856:
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828:. On the vine, grapes are organized through systems known as clusters. Grape clusters can vary in compactness which can result in long clusters (resulting in the grapes spreading out) or short clusters (resulting in grapes packed together). In some grape species, clusters ripen collectively, which allows them to be harvested together. For others, grapes may ripen individually within a cluster. Each grape berry contains a
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847:. These factors become important in winemaking for methods including color extraction or aroma dissolution. Although the skin contains the majority of the tannin, small percentages can be found throughout the grape and during all of its developmental stages. However, the tannin's most important role is during the grape's ripening stage as its function is to formulate color and body shape.
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in the grape. Hot and sunny climates have a frost-free growing season of 200 days or more. These climates allow grapes to ripen faster with higher sugar levels and lower acidity. Cooler climates have a frost-free growing season of around 150â160 days. Cooler seasons force the grapes to ripen earlier,
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A green harvest is the removal of immature grape bunches, typically for the purpose of decreasing yield. The removal of the bunches while they are still green induces the vine to put all its energy into developing the remaining grapes. In theory this results in better ripening and the development of
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to the hillside. In flatter terrain, the intensity of the sunlight is diluted as it spreads out across a wider surface area. Small slopes that are elevated above surrounding ground are the best and safest places for crops, because these small elevations are less prone to frost. Additionally, a slope
895:
Climate is the most significant external factor in determining a grape's inherent qualities. Each grape variety has a uniquely preferred environment for ideal growing. Because climates vary from region to region, selecting the best strain is an important decision in grape cultivation. Additionally,
1138:
While the concept of thinning or sacrificing part of the grape crop, i.e. green harvesting, with the aim of improving the quality of the remaining grapes, predates modern critics, the practice has increased in recent times in vineyards found in
California and areas where the grapes grow easily.
836:. The main function of the rachis is to allow the grapes to receive their water and nutrients. The pollination and fertilization of grapes results in one to four seeds within each berry. When fertilization does not occur, seedless grapes are formed, which are sought after for the production of
947:
Spring and fall are critical seasons for grape development, because the plants are susceptible to frost damage, which can injure the fruiting buds. Wet weather in spring can increase the odds of mildew formation. To prevent mildew, some farms introduce devices such as heaters or large fans in
260:
sources (ancient writing on clay tablets), plant remains, historical geography, and archaeological excavations. The remnants of ancient wine jars have been used to determine the culture of wine consumption and cultivated grape species. In addition to winemaking, grapes have been grown for the
985:, loose texture, good drainage and moderate fertility. Drainage factors are cited as the most important soil characteristic to affect grape vine growth. When root growth is restricted due to bad soil, vine growth and fruit yields lessen and plant survival rates can dip to only a few years.
515:
dates back to 1416 and depicts horticulture and viticulture in France. The images illustrate peasants bending down to prune grapes from vines behind castle walls. Additional illustrations depict grape vines being harvested, with each vine being cut to three spurs around knee height.
635:. We have the parable of the kingdom of heaven likened to the father starting to engage laborers for his vineyard. The vine is used as symbol of Jesus Christ based on his own statement, "I am the true vine (John 15:1)." In that sense, a vine is placed as sole symbol on the tomb of
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emerged as wines from particular places began to develop a reputation for uniqueness. The concept of pruning for quality over quantity emerged, mainly through
Cistercian labors, though it would create conflict between the rich landowners who wanted higher quality wines and the
1252:
Fermentation tanks are now cheap enough that the field blend is an anachronism, and almost all wines are assembled by blending from smaller, individual lots. However, in
California some of the oldest (and lowest-yielding) Zinfandel comes from vineyards that are field-blended.
435:. Roman viticulturists were among the first to identify steep hillsides as one of the better locations to plant vines, because cool air runs downhill and gathers at the bottom of valleys. While some cool air is beneficial, too much can rob the vine of the heat it needs for
244:
seeds and vines. Commenting on the importance of the find, McGovern said, "The fact that winemaking was already so well developed in 4000 BC suggests that the technology probably goes back much earlier." There is also evidence of grape domestication in the
618:
are first mentioned when Noah grows them on his farm (Genesis 9:20â21). References to wine are made in the book of
Proverbs (20:1) and the book of Isaiah (5:1â25). Deuteronomy (18:3â5, 14:22â27, 16:13â15) reports the use of wine during Jewish festivals. In
500:
posed difficulties for grape cultivation, so certain species were selected that better suited the environment. Most vineyards grew white varieties of grape, which are more resistant to the damp and cold climates. A few species of red grape, such as the
1134:
restrict the yield permitted from a given area, so there is even more incentive to perform green harvesting when presented with excess crop. Often, the excess must be sold for a pittance and used for industrial alcohol production rather than wine.
896:
because climatic factors such as temperature and rain can be unpredictable and uncontrollable, each year will produce unique qualities and yields of grapes. Wine grapes are also especially susceptible to climate change and temperature variation.
1065:
that can attack all green parts of the vine. If left untreated, oidium can be terminal for the plant. It thrives in cooler temperatures and in the shade. Some North
American vine species have evolved to show resistance to the mildew
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equivalent to a field blend, which means that grapes of different varieties are planted, harvested and vinified together. In older times, this was common, but the practice has almost stopped. It is, however, a specialty of
965:
affords better drainage, obviating the possibility that the vine might sit in overly moist soil. In cooler regions of the northern hemisphere, south-facing slopes receive more hours of sunlight and are preferred; in warmer
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that breed in the vine stem. It can lead to deformity, yellowing of leaves, and smaller crop yields. There is no cure for the plant; the best course of action is to remove infected plants and leave the remaining roots to
940:
Ideal temperatures in winter average around 3 °C (37 °F). Ideal winter temperatures are necessary to allow grape vines to enter their resting phase. If temperatures fall too low, the crops can be injured.
702:. These help with anchorage, absorption and food storage. Then there is the trunk which branches out into arms. These help support conduction. Higher up are the node, inter node, leaves, cluster (of grapes) and the
2660:
Francesco
Emanuelli; Silvia Lorenzi; Lukasz Grzeskowiak; Valentina Catalano; Marco Stefanini; Michela Troggio; Sean Myles; JosĂŠ M. Martinez-Zapater; Eva Zyprian; Flavia M. Moreira & M. Stella Grando (2013).
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which produces a fresher and more acidic harvest. In general, the average yearly temperature for most crops should average around 15 °C (59 °F) in order to achieve the highest quality in each grape.
1631:
2741:
Dami, I.E., B. Bordelon, D.C. Ferree, M. Brown, M.A. Ellis, R.N. William, and D. Doohan. 2005. "Midwest Grape
Production Guide". The Ohio State Univ. Coop. Extension. Service. Bulletin. 919â5.
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934:
Ideal temperatures in summer average around 22 °C (72 °F). Ideal summer temperatures enable fruits to ripen. Temperature and sunshine are the most important factors in ripening.
2784:
Schonbeck, M.W. 1998. "Cover
Cropping and Green Manuring on Small Farms in New England and New York". Research Report #10, New Alchemy Institute, 237 Hatchville Rd. Falmouth, Mass. 02536.
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owns the Lytton
Springs vineyards in Sonoma County, which were planted from 1900 to 1905 in what Ridge calls "a traditional field blend of about seventy percent Zinfandel, twenty percent
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during the winter months. Viticulturists are often intimately involved with winemakers, because vineyard management and the resulting grape characteristics provide the basis from which
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throughout the year in order to produce grapes suitable for winemaking. In ideal circumstances, the vine will receive most of the rainfall during the winter and spring months: rain at
843:
The skin of the grape accounts for 5 to 20% of the total weight of a grape depending on the variety. When grape skin ripens, it contains the majority of the aromatic substances and
2779:
Open Air Grape
Culture : A Practical Treatise On the Garden and Vineyard Culture of the Vine, and the Manufacture of Domestic Wine Designed For the Use of Amateurs and Others
855:
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Fraga, H., Garcia de C. A. I., Malheiro, A.C., Santos, J.A., 2016. "Modelling climate change impacts on viticultural yield, phenology and stress conditions in Europe".
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1249:. When making wine with little equipment to spare for separate vinification of different varieties, field blends allowed effortless, though inflexible, blending.
3314:
2787:
Tesic, Dejan, M. Keller, R.J. Hutton. 2007. "Influence of Vineyard Floor Management Practices on Grapevine Vegetative Growth, Yield, and Fruit Composition".
2548:
Panagos, Panos; Ballabio, Cristiano; Lugato, Emanuele; Jones, Arwyn; Borrelli, Pasquale; Scarpa, Simone; Orgiazzi, Alberto; Montanarella, Luca (2018-07-09).
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trunks. The benefits of using stakes over trees was largely to minimize the dangers associated with climbing trees, which was necessary to prune the dense
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friend died trying to bring him a vine Dionysus deemed important, Dionysus forced the vine to bear fruit. His fame spread, and he finally became a god.
2797:
Tesic, Dejan, M. Keller, R.J. Hutton. "Influence of Vineyard Floor Management Practices on Grapevine Vegetative Growth, Yield, and Fruit Composition".
698:
There are many different important parts of the grape vine. Starting from the bottom and moving up there are the Fender roots, then above that are the
919:
during the growing season is a long, warm summer that allows the grapes the opportunity to ripen fully and to develop a balance between the levels of
510:
2751:
Kurtural, S.K. 2007. "Desired Soil Properties for Vineyard Site Selection". University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service. HortFact â 31 â 01.
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A field blend is a wine that is produced from two or more different grape varieties interplanted in the same vineyard. In the days before precise
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are preferred over flatter terrain: vines growing on a slope can receive a greater intensity of the sun's rays, with sunshine falling on an angle
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can serve as protection for drastic temperature drops at night by releasing the heat that the water has stored during the day to warm the vines.
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is poor. Different grape species prefer various soil conditions, although there are general quality factors. Favorable soil conditions include:
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The earliest evidence of grape vine cultivation and winemaking dates back 8,000 years. The history of viticulture is closely related to the
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more numerous and mature flavour compounds. In the absence of a green harvest, a healthy, vigorous vine can produce dilute, unripe grapes.
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Gil, Emilio; ArnĂł, Jaume; Llorens, Jordi; Sanz, Ricardo; Llop, Jordi; Rosell-Polo, Joan; Gallart, Montserrat; EscolĂ , Alexandre (2014).
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Conradie, W.J., J.L. Van Zyl, P.A. Myburgh. 1996. "Effect of soil preparation depth on nutrient leaching and nutrient uptake by young
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Many of the viticultural practices developed in this time period would become staples of European viticulture until the 18th century.
2824:
2762:"Ultrasonic and LIDAR Sensors for Electronic Canopy Characterization in Vineyards: Advances to Improve Pesticide Application Methods"
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were studied more intently to see which vines were the most suitable for a particular area. Around this time, an early concept of
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A viticulturist faces many hazards that can have an adverse effect on the wine produced from the grape or kill the vine itself.
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were given flexibility in selecting their crop and developing their own vineyard practice. In northern Europe, the weather and
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Quality soil is important to allow plants to have better root systems. The growth and health of a vine can be affected if the
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is the famous example for higher quality of wine. In 1435 Count John IV. of Katzenelnbogen started this successful tradition.
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Zabadal, J.T. Anderson, J.A. Vineyard Establishment I â Preplant Decisions. MSU Extension Fruit Bulletins â 26449701. 1999.
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systems for raising vines off the ground. Columella advocated the use of stakes versus the previously accepted practice of
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Kurtural, S.K. 2007. "Vineyard Site Selection". University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service. HortFact â 31â02.
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2663:"Genetic diversity and population structure assessed by SSR and SNP markers in a large germplasm collection of grape"
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1078:) thrives in high temperatures and humidity and produces stains on leaves. It can be treated by spraying plants with
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2169:"Philip Schaff: ANF01. The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus â Christian Classics Ethereal Library"
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Thucydides was most likely referencing the time between 3000 BC and 2000 BC, when viticulture emerged in force in
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Weaver, R. J. (1976). part 1.2 Vine Structure . In Grape Growing (pp. 10â23). essay, John Wiley & sons, inc.
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from another vineyard and therefore approximately copying its genetic makeup. This meant that one vine could be
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2746:"Advanced Technologies for the Improvement of Spray Application Techniques in Spanish Viticulture: An Overview"
31:
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Kurtural, S.K. 2007. "Vineyard Design". University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service. HortFact â 3103.
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across Western Europe brought Roman viticulture to the areas that would become some of the world's best-known
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Although many factors can affect the overall quality of a grape vine, the three most important are climate,
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These now must be fermented separately, but some co-fermented field blends persist, without being called
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species over the barren male vines and the female vines, which were dependent on a nearby male for
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969:, north-facing slopes are preferred. In the southern hemisphere, these orientations are reversed.
840:. Regardless of pollination and fertilization, most plants will produce around 100 to 200 grapes.
240:
BC, the site contained a wine press, fermentation vats, jars, and cups. Archaeologists also found
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SAFECROP â Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Grapevine Downy and Powdery Mildew
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recorded such practices in a two-volume work that was one of the few artifacts to survive the
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280:. With the ability to pollinate itself, over time the hermaphroditic vines were able to sire
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567:, the monks divided the land into separate vineyards, many of which still exist today, like
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381:, which expounded on Roman viticulture and agriculture. Around 65 AD, the Roman writer
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68:
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Vintage: The[https://archive.org/details/vintagestoryofwi00john/page/17 17â19]
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temperatures are between 10 and 20 °C (50 and 68 °F). The presence of large
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makes numerous references to wine, and grapevines, both symbolically and literally.
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2129:"Publikacje Biblioteki Kongresu w Waszyngtonie w zbiorach Biblioteki GdaĹskiej PAN"
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364:
197:, with evidence that humans cultivated wild grapes to make wine as far back as the
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102:
3883:
2550:"Potential Sources of Anthropogenic Copper Inputs to European Agricultural Soils"
1632:"Now that's what you call a real vintage: professor unearths 8,000-year-old wine"
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laborers whose livelihood depended on the quantity of wine they could sell. The
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42:
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produced the most detailed work on Roman viticulture in his twelve-volume text
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2764:. Sensors. 11 (2), pp. 2177â2194. doi:10.3390/s110202177. ISSN 1424-8220.
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to new environments, hence viticulture can be found on every continent except
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that causes grape clusters to either drop to the ground or not fully develop.
17:
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Llorens, Jordi; Gil, Emilio; Llop, Jordi; QueraltĂł, Meritxell (2011-06-09).
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Wine and the Vine: An Historical Geography of Viticulture and the Wine Trade
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Wine and the Vine: An Historical Geography of Viticulture and the Wine Trade
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Wine and the Vine: An Historical Geography of Viticulture and the Wine Trade
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Wine and the Vine: An Historical Geography of Viticulture and the Wine Trade
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Wine and the Vine: An Historical Geography of Viticulture and the Wine Trade
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Wine and the Vine: An Historical Geography of Viticulture and the Wine Trade
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Wine and the Vine: An Historical Geography of Viticulture and the Wine Trade
2016:
Wine and the Vine: An Historical Geography of Viticulture and the Wine Trade
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486:) working the vineyards under contractual agreements with the landowners (
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748: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Grape vines need approximately 1300â1500 hours of sunshine during the
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The earliest act of cultivation appears to have been the favoring of
218:
2076:"Katzenelnbogener Weltrekorde: Erster RIESLING und erste BRATWURST!"
331:. During this period, grape cultivation developed from an aspect of
5244:
3898:
3853:
3823:
3476:
3110:
2946:
2908:
2834:
2760:
Llorens, Jordi; Gil, Emilio; Llop, Jordi; EscolĂ , Alexandre 2011.
2640:
Grape Growers Handbook: A Guide To Viticulture for Wine Production
1212:
1100:
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998:
924:
868:
854:
821:
689:
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615:
611:
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450:
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340:
308:
162:
98:
47:
36:
5165:
4780:
3450:
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3212:
3167:
1046:
1039:. Cold temperatures during this period can lead to the onset of
1036:
1032:
920:
904:
872:
699:
685:
673:
600:
463:
405:
in order to give the vines sunlight, and later to harvest them.
398:
116:
90:
76:
4472:
4186:
3423:
3404:
2850:
181:
can begin. A great number of varieties are now approved in the
5093:
2846:
1146:
717:
4182:
2812:
1781:. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Gordon and Breach. p. 104.
1766:. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Gordon and Breach. p. 198.
603:, invented the grapevine and the winepress. When his closest
2263:. Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley. p. 221.
2223:. Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley. p. 220.
1751:. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Gordon and Breach. p. 99.
684:
can have positive effects on the climate and vines. Nearby
2748:. Sensors, 14 (1): 691â708. ISSN 1424-8220. PMC PMC3926582
2214:
2212:
375:
was influenced by these texts, and around 160 BC he wrote
355:
developed viticulture practices that were later used in
3419:
2769:"Georeferenced LiDAR 3D Vine Plantation Map Generation"
1690:
1688:
2371:
Third Edition pp 693â695 Oxford University Press 2006
1696:"'Oldest known wine-making facility' found in Armenia"
559:
pieces of land that consistently produce wines each
389:. Columella's work is one of the earliest to detail
201:
period. Evidence suggests that some of the earliest
5436:
5373:
5340:
5102:
4645:
4510:
4391:
4375:
4347:
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4281:
4248:
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3944:
3921:
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3691:
3679:
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3500:
3457:
3338:
3295:
3201:
3158:
3076:
3033:
2963:
2884:
2386:
2384:
2736:South African Journal of Enology & Viticulture
948:vineyards. However, such solutions can be costly.
2009:
2007:
2005:
2602:
2600:
2513:
2511:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2297:
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470:) were the most prominent viticulturists of the
185:as true grapes for winegrowing and viticulture.
2723:effects on corn growth and soil bulk density."
2485:
2483:
2481:
2422:
2420:
1082:. Most American vines are resistant, excluding
297:
256:Evidence of ancient viticulture is provided by
2196:Global Change Biology": doi:10.1111/gcb.13382.
1609:"Earliest Known Winery Found in Armenian Cave"
1049:and varying sizes. Hot conditions can produce
4484:
4198:
3435:
2862:
2815:â American Journal of Enology and Viticulture
2492:Winemaking: From Grape Growing to Marketplace
2429:Winemaking: From Grape Growing to Marketplace
2321:. New York: Chapman & Hall. p. 224.
2319:Winemaking: From Grape Growing to Marketplace
2278:. New York: Chapman & Hall. p. 223.
2276:Winemaking: From Grape Growing to Marketplace
2236:Winemaking: From Grape Growing to Marketplace
1584:Harrington, Spencer P.M. (MarchâApril 2004).
209:occurred in the area of the modern countries
8:
5360:List of organic gardening and farming topics
3315:Effects of climate change on wine production
2771:. Sensors 11 (6): 6237â6256. ISSN 1424-8220.
2494:. New York: Chapman & Hall. p. 27.
2431:. New York: Chapman & Hall. p. 26.
2238:. New York: Chapman & Hall. p. 24.
2190:
2188:
891:Effects of climate change on wine production
508:
2799:American Journal of Enology and Viticulture
2789:American Journal of Enology and Viticulture
1181:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
903:and around 690 millimetres (27 in) of
335:to an important component of international
123:, the vine has demonstrated high levels of
84:
4491:
4477:
4469:
4205:
4191:
4183:
3688:
3442:
3428:
3420:
3401:
2869:
2855:
2847:
915:diseases and berry splitting. The optimum
2688:
2678:
2565:
2144:
1661:Mark Berkowitz (SeptemberâOctober 1996).
1490:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2024,
1459:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2024,
1432:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2024,
1201:Learn how and when to remove this message
808:Learn how and when to remove this message
439:, and in winter it increases the risk of
359:. Around 500 BC, the Carthaginian writer
1673:(5). Archaeological Institute of America
1237:, a vineyard might be planted by taking
875:, often collectively referred to as the
455:Grape harvesting depicted in a medieval
4383:Clarification and stabilization of wine
2719:Abu-Hamdeh, N.H. 2003. "Compaction and
1779:The Origins and Ancient History of Wine
1764:The Origins and Ancient History of Wine
1749:The Origins and Ancient History of Wine
1416:
1390:
1287:Other traditional field blends include
631:. It is mentioned several times in the
474:. Around this time, an early system of
284:that were consistently hermaphroditic.
2819:Grape Pest Management Guidelines (IPM)
1721:Thomas H. Maugh II (11 January 2011).
1540:
1539:
1528:
649:Climate categorizations in viticulture
511:Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry
287:At the end of the 5th century BC, the
111:, the common grape vine, ranges from
97:is the cultivation and harvesting of
7:
5545:
1179:adding citations to reliable sources
746:adding citations to reliable sources
563:that are similar. In areas like the
27:Cultivation and harvesting of grapes
5557:
1638:. independent.co.uk. Archived from
1233:identification, let alone rigorous
1031:, it is very susceptible to strong
367:destruction of Carthage during the
138:include monitoring and controlling
101:. It is a branch of the science of
3115:
2919:International Grape Genome Program
1045:, which produces clusters with no
710:helps with support of the plant.
307:when they learnt to cultivate the
25:
3467:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
2899:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
2127:Szybowska, Urszula (2010-05-07).
2102:. Simon & Schuster. pp.
2050:. Simon & Schuster. pp.
2033:. London: Routledge. p. 171.
2018:. London: Routledge. p. 169.
1953:. Simon & Schuster. pp.
1860:. Simon & Schuster. pp.
1723:"Ancient winery found in Armenia"
1349:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
911:can create many hazards, such as
672:. Within these bands, the annual
657:The vast majority of the world's
480:emerged in France with laborers (
5556:
5544:
5533:
5532:
5520:
4446:
4154:
3387:
3386:
2835:Viticulture on www.extension.org
2716:. New York: HarperCollins, 2005.
2611:. London: Routledge. p. 39.
2593:. London: Routledge. p. 38.
2537:. London: Routledge. p. 37.
2522:. London: Routledge. p. 44.
2357:. London: Routledge. p. 42.
2306:. London: Routledge. p. 36.
1984:. Simon & Schuster. p.
1922:. Simon & Schuster. p.
1891:. Simon & Schuster. p.
1829:. Simon & Schuster. p.
1798:. Simon & Schuster. p.
1327:
1313:
1151:
722:
105:. While the native territory of
2725:Soil Society of America Journal
2623:"A Quick Guide to Field Blends"
2456:The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia
2395:The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia
2133:ToruĹskie Studia Bibliologiczne
1630:David Keys (28 December 2003).
1607:Owen, James (12 January 2011).
733:needs additional citations for
549:monks developed the concept of
2369:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
863:vineyard on the side of a road
1:
4409:Glossary of viticulture terms
3346:Glossary of viticulture terms
2978:Diurnal temperature variation
1354:Diurnal temperature variation
234:
4414:Glossary of winemaking terms
3356:Glossary of winemaking terms
2078:. Graf-von-katzenelnbogen.de
695:Structure of the grape vine
351:From 1200 BC to 900 BC, the
5391:Index of pesticide articles
2673:. BioMed Central Ltd.: 39.
1559:Phillips, Roderick (2000).
1364:List of vineyard soil types
5611:
4535:Climate-friendly gardening
4334:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
3125:Integrated pest management
2638:39. Goldammer, T. (2015).
2261:Handbook of Enology Vol. 1
2259:RibĂŠreau-Gayon, P (2000).
2221:Handbook of Enology Vol. 1
2219:RibĂŠreau-Gayon, P (2000).
2099:Vintage: The Story of Wine
2047:Vintage: The Story of Wine
1981:Vintage: The Story of Wine
1950:Vintage: The Story of Wine
1919:Vintage: The Story of Wine
1888:Vintage: The Story of Wine
1857:Vintage: The Story of Wine
1826:Vintage: The Story of Wine
1795:Vintage: The Story of Wine
1777:McGovern, Patrick (1996).
1762:McGovern, Patrick (1996).
1747:McGovern, Patrick (1996).
1586:"Books: Roots of the Vine"
992:
888:
646:
623:wine is the symbol of the
29:
5514:
5411:Plant disease forecasting
5365:Vegan organic agriculture
5215:Genetically modified tree
4442:
4424:History of the wine press
4314:Sparkling wine production
4148:
3417:
3384:
3320:Environmental stewardship
2777:. 1862 (still in print).
2709:. New York: Norton, 2004.
1488:Oxford English Dictionary
1457:Oxford English Dictionary
1430:Oxford English Dictionary
1217:Mechanical harvesting of
653:Propagation of grapevines
579:In mythology and religion
509:
4419:Wine tasting descriptors
4140:Wine tasting descriptors
4069:Phenolic content in wine
3961:Alternative wine closure
3545:Great French Wine Blight
3248:Great French Wine Blight
1563:. New York: Allen Lane.
1515:. Simon & Schuster.
505:, were also introduced.
32:Viticulture (board game)
30:For the board game, see
4309:Malolactic fermentation
3330:Sustainable agriculture
3111:Frost damage prevention
2993:Regional climate levels
2680:10.1186/1471-2229-13-39
1663:"World's Earliest Wine"
1561:A Short History of Wine
1359:Global warming and wine
668:of 30° and 50° in each
253:, around 3200 BC.
5350:Biodynamic agriculture
5287:Postharvest physiology
5235:Landscape architecture
4932:Indonesian home garden
3351:Glossary of wine terms
2490:Vine, Richard (1997).
2452:Stevenson, T. (2005).
2427:Vine, Richard (1997).
2391:Stevenson, T. (2005).
2317:Vine, Richard (1997).
2274:Vine, Richard (1997).
2234:Vine, Richard (1997).
1702:. BBC. 11 January 2011
1496:10.1093/OED/8050969080
1465:10.1093/OED/5561819290
1438:10.1093/OED/9599647660
1369:List of viticulturists
1226:
1020:
1019:Manual grape gathering
1012:
995:List of grape diseases
864:
832:which attaches to the
661:are found between the
659:wine-producing regions
492:). In most cases, the
459:
371:. The Roman statesman
313:
221:was discovered in the
85:
72:
61:
45:
4597:Historic conservation
4110:Wine and food pairing
2146:10.12775/tsb.2010.003
1379:Precision viticulture
1216:
1018:
1002:
889:Further information:
858:
637:Constantine the Great
454:
303:began to emerge from
51:
40:
5527:Gardening portal
5426:Aquamog weed remover
5401:List of insecticides
3761:Muscat of Alexandria
2830:Guide to Grape Vines
2096:Johnson, H. (1989).
2044:Johnson, H. (1989).
1978:Johnson, H. (1989).
1947:Johnson, H. (1989).
1916:Johnson, H. (1989).
1885:Johnson, H. (1989).
1854:Johnson, H. (1989).
1823:Johnson, H. (1989).
1792:Johnson, H. (1989).
1509:Johnson, H. (1989).
1275:) is a wine term in
1175:improve this section
742:improve this article
4339:Yeast in winemaking
4291:Carbonic maceration
3305:Adaptive management
2714:The Emperor of Wine
2607:Unwin, Tim (1991).
2589:Unwin, Tim (1991).
2533:Unwin, Tim (1991).
2518:Unwin, Tim (1991).
2353:Unwin, Tim (1991).
2302:Unwin, Tim (1991).
2029:Unwin, Tim (1991).
2014:Unwin, Tim (1991).
1613:National Geographic
824:is classified as a
627:, representing the
413:winegrowing regions
217:. The oldest-known
169:, deciding when to
5396:List of fungicides
5161:Companion planting
4329:Traditional method
4130:Wine personalities
3834:Cabernet Sauvignon
3223:Botrytis bunch rot
3043:Grapevine planting
2973:Climate categories
2840:2011-07-12 at the
2821:UC IPM Online Pest
2734:L.cv Pinot noir".
2567:10.3390/su10072380
1321:Agriculture portal
1261:, and ten percent
1227:
1021:
1013:
865:
466:(particularly the
460:
299:The people of the
62:
46:
5572:
5571:
5444:Community orchard
5270:drought tolerance
4466:
4465:
4460:
4459:
4230:Late harvest wine
4180:
4179:
3917:
3916:
3814:Alicante Bouschet
3562:Judgment of Paris
3398:
3397:
3243:Grapevine yellows
2667:BMC Plant Biology
2648:978-0-9675212-7-5
2367:J. Robinson (ed)
1727:Los Angeles Times
1619:on 13 March 2013.
1538:External link in
1211:
1210:
1203:
1027:When the vine is
818:
817:
810:
792:
423:, and the French
397:to grow up along
333:local consumption
16:(Redirected from
5602:
5595:Wine terminology
5560:
5559:
5548:
5547:
5536:
5535:
5525:
5524:
5501:Plant collecting
5437:Related articles
5374:Plant protection
4555:French intensive
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4207:
4200:
4193:
4184:
4159:
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4074:Proteins in wine
3741:GrĂźner Veltliner
3689:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3421:
3402:
3390:
3389:
3274:Uncinula necator
3263:Pierce's disease
2871:
2864:
2857:
2848:
2801:58:1:1â11. 2007.
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1615:. Archived from
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1316:
1235:clonal selection
1206:
1199:
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1130:In Europe, many
945:Spring and Fall:
813:
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802:
799:
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514:
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325:Cyclades Islands
239:
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165:development and
134:The duties of a
88:
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5603:
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5599:
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5506:Turf management
5491:Lists of plants
5486:List of gardens
5432:
5369:
5336:
5098:
4648:
4641:
4506:
4497:
4467:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4453:Wine portal
4445:
4438:
4429:History of wine
4387:
4371:
4343:
4295:
4277:
4258:Deacidification
4244:
4216:
4211:
4181:
4176:
4161:Wine portal
4153:
4144:
4083:
4045:
3950:
3940:
3913:
3800:
3781:Sauvignon blanc
3716:Cayetana blanca
3684:
3682:grape varieties
3675:
3568:
3496:
3453:
3448:
3413:
3399:
3394:
3380:
3366:Outline of wine
3334:
3325:Organic farming
3310:Biodynamic wine
3297:
3291:
3282:Red spider mite
3203:
3197:
3154:
3116:Green harvest (
3101:Erosion control
3078:
3072:
3053:Row orientation
3035:
3029:
2965:
2959:
2904:Grape varieties
2886:
2880:
2875:
2842:Wayback Machine
2809:
2804:
2727:. 67:1213â1219.
2705:Echikson, Tom.
2659:
2655:
2653:Further reading
2636:
2628:Wine Enthusiast
2621:
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2013:
2012:
2003:
1996:
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1965:
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1945:
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1636:The Independent
1629:
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1578:
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1558:
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1478:"wine-growing,
1477:
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1450:
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1409:
1396:
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1388:
1383:
1333:
1326:
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1314:
1312:
1309:
1269:Gemischter Satz
1265:and Carignan."
1255:Ridge Vineyards
1219:Sauvignon blanc
1207:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1172:
1156:
1145:
1124:
1080:copper sulphate
1011:on a grape leaf
997:
991:
975:
954:
893:
887:
853:
814:
803:
797:
794:
751:
749:
739:
727:
716:
682:mountain ranges
678:bodies of water
655:
645:
629:blood of Christ
597:Roman mythology
585:Greek mythology
581:
449:
409:Roman expansion
369:Third Punic War
349:
272:members of the
237:
195:history of wine
191:
167:characteristics
93:-growing"), or
41:Wine grapes on
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5608:
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5509:
5508:
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5488:
5483:
5481:Garden tourism
5478:
5473:
5471:Groundskeeping
5468:
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5461:
5451:
5446:
5440:
5438:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5346:
5344:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5260:free-flowering
5257:
5252:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5174:
5173:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5141:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5108:
5106:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4802:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4783:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4653:
4651:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4577:Groundskeeping
4574:
4573:
4572:
4570:computer-aided
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4516:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4473:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4457:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4353:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4319:Sugars in wine
4316:
4311:
4305:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4287:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4268:Chaptalization
4265:
4260:
4254:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4226:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4187:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4095:Classification
4091:
4089:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4079:Sugars in wine
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4055:
4053:
4051:Wine chemistry
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4026:Wine dispenser
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3957:
3955:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3927:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3829:Cabernet Franc
3826:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3796:Welschriesling
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3751:MĂźller-Thurgau
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3695:
3686:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3554:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3518:Ancient Greece
3515:
3506:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3463:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3405:
3396:
3395:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3268:Powdery mildew
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3207:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3118:Vendange verte
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3082:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3058:Trellis design
3055:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2954:Vitis vinifera
2950:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2808:
2807:External links
2805:
2803:
2802:
2795:
2792:
2785:
2782:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2742:
2739:
2732:Vitis vinifera
2728:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2635:
2634:
2614:
2596:
2581:
2554:Sustainability
2540:
2525:
2507:
2500:
2477:
2470:
2444:
2437:
2416:
2409:
2380:
2360:
2334:
2327:
2309:
2291:
2284:
2266:
2251:
2244:
2226:
2208:
2199:
2184:
2160:
2119:
2112:
2088:
2067:
2060:
2036:
2021:
2001:
1994:
1970:
1963:
1939:
1932:
1908:
1901:
1877:
1870:
1846:
1839:
1815:
1808:
1784:
1769:
1754:
1739:
1713:
1684:
1653:
1642:on 15 May 2011
1622:
1599:
1576:
1569:
1551:
1521:
1501:
1470:
1451:"viniculture,
1443:
1424:"viticulture,
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1324:
1308:
1305:
1223:CĂ´tes de Duras
1209:
1208:
1159:
1157:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1087:
1084:Vitis vinifera
1067:
1063:powdery mildew
1056:
1009:powdery mildew
990:
987:
974:
971:
956:Hillsides and
953:
950:
901:growing season
886:
883:
852:
849:
816:
815:
730:
728:
721:
715:
712:
644:
643:The grape vine
641:
587:, the demigod
580:
577:
448:
445:
437:photosynthesis
415:: the Spanish
395:training vines
378:De Agricultura
373:Cato the Elder
348:
345:
274:Vitis vinifera
270:hermaphroditic
261:production of
223:"Areni-1" cave
207:Vitis vinifera
190:
187:
183:European Union
119:shores of the
113:Western Europe
108:Vitis vinifera
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5607:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5565:
5564:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5531:
5529:
5528:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5476:Garden centre
5474:
5472:
5469:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5454:Floral design
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5435:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5339:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5321:
5320:reforestation
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5230:Intercropping
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5172:
5171:most valuable
5169:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5139:Arboriculture
5137:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5105:
5101:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4733:
4732:Garden square
4730:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4662:Ancient Egypt
4660:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4644:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4565:Garden design
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4494:
4489:
4487:
4482:
4480:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4441:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4208:
4203:
4201:
4196:
4194:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4064:Acids in wine
4062:
4060:
4059:Aroma of wine
4057:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3948:
3943:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3923:Major regions
3920:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3879:Montepulciano
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
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3094:
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3083:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3066:
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3063:Vine training
3061:
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2989:
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2964:Environmental
2962:
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2718:
2715:
2712:McCoy, Elin.
2711:
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2501:9780412122217
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2471:0-7566-1324-8
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2438:9780412122217
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2410:0-7566-1324-8
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2377:0-19-860990-6
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2328:9780412122217
2324:
2320:
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2285:9780412122217
2281:
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2252:
2247:
2245:9780412122217
2241:
2237:
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2227:
2222:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2185:
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2164:
2161:
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2113:0-671-68702-6
2109:
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2101:
2100:
2092:
2089:
2077:
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2068:
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2061:0-671-68702-6
2057:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1995:0-671-68702-6
1991:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1964:0-671-68702-6
1960:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1933:0-671-68702-6
1929:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1902:0-671-68702-6
1898:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1871:0-671-68702-6
1867:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1840:0-671-68702-6
1836:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1809:0-671-68702-6
1805:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1758:
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1728:
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1714:
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1697:
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1618:
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1610:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1570:9780713994322
1566:
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1522:0-671-68702-6
1518:
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1474:
1471:
1466:
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1377:
1375:
1372:
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1336:
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1290:
1285:
1283:
1278:
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1270:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1245:and the next
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1205:
1202:
1194:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1160:This section
1158:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1128:
1122:Green harvest
1121:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1092:is spread by
1091:
1090:Fanleaf virus
1088:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1048:
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1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
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1025:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1006:
1001:
996:
988:
986:
984:
980:
972:
970:
968:
963:
962:perpendicular
959:
951:
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942:
939:
935:
933:
929:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
897:
892:
884:
882:
880:
879:
874:
870:
862:
857:
851:Growing vines
850:
848:
846:
841:
839:
835:
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812:
809:
801:
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780:
776:
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769:
766:
762:
759: â
758:
757:"Viticulture"
754:
753:Find sources:
747:
743:
737:
736:
731:This section
729:
725:
720:
719:
713:
711:
709:
705:
701:
696:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
664:
660:
654:
650:
642:
640:
638:
634:
633:New Testament
630:
626:
622:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
578:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
555:vineyards as
554:
553:
548:
544:
539:
537:
533:
528:
527:
522:
517:
512:
506:
504:
499:
495:
491:
490:
485:
484:
479:
478:
473:
469:
465:
458:
457:book of hours
453:
446:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
419:, the German
418:
414:
410:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
387:De Re Rustica
384:
380:
379:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
346:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
312:
311:and the vine.
310:
306:
302:
301:Mediterranean
296:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
259:
254:
252:
249:in the early
248:
243:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
203:domestication
200:
196:
188:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
161:, monitoring
160:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
136:viticulturist
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
96:
92:
87:
86:vinis cultura
82:
79:-growing"),
78:
74:
73:vitis cultura
70:
66:
59:
55:
50:
44:
39:
33:
19:
18:Viticulturist
5590:Horticulture
5561:
5549:
5537:
5518:
5421:Weed control
5326:
5310:horticulture
5240:Olericulture
5220:Hydroculture
5210:Fruticulture
5188:Floriculture
5117:Permaculture
5104:Horticulture
4500:Horticulture
4444:
4301:Fermentation
4152:
4135:Wine tasting
3756:Muscat blanc
3726:Chenin blanc
3523:Ancient Rome
3458:
3272:
3238:Downy mildew
3150:Weed control
3140:Millerandage
3117:
3042:
2988:Microclimate
2952:
2945:
2927:
2914:Hybrid grape
2894:Ampelography
2887:horticulture
2877:
2798:
2788:
2778:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2713:
2706:
2670:
2666:
2639:
2637:
2626:
2617:
2608:
2590:
2584:
2557:
2553:
2543:
2534:
2528:
2519:
2491:
2455:
2447:
2428:
2394:
2368:
2363:
2354:
2318:
2312:
2303:
2275:
2269:
2260:
2254:
2235:
2229:
2220:
2202:
2195:
2176:. Retrieved
2173:www.ccel.org
2172:
2163:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2098:
2091:
2080:. Retrieved
2070:
2046:
2039:
2030:
2024:
2015:
1980:
1973:
1949:
1942:
1918:
1911:
1887:
1880:
1856:
1849:
1825:
1818:
1794:
1787:
1778:
1772:
1763:
1757:
1748:
1742:
1730:. Retrieved
1726:
1716:
1704:. Retrieved
1699:
1675:. Retrieved
1670:
1666:
1656:
1644:. Retrieved
1640:the original
1635:
1625:
1617:the original
1612:
1602:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1560:
1554:
1541:|title=
1511:
1504:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1344:Ampelography
1299:blends, and
1296:
1292:
1286:
1272:
1267:
1259:Petite Sirah
1251:
1228:
1197:
1188:
1173:Please help
1161:
1137:
1132:appellations
1129:
1125:
1083:
1073:
1070:Downy mildew
1050:
1042:millerandage
1040:
1022:
1003:Examples of
979:soil quality
976:
955:
944:
943:
937:
936:
931:
930:
898:
894:
877:
866:
842:
819:
804:
795:
785:
778:
771:
764:
752:
740:Please help
735:verification
732:
697:
694:
656:
621:Christianity
609:
582:
550:
540:
524:
518:
507:
493:
487:
481:
475:
461:
407:
386:
376:
350:
314:
298:
286:
273:
267:
255:
241:
206:
192:
135:
133:
125:adaptability
106:
103:horticulture
94:
80:
64:
63:
5585:Viticulture
5563:WikiProject
5332:Monoculture
5327:Viticulture
5305:agriculture
5265:propagation
5205:HĂźgelkultur
5127:sustainable
5112:Agriculture
5054:Therapeutic
5034:Shakespeare
4845:Renaissance
4637:Xeriscaping
4632:Sustainable
4627:Square foot
4617:Proplifting
4582:Garden tool
4550:Foodscaping
4404:Wine bottle
4376:Other steps
4367:Wine cellar
4324:SĂźssreserve
4016:Wine cellar
4006:Wine bottle
3947:accessories
3945:Packaging,
3904:Tempranillo
3533:Noah's wine
3513:Phoenicians
3459:Viticulture
3048:Propagation
2885:Biology and
2878:Viticulture
2560:(7): 2380.
2399:. pp.
1667:Archaeology
1590:Archaeology
1399:edelzwicker
1335:Wine portal
1293:edelzwicker
1289:Alsace wine
1191:August 2021
1143:Field blend
1111:Plant virus
1075:Peronospora
909:harvesttime
861:Napa Valley
798:August 2021
625:Last Supper
557:homogeneous
472:Middle Ages
468:Cistercians
353:Phoenicians
278:pollination
242:V. vinifera
238: 4100
233:. Dated to
227:Vayots Dzor
173:, and vine
148:fertilizing
121:Caspian Sea
95:winegrowing
81:viniculture
65:Viticulture
43:Long Island
5579:Categories
5225:Indigenous
5122:stock-free
5094:Zoological
4974:Pollinator
4867:Greenhouse
4810:Sharawadgi
4798:Vietnamese
4759:East Asian
4667:Australian
4622:Raised bed
4587:Green wall
4283:Maceration
4273:Wine press
4263:Destemming
4214:Winemaking
4120:Wine fraud
4115:Wine fault
4100:Oenophilia
4036:Wine label
4031:Wine glass
3996:Port tongs
3894:Sangiovese
3889:Pinot noir
3849:Douce noir
3776:Rkatsiteli
3721:Chardonnay
3711:Catarratto
3685:by acreage
3659:Biodynamic
3622:Aromatized
3411:winemaking
3376:Winemaking
3298:and issues
3296:Approaches
3258:Phylloxera
3228:Bot canker
3130:Irrigation
3106:Fertilizer
3079:management
3008:Topography
2998:Soil types
2791:58:1:1â11.
2775:Phin, John
2721:subsoiling
2460:. p.
2178:2021-11-17
2082:2012-02-12
1732:13 January
1706:13 January
1677:13 January
1646:13 January
1412:References
1291:, notably
1221:grapes in
1106:Phylloxera
993:See also:
768:newspapers
670:hemisphere
647:See also:
599:), son of
573:La RomanĂŠe
569:Montrachet
547:Cistercian
503:Pinot Noir
329:Aegean Sea
323:, and the
317:Asia Minor
293:Thucydides
291:historian
251:Bronze Age
179:winemaking
159:management
152:irrigation
129:Antarctica
60:, Slovakia
5496:Perennial
5459:Floristry
5406:Pesticide
5386:Herbicide
5381:Fungicide
5275:hardiness
5039:Shrubbery
5019:Sculpture
4840:landscape
4769:Cantonese
4744:Container
4739:Community
4707:Byzantine
4702:Butterfly
4692:Botanical
4592:Guerrilla
4540:Community
4530:Butterfly
4525:Arboretum
4520:Allotment
4512:Gardening
4504:gardening
4235:Noble rot
4125:Winemaker
4105:Sommelier
4041:Wine rack
4021:Wine cork
4011:Wine cave
4001:Screw cap
3971:Corkscrew
3936:New World
3931:Old World
3909:Zinfandel
3884:Mourvèdre
3791:Trebbiano
3731:Colombard
3632:Noble rot
3612:Fortified
3590:Sparkling
3557:New World
3287:Vine moth
3253:Nematodes
3218:Black rot
3202:Pests and
3178:Noble rot
3173:Festivals
3018:elevation
2966:variation
2936:Rootstock
2738:17:43â52.
2707:Noble Rot
2576:2071-1050
2155:2080-1807
2139:(1 (4)).
1531:cite book
1273:Mixed set
1243:Zinfandel
1162:does not
1094:nematodes
1029:flowering
714:The grape
666:latitudes
663:temperate
565:CĂ´te-d'Or
521:Varietals
494:prendeurs
462:Catholic
383:Columella
337:economies
305:barbarism
282:offspring
258:cuneiform
247:Near East
199:Neolithic
5539:Category
5449:Features
5355:Grafting
5315:forestry
5297:Tropical
5282:Pomology
5255:cuttings
5250:breeding
5084:Wildlife
5064:Tropical
5014:Scottish
4964:Pleasure
4952:Paradise
4947:Charbagh
4917:Monastic
4912:Medieval
4822:Floating
4776:Japanese
4727:Communal
4717:Colonial
4682:Biblical
4647:Types of
4612:Parterre
4250:Pressing
4172:Glossary
4088:Industry
3981:Jug wine
3976:Decanter
3966:Box wine
3864:Isabella
3859:Grenache
3839:Carignan
3786:SĂŠmillon
3771:Riesling
3766:Palomino
3509:Ancient
3492:Vineyard
3487:Veraison
3472:Oenology
3392:Category
3361:Oenology
3339:See also
3233:Dead arm
3205:diseases
3183:Ripeness
3135:Klopotec
3077:Vineyard
3036:planting
3034:Vineyard
2983:Drainage
2941:Vineyard
2929:Veraison
2924:Ripening
2838:Archived
2699:23497049
1700:BBC News
1374:Oenology
1307:See also
1263:Grenache
1247:Carignan
1239:cuttings
1231:varietal
1225:, France
1139:(McCoy)
983:aeration
905:rainfall
589:Dionysus
543:Burgundy
536:Riesling
489:Bailleur
483:Prendeur
477:Metayage
447:Medieval
429:Burgundy
425:Bordeaux
357:Carthage
144:diseases
58:Brhlovce
54:vineyard
5551:Commons
5464:Ikebana
5416:Pruning
5342:Organic
5292:Roguing
5178:Cutting
5069:Victory
5044:Spanish
5024:Sensory
4969:Prairie
4937:Persian
4927:Orchard
4892:Kitchen
4887:Keyhole
4882:Italian
4877:Islamic
4872:Hanging
4831:French
4817:Fernery
4805:English
4764:Chinese
4749:Cottage
4677:Baroque
4649:gardens
4602:History
4434:Terroir
4392:Related
4240:Vintage
4222:Harvest
4167:Outline
3991:Muselet
3953:storage
3844:Cinsaut
3819:Barbera
3746:Macabeo
3706:AligotĂŠ
3664:Organic
3654:Natural
3607:Dessert
3552:Georgia
3502:History
3482:Terroir
3477:Species
3193:Weather
3188:Vintage
3160:Harvest
3145:Pruning
3096:Coulure
3003:Terroir
2690:3610244
2104:131â132
2052:121â122
1183:removed
1168:sources
1066:(3:37).
1052:coulure
989:Hazards
938:Winter:
932:Summer:
917:weather
885:Climate
878:terroir
838:raisins
830:pedicel
782:scholar
708:tendril
704:tendril
593:Bacchus
561:vintage
532:peasant
526:terroir
498:climate
403:foliage
391:trellis
327:of the
295:wrote:
263:raisins
231:Armenia
215:Armenia
211:Georgia
189:History
175:pruning
171:harvest
117:Persian
115:to the
5301:Urban
5198:Taiwan
5193:Canada
5156:Botany
5149:Saikei
5144:Bonsai
5089:Winter
5074:Walled
5009:School
5004:Sacred
4959:Physic
4922:Mughal
4902:Market
4857:German
4835:formal
4827:Flower
4793:Korean
4712:Cactus
4697:Bottle
4657:Alpine
4607:Native
4560:Garden
4545:Forest
4399:Winery
4362:Solera
3986:Kvevri
3874:Merlot
3869:Malbec
3669:Kosher
3645:Other
3600:Orange
3573:Styles
3540:France
3086:Canopy
3013:aspect
2909:Grapes
2697:
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1297:gentil
1282:Vienna
1277:German
1059:Oidium
967:climes
958:slopes
925:sugars
913:fungal
871:, and
845:tannin
834:rachis
784:
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706:. The
690:rivers
616:Grapes
545:, the
321:Greece
219:winery
156:canopy
99:grapes
5245:Plant
5183:Flora
5132:urban
5079:Water
5059:Trial
5029:Shade
4989:Roman
4862:Greek
4852:Front
4754:Dutch
4722:Color
4349:Aging
3899:Syrah
3854:Gamay
3824:Bobal
3736:Glera
3701:AirĂŠn
3693:White
3649:Table
3637:Straw
3627:Fruit
3585:White
3528:China
3407:Wines
3213:Birds
3068:Yield
3023:slope
2947:Vitis
2403:â15.
1955:82â92
1862:35â39
1386:Notes
1301:Douro
1116:Pests
1101:Frost
1061:is a
1047:seeds
1033:winds
1005:downy
952:Slope
921:acids
869:slope
826:berry
822:grape
789:JSTOR
775:books
700:roots
686:lakes
612:Bible
605:satyr
464:monks
441:frost
433:RhĂ´ne
421:Mosel
417:Rioja
365:Roman
347:Roman
341:trade
309:olive
289:Greek
163:fruit
140:pests
69:Latin
5166:Crop
4999:Rose
4994:Roof
4984:Rock
4979:Rain
4942:BÄgh
4907:Mary
4897:Knot
4781:Roji
4672:Back
4502:and
3951:and
3680:Top
3595:RosĂŠ
3451:Wine
3409:and
3371:Wine
3168:Brix
3091:Clos
2813:AJEV
2695:PMID
2644:ISBN
2572:ISSN
2496:ISBN
2466:ISBN
2433:ISBN
2405:ISBN
2373:ISBN
2323:ISBN
2280:ISBN
2240:ISBN
2151:ISSN
2108:ISBN
2056:ISBN
1990:ISBN
1959:ISBN
1928:ISBN
1897:ISBN
1866:ISBN
1835:ISBN
1804:ISBN
1734:2011
1708:2011
1679:2011
1648:2011
1596:(2).
1565:ISBN
1546:help
1517:ISBN
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1295:and
1166:any
1164:cite
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1037:hail
1035:and
1007:and
973:Soil
923:and
873:soil
820:The
761:news
688:and
680:and
674:mean
651:and
610:The
601:Zeus
571:and
431:and
399:tree
361:Mago
339:and
213:and
142:and
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77:vine
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4687:Bog
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3806:Red
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