348:, 300 Spanish soldiers, and Indian allies. The Spanish and the Incas fought a battle at Huayna Pukara (Huayna Fort), west of Vitcos. Several Spaniards and Indians were killed, but Manco again escaped. Pizarro stayed in the region for more than two months searching for Manco unsuccessfully, but capturing Manco's principal wife. The Spaniards wrote of the region that "great resources are needed to undertake a penetration of that land. It can be done only with very heavy expenditure." As the two Spanish raids demonstrated, Vitcos was accessible to the Spanish and Manco developed Vilcabamba as a more remote refuge. However, throughout the decades that the Neo-Inca state survived, Vitcos would continue to be the residence of many royal Incas and the site of many religious ceremonies, especially at the nearby shrine of
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oracle of Ñusta Hisp'ana, also called Chuqip'allta. After cursory mapping of both sites he continued on in search of the last city of the Inca. Knowing roughly where in relation to Vitcos he might find
Vilcabamba, he continued on what he believed was, and actually was, the road to his goal, and he both rediscovered and correctly identified both Vitcos and Vilcabamba.
359:, took refuge with Manco Inca. In 1544, they murdered him in Vitcos in an attempt to win back favor with the Spanish crown. The Spanish fled, but Manco's guards pursued and killed them. The decades following Manco's death were mostly peaceful as the Incas survived in the remote remnant of their empire while the Spanish were consolidating their conquest elsewhere.
352:(Yurak Rumi, also called the "White Rock). The Incas preferred Vitcos as a place of residence because of its higher elevation (2,980 metres (9,780 ft)) than Vilcabamba (1,450 metres (4,760 ft)). Vitcos has a cooler climate and the environment was more similar to the highland home of the Incas.
438:
To the north of the upper group is a terrace wall, below which is the lower group of buildings. This group is made up of a dozen or more buildings arranged around an open courtyard. The exact number of buildings in this group is unclear, as it is in considerably worse condition than the upper group.
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The palace itself consists of two groups of buildings. The upper group is made up of eight large rooms, arranged in four pairs of two rooms back to back, all joined by a common outer wall. The common wall has doors that lead to passages between the pairs. Each room has three doors to the exterior of
405:
was searching for
Vilcabamba, the last capital of the Incas. Following descriptions left by various conquistadors, he came upon a site called "Rosaspata" by local villagers. Through the same descriptions that had led him there, he was able to determine that he was in fact at the palace of Vitcos and
442:
Bingham measured the royal residence as being 245 feet long by 43 feet wide, and stated, "There were no windows, but it was lighted by thirty doorways, fifteen in front and the same in back." He went on to say, "It contained ten large rooms, besides three hallways running from front to rear." The
430:
Vitcos stands on the northern side of the hill between the modern villages
Huancacalle and Pucyara, and is the principal portion of a complex that covers the entire hill and portions of the valleys to the south and east. South of the hill there is Ñusta Hispana, also called Chuqip'allta and the
366:
friars were allowed to settle in villages near Vitcos. The friars repaid their hosts by leading their congregation in an attack which damaged the shrine of Ňusta Hisp'ana. One of the priests was expelled. The other one was killed by the Incas, accused of killing by poison
Emperor
314:. The terrain includes snow-covered mountains, forest, lowland jungle, and rivers running through deep canyons. Access and transportation within the area was difficult and would hinder Spanish efforts to destroy the last outposts of the Inca Empire.
262:, we people who had accompanied my father took a break with the intention of staying and resting there for a few days. My father had a house built for his sleeping quarters, for the houses that were already there belonged to my ancestors
431:
White Rock, a giant carved stone said to have been an Inca oracle, and a series of terraces that stretch along the eastern side of the hill within the valley, which are believed to have been decorative or ceremonial gardens.
409:
In the 1980s, Vincent Lee's work in the
Vilcabamba led to his finding and description of more than thirty buildings and engineered structures on the eastern flank of the hill between Vitcos and Chuquipalta. Amongst these are
209:. The ruins are on a ridge overlooking the junction of two small rivers and the village of Pucyura. The Incas had occupied Vilcabamba, the region in which Vitcos is located, about 1450 CE, establishing major centers at
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against the
Spanish and their Indian allies in January 1537. Despite the victory Manco was under intense pressure from the Spanish. He decided that Ollantaytambo was too close to
451:. Opposite the long palace, Bingham measured a structure 78 feet long and 25 feet wide, "containing doors on both sides, no niches, and no evidence of careful workmanship."
386:, long-time allies of the Spaniards. In June 1572, the Spanish force was successful, capturing Vitcos, Vilcabamba, and Emperor Tupac Amaru and ending the Neo Inca state.
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Spanish attempts to conquer
Vilcabamba floundered because of internecine warfare among the Spaniards. A group of seven Spanish renegades, included the assassin of
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in pursuit with 300 Spaniards and numerous Indian allies. In July 1537, Orgoñez occupied and sacked Vitcos taking many prisoners, but Manco escaped.
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567:
Bauer, Brian S., Araoz Silva, Miriam Dayde, Burr, George s. (2012), "The
Destruction of the Yurak Rumi Shrine (Vilcabamba, Cusco Department),
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the common wall, but no doors to either the room behind it of the passageways between the four pairs. Each pair of rooms had a common roof.
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382:. In response Toledo ordered the invasion of Vilcabamba by two armies totaling more than 300 Spaniards and 2,000 allies, including 500
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244:(the "White Rock") are about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) south of the Inca palace that is the outstanding feature of Rosaspata.
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Tupac Amaru was much more hostile to the
Spaniards than Tuti Cusi and his supporters killed an envoy sent by Vicerory
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The location of Vitcos was forgotten in the centuries following the conquest of the Incas. In his 1911 expedition
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The
Vilcabama region in which Vitcos is located is extremely rugged, occupying the north-eastern slopes of the
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Titu Cusi Yupanqui, 2005, An Inca Account of the Conquest of Peru, Boulder: University Press of Colorado,
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The Incas had occupied the Vilcabamba region since about 1450 CE, establishing major centers at Vitcos,
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Bingham's map of the Vilcabamba region. Vitcos (Rosaspata) and other important places are circled.
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In 1570, relations between the Spanish and the Incas were sufficiently friendly that two
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Bauer, Brian S., Halac-Higashimori, Madeleine, and Cantarutti, Gabriel E. (2013),
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221:. Vitcos was often the residence of the rulers of the Neo-Inca state until the
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422:(religious observation platform), as well as terraces and built-up trails.
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Voices from Vilcabamba: Accounts Chronicling the Fall of the Inca Empire,
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The location of Vitcos was later forgotten until 1911 when explorer
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240:) as ancient Vitcos. The ruins of the Inca ceremonial center of
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189:(1537–1572). The archaeological site of ancient Vitcos, called
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was a residence of Inca nobles and a ceremonial center of the
471:
Boulder: University Press of Colorado, p. 4. Downloaded from
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identified the ruins known to local Peruvians as Rosaspata (
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16th-century disestablishments in the Inca civilization
523:
Bauer, et al, (2013), Brian S., p. 4. Downloaded from
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New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., pp. 484-485
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Forgotten Vilcabamba: Final Stronghold of the Incas.
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Bulletin of the Geographical Society of Philadelphia
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344:Manco Inca survived another Spain raid in 1539 by
371:Yupanqui, son of Manco Inca. Titu Cusi's brother
252:
225:of this last stronghold of the Incas in 1572.
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274:, and others, whose bodies we had put there.
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549:Bauer et al (2013), pp. 5-6; Hemming, p. 255
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254:After our arrival at Vitcos, a town thirty
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702:St. Petersburg Times, "Empires of Mystery"
514:Hemming, pp. 255, p. 331-332; Google Earth
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584:New York: Simon and Schuster, pp. 307-308
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628:. Vol. 10. 1912. pp. 134–136.
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650:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp.
279:-Titu Cusi Yupanqui, son of Manco Inca
31:Vitcos (Rosaspata) archaeological site
7:
2430:Archaeological sites in Cusco Region
447:were made of solid block of white
14:
692:Hiram Bingham's search for Vitcos
707:Images of Vitcos' reconstruction
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41:
2440:1911 archaeological discoveries
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1:
1954:Quriwayrachina, La Convención
697:Peru Guide images of the area
2425:Archaeological sites in Peru
743:Archaeological sites in Peru
2059:Tampu Mach'ay, Huancavelica
582:The Last Days of the Incas,
418:(storehouses), and a large
16:Archaeological site in Peru
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1654:Ñawpallaqta, Huanca Sancos
1144:Huamanmarca, La Convención
678:Sixpac Manco Publications.
486:The Conquest of the Incas,
414:(meeting houses), several
749:
622:"Yale Expedition to Peru"
558:Bauer et al (2013), p. 4.
36:
24:
2254:Wamanmarka, Chumbivilcas
1949:Quriwayrachina, Ayacucho
1809:Pumamarka, San Sebastián
1739:Pirca Pirca, La Libertad
674:Lee, Vincent R. (2000).
580:MacQuarrie, Kim (2007),
310:and sloping down to the
1454:Llaqta Qulluy, Tayacaja
1244:Inka Wasi, Huancavelica
642:Bingham, Hiram (1952).
331:Battle of Ollantaytambo
2099:The Toads of Wiraqucha
1549:Mawk'allaqta, La Unión
1539:Mawk'allaqta, Castilla
1449:Llaqta Qulluy, Conayca
1229:Inka Tampu, Vilcabamba
646:Lost City of the Incas
602:MacQuarrie pp. 360-365
484:Hemming, John (1970),
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199:La Convención Province
2214:Ventanillas de Otuzco
1799:Pukara, Vilcas Huamán
1544:Mawk'allaqta, Espinar
1444:Llaqta Qulluy, Acoria
1364:Kunturmarka, Ayacucho
1274:Inti Watana, Urubamba
1264:Inti Watana, Ayacucho
1224:Inka Tampu, Huayopata
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109:13.09833°S 72.93194°W
66:Alternative name
2389:Yanaqi - Qillqamarka
1944:Quriwayrachina, Anta
1664:Ñawpallaqta, Lucanas
1659:Ñawpallaqta, Fajardo
1564:Mawk'allaqta, Sandia
1559:Mawk'allaqta, Paruro
1554:Mawk'allaqta, Melgar
1459:Llaqta Qulluy, Vilca
1404:Laguna de las Momias
1219:Inka Raqay, Ayacucho
1214:Inka Raqay, Apurímac
804:Awkimarka (Apurímac)
759:Ahuila Gencha Machay
611:Hemming, pg. 421-440
593:Hemming, pp. 277-279
114:-13.09833; -72.93194
2039:Soro Mik'aya Patjxa
1934:Qurimarka, Apurímac
1849:Purunllacta, Soloco
1814:Pumamarka, Urubamba
1239:Inka Wasi, Ayacucho
1159:Huaycán de Pariachi
954:Choquequirao Puquio
914:Chauchilla Cemetery
809:Awkimarka (Huánuco)
380:Francisco de Toledo
327:Manco Inca Yupanqui
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1844:Purunllacta, Cheto
1704:Paracas Candelabra
1369:Kunturmarka, Pasco
1269:Inti Watana, Calca
426:The Rosaspata ruin
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268:Topa Inca Yupanqui
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1744:Pirca Pirca, Lima
1109:Huaca Huallamarca
919:Chavín de Huantar
403:Hiram Bingham III
357:Francisco Pizzaro
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57:Shown within Peru
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2264:Wanakawri, Cusco
2259:Wamanmarka, Lima
2094:Templo del Zorro
1939:Qurimarka, Cusco
1429:Llamachayuq Qaqa
1409:Lauricocha Caves
1394:K'allapayuq Urqu
1379:Kusichaka valley
1124:Huaca San Marcos
1099:Huaca del Dragón
1094:Huaca de la Luna
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2329:Wayna Q'inti
2319:Wat'a, Cusco
2279:Waqra Pukara
2238:
2229:Vilcashuamán
1999:Sacsayhuamán
1929:Quri Winchus
1859:Pusuquy Pata
1834:Puqin Kancha
1794:Pukara, Puno
1489:Machu Q'inti
1474:Machu Picchu
1339:Killarumiyuq
1289:Intipa Ñawin
1209:Inka Mach'ay
1184:Huchuy Qosqo
1114:Huaca Prieta
1059:Hatun Machay
1039:Gran Pajatén
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944:Choquepuquio
939:Chipaw Marka
889:Cerro Pátapo
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538:The conquest
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525:Project MUSE
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473:Project MUSE
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323:Choquequirao
319:Machu Picchu
316:
312:Amazon Basin
305:
277:
272:Huayna Capac
253:
227:
215:Choquequirao
211:Machu Picchu
203:Cusco Region
197:District of
193:, is in the
190:
182:
181:
78:Cusco Region
2374:Wiñay Wayna
2369:Willkaraqay
2354:Wila Wilani
2309:Wari Willka
2299:Waraqu Urqu
2244:Waman Pirqa
2149:Tunay Q'asa
2129:Toro Muerto
2079:Taqrachullu
2069:Tanqa Tanqa
2064:Tampukancha
2054:Tambomachay
2049:Tambo Totem
1919:Qunchamarka
1909:Qullqapampa
1819:Pumaq Hirka
1769:Puka Pukara
1734:Pinkuylluna
1724:Pikimach'ay
1639:Nazca Lines
1634:Muyuq Marka
1619:Mullu Q'awa
1594:Mirq'imarka
1569:Mawk'ataray
1504:Maray Qalla
1494:Mallkuamaya
1479:Machu Pirqa
1469:Machu Colca
1424:Llamachayuq
1359:Kuntur Wasi
1254:Inkilltambo
1179:Huayrapongo
1139:Hualpayunca
1134:Huacramarca
1074:Hatun Uchku
1044:Gran Vilaya
844:Buena Vista
799:Awkin Punta
397:Rediscovery
373:Tupac Amaru
112: /
88:Coordinates
2414:Categories
2364:Wilcahuaín
2304:Warawtampu
2274:Waqlamarka
2224:Vilcabamba
2179:Uskallaqta
2144:Tunanmarca
2089:Tarmatambo
2024:Sillustani
2009:Sayacmarca
1994:Runkuraqay
1924:Qunchupata
1899:Quillarumi
1879:Qillqatani
1774:Puka Tampu
1749:Pirhuaylla
1719:Pikillaqta
1714:Patallaqta
1689:Pachatusan
1684:Pachacamac
1599:Miyu Pampa
1589:Miraflores
1529:Markapukyu
1524:Markansaya
1519:Markahirka
1509:Marayniyoq
1464:Llaqtapata
1399:K'ipakhara
1384:Khichuqaqa
1279:Intikancha
1259:Inti Punku
1249:Inkapintay
1089:Honcopampa
1084:Hatunmarka
1079:Hatun Usnu
1029:El Paraíso
1024:El Ingenio
999:Coricancha
989:Condorcaga
979:Colcampata
969:Cochabamba
934:Chichakuri
924:Chawaytiri
909:Chanquillo
899:Chacamarca
884:Cerro Baúl
789:Auga Punta
329:, won the
258:away from
219:Vilcabamba
195:Vilcabamba
164:Site notes
141:c. 1450 CE
100:72°55′55″W
97:13°05′54″S
2294:Waraqayuq
2289:Warahirka
2249:Wamanilla
2219:Ventarron
2194:Usnu Muqu
2154:Tupu Inka
2134:Trinchera
2084:Tarahuasi
2074:Tantarica
2044:Susupillu
2004:Sara Sara
1979:Rumicolca
1959:Qasa Pata
1914:Qulu Qulu
1869:Qaqapatan
1839:Puruchuco
1779:Puka Urqu
1699:Pañamarca
1679:Pacatnamu
1649:Ninamarca
1644:Nina Kiru
1629:Muyu Urqu
1624:Muyu Muyu
1614:Mulinuyuq
1319:Kanamarka
1299:Iskuqucha
1204:Ingatambo
1154:Huankarán
1004:Cumbemayo
994:Cota Coca
974:Cochapata
904:Chan Chan
864:Carachupa
859:Cao Viejo
839:Bandurria
824:Ayawayq'u
819:Ayamachay
769:Arhuaturo
536:Hemming,
455:Footnotes
369:Titu Cusi
238:Rusaspata
191:Rosaspata
169:Condition
146:Abandoned
69:Rosaspata
2344:Wichqana
2119:Titiqaqa
2014:Sayhuite
1984:Rumiwasi
1904:Quishuar
1824:Pumawasi
1804:Pukarani
1759:Pirwayuq
1729:Pilluchu
1709:Paraccra
1434:Llamayuq
1374:Kuntuyuq
1309:Jinkiori
1194:Inca Uyo
1014:El Brujo
959:Churajón
929:Cheqollo
849:Cahuachi
829:Azángaro
814:Aya Muqu
412:kalankas
172:In ruins
154:Cultures
74:Location
2349:Wich'un
2339:Wichama
2204:Uyu Uyu
2199:Usqunta
1989:Runayoc
1969:Raqch'i
1854:Pusharo
1829:Punkuri
1604:Molloko
1579:Miculla
1499:Mameria
1439:Llamuqa
1419:Llactan
1324:Kanichi
1149:Huamboy
1034:Garagay
1009:Cutimbo
869:Carajía
505:,p. 117
449:granite
445:lintels
256:leagues
248:History
234:Quechua
149:1572 CE
138:Founded
133:History
2384:Yanaca
2284:Waqutu
2239:Vitcos
2174:Urpish
2159:T'akaq
2139:Túcume
2109:Tinyaq
2034:Sóndor
2019:Sechín
1974:Revash
1894:Quiaca
1884:Qillqa
1754:Piruro
1694:Paiján
1584:Millka
1414:Layzón
1354:Kukuli
1349:Kuelap
1344:Kotosh
1189:Huiñao
984:Collor
784:Aspero
754:Acaray
658:
571:p. 196
501:
416:qollqa
384:Cañari
183:Vitcos
20:Vitcos
2394:Yaynu
2359:Wilca
2314:Waruq
2114:Tipón
2104:Tikra
2029:Sipán
1874:Qenko
1764:Písac
1609:Moray
1574:Mazur
1534:Marpa
1329:Kenko
1169:Huari
964:Chuya
874:Caral
774:Asana
335:Cusco
308:Andes
260:Cuzco
128:ruins
2420:Inca
1304:Isog
656:ISBN
499:ISBN
420:usnu
207:Peru
158:Inca
125:Type
82:Peru
652:149
205:in
2416::
654:.
634:^
624:.
321:,
270:,
266:,
236::
213:,
201:,
80:,
735:e
728:t
721:v
664:.
527:.
475:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
