4700:
5225:
5205:
5176:
5134:
5098:
5069:
5040:
5004:
4962:
4926:
4897:
4868:
4832:
4810:
4774:
4745:
4716:
909:
voiced consonants but not before unvoiced consonants or vowel quality changes (the sound of the vowel) in some dialects of
English that occur before unvoiced but not voiced consonants. Such processes allow English speakers to continue to perceive difference between voiced and voiceless consonants when the devoicing of the former would otherwise make them sound identical to the latter.
5257:
4280:
3443:
1056:, the contrast is more complicated for English. The "voiced" sounds do not typically feature articulatory voicing throughout the sound. The difference between the unvoiced stop phonemes and the voiced stop phonemes is not just a matter of whether articulatory voicing is present or not. Rather, it includes
908:
What complicates the matter is that for
English, consonant phonemes are classified as either voiced or voiceless even though it is not the primary distinctive feature between them. Still, the classification is used as a stand-in for phonological processes, such as vowel lengthening that occurs before
1255:). When a sound is described as "half voiced" or "partially voiced", it is not always clear whether that means that the voicing is weak (low intensity) or if the voicing occurs during only part of the sound (short duration). In the case of English, it is the latter.
1305:
There is a hypothesis that the contrast between fortis and lenis consonants is related to the contrast between voiceless and voiced consonants. That relation is based on sound perception as well as on sound production, where consonant voice, tenseness and
1265:
consonants, which are normally incompatible with voicing, in voiceless and voiced pairs. The consonants start out voiced but become voiceless partway through and allow normal aspiration or ejection. They are and and a similar series of clicks,
624:
and ⟨z⟩. The two sounds are transcribed as and to distinguish them from the
English letters, which have several possible pronunciations, depending on the context. If one places the fingers on the voice box (i.e., the location of the
1789:
1825:
604:
It can also refer to a classification of speech sounds that tend to be associated with vocal cord vibration but may not actually be voiced at the articulatory level. That is the term's primary use in
1799:
1809:
1794:
1779:
1215:
Other
English sounds, the vowels and sonorants, are normally fully voiced. However, they may be devoiced in certain positions, especially after aspirated consonants, as in
1756:
1746:
763:
1389:
The parentheses should appear under the letter, but that is not fully supported by
Unicode. As of version 8.0, only central voicing and devoicing, and , is encoded.
1212:. However, auditory cues remain to distinguish between voiced and voiceless sounds, such as what has been described above, like the length of the preceding vowel.
1741:
5323:
4633:
2690:
2436:
905:
might be transcribed as or , depending on the presence or strength of this devoicing. While the phone has articulatory voicing, the phone does not have it.
890:. Each symbol is an abstract representation of a phoneme. That awareness is an inherent part of speakers' mental grammar that allows them to recognise words.
2704:
2697:
2443:
920:
and voicing. The voiced fricatives can readily be felt to have voicing throughout the duration of the phone especially when they occur between vowels.
2918:
2676:
2422:
1200:
When the consonants come at the end of a syllable, however, what distinguishes them is quite different. Voiceless phonemes are typically unaspirated,
1691:
4422:
2711:
2408:
4461:
4384:
4595:
4525:
2683:
2429:
1439:
4468:
4365:
5266:
4801:
4590:
4289:
3452:
3213:
3120:
1705:
1075:, the voiced symbols are maybe used only to represent the presence of articulatory voicing, and aspiration is represented with a superscript
1071:
at the beginning of a stressed syllable, and in the same context, their voiced counterparts are voiced only partway through. In more narrow
4545:
4482:
4294:
3303:
3195:
3102:
2415:
4489:
4435:
4391:
1261:
and some of its neighboring languages are typologically unusual in having contrastive partially-voiced consonants. They have aspirate and
4817:
4638:
3828:
3783:
3290:
3227:
3134:
2585:
2341:
1483:
836:
Partial voicing can mean light but continuous voicing, discontinuous voicing, or discontinuities in the degree of voicing. For example,
444:
4618:
4403:
4372:
4839:
3794:
3746:
3732:
3674:
3660:
3312:
3220:
3127:
1736:
4567:
4552:
4332:
5316:
4888:
3808:
3330:
3241:
3202:
3148:
3109:
2866:
1449:
407:
4318:
5060:
3801:
3457:
3384:
3321:
3234:
3141:
2648:
2592:
2557:
2348:
2313:
5573:
4428:
4410:
5347:
5125:
4904:
4859:
3366:
2634:
2390:
1700:
1319:
893:
However, phonemes are not sounds in themselves. Rather, phonemes are, in a sense, converted to phones before being spoken. The
703:
5546:
4338:
5076:
5031:
4917:
4284:
4279:
3711:
3639:
3447:
3442:
3248:
3155:
2801:
2760:
2496:
2163:
5541:
4346:
1899:
1290:
even though there is no involvement of voice (or voice onset time) in that contrast. That happens, for instance, in several
1204:
and the closure itself may not even be released, making it sometimes difficult to hear the difference between, for example,
5089:
4875:
4736:
4235:
4095:
4063:
3391:
2655:
2571:
2564:
2327:
2320:
2149:
5553:
5536:
4324:
5528:
5309:
5196:
5047:
4933:
4628:
4226:
4215:
4127:
3739:
3667:
3373:
2831:
2641:
2620:
2543:
2397:
2376:
2299:
1784:
1684:
5568:
5563:
4441:
5105:
4752:
4707:
4242:
3725:
3704:
3653:
3400:
2818:
2774:
2767:
2718:
2510:
2503:
2454:
2199:
2170:
2019:
1852:
5558:
4352:
5833:
5261:
5256:
5167:
4765:
4256:
4178:
3060:
2953:
2840:
2746:
2662:
2578:
2482:
2334:
2181:
2156:
2135:
1329:
4670:
5480:
5425:
5216:
4953:
4723:
4623:
4249:
4169:
4158:
3760:
3718:
3688:
3646:
3024:
2732:
2627:
2550:
2468:
2383:
2306:
2213:
2064:
2035:
901:
is frequently devoiced, even in fluent speech, especially at the end of an utterance. The sequence of phones for
855:
The distinction between the articulatory use of voice and the phonological use rests on the distinction between
620:
For example, voicing accounts for the difference between the pair of sounds associated with the
English letters
5591:
5410:
5343:
5183:
4995:
4781:
4307:
4185:
3753:
3681:
3409:
3006:
2980:
2929:
2849:
2781:
2725:
2461:
2241:
2206:
2046:
2026:
2005:
376:
5794:
5789:
5700:
5232:
5145:
4969:
4199:
3595:
3067:
2900:
2891:
2874:
2753:
2669:
2489:
2227:
2188:
2142:
2078:
1677:
1476:
1258:
437:
154:
5811:
5621:
5420:
5395:
5339:
5011:
4192:
3956:
3894:
3586:
3575:
3520:
3486:
3046:
3031:
2911:
2739:
2475:
2220:
2106:
2071:
1962:
1947:
1931:
1334:
1287:
1283:
1072:
1053:
898:
894:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
841:
837:
825:
817:
807:
799:
789:
781:
715:
711:
513:
466:
366:
125:
76:
5400:
5377:
5355:
4018:
3945:
3925:
3883:
3863:
3602:
3499:
3013:
2987:
2962:
2936:
2248:
2092:
2053:
2012:
1942:
1903:
1751:
1344:
917:
381:
274:
101:
5838:
5801:
5513:
4474:
4007:
3987:
3965:
3903:
3616:
3555:
2882:
2234:
2085:
1987:
1064:(airflow burst following the release of the closure) and the duration of the closure and aspiration.
236:
57:
5909:
5779:
5756:
5505:
5458:
5430:
5271:
4538:
4149:
4036:
4027:
3936:
3874:
3623:
3609:
3527:
3053:
2113:
1967:
1924:
1267:
1068:
1061:
642:
294:
226:
212:
145:
5980:
5774:
5607:
5415:
5372:
4561:
3998:
3564:
3513:
3492:
2255:
2099:
1957:
1937:
1895:
1557:
1469:
646:
430:
420:
397:
299:
221:
81:
71:
41:
5853:
5730:
5695:
5518:
5485:
5453:
5387:
4982:
4517:
3770:
3534:
3079:
1992:
1972:
1914:
1804:
1445:
856:
687:
343:
198:
130:
120:
90:
5921:
5914:
5769:
5725:
5720:
5583:
5495:
5472:
5448:
5405:
5364:
4792:
4311:
3857:
3548:
3506:
1982:
1952:
1919:
1909:
1619:
1349:
1299:
1291:
1252:
1057:
193:
140:
115:
110:
1239:
in which the voicing is delayed to the extent of missing the sonorant or vowel altogether.
897:
phoneme, for instance, can actually be pronounced as either the phone or the phone since
5886:
5784:
5764:
5705:
5673:
5490:
5116:
4850:
3848:
3541:
2974:
1977:
1847:
1669:
1431:
672:
402:
231:
183:
135:
626:
847:
Partial voicing can also be indicated in the normal IPA with transcriptions like and .
5858:
5022:
1631:
1552:
1373:
1201:
1049:
863:(represented between slashes). The difference is best illustrated by a rough example.
5974:
5944:
5904:
5881:
5848:
5821:
4681:
4209:
4051:
3469:
1527:
1522:
1435:
1414:
1354:
633:
while is pronounced but not with . (For a more detailed, technical explanation, see
575:
356:
330:
304:
284:
5954:
5873:
5863:
5843:
4531:
2264:
1547:
1418:
925:
567:
325:
289:
5959:
5949:
5939:
5826:
5683:
5279:
4693:
4676:
4454:
3981:
2789:
1862:
1840:
1625:
1542:
1537:
1532:
666:
634:
630:
594:
320:
188:
5742:
5158:
4686:
1999:
1857:
1648:
1307:
767:
571:
5931:
5737:
5688:
5648:
5643:
5630:
4944:
4450:
3698:
3631:
2521:
2277:
1885:
1492:
1339:
1324:
1295:
1294:
dialects. Because voice is not involved, this is explained as a contrast in
1279:
1248:
913:
719:
707:
706:
has distinct letters for many voiceless and voiced pairs of consonants (the
638:
613:
605:
598:
563:
559:
260:
249:
178:
173:
163:
49:
1247:
There are two variables to degrees of voicing: intensity (discussed under
17:
5665:
5653:
5250:
4585:
4507:
4501:
4273:
3436:
2274:
1653:
1262:
654:
1401:
Handbook of the
Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States
5638:
4358:
3569:
2129:
1835:
1658:
1505:
860:
726:
691:
621:
609:
371:
361:
279:
168:
1400:
1610:
722:
are typically used with letters for prototypically voiceless sounds.
31:
1270:
contrasts them with plain voiced and voicelesses like /p, b, b͡p/.
5678:
4661:
1830:
870:
is made up of a sequence of phonemes, represented symbolically as
650:
203:
766:
have a notation for partial voicing and devoicing as well as for
5305:
5301:
4659:
1883:
1718:
1673:
1465:
585:
The term, however, is used to refer to two separate concepts:
1310:
are only different manifestations of a common sound feature.
1461:
675:
has no underlyingly voiceless consonants, only voiced ones.
1413:
Consonants that are called "voiced aspirate" normally have
1174:
Pronounced with the back of the tongue against the palate:
601:
to describe phones, which are particular speech sounds.
714:. In addition, there is a diacritic for voicedness: ⟨
3474:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
5930:
5895:
5872:
5810:
5755:
5664:
5629:
5620:
5600:
5582:
5527:
5504:
5471:
5441:
5386:
5363:
5354:
5115:
4943:
4791:
4611:
1930:
1902:
1818:
1772:
1729:
1641:
1609:
840:could be an with (some) voicing in the middle and
538:
525:
520:
511:
506:
491:
478:
473:
464:
459:
30:"Voiced" redirects here. For the organization, see
1278:There are languages with two sets of contrasting
943:Pronounced with the lower lip against the teeth:
764:extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet
844:could be with (some) devoicing in the middle.
1417:, not voiceless aspiration, as in Juǀʼhoansi,
968:Pronounced with the tongue against the teeth:
5317:
4634:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
1685:
1477:
916:phonemes that can be divided into a table by
694:together for the purposes of classification.
438:
8:
574:). Speech sounds can be described as either
1048:However, in the class of consonants called
924:Voicing contrast in English fricatives via
5626:
5438:
5360:
5324:
5310:
5302:
4656:
4608:
1880:
1726:
1715:
1692:
1678:
1670:
1518:
1513:
1501:
1484:
1470:
1462:
1124:Pronounced with the tongue near the gums:
999:Pronounced with the tongue near the gums:
859:(represented between square brackets) and
445:
431:
350:
256:
97:
36:
1747:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
1444:. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 63, 80–81.
1380:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1081:
922:
772:
3488:
1929:
1366:
1149:Pronounced with the tongue bunched up:
1024:Pronounced with the tongue bunched up:
389:
342:
312:
259:
248:
211:
153:
100:
89:
63:
48:
1913:
1404:, University of Chicago Press, p. 122.
1067:English voiceless stops are generally
616:its primary use is to describe phones.
503:
456:
4148:
3847:
3563:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1923:
1918:
1908:
678:When used to classify speech sounds,
629:in the upper throat), one can feel a
7:
3521:
27:Term used in phonetics and phonology
4639:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
3500:
3464:Symbols to the right in a cell are
1441:The Sounds of the World's Languages
3556:
1737:International Phonetic Association
1083:Voicing contrast in English stops
25:
5231:
5215:
5195:
5182:
5166:
5144:
5124:
5104:
5088:
5075:
5059:
5046:
5030:
5010:
4994:
4981:
4968:
4952:
4932:
4916:
4903:
4887:
4874:
4858:
4838:
4816:
4800:
4780:
4764:
4751:
4735:
4722:
4706:
4566:
4551:
4544:
4524:
4500:
4488:
4481:
4467:
4460:
4434:
4421:
4409:
4402:
4390:
4383:
4371:
4364:
4345:
4331:
4317:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4225:
4214:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4168:
4157:
4126:
4094:
4062:
4035:
4026:
4017:
4006:
3997:
3986:
3964:
3955:
3944:
3935:
3924:
3902:
3893:
3882:
3873:
3862:
3827:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3782:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3585:
3574:
3528:
3408:
3399:
3390:
3383:
3372:
3365:
3329:
3320:
3311:
3302:
3289:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3201:
3194:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3108:
3101:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3030:
3023:
3012:
3005:
2986:
2979:
2961:
2952:
2935:
2928:
2917:
2910:
2899:
2890:
2881:
2865:
2848:
2839:
2830:
2817:
2800:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2263:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2187:
2180:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2052:
2045:
2034:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1988:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
1251:), and duration (discussed under
1099:Pronounced with the lips closed:
645:, with a notable exception being
5255:
5223:
5203:
5174:
5132:
5096:
5067:
5038:
5002:
4960:
4924:
4895:
4866:
4830:
4808:
4772:
4743:
4714:
4698:
4278:
3514:
3493:
3441:
1790:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
686:are merely labels used to group
5348:International Phonetic Alphabet
3535:
1701:International Phonetic Alphabet
1320:Consonant voicing and devoicing
704:International Phonetic Alphabet
4619:Nasal labial–velar approximant
3549:
3507:
1810:IPA chart for English dialects
794:partial/central devoicing of
1:
3542:
1060:(if at all), the presence of
390:Theories of speech perception
4629:Voiceless bidental fricative
1752:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
1508:states (from open to closed)
786:partial/central voicing of
597:vibrate, its primary use in
1853:Phonetic symbols in Unicode
5997:
1330:List of language disorders
912:English has four pairs of
729:, the symbols are encoded
29:
5716:
5337:
5157:
5021:
4849:
4692:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4668:
4655:
4624:Nasal palatal approximant
4308:Co-articulated consonants
4208:
4153:
4116:
4084:
4049:
3980:
3918:
3856:
3817:
3769:
3697:
3630:
3568:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3489:
3345:
3267:
3174:
3078:
2973:
2873:
2788:
2615:
2519:
2371:
2273:
2128:
1998:
1892:
1879:
1725:
1714:
1516:
1499:
775:
589:Voicing can refer to the
377:Neural encoding of sound
3484:Non-pulmonic consonants
2616:Non-sibilant fricative
2372:Non-sibilant affricate
1742:History of the alphabet
1626:Harsh/ventricular voice
155:Manners of articulation
5340:Articulatory phonetics
1800:Sinological extensions
1642:Non-phonemic phonation
1585:(restricted airstream)
1421:and similar languages.
1335:Manner of articulation
1073:phonetic transcription
367:Categorical perception
102:Places of articulation
5514:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
1345:Place of articulation
918:place of articulation
874:, or the sequence of
742:COMBINING CARON BELOW
275:Fundamental frequency
5839:Labio-palatalization
3268:Lateral approximant
1634:(epiglottal trilled)
776:Partial (de)voicing
757:COMBINING RING BELOW
657:(consonants such as
591:articulatory process
578:(otherwise known as
295:Source–filter theory
213:Airstream mechanisms
5529:Double articulation
1896:Pulmonic consonants
1588:(blocked airstream)
1579:(maximum vibration)
1398:Kretzschmar (1993)
1378:A Grammar of Yidiny
1274:Voice and tenseness
1084:
1058:when voicing starts
928:
3818:Lateral fricative
3468:, to the left are
3175:Lateral fricative
1963:Postalveolar
1948:Linguolabial
1795:Naming conventions
1758:Journal of the IPA
1282:that are labelled
1243:Degrees of voicing
1082:
923:
812:initial devoicing
643:European languages
558:is a term used in
421:Linguistics portal
398:Acoustic landmarks
58:Linguistics Series
5968:
5967:
5854:Pharyngealization
5751:
5750:
5616:
5615:
5574:Uvular–epiglottal
5467:
5466:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5289:
5242:
5241:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4604:
4603:
4429:Uvular–epiglottal
4303:
4302:
4265:
4264:
3480:
3479:
3428:
3427:
3346:Lateral tap/flap
1943:Labiodental
1875:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1805:World Orthography
1667:
1666:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1198:
1197:
1046:
1045:
866:The English word
834:
833:
549:
548:
502:
501:
455:
454:
415:
414:
338:
337:
244:
243:
16:(Redirected from
5988:
5922:Voice onset time
5627:
5547:Labial–retroflex
5439:
5361:
5326:
5319:
5312:
5303:
5283:
5259:
5236:
5235:
5227:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5207:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5187:
5186:
5178:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5149:
5148:
5136:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5109:
5108:
5100:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5080:
5079:
5071:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5051:
5050:
5042:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5015:
5014:
5006:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4986:
4985:
4973:
4972:
4964:
4963:
4957:
4956:
4937:
4936:
4928:
4927:
4921:
4920:
4908:
4907:
4899:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4879:
4878:
4870:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4843:
4842:
4834:
4833:
4821:
4820:
4812:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4785:
4784:
4776:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4756:
4755:
4747:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4727:
4726:
4718:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4702:
4701:
4671:
4657:
4609:
4570:
4555:
4548:
4528:
4504:
4492:
4485:
4471:
4464:
4438:
4425:
4413:
4406:
4397:Labial–retroflex
4394:
4387:
4375:
4368:
4349:
4339:Labial–retroflex
4335:
4321:
4282:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4229:
4218:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4172:
4161:
4132:
4100:
4068:
4039:
4032:
4023:
4012:
4003:
3992:
3970:
3961:
3950:
3941:
3930:
3908:
3899:
3888:
3879:
3868:
3854:bottom: uvular)
3831:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3786:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3589:
3578:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3487:
3475:
3445:
3412:
3403:
3394:
3387:
3376:
3369:
3333:
3324:
3315:
3306:
3293:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3205:
3198:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3112:
3105:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3034:
3027:
3016:
3009:
2990:
2983:
2965:
2956:
2939:
2932:
2921:
2914:
2903:
2894:
2885:
2869:
2852:
2843:
2834:
2821:
2804:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2267:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2191:
2184:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2056:
2049:
2038:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
1900:
1881:
1727:
1716:
1709:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1671:
1620:Faucalized voice
1573:
1566:(full airstream)
1519:
1514:
1502:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1463:
1456:
1455:
1432:Ladefoged, Peter
1428:
1422:
1411:
1405:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1371:
1350:Voice onset time
1300:fortis and lenis
1292:Alemannic German
1289:
1285:
1253:voice onset time
1085:
1055:
929:
900:
896:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
843:
839:
830:final devoicing
827:
819:
809:
804:initial voicing
801:
791:
783:
773:
758:
755:
754:
750:
748:
743:
740:
739:
735:
733:
717:
713:
566:to characterize
542:
534:
529:
516:
515:
504:
495:
487:
482:
469:
468:
457:
447:
440:
433:
351:
257:
98:
37:
21:
5996:
5995:
5991:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5986:
5985:
5971:
5970:
5969:
5964:
5926:
5891:
5868:
5813:
5806:
5747:
5712:
5660:
5612:
5596:
5578:
5542:Labial–alveolar
5523:
5500:
5481:Alveolo-palatal
5463:
5437:
5426:Palato-alveolar
5382:
5350:
5344:Co-articulation
5333:
5330:
5300:
5291:
5281:
5280:unrounded
5276:
5238:
5237:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5221:
5214:
5209:
5208:
5204:
5201:
5194:
5189:
5188:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5172:
5165:
5151:
5150:
5143:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5123:
5111:
5110:
5103:
5101:
5097:
5094:
5087:
5082:
5081:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5065:
5058:
5053:
5052:
5045:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5029:
5017:
5016:
5009:
5007:
5003:
5000:
4993:
4988:
4987:
4980:
4975:
4974:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4958:
4951:
4939:
4938:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4922:
4915:
4910:
4909:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4886:
4881:
4880:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4864:
4857:
4845:
4844:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4823:
4822:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4806:
4799:
4787:
4786:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4763:
4758:
4757:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4734:
4729:
4728:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4705:
4699:
4664:
4643:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4573:Labial–alveolar
4571:
4564:
4559:
4556:
4549:
4541:
4536:
4535:
4529:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4505:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4486:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4465:
4457:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4431:
4426:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4407:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4388:
4380:
4379:
4378:Labial–alveolar
4376:
4369:
4361:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4328:
4327:
4325:Labial–alveolar
4322:
4314:
4304:
4299:
4129:
4097:
4085:Voiced lateral
4065:
4040:
4029:
4020:
4009:
4000:
3989:
3967:
3958:
3947:
3938:
3927:
3905:
3896:
3885:
3876:
3865:
3853:
3851:
3473:
3462:
1968:Retroflex
1888:
1867:
1826:ASCII encodings
1814:
1768:
1721:
1710:
1703:
1698:
1668:
1663:
1637:
1605:
1596:
1572:whispery voice)
1571:
1570:
1495:
1490:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1412:
1408:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1316:
1276:
1245:
853:
756:
752:
751:
746:
745:
741:
737:
736:
731:
730:
700:
540:
532:
527:
512:
493:
485:
480:
465:
451:
403:Exemplar theory
313:Phonation types
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5994:
5992:
5984:
5983:
5973:
5972:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5936:
5934:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5912:
5901:
5899:
5893:
5892:
5890:
5889:
5884:
5878:
5876:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5861:
5859:Glottalization
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5834:Palatalization
5831:
5830:
5829:
5818:
5816:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5804:
5799:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5761:
5759:
5753:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5734:
5733:
5728:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5681:
5676:
5670:
5668:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5656:
5646:
5641:
5635:
5633:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5604:
5602:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5594:
5592:Velopharyngeal
5588:
5586:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5554:Labial–palatal
5551:
5550:
5549:
5544:
5537:Labial–coronal
5533:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5516:
5510:
5508:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5477:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5445:
5443:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5418:
5413:
5411:Denti-alveolar
5408:
5403:
5398:
5392:
5390:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5375:
5369:
5367:
5358:
5352:
5351:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5321:
5314:
5306:
5297:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5287:
5275:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5253:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5229:
5222:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5202:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5180:
5173:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5131:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5102:
5095:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5073:
5066:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5044:
5037:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5008:
5001:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4966:
4959:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4930:
4923:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4901:
4894:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4872:
4865:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4836:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4814:
4807:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4778:
4771:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4749:
4742:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4720:
4713:
4704:
4703:
4696:
4690:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4615:
4613:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4572:
4565:
4560:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4522:
4516:
4506:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4487:
4480:
4479:
4475:Labial–palatal
4473:
4466:
4459:
4458:
4449:
4448:
4440:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4351:
4344:
4343:
4337:
4330:
4329:
4323:
4316:
4315:
4305:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4276:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4230:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4196:
4189:
4182:
4175:
4173:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4155:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4117:Nasal lateral
4114:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4033:
4024:
4015:
4013:
4004:
3995:
3993:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3962:
3953:
3951:
3942:
3933:
3931:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3900:
3891:
3889:
3880:
3871:
3869:
3860:
3855:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3590:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3572:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3406:
3404:
3397:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3327:
3325:
3318:
3316:
3309:
3307:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3010:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2959:
2957:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2897:
2895:
2888:
2886:
2879:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2846:
2844:
2837:
2835:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2261:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2032:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1938:Bilabial
1935:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1774:
1773:Special topics
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1712:
1711:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1674:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1632:Strident voice
1629:
1623:
1616:
1614:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1582:(intermediate)
1580:
1577:
1576:(intermediate)
1574:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1517:
1510:
1509:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1466:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1436:Maddieson, Ian
1423:
1406:
1391:
1382:
1374:R. M. W. Dixon
1365:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1275:
1272:
1244:
1241:
1196:
1195:
1185:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1160:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1135:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1110:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1044:
1043:
1034:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1010:
1000:
996:
995:
982:
969:
965:
964:
954:
944:
940:
939:
936:
933:
852:
849:
832:
831:
828:
823:
822:final voicing
820:
814:
813:
810:
805:
802:
796:
795:
792:
787:
784:
778:
777:
699:
696:
667:modally voiced
618:
617:
608:: to describe
602:
547:
546:
543:
536:
535:
530:
523:
522:
518:
517:
509:
508:
500:
499:
496:
489:
488:
483:
476:
475:
471:
470:
462:
461:
453:
452:
450:
449:
442:
435:
427:
424:
423:
417:
416:
413:
412:
411:
410:
405:
400:
392:
391:
387:
386:
385:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
347:
346:
340:
339:
336:
335:
334:
333:
328:
323:
315:
314:
310:
309:
308:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
269:
268:
253:
252:
246:
245:
242:
241:
240:
239:
234:
229:
224:
216:
215:
209:
208:
207:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
158:
157:
151:
150:
149:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
105:
104:
94:
93:
87:
86:
85:
84:
79:
74:
66:
65:
64:Subdisciplines
61:
60:
53:
52:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5993:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5929:
5923:
5920:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5894:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5849:Uvularization
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5828:
5825:
5824:
5823:
5822:Labialization
5820:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5809:
5803:
5800:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5758:
5754:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5715:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5697:
5694:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5663:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5619:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5599:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5581:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5569:Coronal–velar
5567:
5565:
5564:Labial–uvular
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5526:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5474:
5470:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5385:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5336:
5327:
5322:
5320:
5315:
5313:
5308:
5307:
5304:
5286:
5285:
5284: rounded
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5258:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5234:
5218:
5211:
5198:
5191:
5185:
5169:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5153:
5147:
5140:
5127:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5107:
5091:
5084:
5078:
5062:
5055:
5049:
5033:
5026:
5024:
5020:
5013:
4997:
4990:
4984:
4977:
4971:
4955:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4935:
4919:
4912:
4906:
4890:
4883:
4877:
4861:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4841:
4827:
4825:
4819:
4803:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4783:
4767:
4760:
4754:
4738:
4731:
4725:
4709:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4663:
4658:
4654:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4569:
4563:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4527:
4519:
4512:
4510:
4503:
4491:
4484:
4476:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4452:
4443:
4442:Labial–uvular
4437:
4430:
4424:
4412:
4405:
4393:
4386:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4354:
4348:
4340:
4334:
4326:
4320:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4183:
4180:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4005:
4002:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3943:
3940:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3861:
3859:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3485:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1785:Case variants
1783:
1781:
1780:Cursive forms
1778:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1702:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:Supra-glottal
1608:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1453:
1451:0-631-19815-6
1447:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:breathy voice
1410:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1360:
1356:
1355:Voicelessness
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1281:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1088:Articulation
1087:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1054:/p,t,k,b,d,ɡ/
1051:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1001:
998:
997:
994:
992:
988:
983:
981:
979:
975:
970:
967:
966:
962:
960:
955:
952:
950:
945:
942:
941:
937:
934:
932:Articulation
931:
930:
927:
926:minimal pairs
921:
919:
915:
910:
906:
904:
891:
869:
864:
862:
858:
850:
848:
845:
829:
824:
821:
816:
815:
811:
806:
803:
798:
797:
793:
788:
785:
780:
779:
774:
771:
769:
765:
760:
728:
723:
721:
709:
705:
697:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
674:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
615:
611:
607:
603:
600:
596:
593:in which the
592:
588:
587:
586:
583:
582:) or voiced.
581:
577:
573:
569:
568:speech sounds
565:
561:
557:
553:
544:
537:
531:
524:
519:
510:
505:
497:
490:
484:
477:
472:
463:
458:
448:
443:
441:
436:
434:
429:
428:
426:
425:
422:
419:
418:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
395:
394:
393:
388:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
357:Acoustic cues
355:
354:
353:
352:
349:
348:
345:
341:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
317:
316:
311:
306:
305:Voicelessness
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
272:
271:
270:
266:
262:
258:
255:
254:
251:
247:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
219:
218:
217:
214:
210:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
160:
159:
156:
152:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
108:
107:
106:
103:
99:
96:
95:
92:
88:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
69:
68:
67:
62:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
5896:
5874:Tongue shape
5864:Nasalization
5844:Velarization
5814:articulation
5584:Pathological
5559:Labial–velar
5442:Active place
5421:Postalveolar
5396:Linguolabial
5332:Articulation
5277:
4558:Labial–velar
4508:
4495:Labial–velar
4416:Labial–velar
4353:Labial–velar
4306:
3919:
3852:(top: velar;
3483:
3465:
3463:
1894:
1761:
1757:
1548:Creaky voice
1440:
1426:
1409:
1399:
1394:
1385:
1377:
1369:
1304:
1277:
1257:
1246:
1234:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1189:
1188:
1179:
1178:
1164:
1163:
1154:
1153:
1139:
1138:
1129:
1128:
1114:
1113:
1104:
1103:
1076:
1066:
1047:
1038:
1036:
1029:
1027:
1014:
1013:
1004:
1003:
990:
986:
984:
977:
973:
971:
958:
957:
948:
947:
911:
907:
902:
892:
867:
865:
854:
846:
835:
761:
724:
701:
683:
679:
677:
671:
662:
658:
627:Adam's apple
619:
590:
584:
579:
555:
551:
550:
408:Motor theory
290:Pitch accent
264:
126:Postalveolar
91:Articulation
77:Articulatory
56:Part of the
5684:Approximant
5401:Interdental
5378:Labiodental
4520:approximant
4455:approximant
2790:Approximant
1863:IPA Braille
1841:Kirshenbaum
1628:("pressed")
1553:Glottalized
1543:Stiff voice
1538:Modal voice
1533:Slack voice
1298:, called a
1202:glottalized
710:), such as
641:.) In most
635:modal voice
612:; while in
595:vocal folds
189:Approximant
5812:Secondary
5802:Percussive
5770:Ingressive
5743:Continuant
5267:full chart
4793:Near-close
4591:full chart
4513:(variable)
4290:full chart
3773:affricate
3453:full chart
3082:affricate
1886:Consonants
1858:IPA number
1720:IPA topics
1622:("hollow")
1376:. (1977).
1361:References
1302:contrast.
1280:obstruents
1268:Lun Bawang
1259:Juǀʼhoansi
1062:aspiration
1052:, such as
935:Voiceless
851:In English
768:prevoicing
720:Diacritics
708:obstruents
653:and other
572:consonants
533:̥
486:̬
344:Perception
237:Percussive
18:Voicedness
5981:Phonetics
5932:Phonation
5910:Aspirated
5905:Voiceless
5780:Implosive
5765:Egressive
5757:Airstream
5738:Occlusive
5689:Semivowel
5649:Fricative
5644:Affricate
5631:Obstruent
5506:Laryngeal
5459:Subapical
5431:Retroflex
5117:Near-open
4851:Close-mid
4539:Implosive
4532:Velarized
4451:Fricative
4210:Voiceless
4150:Implosive
3699:Fricative
3632:Affricate
3470:voiceless
2522:fricative
2520:Sibilant
2278:affricate
1925:Laryngeal
1819:Encodings
1613:phonation
1558:Ballistic
1493:Phonation
1340:Phonation
1325:Dyscravia
1296:tenseness
1288:/bdɡvzɣ…/
1284:/ptkfsx…/
1249:phonation
1091:Unvoiced
1069:aspirated
914:fricative
655:sonorants
647:Icelandic
639:phonation
631:vibration
614:phonetics
606:phonology
599:phonetics
576:voiceless
570:(usually
564:phonology
560:phonetics
528:(decimal)
507:Voiceless
481:(decimal)
261:Phonation
250:Acoustics
227:Glottalic
179:Fricative
174:Affricate
164:Consonant
146:Laryngeal
50:Phonetics
5975:Category
5827:Rounding
5795:Ejective
5790:Pulmonic
5775:Ejective
5701:Tap/flap
5666:Sonorant
5654:Sibilant
5608:Bidental
5416:Alveolar
5373:Bilabial
5278:Legend:
5272:template
5251:IPA help
5023:Open-mid
4596:template
4586:IPA help
4562:Ejective
4534:alveolar
4295:template
4274:IPA help
3565:Ejective
3458:template
3437:IPA help
2875:Tap/flap
2275:Sibilant
1958:Alveolar
1654:Falsetto
1591:(fortis)
1569:(murmur,
1438:(1996).
1314:See also
1263:ejective
753:◌̥
738:◌̬
716:◌̬
698:Notation
692:phonemes
684:unvoiced
659:m, n, l,
610:phonemes
580:unvoiced
539:Unicode
521:Encoding
492:Unicode
474:Encoding
222:Pulmonic
121:Alveolar
82:Auditory
72:Acoustic
42:a series
40:Part of
5945:Breathy
5731:Lateral
5696:Vibrant
5639:Plosive
5519:Glottal
5486:Palatal
5454:Laminal
5388:Coronal
5282:•
4682:Central
4518:Lateral
4359:Plosive
4154:Voiced
4052:lateral
4050:Tenuis
4041:
3771:Lateral
3080:Lateral
2130:Plosive
1993:Glottal
1973:Palatal
1915:Coronal
1836:X-SAMPA
1659:Vibrato
1649:Whisper
1528:Breathy
1506:Glottal
1094:Voiced
938:Voiced
861:phoneme
727:Unicode
556:voicing
526:Entity
479:Entity
382:Prosody
372:Hearing
362:Aphasia
331:Breathy
280:Glottis
265:Voicing
232:Lingual
199:Lateral
169:Plosive
131:Palatal
5955:Creaky
5915:Tenuis
5882:Sulcal
5726:Rhotic
5721:Liquid
5622:Manner
5496:Uvular
5473:Dorsal
5449:Apical
5406:Dental
5365:Labial
5260:
4662:Vowels
4511:-sound
4283:
3920:Voiced
3858:Tenuis
3466:voiced
3446:
2437:t̠ɹ̠̊˔
1983:Uvular
1953:Dental
1932:Manner
1920:Dorsal
1910:Labial
1523:Breath
1448:
1308:length
1231:, and
1037:(confu
1028:(Confu
886:, and
872:/nɒdz/
749:
747:U+0325
734:
732:U+032C
688:phones
680:voiced
673:Yidiny
651:vowels
545:U+0325
498:U+032C
460:Voiced
326:Creaky
194:Liquid
141:Uvular
116:Dental
111:Labial
32:VOICED
5960:Stiff
5950:Slack
5940:Modal
5897:Voice
5887:Domed
5785:Click
5706:Trill
5679:Vowel
5674:Nasal
5601:Other
5491:Velar
5356:Place
5262:audio
4694:Close
4677:Front
4612:Other
4546:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
4312:Nasal
4285:audio
3982:Nasal
3849:Click
3448:audio
2975:Trill
2444:d̠ɹ̠˔
2000:Nasal
1978:Velar
1904:Place
1831:SAMPA
1706:chart
1206:light
1050:stops
857:phone
552:Voice
541:(hex)
494:(hex)
321:Modal
285:Pitch
204:Vowel
184:Nasal
136:Velar
5159:Open
4687:Back
4568:t͡pʼ
3809:q𝼄ʼ
3802:k𝼄ʼ
3795:c𝼆ʼ
3661:t̠ʃʼ
3647:t̪θʼ
3640:p̪fʼ
3570:Stop
3025:ɽ̊r̥
2691:ɹ̠̊˔
2423:tɹ̝̊
1848:TIPA
1762:JIPA
1446:ISBN
1286:vs.
1221:ffee
1210:like
1208:and
989:en,
980:igh)
976:in,
903:nods
868:nods
842:₍z̥₎
838:₍s̬₎
790:₍z̥₎
782:₍s̬₎
762:The
744:and
702:The
690:and
682:and
665:are
661:and
637:and
562:and
300:Tone
4945:Mid
4553:ɠ͡ɓ
4436:q͡p
4423:q͡ʡ
4411:ɡ͡b
4404:k͡p
4392:ɖ͡b
4385:ʈ͡p
4373:d͡b
4366:t͡p
4347:ŋ͡m
4333:ɳ͡m
4319:n͡m
4021:ɴ𝼊
4019:ŋ𝼊
3959:ɢ𝼊
3957:ɡ𝼊
3897:q𝼊
3895:k𝼊
3784:tɬʼ
3689:qχʼ
3682:kxʼ
3675:tɕʼ
3668:tʂʼ
3654:tsʼ
3385:𝼈̥
3156:ɡʟ̝
3149:k𝼄
3142:ɟʎ̝
3135:c𝼆
3128:d𝼅
2705:ɻ̊˔
2698:ɹ̠˔
2430:dɹ̝
2416:d̪ð
2409:t̪θ
2398:b̪v
2391:p̪f
2321:d̠ʒ
2314:t̠ʃ
1730:IPA
1419:Taa
1192:oat
1182:oat
1041:on)
1032:an)
899:/z/
895:/z/
888:/z/
884:/d/
880:/ɒ/
876:/n/
826:z̥₎
818:s̬₎
808:₍z̥
800:₍s̬
725:In
718:⟩.
712:,,,
622:⟨s⟩
554:or
5977::
5346:–
5342:–
5012:o̞
4996:ɤ̞
4970:ø̞
4954:e̞
4509:Sj
4462:ɥ̊
4257:ʛ̥
4250:ɠ̊
4243:ʄ̊
4236:ᶑ̊
4227:ɗ̥
4216:ɓ̥
4130:ɴǁ
4128:ŋǁ
4098:ɢǁ
4096:ɡǁ
4066:qǁ
4064:kǁ
4030:ɴǂ
4028:ŋǂ
4010:ɴǃ
4008:ŋǃ
4001:ɴǀ
3999:ŋǀ
3990:ɴʘ
3988:ŋʘ
3968:ɢǂ
3966:ɡǂ
3948:ɢǃ
3946:ɡǃ
3939:ɢǀ
3937:ɡǀ
3928:ɢʘ
3926:ɡʘ
3906:qǂ
3904:kǂ
3886:qǃ
3884:kǃ
3877:qǀ
3875:kǀ
3866:qʘ
3864:kʘ
3829:ɬʼ
3761:χʼ
3754:xʼ
3747:ɕʼ
3740:ʂʼ
3733:ʃʼ
3726:sʼ
3719:θʼ
3712:fʼ
3705:ɸʼ
3624:ʡʼ
3617:qʼ
3610:kʼ
3603:cʼ
3596:ʈʼ
3587:tʼ
3576:pʼ
3557:EG
3529:RF
3522:PA
3501:LD
3494:BL
3472:.
3410:ʟ̆
3401:ʎ̆
3392:𝼈
3367:ɺ̥
3331:ʟ̠
3249:ʟ̝
3242:𝼄
3235:ʎ̝
3228:𝼆
3221:𝼅
3121:tꞎ
3110:dɮ
3103:tɬ
3047:ʀ̥
3032:ɽr
3007:r̥
2981:ʙ̥
2963:ʡ̆
2954:ɢ̆
2930:ɽ̊
2912:ɾ̥
2901:ɾ̼
2883:ⱱ̟
2867:ʔ̞
2712:ɻ˔
2684:ð̠
2677:θ̠
2656:ð̼
2649:θ̼
2511:ʔh
2504:ʡʢ
2497:ʡʜ
2490:ɢʁ
2483:qχ
2476:ɡɣ
2469:kx
2462:ɟʝ
2455:cç
2384:bβ
2377:pɸ
2349:dʑ
2342:tɕ
2335:dʐ
2328:tʂ
2307:dz
2300:ts
2171:d̼
2164:t̼
2157:b̪
2150:p̪
2107:ɴ̥
2093:ŋ̊
2079:ɲ̊
2065:ɳ̊
2047:n̥
2036:n̼
2020:ɱ̊
2006:m̥
1934:↓
1906:→
1434:;
1237:ay
1229:ee
1223:,
1194:)
1184:)
1169:)
1167:in
1159:)
1157:in
1155:ch
1144:)
1142:en
1134:)
1132:en
1119:)
1117:in
1109:)
1107:in
1079:.
1039:si
1030:ci
1019:)
1017:ip
1009:)
1007:ip
993:y)
991:th
987:th
978:th
974:th
963:)
961:an
953:)
951:an
882:,
878:,
770::
759:.
669:.
663:r)
649:,
514:◌̥
467:◌̬
44:on
5325:e
5318:t
5311:v
5233:ɒ
5217:ɑ
5197:ä
5184:ɶ
5168:a
5146:ɐ
5126:æ
5106:ɔ
5090:ʌ
5077:ɞ
5061:ɜ
5048:œ
5032:ɛ
4983:ə
4934:o
4918:ɤ
4905:ɵ
4889:ɘ
4876:ø
4860:e
4840:ʊ
4818:ʏ
4802:ɪ
4782:u
4766:ɯ
4753:ʉ
4737:ɨ
4724:y
4708:i
4526:ɫ
4502:ɧ
4490:w
4483:ʍ
4469:ɥ
4453:/
4200:ʛ
4193:ɠ
4186:ʄ
4179:ᶑ
4170:ɗ
4159:ɓ
4037:ʞ
3550:U
3543:V
3536:P
3515:A
3508:D
3374:ɺ
3322:ʟ
3313:ʎ
3304:ɭ
3291:l
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3068:ʢ
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2988:ʙ
2937:ɽ
2919:ɾ
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2850:ɰ
2841:j
2832:ɻ
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2802:ʋ
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2726:ʝ
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2642:v
2635:f
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2586:ɕ
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2235:ɡ
2228:k
2221:ɟ
2214:c
2207:ɖ
2200:ʈ
2189:d
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2143:b
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2100:ŋ
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