38:
741:), and several lemmata are not translated at all. As Old Welsh, Old Breton, and Old Cornish were very similar at this time, many of the glosses would have been indistinguishable in all three languages, and Alderik Blom estimates that around 35% of the entries would have been spelled almost identically in Cornish and in Welsh, without even taking into account the considerable number of words that would have exhibited only minor vocalic differences. Nonetheless, some of the entries are certainly Welsh or show Welsh features.
365:
tools, personality traits, illnesses and afflictions, legal terminology, the weather, times of the day, seasons of the year, colours, birds, fish, insects, domestic and wild mammals, herbs, trees, topographical features, architectural terms, household items, clothing, and food and drink, finishing with some adjectives and ending with the
Cornish word for 'saddle'. The vocabulary contains a total of 961 lemmata, compared with 1,269 in Ælfric's
269:, now thought to be incorrect, that the Old English of Ælfric's glossary would not have been understood much beyond this date, and is now generally thought to be too early. Most modern assessments estimate a document date of around 1200 or slightly later, from an original that was probably made around 1150 or sometime in the second half of the 12th century, presumably in Cornwall or by a Cornish speaker. It is now a part of the
214:
364:
including star, sun, moon, the Earth and sea, and human beings. The vocabulary continues with a range of subjects including parts of the body, ranks in the church hierarchy, family members, secular positions and class divisions, words for various kinds of professions and artisans and their associated
834:
is regularly written as ⟨e⟩, and is found 40 times in the manuscript according to
Jackson, against 3 entries where it is expected but is not written. The merger of the /uɪ/ and /ɔɪ/ diphthongs is shown in writing by an indiscriminate mixture of ⟨ui⟩ and ⟨oi⟩ spellings.
291:
containing texts believed to have been made between the early 11th and late 12th century. Other than the Latin-Old
Cornish glossary, the manuscript only contains Welsh material, including a Calendar of Welsh saints and an account of the founding of
748:
Jackson suggests that the copyist was a
Welshman, who occasionally substituted or added Welsh words when copying the Cornish words in his exemplar, originally made either in Cornwall or by a Cornish speaker.
763:, the orthography, which Jackson describes as "chronologically more advanced than that of any other document", shows the increasing influence of Old English scribal practices, such as the use of the
745:
provisionally estimates that, of all the entries, 503 are certainly
Cornish, 305 could be Cornish or Welsh, 38 are Welsh or show some Welsh feature, and 94 are either unknown or "not Brittonic".
778:(Ƿ, ƿ). In final position, ⟨p⟩, ⟨t⟩, ⟨c⟩, ⟨b⟩, ⟨d⟩, and ⟨g⟩ are generally used for the phonemes /b/, /d/, /ɡ/, /β/, /ð/, and /ɣ/ respectively, meaning that the results of Brittonic
678:(Welsh Vocabulary). However, there are a number of undisputed Welsh glosses, sometimes side by side with their Cornish equivalent, linked by the Latin abbreviation ⟨ł⟩ (
360:
are grouped thematically, usually with a Latin lemma followed by a
Cornish translation equivalent, beginning with entries for God, heaven, angel, then elements of the
684:'or'), and for a few lemmata only a Welsh gloss is given. Jon Mills points out that, where there are double glosses, sometimes the Cornish word is given first (e.g.
1466:
565:). There are also a smaller number of loans from late Old English (5%) and Old French (2%), and approximately 1% are of unknown origin. Old English loans include
158:, and it is considered to be the most substantial extant document of the Old Cornish period. The only surviving copy, part of a composite manuscript known as
830:, assibilation of /d/ to /z/, is shown. Denasalization of the lenited reflex of early Common Brittonic /m/ to /v/ is regularly written as ⟨f⟩, ⟨u⟩, and ⟨v⟩.
782:
are not usually apparent from the orthography when these phonemes occur in word-final position. However, in internal position, lenition is regularly shown.
757:
Like Old Welsh and Old Breton, Old
Cornish orthography was originally based on the pronunciation of British Latin. However, by the time of the
1593:
1564:
1442:
1622:
1359:
796:
demonstrates the development of several characteristic
Cornish sound changes, and the document is important for reconstructing the
203:
37:
381:
are conventionally labelled by the numerical identifier they are assigned by Eugene Van Tassel Graves in the PhD dissertation
1673:
232:
167:
1683:
195:
1351:
Language and history in early
Britain : a chronological survey of the Brittonic languages, 1st to 12th c. A.D.
361:
1678:
1668:
663:
1640:
972:
227:
was written, the
Southwestern Brittonic languages in Britain had been restricted to the territory west of the
720:, rather than the Latin lemma, sometimes resulting in the Latin being incorrectly translated (for example,
194:
language, which had been spoken over most of Roman Britain, was pushed west, eventually separating into
502:
During the Roman occupation of Britain, the Common Brittonic language acquired a large number of Latin
151:
666:
in 1707, the text was thought to be Welsh, and in the Cotton library was originally classified as
516:
attests many of these loanwords, and 19% of the translation equivalents are probably derived from
1503:
1460:
1419:
349:
240:
1628:
1618:
1599:
1589:
1570:
1560:
1541:
1522:
1495:
1448:
1438:
1411:
1365:
1355:
797:
1487:
1403:
716:" 'hand'). Occasionally, the scribe translates the Old English gloss from Ælfric's original
410:
191:
183:
179:
147:
207:
163:
29:
767:
270:
266:
199:
1662:
1507:
1423:
517:
187:
243:
describes the text as "really transitional between Old Cornish and Middle Cornish".
742:
659:
257:
to the end of the 12th century, presumed to be a copy, probably made in south-east
213:
293:
228:
1434:
Multilingualism in medieval Britain (c. 1066-1520) : sources and analysis
831:
1603:
1574:
1545:
1526:
1499:
1452:
1415:
1369:
506:, which were assimilated into the language and in general underwent the same
1632:
1559:. Nicole Muller (2nd ed.). Hoboken: Taylor & Francis. p. 532.
507:
309:
1475:
1391:
348:, in general agreement with the original entry order, with the Anglo-Saxon
1583:
1554:
1491:
1432:
1407:
1349:
1612:
1518:
The ancient Cornish drama, edited and translated by Mr. Edwin Norris, etc
779:
764:
503:
357:
308:
Only a single copy of the document survives, written in ink on sheets of
236:
143:
413:, and almost three-quarters (73%) of the translation equivalents in the
297:
1535:
1516:
106:
610:). The Old French loans, probably borrowed through English, include
239:), and had developed characteristic features of Old Cornish, though
166:, and is thought to have been copied around 1200 AD from an earlier
313:
258:
212:
139:
775:
730:
605:
590:
575:
316:
7r to 10r of the manuscript. Each folio is approximately 5
700:" 'cheese'), and in other cases the Welsh is given first (e.g.
650:
635:
620:
82:
Old Cornish, Medieval Latin, Old Welsh, Old English, Old French
1377:
Spriggs, Matthew (2003). "Where Cornish was spoken and When".
771:
261:, of a no longer extant original with a composition date of
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
913:
911:
909:
907:
672:(Latin-Welsh Vocabulary) and was inscribed with the text
217:
The Brittonic-speaking community around the sixth century
1172:
1170:
186:
began to settle in Britain during the 5th century after
1042:
1040:
1038:
735:'mixture of dog and wolf' rather than the Latin lemma
344:
The glossary itself follows the structure of Ælfric's
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
265: 1100. This date was based on an evaluation by
210:) under the westward advance of Anglo-Saxon forces.
1392:"The nature and date of the Old Cornish Vocabulary"
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
112:
102:
94:
86:
78:
67:
59:
51:
23:
1476:"The Vocabularium Cornicum: a Cornish vocabulary?"
800:. Assibilation of the clusters /lt/ to /ls/ (e.g.
493:
477:
461:
445:
429:
352:substituted by Old Cornish ones. As with Ælfric's
662:established that the language was Old Cornish in
1614:Studies in British Celtic historical phonology
825:
813:
801:
724:
711:
689:
644:
629:
614:
599:
584:
569:
554:
539:
524:
487:
471:
455:
439:
423:
396:
8:
312:, and consisting of seven sides, written on
55:Old Cornish Vocabulary; Cottonian Vocabulary
819:
807:
791:
758:
736:
705:
695:
679:
673:
667:
560:
545:
530:
511:
414:
390:
287:is part of a composite manuscript known as
282:
252:
251:Jackson dates the extant manuscript of the
222:
124:
46:, a 12th-century Latin-Old Cornish glossary
1465:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
389:" refers to the first entry in the text, "
20:
1332:
1248:
1161:
1149:
1137:
1106:
1094:
1082:
1070:
1058:
917:
419:are thought to be Celtic. These include
1585:Etymological dictionary of proto-Celtic
1320:
1308:
1296:
1284:
1272:
1260:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1176:
1118:
929:
898:
886:
874:
862:
850:
843:
510:changes as inherited Celtic words. The
1458:
1029:
1017:
1005:
954:
7:
1480:Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie
1396:Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie
1188:
1046:
967:
965:
963:
1348:Jackson, Kenneth Hurlstone (1953).
1534:Graves, Eugene Van Tassel (1962).
146:. It is usually interpreted as an
14:
428:'heaven, sky' (from Proto-Celtic
36:
798:phonological history of Cornish
116:210 x 145 mm; 4 sides; 7 leaves
1:
669:Vocabularium Latino-Cambricum
262:
206:(the ancestor of Cornish and
71:
520:. The many examples include
336:inches (210 x 145 mm).
619:'emperor' (from Old French
1700:
1537:The old Cornish vocabulary
1431:Jefferson, Judith (2013).
1354:Edinburgh: Edinburgh U.P.
529:'arm' (from British Latin
383:The Old Cornish Vocabulary
362:Genesis creation narrative
160:MS Cotton Vespasian A. XIV
16:Latin-Old Cornish glossary
1611:Schrijver, Peter (1995).
1582:Matasović, Ranko (2009).
812:) and /nt/ to /ns/ (e.g.
289:MS Cotton Vespasian A XIV
35:
28:
1437:. Turnhout. p. 59.
790:The orthography used in
574:'way' (from Old English
273:in the British Library.
1641:"Digitised Manuscripts"
1521:. Oxford. p. 315.
973:"Digitised Manuscripts"
731:
729:translates Old English
651:
636:
621:
606:
591:
576:
495:
479:
463:
447:
431:
1515:Norris, Edwin (1859).
1390:Padel, Oliver (2014).
826:
820:
814:
808:
802:
792:
759:
737:
732:gemenged hund and wulf
725:
712:
706:
696:
690:
680:
674:
668:
664:Archæologia Britannica
645:
630:
615:
600:
585:
570:
561:
555:
546:
540:
531:
525:
512:
488:
472:
456:
440:
424:
415:
397:
391:
283:
253:
223:
218:
204:Southwestern Brittonic
136:Old Cornish Vocabulary
125:
1617:. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
1553:Ball, Martin (2009).
1492:10.1515/zcph.2013.009
1408:10.1515/zcph.2014.009
824:), and, in one case,
793:Vocabularium Cornicum
760:Vocabularium Cornicum
675:Vocabularium Wallicum
513:Vocabularium Cornicum
416:Vocabularium Cornicum
379:Vocabularium Cornicum
284:Vocabularium Cornicum
254:Vocabularium Cornicum
247:Dating and provenance
224:Vocabularium Cornicum
216:
162:, is now kept in the
154:'s Latin-Old English
126:Vocabularium Cornicum
44:Vocabularium Cornicum
24:Vocabularium Cornicum
1556:The Celtic Languages
726:commisc bleit hahchi
385:. So for instance, "
190:came to an end. The
132:Cottonian Vocabulary
130:, also known as the
1674:Brittonic languages
1474:Mills, Jon (2013).
1335:, pp. 234–235.
1323:, pp. 324–335.
877:, pp. 228–269.
231:(approximately the
1684:Cornish literature
634:'craftsman' (from
401:" 'almighty God'.
219:
42:The first page of
1595:978-90-04-17336-1
1588:. Leiden: Brill.
1566:978-0-203-88248-1
1444:978-2-503-54250-8
1215:, pp. 67–68.
932:, pp. 60–61.
296:by the legendary
271:Cotton collection
198:(the ancestor of
196:Western Brittonic
152:Ælfric of Eynsham
120:
119:
1691:
1679:Cornish language
1669:Celtic languages
1655:
1653:
1651:
1636:
1607:
1578:
1549:
1530:
1511:
1470:
1464:
1456:
1427:
1386:
1373:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
988:
987:
985:
983:
969:
958:
952:
933:
927:
921:
915:
902:
896:
890:
884:
878:
872:
866:
865:, pp. 8–22.
860:
854:
848:
829:
823:
817:
811:
805:
795:
762:
740:
734:
728:
715:
709:
699:
693:
683:
677:
671:
654:
649:'foolish' (from
648:
639:
633:
624:
618:
609:
603:
594:
588:
579:
573:
564:
558:
549:
543:
534:
528:
515:
498:
491:
482:
475:
466:
459:
450:
443:
434:
427:
418:
400:
394:
335:
334:
330:
325:
324:
320:
286:
264:
256:
226:
221:By the time the
192:Common Brittonic
188:Roman occupation
180:migration period
128:
73:
40:
21:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1659:
1658:
1649:
1647:
1639:
1625:
1610:
1596:
1581:
1567:
1552:
1533:
1514:
1473:
1457:
1445:
1430:
1389:
1379:Cornish Studies
1376:
1362:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1045:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1004:
991:
981:
979:
971:
970:
961:
953:
936:
928:
924:
916:
905:
897:
893:
885:
881:
873:
869:
861:
857:
849:
845:
841:
788:
755:
559:'cheese' (from
476:'vessel' (from
411:Celtic language
407:
392:Deus omnipotens
377:Lemmata in the
375:
342:
332:
328:
327:
322:
318:
317:
306:
304:Physical format
279:
249:
241:Kenneth Jackson
233:historic county
184:Germanic tribes
176:
164:British Library
150:translation of
47:
30:British Library
17:
12:
11:
5:
1697:
1695:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1637:
1623:
1608:
1594:
1579:
1565:
1550:
1531:
1512:
1486:(1): 141–150.
1471:
1443:
1428:
1402:(1): 173–200.
1387:
1374:
1360:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1333:Schrijver 1995
1325:
1313:
1311:, p. 338.
1301:
1299:, p. 482.
1289:
1287:, p. 398.
1277:
1275:, p. 507.
1265:
1263:, p. 401.
1253:
1249:Jefferson 2013
1241:
1229:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1191:, p. 495.
1181:
1166:
1162:Jefferson 2013
1154:
1150:Jefferson 2013
1142:
1138:Jefferson 2013
1123:
1111:
1107:Matasović 2009
1099:
1097:, p. 238.
1095:Matasović 2009
1087:
1085:, p. 177.
1083:Matasović 2009
1075:
1073:, p. 379.
1071:Matasović 2009
1063:
1061:, p. 288.
1059:Matasović 2009
1051:
1049:, p. 532.
1034:
1022:
1020:, p. 315.
1010:
989:
959:
934:
922:
918:Jefferson 2013
903:
891:
879:
867:
855:
842:
840:
837:
787:
784:
754:
751:
406:
403:
374:
371:
341:
338:
305:
302:
278:
275:
248:
245:
175:
172:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
41:
33:
32:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1696:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1624:90-5183-820-4
1620:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1361:0-85224-116-X
1357:
1353:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1254:
1251:, p. 60.
1250:
1245:
1242:
1239:, p. 69.
1238:
1233:
1230:
1227:, p. 68.
1226:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1203:, p. 67.
1202:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1179:, p. 61.
1178:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1164:, p. 65.
1163:
1158:
1155:
1152:, p. 61.
1151:
1146:
1143:
1140:, p. 62.
1139:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1121:, p. 76.
1120:
1115:
1112:
1109:, p. 36.
1108:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
990:
978:
974:
968:
966:
964:
960:
956:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
935:
931:
926:
923:
920:, p. 59.
919:
914:
912:
910:
908:
904:
901:, p. 60.
900:
895:
892:
889:, p. 21.
888:
883:
880:
876:
871:
868:
864:
859:
856:
852:
847:
844:
838:
836:
833:
828:
822:
816:
810:
804:
799:
794:
785:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
766:
761:
752:
750:
746:
744:
739:
733:
727:
723:
719:
714:
708:
703:
698:
692:
687:
682:
676:
670:
665:
661:
656:
653:
647:
643:
638:
632:
628:
623:
617:
613:
608:
602:
598:
593:
589:'boot' (from
587:
583:
578:
572:
568:
563:
557:
553:
548:
542:
538:
533:
527:
523:
519:
518:British Latin
514:
509:
505:
500:
497:
492:'nail' (from
490:
486:
481:
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753:Orthography
532:bracc(h)ium
294:Brycheiniog
267:Max Förster
229:River Tamar
178:During the
148:Old Cornish
79:Language(s)
1663:Categories
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1342:References
1006:Mills 2013
955:Padel 2014
405:Vocabulary
1645:www.bl.uk
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765:graphemes
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780:lenition
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354:Glossary
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