Goscelin and Folcard: Implications for the Attribution of the
656:
There have been a variety of suggestions proposed by other historians regarding the date of the
589:
of their own volition. The most likely answer is that the truth is some combination of the two.
250:, and how after the Norman Conquest, it shifted south and became more connected to continental
1920:
1857:
1847:
1823:
1802:
625:
572:
528:
519:, who claimed to have been promised the crown by Edward and even by Harold himself. There was
394:
303:
1912:
1815:
1768:
1621:
897:
831:
612:
520:
512:
319:
287:
866:
Even beyond who penned the words of the text, the most crucial piece in understanding the
830:
had postulated Goscelin as the likely author, and this was the identification favoured by
632:
580:
434:
422:
352:
234:
187:
175:
59:
1317:
Monika Otter, "1066: The Moment of Transition in Two Narratives of the Norman Conquest,"
535:
was begun by its anonymous author, commissioned by Queen Edith, wife of the late Edward.
34:
1893:
827:
760:. Some things, however, are reasonably certain about the author. He was or had been in
757:
307:
191:
1938:
1799:
The Life of King Edward who Rests at Westminster Attributed to a Monk of Saint-Bertin
1660:
Queen Emma & Queen Edith: Queenship and Women's Power in Eleventh-Century England
1399:
858:, was likely widely known at the time due to another popular text that contained it.
847:
1916:
583:
tell the truth in saying that he was nominated by Edward and elected by the English
892:
843:
823:"certainly deserves further attention in future work on questions of attribution".
1786:
1883:
696:
was likely written between Edward's death in January 1066 and sometime after the
1343:
761:
661:
616:
524:
472:
401:
371:
247:
230:
1865:
1219:
The Norman Conquest: The Battle of Hastings and the Fall of Anglo-Saxon England
928:
The Norman Conquest: The Battle of Hastings and the Fall of Anglo-Saxon England
1772:
772:
languages. Barlow states that the most likely candidates to have authored the
669:
469:
315:
295:
211:
179:
39:
Facsimile of page 2 of British Library Harley MS 526, the opening page of the
1924:
1861:
1755:
1616:
Rhona Beare, "Did Goscelin Write the Earliest Life of Edward the Confessor?"
1625:
826:
Goscelin is continually held up as a possible candidate. In 1943, historian
592:
The threats to Harold's rule were exclusively external. The primary one was
311:
262:
was a time when this crucial shift in England's history was taking place.
788:
777:
717:
597:
195:
1646:
1394:
J. L. Grassi, "The Vita Ædwardi Regis: The Hagiographer as Insider," in
538:
The most important political dynamic in England in the years before the
1382:
1326:
792:
781:
724:
673:
457:
426:
389:
218:
199:
190:. The author is unknown, but was a servant of the queen and probably a
707:
There is good reason to believe that the afore-described prose of the
1846:, vol. XXVI, Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, pp. 87–102,
1753:(2004). "Folcard (d. after 1085), monk, musician, and hagiographer".
1231:
Stephen Baxter, "Edward the Confessor and the Succession Crisis," in
787:
Historians since have generally accepted Barlow's theory that either
735:
255:
251:
112:
Historical narrative (book i); poetry (book i); hagiography (book ii)
1373:
Eleanor K. Heningham, "The Genuineness of the Vita Æduuardi Regis,"
1036:, trans. Frank Barlow (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), 8-9.
1338:
Tom Licence, "The Date and Authorship of the Vita Ædwardi Regis,"
728:
611:
The other challenge to the throne came from Harold's own brother,
585:
406:
383:
375:
163:
672:
in 1923. He said that the entire work was an early 12th century
347:
265:
There are two modern English translations of the text, those of
203:
1396:
Anglo-Norman Studies 26: Proceedings the Battle Conference 2003
1398:, ed. John Gillingham (Suffolk: Boydell Press, 2004), 87, 99.
527:, who had been banished from the kingdom. The appearance of
363:, but its message runs much deeper than its title suggests.
1840:: The Hagiographer as Insider", in Gillingham, John (ed.),
1843:
Anglo-Norman Studies: Proceedings of the Battle Conference
1235:, ed. Richard Mortimer (Suffolk: Boydell Press, 2009), 82.
433:, the majority of the work, was not hagiographic at all.
723:
The second major section of prose—dealing with Edward's
174:
1067 and suspected of having been commissioned by Queen
1637:
Simon Keynes and Rosalind Love, "Earl Godwine's Ship,"
145:
Vita Ædwardi Regis qui apud Westmonasterium Requiescit
22:
Vita Ædwardi Regis qui apud Westmonasterium Requiescit
421:, king of France, written sometime after 1031 by the
1932:
11th-century Latin biography of Edward the Confessor
1708:
The Bayeux Tapestry: The Life Story of a Masterpiece
1206:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 122–125.
854:
than in other works by Goscelin, and that the term,
96:
likely authentic transcription of the earlier source
1822:, vol. 1, , c. 550–c.1307, London: Routledge,
325:The Harley manuscript was probably written down at
132:
116:
108:
100:
92:
84:
73:
65:
55:
47:
20:
1754:
1400:https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt81v3r.10
1177:The Godwins: The Rise and Fall of a Noble Dynasty
716:. Lastly, there is no mention of any threat from
1204:The Life of King Edward Who Rests at Westminster
361:The Life of King Edward Who Rests at Westminster
124:and his children (book i); the holiness of King
28:The Life of King Edward who Rests at Westminster
891:exemplifies—and yet not ceasing to be English.
217:It is a two-part text, the first dealing with
1344:https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26332284
1269:
1267:
452:contains extracts, as does Osbert of Clare's
8:
1767:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1233:Edward the Confessor: The Man and the Legend
1221:. New York: Pegasus Books. pp. 135–136.
334:, from which derivative works were written.
150:Life of King Edward who rests at Westminster
1034:The Life of Edward Who Rests at Westminster
489:Speculum Historiale de Gestis Regum Angliae
417:, a biographical narrative on the reign of
225:(1066) and the activities of the family of
1662:(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1997), 259.
972:
970:
511:After King Edward died on 5 January 1066,
374:, and is more comparable to works such as
17:
1801:(2nd ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1179:(Harlow: Pearson Education, 2002), 45-47.
1898:"The First Life of Edward the Confessor"
1710:(London: Chatto & Windus, 2006), 30.
1559:Licence, "Date and Authorship," 277-279.
495:by Aelred, and contains extracts of the
462:Prologus de Construccione Westmonasterii
444:was drawn on by later medieval writers.
342:The text tells the story of the life of
1764:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1757:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
919:
1620:55, no. 3 (September 2008): 262-265.
7:
1550:Licence, "Date and Authorship," 275.
993:, pp. xxviii–lxxix; Gransden,
960:, pp. xxviii–lxxix; Gransden,
481:Vita S. Eduardi Regis et Confessoris
306:, as Bancroft had previously been a
178:, Edward's wife. It survives in one
1594:Southern, "First Life", pp. 397–400
1523:Barlow, "Introduction," xlvi-xlvii.
1308:Barlow, "Introduction," xxxi-xxxii.
1299:Baxter, "Succession Question," 108.
930:(New York: Pegasus Books, 2012), 4.
1960:Medieval historical texts in Latin
14:
1467:, pp. xliv–xlvi; Gransden,
413:thought its closest parallel was
194:. The most likely candidates are
170:completed by an anonymous author
1510:, p. xlv, and n. 153; Gransden,
807:—as well as the frequent use of
33:
1377:21, no. 4 (October 1946): 454.
60:Edith, Queen-consort of England
1990:Biographies of English royalty
1684:Barlow, "Introduction," lxiii.
1585:Arbabzadah, "Word Order," 218.
491:is a compilation based on the
1:
1917:10.1093/ehr/lviii.ccxxxii.385
1905:The English Historical Review
1820:Historical Writing in England
1574:The Journal of Medieval Latin
1532:Barlow, "Introduction," xliv.
1355:Barlow, "Introduction," xxix.
945:Lives of Edward the Confessor
183:
171:
104:British Library Harley MS 526
77:
1787:UK public library membership
1541:Barlow, "Introduction," lix.
1364:Barlow, "Introduction," xxx.
1321:74, no. 3 (July 1999): 579.
766:Baldwin V, Count of Flanders
1980:British Library collections
1975:Works published anonymously
1970:11th-century books in Latin
1836:Grassi, J. L. (2003), "The
567:do not attempt to deny it.
2006:
1950:11th-century history books
943:, pp. 2–127; Luard (ed.),
756:The author of the text is
310:of Westminster as well as
221:in the decades before the
344:King Edward the Confessor
327:Christ Church, Canterbury
159:
149:
32:
27:
1955:11th-century manuscripts
747:Authorship and Patronage
517:Duke William of Normandy
292:Archbishop of Canterbury
415:Vita Regis Rotberti Pii
101:Principal manuscript(s)
1202:Barlow, Frank (1992).
903:Encomium Emmae Reginae
485:Richard of Cirencester
448:consulted it, and his
227:Godwin, Earl of Wessex
1880:Luard, Henry Richards
1773:10.1093/ref:odnb/9783
1626:10.1093/notesj/gjn076
1217:Morris, Marc (2012).
523:, the former earl of
446:William of Malmesbury
304:church of Westminster
1985:Edward the Confessor
1965:Biographies in Latin
1641:38 (2010): 205-206.
770:Continental Germanic
370:is not particularly
267:Henry Richards Luard
168:Edward the Confessor
126:Edward the Confessor
1639:Anglo-Saxon England
1508:Life of King Edward
1482:Life of King Edward
1465:Life of King Edward
1340:Anglo-Saxon England
1246:The Norman Conquest
1164:Life of King Edward
1151:Life of King Edward
1138:Life of King Edward
1125:Life of King Edward
1112:Life of King Edward
1086:Life of King Edward
1073:Life of King Edward
1060:Life of King Edward
1021:Life of King Edward
1008:Life of King Edward
991:Life of King Edward
978:Life of King Edward
958:Life of King Edward
941:Life of King Edward
565:William of Poitiers
419:Robert II the Pious
385:Life of King Alfred
160:Life of King Edward
1838:Vita Ædwardi Regis
1658:Pauline Stafford,
1605:Historical Writing
1572:and Other Works,"
1570:Vita Ædwardi Regis
1512:Historical Writing
1495:Historical Writing
1469:Historical Writing
1140:, pp. xxxvi–xxxvii
1127:, pp. xxxiii–xxxiv
1099:Vita Ædwardi Regis
995:Historical Writing
962:Historical Writing
813:Vita Ædwardi Regis
702:Robert of Jumièges
698:Battle of Hastings
533:Vita Ædwardi Regis
501:Vita Ædwardi Regis
497:Vita Ædwardi Regis
477:Aelred of Rievaulx
466:Vita Ædwardi Regis
442:Vita Ædwardi Regis
431:Vita Ædwardi Regis
368:Vita Ædwardi Regis
283:Vita Ædwardi Regis
258:. The time of the
243:Vita Ædwardi Regis
239:Aelred of Rievaulx
166:biography of King
155:Vita Ædwardi Regis
1816:Gransden, Antonia
1785:(Subscription or
1618:Notes and Queries
1471:, pp. 63–64
1153:, pp. xxxvii–xxix
626:Harold Sigurdsson
440:As a source, the
395:Vita Karoli Magni
186:1100, now in the
140:
139:
1997:
1927:
1902:
1889:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1864:, archived from
1832:
1811:
1790:
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1737:
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1676:
1673:Emma & Edith
1669:
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1342:44 (2016): 259.
1336:
1330:
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1271:
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1255:
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1199:
1193:
1186:
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1160:
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1134:
1128:
1121:
1115:
1108:
1102:
1095:
1089:
1082:
1076:
1069:
1063:
1062:, pp. xxii–xxiii
1056:
1050:
1043:
1037:
1030:
1024:
1017:
1011:
1004:
998:
987:
981:
974:
965:
954:
948:
937:
931:
924:
832:Antonia Gransden
828:Richard Southern
668:was proposed by
513:Harold Godwinson
429:. Book i of the
320:Bishop of London
300:London Cathedral
288:Richard Bancroft
185:
173:
161:
151:
136:1020s–1066
79:
37:
18:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1900:
1894:Southern, R. W.
1892:
1878:
1871:
1869:
1854:
1835:
1830:
1814:
1809:
1793:
1784:
1777:
1775:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1734:Bayeux Tapestry
1731:
1727:
1721:Bayeux Tapestry
1718:
1714:
1705:
1701:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1670:
1666:
1657:
1653:
1636:
1632:
1615:
1611:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:31 (2021): 217.
1567:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1527:
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1393:
1389:
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1368:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1337:
1333:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1288:Norman Conquest
1285:
1281:
1272:
1265:
1259:Norman Conquest
1256:
1252:
1243:
1239:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1201:
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1196:
1187:
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1144:
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1118:
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1079:
1070:
1066:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1040:
1031:
1027:
1018:
1014:
1010:, p. xl, n. 117
1005:
1001:
997:, p. 60, n. 126
988:
984:
975:
968:
955:
951:
938:
934:
925:
921:
917:
864:
856:Cyllenius heros
840:Cyllenius heros
754:
749:
714:Stamford bridge
690:
650:
645:
581:Bayeux Tapestry
509:
435:Osbert of Clare
353:Edith of Wessex
340:
332:Bury St Edmunds
279:
254:, particularly
235:Osbert of Clare
223:Norman Conquest
208:St Bertin Abbey
188:British Library
80:1065–1067
43:
12:
11:
5:
2003:
2001:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1890:
1882:, ed. (1858),
1876:
1852:
1833:
1828:
1812:
1807:
1797:, ed. (1992),
1791:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1725:
1712:
1706:Carola Hicks,
1699:
1686:
1677:
1664:
1651:
1630:
1609:
1596:
1587:
1578:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1506:Barlow (ed.),
1499:
1486:
1480:Barlow (ed.),
1473:
1463:Barlow (ed.),
1456:
1452:Life of Edward
1443:
1439:Life of Edward
1430:
1426:Life of Edward
1417:
1413:Life of Edward
1404:
1387:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1331:
1310:
1301:
1292:
1279:
1275:Life of Edward
1263:
1250:
1237:
1224:
1209:
1194:
1181:
1175:Frank Barlow,
1168:
1162:Barlow (ed.),
1155:
1149:Barlow (ed.),
1142:
1136:Barlow (ed.),
1129:
1123:Barlow (ed.),
1116:
1110:Barlow (ed.),
1103:
1090:
1084:Barlow (ed.),
1077:
1071:Barlow (ed.),
1064:
1058:Barlow (ed.),
1051:
1047:Life of Edward
1038:
1025:
1019:Barlow (ed.),
1012:
1006:Barlow (ed.),
999:
989:Barlow (ed.),
982:
976:Barlow (ed.),
966:
956:Barlow (ed.),
949:
939:Barlow (ed.),
932:
918:
916:
913:
863:
860:
753:
750:
748:
745:
689:
686:
649:
648:Historiography
646:
644:
641:
573:Edgar Ætheling
569:Stephen Baxter
529:Halley's Comet
508:
505:
339:
336:
278:
275:
273:(1962, 1992).
138:
137:
134:
133:Period covered
130:
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25:
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1991:
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1981:
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1963:
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1943:
1942:
1940:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1868:on 2006-02-26
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1853:1-84383-072-8
1849:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1831:
1829:0-415-15124-4
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1808:0-19-820203-2
1804:
1800:
1796:
1795:Barlow, Frank
1792:
1788:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1752:
1751:Barlow, Frank
1748:
1747:
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1735:
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1234:
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1213:
1210:
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1120:
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1107:
1104:
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1068:
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1055:
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1026:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1003:
1000:
996:
992:
986:
983:
979:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
953:
950:
947:, pp. 389–435
946:
942:
936:
933:
929:
926:Marc Morris,
923:
920:
914:
912:
909:
905:
904:
899:
894:
890:
885:
882:
877:
874:
869:
861:
859:
857:
853:
849:
848:Rosalind Love
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
824:
822:
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779:
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746:
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629:
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582:
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541:
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197:
193:
189:
181:
177:
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135:
131:
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123:
120:The deeds of
119:
115:
111:
107:
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99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
76:
72:
68:
64:
61:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
36:
31:
26:
23:
19:
16:
1908:
1904:
1884:
1870:, retrieved
1866:the original
1842:
1837:
1819:
1798:
1776:. Retrieved
1762:
1756:
1733:
1728:
1720:
1715:
1707:
1702:
1694:
1689:
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1672:
1667:
1659:
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1569:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1528:
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1511:
1507:
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1464:
1459:
1451:
1446:
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1412:
1407:
1395:
1390:
1374:
1369:
1360:
1351:
1339:
1334:
1318:
1313:
1304:
1295:
1287:
1282:
1274:
1258:
1253:
1245:
1240:
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1227:
1218:
1212:
1203:
1197:
1189:
1184:
1176:
1171:
1163:
1158:
1150:
1145:
1137:
1132:
1124:
1119:
1111:
1106:
1098:
1093:
1085:
1080:
1072:
1067:
1059:
1054:
1046:
1041:
1033:
1028:
1020:
1015:
1007:
1002:
994:
990:
985:
977:
961:
957:
952:
944:
940:
935:
927:
922:
907:
901:
893:Carola Hicks
888:
886:
880:
878:
872:
867:
865:
855:
851:
844:Simon Keynes
839:
835:
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
805:munificentia
804:
800:
796:
786:
773:
755:
739:
733:
722:
708:
706:
693:
691:
681:
677:
665:
657:
655:
651:
630:
620:
610:
605:
601:
591:
584:
576:
556:
554:
548:
543:
539:
537:
532:
510:
500:
496:
492:
488:
480:
473:Northumbrian
465:
461:
453:
449:
441:
439:
430:
414:
411:Frank Barlow
405:) than to a
399:
393:
384:
380:Vita Ælfredi
379:
372:hagiographic
367:
365:
360:
341:
324:
282:
280:
271:Frank Barlow
264:
259:
242:
216:
154:
153:
152:) or simply
144:
143:
141:
93:Authenticity
40:
21:
15:
1695:The Godwins
1607:, pp. 64–65
1450:Anonymous,
1437:Anonymous,
1424:Anonymous,
1411:Anonymous,
1273:Anonymous,
1190:The Godwins
1045:Anonymous,
1032:Anonymous,
762:Holy Orders
662:Tom Licence
617:Northumbria
561:Marc Morris
525:Northumbria
479:. Ailred's
450:Gesta Regum
402:Charlemagne
357:Earl Godwin
277:Manuscripts
269:(1858) and
248:Scandinavia
231:hagiography
1945:1067 books
1939:Categories
1911:: 385–40,
1872:2006-02-26
1789:required.)
1778:2009-07-08
1743:References
1671:Stafford,
1603:Gransden,
1493:Gransden,
1290:, 123-124.
1261:, 114-116.
1248:, 139-140.
980:, p. lxxix
795:wrote the
752:Authorship
670:Marc Bloch
470:Cistercian
316:prebendary
296:Canterbury
180:manuscript
158:(English:
148:(English:
85:Provenance
1925:0013-8266
1862:0954-9927
1166:, p. xxix
1097:Grassi, "
1023:, p. lxxx
862:Patronage
758:anonymous
409:'s life.
348:King Cnut
312:treasurer
128:(book ii)
51:Anonymous
48:Author(s)
1896:(1943),
1818:(1997),
1736:, 32-33.
1697:, 87-88.
1693:Barlow,
1647:44938021
1484:, p. xlv
1454:, 84-89.
1441:, 26-29.
1415:, 78-79.
1375:Speculum
1319:Speculum
1286:Morris,
1277:, 48-49.
1257:Morris,
1244:Morris,
1188:Barlow,
1114:, p. xix
1101:", p. 87
1088:, p. xxv
1075:, p. xxi
809:interdum
801:nubigena
789:Goscelin
778:Goscelin
725:miracles
718:Normandy
637:Leofwine
598:Normandy
579:and the
400:Life of
298:itself,
196:Goscelin
182:, dated
66:Language
1732:Hicks,
1719:Hicks,
1514:, p. 63
1497:, p. 63
1383:2856763
1327:2886761
964:, p. 60
793:Folcard
782:Folcard
738:of the
674:forgery
594:William
507:Context
458:Sulcard
427:Helgaud
390:Einhard
302:or the
219:England
212:St Omer
200:Folcard
192:Fleming
162:) is a
122:Godwine
117:Subject
88:unclear
1923:
1860:
1850:
1826:
1805:
1783:
1675:, 264.
1645:
1428:, 2-3.
1381:
1325:
1049:, 4-9.
736:poetry
688:Dating
643:Dating
635:, and
613:Tostig
606:id est
521:Tostig
423:Fleury
256:France
252:Europe
241:. The
56:Patron
1901:(PDF)
1723:, 31.
1643:JSTOR
1379:JSTOR
1323:JSTOR
1192:, 92.
915:Notes
729:saint
633:Gyrth
586:witan
425:monk
407:saint
388:) or
376:Asser
308:canon
204:monks
176:Edith
164:Latin
109:Genre
69:Latin
1921:ISSN
1858:ISSN
1848:ISBN
1824:ISBN
1803:ISBN
898:Emma
879:The
846:and
803:and
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