754:
and seeks his Muse for comfort for some unknown grief. The third poem in the work sings of the greatness of the house of Godwin, but then mourns its impending doom, when all shall be lost. Possibly the most heart-breaking poem in the work is the last one, which sits between the initial account of Edward's death and the stories of his miracles. In this poem, the
Anonymous is more grieved than ever, saying that all is lost, the brothers have turned against each other, and a new and horrible people is in England. This is a strong indication that the poetry was written after the Normans came, and was added into the text. Partly, this was to give the text a more engaging format, but partly, it was to put a solemn perspective on the events described, considering what would happen after Hastings. On this note, it is worth stating that once the account of Edward's miracles begins, there are no more poems.
723:
Edith and Harold—indicates that it was written at a time when those two were possibly the most influential people in
England. Likewise, the text's scathing portrayal of Robert of Jumièges as an evil man would not have been written in Edward's lifetime, since he was a favorite of Edward. Tostig is portrayed sympathetically in the text, with the Anonymous taking an almost conflicted tone, singing praise of Tostig, but also saying his was a bit too fierce in his punishment of evil. Likewise, after Tostig was exiled, the Anonymous says that his earldom fell into chaos. This does not seem like it was written after Tostig allied himself with the Norwegians and was defeated at
738:—is likely from after the Norman invasion. The reason is that it feels disjunct, as though it were forced on the text afterward. The earlier part of the text contains a full account of Edward's life (albeit, from a fairly Godwinist perspective) that ends with his death. Edward is portrayed as a wonderful man, but not as a miracle-working saint. Why did the author then go back and add a section about how holy Edward was? When the Normans ruled England, writing a book about Edward that focused on how fortunate he was to have the wonderful family of Godwins guiding him would have been a dangerous political move. By including a part about how Edward was truly a
558:
Godwin clearly desired for his family to rule the kingdom, with his sons as the major earls, and his daughter as the queen. This did not always sit well with Edward, which led to the banishment of the
Godwins (including the removal of Edith as queen) in 1051. Interestingly enough, the popular opinion in England seems to have been on Godwin's side more than Edward's, since there was nothing Edward could do to stop his return from exile, since the earl's forces were stronger than his own and the people were with him. The
711:, when William was subduing England. The work does not give us an exact date, but there are many clues in the text that indicate its rough date. The prose in the first half of the text is written with the benefit of hindsight regarding Edward's life. It flows consistently and only gives necessary details in one, consistent storyline. It goes from Godwin's preeminence in the reign of Cnut to his encouraging of the crowning of Edward. Then it tells of Edith, and how wonderful a wife she was to Edward. It deals with
895:
all about to end. The poetry is representative of Edith grieving for the loss of peace, prosperity, and power that the
Godwins suffered because of the feud between Harold and Tostig, and ultimately, the arrival of the Normans. The prose of the second half shows Edith finding a new way forward, remembering the sanctity of her husband. This could also have been a safeguard to justify a work that spoke so well of the Godwins in an era when Norman rule would have been hostile to memories of the old power structure.
887:
no matter what happened, her fate was intrinsically tied to that of her own family. For this reason, she tried in every way (through her anonymous writer) to redeem her family from whatever stains and faults it could be accused of. She attempted to shift blame away from her brothers and toward the corrupt
English church whenever possible. The eventual falling out between Harold and Tostig is the ultimate loss and tragedy: the ruin of the great house of Godwin which Edith worked so hard to uphold and protect.
448:, who wrote the first true hagiography of King Edward, ignored book i and built his narrative around book ii. Book i is generally considered the more valuable section for modern historians. In the view of historian J. L. Grassi, it is the most valuable narrative source for the reign of Edward the Confessor, containing around 40 unique items of information. Book i is interspersed with poetry (largely absent from book ii), usually used as "transitional pieces" between different stages of the narrative.
795:, two Flemish monks who lived in England in the early 11th century and wrote many saints' lives. The evidence for this stems partially from the fact that the author's disdain for certain elements about the English church indicate that he was a foreigner. There are equally strong stylistic and circumstantial claims for both Goscelin and Folcard, so according to Barlow, there is really no way of knowing which of the two wrote it, but it is extremely unlikely that anyone else would have written it.
715:'s persuasion of Edward to exile Godwin and his family. Shortly afterward in the text, however, Godwin returns with the favor of the people and is reconciled. After Godwin's death, the text turns to Edward's good works, and the border wars of Harold and Tostig—especially the rise of Harold to replace his father. It talks of Tostig's troubles with his earldom of Northumbria, and his exile. This first part ends with Edward's death.
46:
882:
piece in her father's plan of control for his family. It was quite unusual for so much power in
England to be concentrated in the hands of a single other family other than the royal family, and the Godwins had mastered this. Edith was—in some ways—the greatest piece in this puzzle, being the wife of the king himself, and thus bringing her family into Edward's most intimate circle. The
687:. This view is not held by any current historians. Barlow dismisses Bloch's theory, saying that the single manuscript can be reliably dated to around AD 1100, and that it at least the earlier part of the text was in use in the 1080's. Barlow's view was also already stated in Eleanor Heningham's "The Genuineness of the Vita Æduuardi Regis" in 1946, who claimed that the
607:. William claimed that Edward had promised the throne to him, and the Bayeux Tapestry shows Harold in Normandy, swearing an oath on holy relics that he would let William be king. There is little disagreement in primary sources that this oath was in fact sworn, but there are differences of opinion on why. Sources with a more Norman leaning say that Harold had gone to
357:. It is written from the perspective of an anonymous author (hereafter referred to as the Anonymous) who receives inspiration from his Muse. The text is mostly Latin prose, but it is interspersed with bits of poetry, which the Muse tells the Anonymous to include so that his tale is not tiresome. The story goes from the Danish invasion and
650:—all dead, he proceeded to become the king of England and subdue the rest of his new realm. This was a long and brutal process that felt to many in England like their entire world was coming undone. The previous power balance had been entirely upset, and many of the English saw the invasion as God's divine judgement for their sins.
586:'s claims. Either way, Harold was clearly intent on becoming king, as his seeming eagerness to be crowned immediately after Edward's death indicates, especially since that was not common practice among the English at the time. We do not know if Harold desired to seize the crown and made up Edward's request as an excuse, or if the
753:
is a creature of its own. It is interspersed throughout the first part of the book, but it was probably added after the Norman
Conquest. Many of the poems take on a grieving or doom-laden tone that is absent from the rest of the text. Even at the very beginning, the Anonymous says that all is ruined,
722:
was written after Edward's death, but before the Battle of
Hastings. The consistency of the narrative is one thing. It appears to all have been written at roughly the same time, and with the same goal in mind. The text goes all the way to Edward's death, and its praise of the Godwin family—especially
634:
itself—though it usually takes a stance favorable to Tostig—says that he was a little too harsh sometimes, and this is probably an understatement. The chief cause of the rebellion was likely Tostig's tax policy, which his subjects perceived to be too harsh, as well violence and cruelty to his people.
886:
is essentially her story—or rather, it is the story of the people who were closest to her, told from her perspective. Edith's perspective is of a Godwin, seeking to uphold the power and dignity of her family. She effectively had two roles/identities: the queen of
England, and the daughter of Godwin;
562:
says no less than five times that Godwin was viewed by the whole kingdom as its father, and while there is surely some exaggeration here, it shows an immense amount of support that he had among the
English. This makes logical sense, considering that they elected Godwin's son, Harold, to be king when
894:
encapsulates Edith's greatest hopes and fears at the time it was written. The prose of the first part is ambitious, hopeful, and joyful for the sake of the Godwins and their triumphs. At the time of Harold's coronation, the Godwins reached the apex of their power, and they did not know that it was
557:
and other sources tell of the struggles between Earl Godwin and the king, and while these conflicts took many forms (such as the ownership of land, or question of Godwin's involvement in the murder of Edward's brother), the basis behind them all was the struggle for power. Edward was the king, but
906:
suggest that she was also the author of the Bayeux Tapestry, saying that she used it to support the Norman invasion, while not destroying the English legacy, attempting to become a unifying force of peace. She could be both English and something else at the same time. After all, by blood, she was
881:
is to understand the situation and mind of its patron: Queen Edith. She was the daughter of Godwin and the wife to Edward, and it would not be an understatement to say that she was the most powerful woman in England at the time of her reign as queen, and possibly even afterward. She was a crucial
663:
Barlow claims that the first half of the book—the half dealing with Edward's reign and the doings of the house of Godwin—was written between 1065 and 1066, while the second half—in which the miracles of Edward are recounted—was most likely written around 1067. This opinion has been the subject of
340:
around 1100, owing to the style of the hand. The two centre folios that originally lay between 40 and 41, and 54 and 55 are lost, though their content can be partially reconstructed. Its recent editor, historian Frank Barlow, thought that it was based on an earlier version of the text at Christ
635:
He was also accused of robbing churches and conspiring to murder noblemen in his earldom. After Tostig was expelled, he remained bitter towards Harold, and it is not surprising that he would have desired to challenge his brother's throne. This challenge came in the form of allying with
361:
up until the death of Edward, speaking mostly in a historical fashion, and then it backtracks and returns to Edward's life, telling of the miracles he performed and his saintliness. Besides Edward himself, the main character of the story (particularly the historical part) is his wife,
830:, as well as the works of both Goscelin and Folcard. Arbabzadah shows that in this respect, Folcard is a significantly more likely candidate for authorship. Even so, Arbabzadah is cautious in assigning Folcard as the author, saying that statistics are not a perfect tool, and that the
917:). In this, Edith proved to be just like her father. She survived from one regime to another, clinging to the past and moving into the future at the same time, a foot in two worlds, belonging to both and neither. She was a survivor, and despite her faults, she was a noble one. The
731:. The Anonymous did not have the hindsight of the Norman Conquest when he wrote this part of the text. Even Harold's visit to Normandy and oath to William are not recorded, indicating that perhaps the author did think them to be of great consequence.
256:
is incredibly important to historians of England in the eleventh century, because it is one of the few good primary sources still available from the period. Also, it is a transitional piece, showing how England was more closely related to
296:
survives in one manuscript, written in folios 38 to 57 of the British Library Harley MS 526, these twenty folios measuring c. 13 cm by 18.5 c and penned in "brownish ink". Written on the manuscript at a later date is the name of
921:
is a powerful testament to her ability to honor her father Godwin, her brothers Harold and Tostig, and her husband Edward, all while becoming a part of the glorious Anglo-Norman England that emerged from the ashes of 1066.
775:, either as monk or a clerk; he had been a servant of Queen Edith; and he was not English. It is highly unlikely that he was Norman, but rather Flemish or Lotharingian. Flemish is most likely, as he mentions St Omer and
822:—as lining up with Folcard's writing style. Most recently, Moreed Arbabzadah has also put forth a further case for Folcard in his article, "Word Order in Goscelin and Folcard: Implications for the Attribution of the
619:, most people who were involved in the workings of government) would have known that William would not be easily ignored. Matters would come to a head with him sooner or later, as they in the autumn when he invaded.
671:. Monika Otter agrees with Barlow in her article, "1066: The Moment of Transition in Two Narratives of the Norman Conquest," saying that the text was started and finished on either side of the Battle of Hastings.
626:. If the knowledge of William and his claim to the throne was known in England, the knowledge of Tostig and his grievance with his family would have been known even better. He had been the earl of
675:
takes a different stance, saying that the entire text was written between 1065 and 1066, and thus completed before the Norman Conquest began. One of the most extreme opinions on the date of the
574:
says this claim is shaky, but cannot be completely refuted, since the pro-Godwin sources of the period say the story is true—albeit cautiously—and even the anti-Godwin sources such as
691:
provided sufficient evidence in itself to prove that it was genuine. Likewise, J. L. Grassi says in "The Vita Ædwardi Regis: The Hagiographer as Insider" that whoever wrote the
1896:
Lives of Edward the Confessor: I. La Estoire de Seint Aedward le Rei. II. Vita Beati Edvardi Regis et Confessoris. III. Vita Æduuardi Regis qui Apud Westmonasterium Requiescit.
630:, but due to a rebellion of his people, he was expelled while Edward was king and Harold was the earl of Wessex. Tostig was a harsh ruler, and his people did not love him. The
849:. She claims that the Biblical and Classical allusions in the text are closer to Goscelin's writing, particularly the reference to the four rivers of Eden, and the term,
810:, but they disagree about which of the two it was. Tom Licence suggests that Folcard was the more likely candidate. Licence cites the author's use of rarer words such as
861:, however, responded in "Earl Godwine's Ship" that these claims were weak, considering that the reference to the four rivers of Paradise is handled differently in the
582:
suggest that Edward might have changed his own mind about the succession of the throne multiple times, leading to the uncertainty surrounding Harold's, William's and
240:, and the second dealing with the holiness of King Edward. It is likely that the two parts were originally distinct. The first book is a secular history, not
1990:
1970:
305:(1604–1610), who must therefore have acquired it. Its location prior to the life of Archbishop Bancroft is unclear, but possible locations include
845:. Rhona Beare also wrote an article titled "Did Goscelin Write the Earliest Life of Edward the Confessor?" claiming that Goscelin was the author of the
642:
Shortly afterward, the Normans invaded from the south and William emerged from the Battle of Hastings as the victor. With Godwin's sons—Harold, Tostig,
510:, some of which – roughly 500 words regarding Edith's marriage to Edward – are unique and probably represent part of the lost sections of the original
911:, who was Norman by birth, married an English king, then a Danish one, and then commissioned a book presenting herself as the hero of the story (the
366:. The Anonymous explicitly states that he desires to write praise to Edith, and the Muse tells him also to write of the goodness of Edith's father,
2000:
570:
claims that Edward gave the kingship of England to Harold with his dying words. However, there is no definitive proof that this was the case.
1985:
1980:
907:
half Danish. Why could she not honor the legacy of the old England, while supporting William's new one? She could be like her predecessor,
615:
itself does not say anything on the matter. Either way, William was a contender to the English throne, and likely many people in England (
494:
was the most widely circulated hagiography of Edward, and all later accounts of Edward's miracles and life are based on this. Book iv of
1960:
898:
In fact, Edith did well under William's regime, likely in part due to her ability to adapt, knowing when to let go of the past—as the
611:
with the purpose of making the oath, while English sources claim that the oath—or possibly the entire trip—had not been planned. The
1965:
1862:
1838:
1817:
302:
742:, the book could claim to be a saint's life, and perhaps its pro-Godwin perspective might be overlooked by the Norman conquerors.
1774:
244:, although book ii is more hagiographic and was used as the basis of later saints' lives dedicated to the king, such as those by
779:, intimately, the latter three times. His spelling of place-names resembles the orthography characteristic of areas speaking
826:
and Other Works," by analyzing the number of verb-medial constructions (separation of two connected words by a verb) in the
1995:
1975:
1852:
639:, king of Norway, and invading England, an attempt which was stopped at the Battle of Stamford Bridge, where Tostig died.
776:
695:
clearly had access to inside and personal information about the king, and was probably even present at Edward's death.
563:
Edward died without an heir. There is no evidence to suggest that there was any internal opposition to Harold's rule.
526:
was crowned king of England, and there were multiple threats poised against England from different sides. There was
475:, written c. 1085, makes use of the work too, and it is this that enables historians to theorise that a copy of the
579:
553:
was written was the climb to power by the Godwin family, and the struggle between the Godwins and King Edward. The
233:
724:
542:
in the sky that year certainly did not boost morale among the English, either. This was the setting in which the
337:
1805:
1761:
421:
281:
571:
1899:, Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi scriptores ; 3, London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts
913:
495:
367:
341:
Church Canterbury by 1085; he also believed that other copies, now lost, existed at Westminster Abbey and
310:
237:
132:
604:
527:
479:
was at the Abbey of Westminster by this date. More use of the text, if indirect, was made by the famous
456:
342:
218:
712:
370:, and his family. The Anonymous obeys this injunction vigorously throughout the text. It may be named
1890:
780:
354:
277:
178:
136:
664:
controversy, since it says the book was started before the Norman invasion and completed afterward.
1955:
575:
429:
1908:
1653:
1389:
1333:
708:
647:
487:
249:
1579:
Moreed Arbabzadah, "Word Order in Goscelin and Folcard: Implications for the Attribution of the
667:
There have been a variety of suggestions proposed by other historians regarding the date of the
600:
of their own volition. The most likely answer is that the truth is some combination of the two.
261:, and how after the Norman Conquest, it shifted south and became more connected to continental
1931:
1868:
1858:
1834:
1813:
636:
583:
539:
530:, who claimed to have been promised the crown by Edward and even by Harold himself. There was
405:
314:
1923:
1826:
1779:
1632:
908:
842:
623:
531:
523:
330:
298:
877:
Even beyond who penned the words of the text, the most crucial piece in understanding the
841:
had postulated Goscelin as the likely author, and this was the identification favoured by
643:
591:
445:
433:
363:
245:
198:
186:
70:
1328:
Monika Otter, "1066: The Moment of Transition in Two Narratives of the Norman Conquest,"
546:
was begun by its anonymous author, commissioned by Queen Edith, wife of the late Edward.
45:
1904:
838:
771:. Some things, however, are reasonably certain about the author. He was or had been in
768:
318:
202:
1949:
1810:
The Life of King Edward who Rests at Westminster Attributed to a Monk of Saint-Bertin
1671:
Queen Emma & Queen Edith: Queenship and Women's Power in Eleventh-Century England
1410:
869:, was likely widely known at the time due to another popular text that contained it.
858:
1927:
594:
tell the truth in saying that he was nominated by Edward and elected by the English
903:
854:
834:"certainly deserves further attention in future work on questions of attribution".
1797:
1894:
707:
was likely written between Edward's death in January 1066 and sometime after the
1354:
772:
672:
627:
535:
483:
412:
382:
258:
241:
1876:
1230:
The Norman Conquest: The Battle of Hastings and the Fall of Anglo-Saxon England
939:
The Norman Conquest: The Battle of Hastings and the Fall of Anglo-Saxon England
1783:
783:
languages. Barlow states that the most likely candidates to have authored the
680:
480:
326:
306:
222:
190:
50:
Facsimile of page 2 of British Library Harley MS 526, the opening page of the
1935:
1872:
1766:
1627:
Rhona Beare, "Did Goscelin Write the Earliest Life of Edward the Confessor?"
1636:
837:
Goscelin is continually held up as a possible candidate. In 1943, historian
603:
The threats to Harold's rule were exclusively external. The primary one was
322:
17:
273:
was a time when this crucial shift in England's history was taking place.
799:
788:
728:
608:
206:
1657:
1405:
J. L. Grassi, "The Vita Ædwardi Regis: The Hagiographer as Insider," in
549:
The most important political dynamic in England in the years before the
1393:
1337:
803:
792:
735:
684:
468:
437:
400:
229:
210:
201:. The author is unknown, but was a servant of the queen and probably a
718:
There is good reason to believe that the afore-described prose of the
1857:, vol. XXVI, Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, pp. 87–102,
1764:(2004). "Folcard (d. after 1085), monk, musician, and hagiographer".
1242:
Stephen Baxter, "Edward the Confessor and the Succession Crisis," in
798:
Historians since have generally accepted Barlow's theory that either
746:
266:
262:
123:
Historical narrative (book i); poetry (book i); hagiography (book ii)
1384:
Eleanor K. Heningham, "The Genuineness of the Vita Æduuardi Regis,"
1047:, trans. Frank Barlow (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), 8-9.
1349:
Tom Licence, "The Date and Authorship of the Vita Ædwardi Regis,"
739:
622:
The other challenge to the throne came from Harold's own brother,
596:
417:
394:
386:
174:
683:
in 1923. He said that the entire work was an early 12th century
358:
276:
There are two modern English translations of the text, those of
214:
1407:
Anglo-Norman Studies 26: Proceedings the Battle Conference 2003
1409:, ed. John Gillingham (Suffolk: Boydell Press, 2004), 87, 99.
538:, who had been banished from the kingdom. The appearance of
374:, but its message runs much deeper than its title suggests.
1851:: The Hagiographer as Insider", in Gillingham, John (ed.),
1854:
Anglo-Norman Studies: Proceedings of the Battle Conference
1246:, ed. Richard Mortimer (Suffolk: Boydell Press, 2009), 82.
444:, the majority of the work, was not hagiographic at all.
734:
The second major section of prose—dealing with Edward's
185:
1067 and suspected of having been commissioned by Queen
1648:
Simon Keynes and Rosalind Love, "Earl Godwine's Ship,"
156:
Vita Ædwardi Regis qui apud Westmonasterium Requiescit
33:
Vita Ædwardi Regis qui apud Westmonasterium Requiescit
432:, king of France, written sometime after 1031 by the
1943:
11th-century Latin biography of Edward the Confessor
1719:
The Bayeux Tapestry: The Life Story of a Masterpiece
1217:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 122–125.
865:
than in other works by Goscelin, and that the term,
107:
likely authentic transcription of the earlier source
1833:, vol. 1, , c. 550–c.1307, London: Routledge,
336:The Harley manuscript was probably written down at
143:
127:
119:
111:
103:
95:
84:
76:
66:
58:
31:
1765:
1411:https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt81v3r.10
1188:The Godwins: The Rise and Fall of a Noble Dynasty
727:. Lastly, there is no mention of any threat from
1215:The Life of King Edward Who Rests at Westminster
372:The Life of King Edward Who Rests at Westminster
135:and his children (book i); the holiness of King
39:The Life of King Edward who Rests at Westminster
902:exemplifies—and yet not ceasing to be English.
228:It is a two-part text, the first dealing with
1355:https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26332284
1280:
1278:
463:contains extracts, as does Osbert of Clare's
8:
1778:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1244:Edward the Confessor: The Man and the Legend
1232:. New York: Pegasus Books. pp. 135–136.
345:, from which derivative works were written.
161:Life of King Edward who rests at Westminster
1045:The Life of Edward Who Rests at Westminster
500:Speculum Historiale de Gestis Regum Angliae
428:, a biographical narrative on the reign of
236:(1066) and the activities of the family of
1673:(Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1997), 259.
983:
981:
522:After King Edward died on 5 January 1066,
385:, and is more comparable to works such as
28:
1812:(2nd ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1190:(Harlow: Pearson Education, 2002), 45-47.
1909:"The First Life of Edward the Confessor"
1721:(London: Chatto & Windus, 2006), 30.
1570:Licence, "Date and Authorship," 277-279.
506:by Aelred, and contains extracts of the
473:Prologus de Construccione Westmonasterii
455:was drawn on by later medieval writers.
353:The text tells the story of the life of
1775:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1768:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
930:
1631:55, no. 3 (September 2008): 262-265.
7:
1561:Licence, "Date and Authorship," 275.
1004:, pp. xxviii–lxxix; Gransden,
971:, pp. xxviii–lxxix; Gransden,
492:Vita S. Eduardi Regis et Confessoris
317:, as Bancroft had previously been a
189:, Edward's wife. It survives in one
1605:Southern, "First Life", pp. 397–400
1534:Barlow, "Introduction," xlvi-xlvii.
1319:Barlow, "Introduction," xxxi-xxxii.
1310:Baxter, "Succession Question," 108.
941:(New York: Pegasus Books, 2012), 4.
1991:Manuscripts in the British Library
1971:Medieval historical texts in Latin
25:
1478:, pp. xliv–xlvi; Gransden,
424:thought its closest parallel was
205:. The most likely candidates are
181:completed by an anonymous author
1521:, p. xlv, and n. 153; Gransden,
818:—as well as the frequent use of
44:
1388:21, no. 4 (October 1946): 454.
71:Edith, Queen-consort of England
2001:Biographies of English royalty
1695:Barlow, "Introduction," lxiii.
1596:Arbabzadah, "Word Order," 218.
502:is a compilation based on the
1:
1928:10.1093/ehr/lviii.ccxxxii.385
1916:The English Historical Review
1831:Historical Writing in England
1585:The Journal of Medieval Latin
1543:Barlow, "Introduction," xliv.
1366:Barlow, "Introduction," xxix.
956:Lives of Edward the Confessor
194:
182:
115:British Library Harley MS 526
88:
1798:UK public library membership
1552:Barlow, "Introduction," lix.
1375:Barlow, "Introduction," xxx.
1332:74, no. 3 (July 1999): 579.
777:Baldwin V, Count of Flanders
1986:Works published anonymously
1981:11th-century books in Latin
1847:Grassi, J. L. (2003), "The
578:do not attempt to deny it.
2017:
1961:11th-century history books
954:, pp. 2–127; Luard (ed.),
767:The author of the text is
321:of Westminster as well as
232:in the decades before the
355:King Edward the Confessor
338:Christ Church, Canterbury
170:
160:
43:
38:
1966:11th-century manuscripts
758:Authorship and Patronage
528:Duke William of Normandy
303:Archbishop of Canterbury
426:Vita Regis Rotberti Pii
112:Principal manuscript(s)
1213:Barlow, Frank (1992).
914:Encomium Emmae Reginae
496:Richard of Cirencester
459:consulted it, and his
238:Godwin, Earl of Wessex
1891:Luard, Henry Richards
1784:10.1093/ref:odnb/9783
1637:10.1093/notesj/gjn076
1228:Morris, Marc (2012).
534:, the former earl of
457:William of Malmesbury
315:church of Westminster
1996:Edward the Confessor
1976:Biographies in Latin
1652:38 (2010): 205-206.
781:Continental Germanic
381:is not particularly
278:Henry Richards Luard
179:Edward the Confessor
137:Edward the Confessor
1650:Anglo-Saxon England
1519:Life of King Edward
1493:Life of King Edward
1476:Life of King Edward
1351:Anglo-Saxon England
1257:The Norman Conquest
1175:Life of King Edward
1162:Life of King Edward
1149:Life of King Edward
1136:Life of King Edward
1123:Life of King Edward
1097:Life of King Edward
1084:Life of King Edward
1071:Life of King Edward
1032:Life of King Edward
1019:Life of King Edward
1002:Life of King Edward
989:Life of King Edward
969:Life of King Edward
952:Life of King Edward
576:William of Poitiers
430:Robert II the Pious
396:Life of King Alfred
171:Life of King Edward
1849:Vita Ædwardi Regis
1669:Pauline Stafford,
1616:Historical Writing
1583:and Other Works,"
1581:Vita Ædwardi Regis
1523:Historical Writing
1506:Historical Writing
1480:Historical Writing
1151:, pp. xxxvi–xxxvii
1138:, pp. xxxiii–xxxiv
1110:Vita Ædwardi Regis
1006:Historical Writing
973:Historical Writing
824:Vita Ædwardi Regis
713:Robert of Jumièges
709:Battle of Hastings
544:Vita Ædwardi Regis
512:Vita Ædwardi Regis
508:Vita Ædwardi Regis
488:Aelred of Rievaulx
477:Vita Ædwardi Regis
453:Vita Ædwardi Regis
442:Vita Ædwardi Regis
379:Vita Ædwardi Regis
294:Vita Ædwardi Regis
269:. The time of the
254:Vita Ædwardi Regis
250:Aelred of Rievaulx
177:biography of King
166:Vita Ædwardi Regis
1827:Gransden, Antonia
1796:(Subscription or
1629:Notes and Queries
1482:, pp. 63–64
1164:, pp. xxxvii–xxix
637:Harold Sigurdsson
451:As a source, the
406:Vita Karoli Magni
197:1100, now in the
151:
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440:. Book i of the
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311:London Cathedral
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364:Edith of Wessex
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290:
265:, particularly
246:Osbert of Clare
234:Norman Conquest
219:St Bertin Abbey
199:British Library
91:1065–1067
54:
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1467:
1463:Life of Edward
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1186:Frank Barlow,
1179:
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1069:Barlow (ed.),
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1058:Life of Edward
1049:
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659:Historiography
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584:Edgar Ætheling
580:Stephen Baxter
540:Halley's Comet
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284:(1962, 1992).
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1815:
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957:
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1877:the original
1853:
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1787:. Retrieved
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904:Carola Hicks
899:
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878:
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866:
862:
855:Simon Keynes
850:
846:
836:
831:
827:
823:
819:
816:munificentia
815:
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499:
491:
484:Northumbrian
476:
472:
464:
460:
452:
450:
441:
425:
422:Frank Barlow
416:) than to a
410:
404:
395:
391:Vita Ælfredi
390:
383:hagiographic
378:
376:
371:
352:
335:
293:
291:
282:Frank Barlow
275:
270:
253:
227:
165:
164:
163:) or simply
155:
154:
152:
104:Authenticity
51:
32:
26:
18:Vita Edwardi
1706:The Godwins
1618:, pp. 64–65
1461:Anonymous,
1448:Anonymous,
1435:Anonymous,
1422:Anonymous,
1284:Anonymous,
1201:The Godwins
1056:Anonymous,
1043:Anonymous,
773:Holy Orders
673:Tom Licence
628:Northumbria
572:Marc Morris
536:Northumbria
490:. Ailred's
461:Gesta Regum
413:Charlemagne
368:Earl Godwin
288:Manuscripts
280:(1858) and
259:Scandinavia
242:hagiography
1956:1067 books
1950:Categories
1922:: 385–40,
1883:2006-02-26
1800:required.)
1789:2009-07-08
1754:References
1682:Stafford,
1614:Gransden,
1504:Gransden,
1301:, 123-124.
1272:, 114-116.
1259:, 139-140.
991:, p. lxxix
806:wrote the
763:Authorship
681:Marc Bloch
481:Cistercian
327:prebendary
307:Canterbury
191:manuscript
169:(English:
159:(English:
96:Provenance
1936:0013-8266
1873:0954-9927
1177:, p. xxix
1108:Grassi, "
1034:, p. lxxx
873:Patronage
769:anonymous
420:'s life.
359:King Cnut
323:treasurer
139:(book ii)
62:Anonymous
59:Author(s)
1907:(1943),
1829:(1997),
1747:, 32-33.
1708:, 87-88.
1704:Barlow,
1658:44938021
1495:, p. xlv
1465:, 84-89.
1452:, 26-29.
1426:, 78-79.
1386:Speculum
1330:Speculum
1297:Morris,
1288:, 48-49.
1268:Morris,
1255:Morris,
1199:Barlow,
1125:, p. xix
1112:", p. 87
1099:, p. xxv
1086:, p. xxi
820:interdum
812:nubigena
800:Goscelin
789:Goscelin
736:miracles
729:Normandy
648:Leofwine
609:Normandy
590:and the
411:Life of
309:itself,
207:Goscelin
193:, dated
77:Language
1743:Hicks,
1730:Hicks,
1525:, p. 63
1508:, p. 63
1394:2856763
1338:2886761
975:, p. 60
804:Folcard
793:Folcard
749:of the
685:forgery
605:William
518:Context
469:Sulcard
438:Helgaud
401:Einhard
313:or the
230:England
223:St Omer
211:Folcard
203:Fleming
173:) is a
133:Godwine
128:Subject
99:unclear
1934:
1871:
1861:
1837:
1816:
1794:
1686:, 264.
1656:
1439:, 2-3.
1392:
1336:
1060:, 4-9.
747:poetry
699:Dating
654:Dating
646:, and
624:Tostig
617:id est
532:Tostig
434:Fleury
267:France
263:Europe
252:. The
67:Patron
1912:(PDF)
1734:, 31.
1654:JSTOR
1390:JSTOR
1334:JSTOR
1203:, 92.
926:Notes
740:saint
644:Gyrth
597:witan
436:monk
418:saint
399:) or
387:Asser
319:canon
215:monks
187:Edith
175:Latin
120:Genre
80:Latin
1932:ISSN
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