241:
5715:
137:
160:
6240:
6220:
6191:
6149:
6113:
6084:
6055:
6019:
5977:
5941:
5912:
5883:
5847:
5825:
5789:
5760:
5731:
142:
6272:
5295:
4458:
221:, appears to have more than one voiceless retroflex sibilant, and it distinguishes subapical palatal from apical postalveolar retroflex sibilants; that is, both the tongue articulation and the place of contact on the roof of the mouth are different.
1698:
is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent
309:
is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent
2804:
2291:
This sound can be transcribed also ṣ̌ʳ, the sound should be similar to Czech voiceless ř (Burki 2001), phonetically : voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative. Similar sound but voiced occurs also in the Nūristānī
2840:
2814:
2824:
986:
445:
2809:
2014:
1988:
2033:
2794:
65:
2771:
2761:
267:
in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency
2756:
5648:
3705:
3451:
1002:
3719:
3712:
3458:
3933:
3691:
3437:
2706:
2326:
for the peculiar voiceless fricativized trill that occurs in the
Kaniguram dialect.... In the original work, Efimov followed Morgenstierne in using
66:
5437:
3726:
3423:
5476:
5399:
5610:
5540:
3698:
3444:
5483:
5380:
6281:
5816:
5605:
5304:
4467:
4228:
4135:
2720:
2644:
2626:
2359:
2315:
2121:
72:
5560:
5497:
5309:
4318:
4210:
4117:
3430:
5504:
5450:
5406:
5832:
5653:
4843:
4798:
4305:
4242:
4149:
3600:
3356:
2391:
2018:
1992:
1050:
5633:
5418:
5387:
2037:
6346:
5854:
4809:
4761:
4747:
4689:
4675:
4327:
4235:
4142:
2751:
532:
5582:
5567:
5347:
5903:
4823:
4345:
4256:
4217:
4163:
4124:
3881:
2381:
5333:
6075:
4816:
4472:
4399:
4336:
4249:
4156:
3663:
3607:
3572:
3363:
3328:
1869:
1401:
540:
5443:
5425:
6356:
6140:
5919:
5874:
4381:
3649:
3405:
2715:
1750:
375:
190:
5353:
6091:
6046:
5932:
5299:
5294:
4726:
4654:
4462:
4457:
4263:
4170:
3816:
3775:
3511:
3178:
5361:
2914:
6336:
6331:
6104:
5890:
5751:
5250:
5110:
5078:
4406:
3670:
3579:
3342:
3335:
3164:
713:
5339:
6341:
6326:
6211:
6062:
5948:
5643:
5241:
5230:
5142:
4754:
4682:
4388:
3846:
3656:
3635:
3558:
3412:
3391:
3314:
2799:
2699:
1829:
1791:
136:
5456:
6351:
6120:
5767:
5722:
5257:
4740:
4719:
4668:
4415:
3833:
3789:
3782:
3733:
3525:
3518:
3469:
3214:
3185:
3034:
2867:
1886:
5367:
1656:, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing
6276:
6271:
6182:
5780:
5271:
5193:
4075:
3968:
3855:
3761:
3677:
3593:
3497:
3349:
3196:
3171:
3150:
1821:
1680:
291:
5685:
2496:
2481:
240:
141:
6231:
5968:
5738:
5638:
5264:
5184:
5173:
4775:
4733:
4703:
4661:
4039:
3747:
3642:
3565:
3483:
3398:
3321:
3228:
3079:
3050:
1713:, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
1146:
504:
324:, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
6198:
6010:
5796:
5322:
5200:
4768:
4696:
4424:
4021:
3995:
3944:
3864:
3796:
3740:
3476:
3256:
3221:
3061:
3041:
3020:
1173:
2637:
Handbook of the
International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
6247:
6160:
5984:
5214:
4610:
4082:
3915:
3906:
3889:
3768:
3684:
3504:
3242:
3203:
3157:
3093:
2692:
1157:
80:
6026:
5207:
4971:
4909:
4601:
4590:
4535:
4501:
4061:
4046:
3926:
3754:
3490:
3235:
3121:
3086:
2977:
2962:
2946:
2674:
2662:
2440:
1676:
1649:
1603:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1517:
1378:
1229:
1044:
1040:
1006:
899:
802:
724:
716:
593:
287:
253:
229:
194:
39:
5033:
4960:
4940:
4898:
4878:
4617:
4514:
4028:
4002:
3977:
3951:
3263:
3107:
3068:
3027:
2957:
2918:
2766:
1664:
1355:
275:
2614:
217:). A distinction can be made between laminal, apical, and sub-apical articulations. Only one language,
5489:
5022:
5002:
4980:
4918:
4631:
4570:
3897:
3249:
3100:
3002:
1867:
1827:
1819:
1789:
1437:
1399:
1048:
903:
538:
530:
183:
2222:
6286:
5553:
5164:
5051:
5042:
4951:
4889:
4638:
4624:
4542:
4068:
3128:
2982:
2939:
1717:
1672:
1668:
1421:
1411:
1371:
1301:
1116:
914:
907:
786:
771:
604:
576:
328:
283:
279:
206:
5576:
5013:
4579:
4528:
4507:
3270:
3114:
2972:
2952:
2910:
2581:
2414:
2248:
1725:
1721:
1503:
1348:
1097:
1024:
1017:
972:
882:
875:
749:
497:
473:
336:
332:
214:
2533:
Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun",
5997:
5532:
4934:
4785:
4549:
4480:
4094:
3007:
2987:
2929:
2819:
2640:
2622:
2377:
2355:
2311:
1729:
1710:
1688:
1233:
1132:
1081:
1071:
834:
652:
597:
509:
466:
357:
340:
321:
299:
2422:
363:
The commonality of cross-linguistically is 6% in a phonological analysis of 2155 languages.
5807:
5326:
4872:
4563:
4521:
2997:
2967:
2934:
2924:
2601:
2573:
2542:
2511:
2455:
2406:
2183:
1684:
1498:
1309:
1282:
1213:
1206:
1109:
1064:
1010:
867:
810:
779:
756:
678:
550:
461:
412:
353:
295:
17:
848:
6131:
5865:
4863:
4556:
3989:
2992:
2862:
2684:
2592:
Zygis, Marzena (2003), "Phonetic and
Phonological Aspects of Slavic Sibilant Fricatives",
2468:
1838:
1800:
1763:
1341:
1314:
1267:
1260:
1187:
1180:
962:
945:
937:
928:
841:
685:
660:
629:
426:
419:
395:
388:
2221:
Blankenship, Barbara; Ladefoged, Peter; Bhaskararao, Peri; Chase, Nichumeno (Fall 1993).
2672:
6037:
2330:
to represent this sound, which has been replaced here with the typographically simpler
1703:
1476:
1328:
1240:
1139:
858:
641:
314:
202:
228:
distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ⟨
6320:
5696:
5224:
5066:
4484:
1289:
1274:
264:
218:
5546:
3279:
2418:
1247:
481:
2660:
2482:"An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan"
159:
2635:
Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian",
1955:
1953:
64:
6294:
5708:
5691:
5469:
4996:
3804:
2877:
2855:
2621:, Languages of the World/Materials; 148, Munich & Newcastle: Lincom Europa,
2606:
1675:(with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is
1444:
1395:
286:(with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is
209:, the IPA letter is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook to the bottom of
130:
352:
In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between
6173:
5701:
3014:
2872:
2547:
2516:
2460:
2410:
1683:. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be
1657:
1611:
1566:
817:
616:
294:. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be
268:
47:
2310:. Translated by Baart, Joan L. G. Islamabad: Forum for Language Initiatives.
5959:
5465:
4713:
4646:
3536:
3292:
2900:
1695:
1653:
1451:
1056:
306:
260:
179:
1039:
Some speakers. It's a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of
6265:
5600:
5522:
5516:
5288:
4451:
3289:
257:
186:
5373:
4584:
3144:
2850:
2679:
2667:
1626:
1581:
636:
118:
2585:
263:, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a
2577:
2305:
2287:
Problem of
Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages
2282:
5676:
2845:
609:
239:
1959:
1905:
5674:
2898:
2733:
2688:
1904:
Phoible.org. (2018). PHOIBLE Online - Segments. Available at:
1724:, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the
335:, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the
1706:, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
317:, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
2289:(PhD dissertation). Prague: Charles University. p. 59.
1644:
Features of the voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative:
846:
158:
864:
Allophone of /s/ in neighbourhood of retroflex consonants.
1232:
in many dialects, including
Central Standard Swedish. See
2639:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69,
2079:
198:
1259:
Only occurs in loanwords, often replaced with /s/. See
1001:. When written so, it can be instead pronounced as the
479:
471:
997:
After voiceless consonants it is also represented by
4489:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
2051:
2049:
2047:
1155:
1144:
6130:
5958:
5806:
5626:
2945:
2917:
2833:
2787:
2744:
1625:
1620:
1610:
1601:
1596:
1580:
1575:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1538:
1533:
729:
129:
117:
106:
93:
88:
56:
46:
37:
32:
2535:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
2504:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
2448:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
2399:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
1768:
2249:"Chokri (Phek Dialect): Phonetics and Phonology"
2120:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFKrishnamurti2003 (
2091:
1419:
784:
2564:Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics",
2304:Efimov, V. A. (2011). Baart, Joan L. G. (ed.).
1671:, which prototypically means it is articulated
1353:
880:
754:
424:
282:, which prototypically means it is articulated
248:Features of the voiceless retroflex fricative:
2247:Bielenberg, Brian; Zhalie, Nienu (Fall 2001).
1079:
514:
5649:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
2700:
2489:M.A. Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington
2146:
1932:
1394:Used in dialects spoken in villages north of
1211:
1114:
815:
574:
555:
8:
2115:
1846:
1272:
1185:
1022:
1003:voiceless raised alveolar non-sonorant trill
970:
693:
665:
393:
2439:Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010),
1245:
614:
27:Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʂ⟩ in IPA
5671:
5623:
2895:
2741:
2730:
2707:
2693:
2685:
2392:"Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages"
1534:Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative
1527:Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative
149:
2762:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
2605:
2546:
2515:
2459:
2376:] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli,
2103:
2170:
2134:
1970:
1968:
1804:
1740:
1457:
1449:
365:
4503:
2944:
2559:, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina
2370:Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana
2307:The Ormuri Language in Past and Present
2223:"Phonetic structures of Khonoma Angami"
2208:
1917:
1897:
213:(the letter used for the corresponding
2928:
2352:The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese
2067:
1974:
1928:
1926:
1593:
1530:
719:in the southern and eastern dialects.
193:that represents this sound is ⟨
176:voiceless retroflex sibilant fricative
29:
5163:
4862:
4578:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2938:
2933:
2923:
2256:Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area
2230:Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area
2158:
1944:
549:
7:
4536:
5654:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
4515:
4479:Symbols to the right in a cell are
2055:
1989:"Gwary polskie - Frykatywne rż (ř)"
1005:by few speakers. It is transcribed
4571:
2752:International Phonetic Association
1687:(pointed) or, in some fricatives,
1172:Typically transcribed as /ʃ/. See
592:Devoiced approximant allophone of
298:(pointed) or, in some fricatives,
25:
6246:
6230:
6210:
6197:
6181:
6159:
6139:
6119:
6103:
6090:
6074:
6061:
6045:
6025:
6009:
5996:
5983:
5967:
5947:
5931:
5918:
5902:
5889:
5873:
5853:
5831:
5815:
5795:
5779:
5766:
5750:
5737:
5721:
5581:
5566:
5559:
5539:
5515:
5503:
5496:
5482:
5475:
5449:
5436:
5424:
5417:
5405:
5398:
5386:
5379:
5360:
5346:
5332:
5270:
5263:
5256:
5249:
5240:
5229:
5213:
5206:
5199:
5192:
5183:
5172:
5141:
5109:
5077:
5050:
5041:
5032:
5021:
5012:
5001:
4979:
4970:
4959:
4950:
4939:
4917:
4908:
4897:
4888:
4877:
4842:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4797:
4774:
4767:
4760:
4753:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4725:
4718:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4637:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4609:
4600:
4589:
4543:
4423:
4414:
4405:
4398:
4387:
4380:
4344:
4335:
4326:
4317:
4304:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4216:
4209:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4123:
4116:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4045:
4038:
4027:
4020:
4001:
3994:
3976:
3967:
3950:
3943:
3932:
3925:
3914:
3905:
3896:
3880:
3863:
3854:
3845:
3832:
3815:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3278:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3202:
3195:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3067:
3060:
3049:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3003:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
2374:Handbook of Italian Pronunciation
2283:"Other Eastern Iranian Languages"
197:⟩ which is a Latin letter
6270:
6238:
6218:
6189:
6147:
6111:
6082:
6053:
6017:
5975:
5939:
5910:
5881:
5845:
5823:
5787:
5758:
5729:
5713:
5293:
4529:
4508:
4456:
2805:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
140:
135:
62:
4550:
2716:International Phonetic Alphabet
2557:Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče
2015:"Gwary polskie - Gwara regionu"
1597:Voiceless retroflex approximant
1304:, contrasts /θ s̪ s̠ ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ/.
472:
425:
226:voiceless retroflex approximant
191:International Phonetic Alphabet
5634:Nasal labial–velar approximant
4564:
4522:
2825:IPA chart for English dialects
2092:Hanulíková & Hamann (2010)
1281:Only occurs in loanwords. See
1145:
1018:Southeastern Cuyavian dialects
244:Schematic mid-sagittal section
1:
4557:
1906:http://phoible.org/parameters
1009:by most Polish scholars. See
714:voiceless retroflex affricate
224:Some scholars also posit the
33:Voiceless retroflex fricative
5644:Voiceless bidental fricative
2767:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
2555:Šewc-Schuster, Hinc (1984),
2526:Micul Atlas Linguistic Român
1947:, pp. 180–181, 190–191.
902:in many dialects, including
480:
18:Voiceless retroflex sibilant
2868:Phonetic symbols in Unicode
2607:10.21248/zaspil.32.2003.191
2528:, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
2495:Merrill, Elizabeth (2008),
2480:Lunsford, Wayne A. (2001),
2354:, Oxford University Press,
2034:"Gwary polskie - Szadzenie"
1887:Index of phonetics articles
1458:
1156:
6373:
2368:Canepari, Luciano (1992),
2350:Árnason, Kristján (2011),
1228:Allophone of the sequence
898:Allophone of the sequence
805:in post-nuclear position.
768:Only occurs in loanwords.
694:
6347:Voiceless oral consonants
6172:
6036:
5864:
5707:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5683:
5670:
5639:Nasal palatal approximant
5323:Co-articulated consonants
5223:
5168:
5131:
5099:
5064:
4995:
4933:
4871:
4832:
4784:
4712:
4645:
4583:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4504:
4360:
4282:
4189:
4093:
3988:
3888:
3803:
3630:
3534:
3386:
3288:
3143:
3013:
2907:
2894:
2740:
2729:
2594:ZAS Papers in Linguistics
2548:10.1017/S0025100312000369
2517:10.1017/S0025100308003344
2475:(2nd ed.), Blackwell
2461:10.1017/S0025100310000162
2411:10.1017/S0025100304001604
1799:
1762:
1743:
1475:
1450:
1443:
1354:
1347:
1327:
1308:
1288:
1273:
1266:
1255:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1205:
1179:
1138:
1115:
1108:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1078:
1070:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1021:
961:
913:
874:
847:
840:
816:
809:
778:
755:
748:
723:
666:
659:
635:
615:
418:
394:
387:
368:
148:
61:
1174:Serbo-Croatian phonology
4499:Non-pulmonic consonants
3631:Non-sibilant fricative
3387:Non-sibilant affricate
2757:History of the alphabet
2673:List of languages with
2661:List of languages with
2281:Novák, Ľubomír (2013).
1866:Usually corresponds to
1847:
1818:In free variation with
1769:
1104:Transylvanian dialects
785:
730:
651:Only in loanwords. See
515:
6357:Voiceless approximants
2815:Sinological extensions
2390:Hamann, Silke (2004),
2188:Yurok Language Project
1960:Sadowsky et al. (2013)
1650:manner of articulation
1420:
1406:in standard language.
1212:
1186:
1080:
1023:
971:
881:
801:Possible allophone of
690:Most northern dialects
575:
556:
254:manner of articulation
245:
163:
2473:Vowels and Consonants
1874:in the Logar dialect
1665:place of articulation
276:place of articulation
243:
162:
6337:Retroflex consonants
6332:Fricative consonants
4283:Lateral approximant
2497:"Tilquiapan Zapotec"
2147:Šewc-Schuster (1984)
2080:Landau et al. (1999)
1933:Šewc-Schuster (1984)
1732:, as in most sounds.
1438:Vietnamese phonology
904:Urban East Norwegian
343:, as in most sounds.
207:retroflex consonants
189:. The symbol in the
6342:Pulmonic consonants
6327:Sibilant consonants
2911:Pulmonic consonants
2524:Pop, Sever (1938),
2173:, pp. 458–461.
2116:Krishnamurti (2003)
1726:intercostal muscles
1718:airstream mechanism
1372:Ukrainian phonology
908:Norwegian phonology
772:Malayalam phonology
337:intercostal muscles
329:airstream mechanism
182:sound used in some
6352:Central consonants
4833:Lateral fricative
4483:, to the left are
4190:Lateral fricative
2978:Postalveolar
2963:Linguolabial
2810:Naming conventions
2773:Journal of the IPA
2184:"Yurok consonants"
1843:Kaniguram dialect
1098:Romanian phonology
1076:Moldavian dialects
999:⟨rz⟩
498:Mandarin phonology
246:
215:alveolar consonant
164:
6314:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6305:
6304:
6257:
6256:
5666:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5619:
5618:
5444:Uvular–epiglottal
5318:
5317:
5280:
5279:
4495:
4494:
4443:
4442:
4361:Lateral tap/flap
2958:Labiodental
2890:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2820:World Orthography
2646:978-0-521-65236-0
2628:978-3-89586-161-1
2361:978-0-19-922931-4
2317:978-969-9437-02-1
2137:, pp. 16–20.
1878:
1877:
1826:; contrasts with
1730:abdominal muscles
1711:central consonant
1637:
1636:
1592:
1591:
1524:
1523:
1416:Southern dialects
1398:; corresponds to
1234:Swedish phonology
1133:Russian phonology
835:Marathi phonology
712:Corresponds to a
674:'small, compact'
653:Kannada phonology
598:Faroese phonology
341:abdominal muscles
322:central consonant
211:⟨s⟩
172:
171:
168:
167:
83:
67:
16:(Redirected from
6364:
6298:
6274:
6251:
6250:
6242:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6222:
6221:
6215:
6214:
6202:
6201:
6193:
6192:
6186:
6185:
6164:
6163:
6151:
6150:
6144:
6143:
6124:
6123:
6115:
6114:
6108:
6107:
6095:
6094:
6086:
6085:
6079:
6078:
6066:
6065:
6057:
6056:
6050:
6049:
6030:
6029:
6021:
6020:
6014:
6013:
6001:
6000:
5988:
5987:
5979:
5978:
5972:
5971:
5952:
5951:
5943:
5942:
5936:
5935:
5923:
5922:
5914:
5913:
5907:
5906:
5894:
5893:
5885:
5884:
5878:
5877:
5858:
5857:
5849:
5848:
5836:
5835:
5827:
5826:
5820:
5819:
5800:
5799:
5791:
5790:
5784:
5783:
5771:
5770:
5762:
5761:
5755:
5754:
5742:
5741:
5733:
5732:
5726:
5725:
5717:
5716:
5686:
5672:
5624:
5585:
5570:
5563:
5543:
5519:
5507:
5500:
5486:
5479:
5453:
5440:
5428:
5421:
5412:Labial–retroflex
5409:
5402:
5390:
5383:
5364:
5354:Labial–retroflex
5350:
5336:
5297:
5274:
5267:
5260:
5253:
5244:
5233:
5217:
5210:
5203:
5196:
5187:
5176:
5147:
5115:
5083:
5054:
5047:
5038:
5027:
5018:
5007:
4985:
4976:
4965:
4956:
4945:
4923:
4914:
4903:
4894:
4883:
4869:bottom: uvular)
4846:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4801:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4722:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4657:
4641:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4604:
4593:
4573:
4566:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4502:
4490:
4460:
4427:
4418:
4409:
4402:
4391:
4384:
4348:
4339:
4330:
4321:
4308:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4220:
4213:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4127:
4120:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4049:
4042:
4031:
4024:
4005:
3998:
3980:
3971:
3954:
3947:
3936:
3929:
3918:
3909:
3900:
3884:
3867:
3858:
3849:
3836:
3819:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3282:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3206:
3199:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3071:
3064:
3053:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
2915:
2896:
2742:
2731:
2724:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2686:
2676:
2664:
2649:
2631:
2615:Kordić, Snježana
2610:
2609:
2588:
2560:
2551:
2550:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2501:
2491:
2486:
2476:
2469:Ladefoged, Peter
2464:
2463:
2445:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2427:
2421:, archived from
2396:
2386:
2364:
2337:
2336:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2253:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2227:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2113:
2107:
2104:Ladefoged (2005)
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2042:
2041:
2036:. Archived from
2029:
2023:
2022:
2017:. Archived from
2013:Taras, Barbara.
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1991:. Archived from
1984:
1978:
1972:
1963:
1957:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1935:, pp. 40–41
1930:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1902:
1873:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1850:
1833:
1825:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1795:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1772:
1741:
1633:
1606:
1605:
1594:
1588:
1561:
1560:
1552:
1551:
1543:
1542:
1531:
1519:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1428:
1405:
1362:
1361:
1283:Telugu phonology
1278:
1277:
1251:
1250:
1231:
1220:
1194:
1164:
1153:
1152:
1123:
1122:
1088:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1031:
1011:Polish phonology
1008:
1000:
991:
990:
989:
988:
979:
948:
942:Southern dialect
901:
890:
868:Nepali phonology
852:
851:
825:
824:
804:
793:
760:
759:
737:
718:
704:
703:
679:Kazakh phonology
669:
668:
620:
619:
595:
584:
562:
544:
536:
521:
505:Emilian-Romagnol
488:
477:
476:
450:
449:
448:
447:
438:
437:
413:Abkhaz phonology
403:
402:
366:
231:
212:
201:combined with a
196:
150:
144:
139:
125:
110:
102:
97:
78:
71:
69:
68:
42:
41:
30:
21:
6372:
6371:
6367:
6366:
6365:
6363:
6362:
6361:
6317:
6316:
6315:
6306:
6296:
6295:unrounded
6291:
6253:
6252:
6245:
6243:
6239:
6236:
6229:
6224:
6223:
6219:
6216:
6209:
6204:
6203:
6196:
6194:
6190:
6187:
6180:
6166:
6165:
6158:
6153:
6152:
6148:
6145:
6138:
6126:
6125:
6118:
6116:
6112:
6109:
6102:
6097:
6096:
6089:
6087:
6083:
6080:
6073:
6068:
6067:
6060:
6058:
6054:
6051:
6044:
6032:
6031:
6024:
6022:
6018:
6015:
6008:
6003:
6002:
5995:
5990:
5989:
5982:
5980:
5976:
5973:
5966:
5954:
5953:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5937:
5930:
5925:
5924:
5917:
5915:
5911:
5908:
5901:
5896:
5895:
5888:
5886:
5882:
5879:
5872:
5860:
5859:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5838:
5837:
5830:
5828:
5824:
5821:
5814:
5802:
5801:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5785:
5778:
5773:
5772:
5765:
5763:
5759:
5756:
5749:
5744:
5743:
5736:
5734:
5730:
5727:
5720:
5714:
5679:
5658:
5622:
5621:
5620:
5615:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5589:
5588:Labial–alveolar
5586:
5579:
5574:
5571:
5564:
5556:
5551:
5550:
5544:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5520:
5512:
5511:
5508:
5501:
5493:
5492:
5487:
5480:
5472:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5446:
5441:
5433:
5432:
5429:
5422:
5414:
5413:
5410:
5403:
5395:
5394:
5393:Labial–alveolar
5391:
5384:
5376:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5357:
5356:
5351:
5343:
5342:
5340:Labial–alveolar
5337:
5329:
5319:
5314:
5144:
5112:
5100:Voiced lateral
5080:
5055:
5044:
5035:
5024:
5015:
5004:
4982:
4973:
4962:
4953:
4942:
4920:
4911:
4900:
4891:
4880:
4868:
4866:
4488:
4477:
2983:Retroflex
2903:
2882:
2841:ASCII encodings
2829:
2783:
2736:
2725:
2718:
2713:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2634:
2629:
2613:
2591:
2563:
2554:
2532:
2523:
2499:
2494:
2484:
2479:
2467:
2443:
2438:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2367:
2362:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2318:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2171:Thompson (1959)
2169:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2135:Lunsford (2001)
2133:
2129:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2045:
2032:Karaś, Halina.
2031:
2030:
2026:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1996:
1987:Karaś, Halina.
1986:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1966:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1883:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1788:Contrasts with
1783:
1780:
1777:
1739:
1642:
1631:
1602:
1586:
1557:
1548:
1539:
1529:
1342:Ubykh phonology
1261:Tamil phonology
1065:Suwałki dialect
998:
985:
984:
983:
982:
946:
630:Hindi phonology
529:Apical; may be
444:
443:
442:
441:
350:
238:
210:
205:. Like all the
123:
108:
100:
95:
84:
76:
63:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6370:
6368:
6360:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6319:
6318:
6312:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6303:
6302:
6290:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6268:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6255:
6254:
6244:
6237:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6217:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6195:
6188:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6146:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6128:
6127:
6117:
6110:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6088:
6081:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6059:
6052:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6034:
6033:
6023:
6016:
6007:
6006:
6004:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5981:
5974:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5945:
5938:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5916:
5909:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5887:
5880:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5862:
5861:
5851:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5839:
5829:
5822:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5804:
5803:
5793:
5786:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5764:
5757:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5735:
5728:
5719:
5718:
5711:
5705:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5675:
5668:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5630:
5628:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5587:
5580:
5575:
5572:
5565:
5558:
5557:
5552:
5545:
5538:
5537:
5531:
5521:
5514:
5513:
5509:
5502:
5495:
5494:
5490:Labial–palatal
5488:
5481:
5474:
5473:
5464:
5463:
5455:
5448:
5447:
5442:
5435:
5434:
5430:
5423:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5404:
5397:
5396:
5392:
5385:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5366:
5359:
5358:
5352:
5345:
5344:
5338:
5331:
5330:
5320:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5291:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5268:
5261:
5254:
5247:
5245:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5211:
5204:
5197:
5190:
5188:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5170:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5132:Nasal lateral
5129:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5048:
5039:
5030:
5028:
5019:
5010:
5008:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4977:
4968:
4966:
4957:
4948:
4946:
4937:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4915:
4906:
4904:
4895:
4886:
4884:
4875:
4870:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4772:
4765:
4758:
4751:
4744:
4737:
4730:
4723:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4651:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4635:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4605:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4587:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4454:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4421:
4419:
4412:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4342:
4340:
4333:
4331:
4324:
4322:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4214:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3974:
3972:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3912:
3910:
3903:
3901:
3894:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3861:
3859:
3852:
3850:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3276:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3047:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2953:Bilabial
2950:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2788:Special topics
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2746:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2727:
2726:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2670:
2656:
2655:External links
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2632:
2627:
2619:Serbo-Croatian
2611:
2589:
2578:10.2307/411232
2572:(3): 454–476,
2561:
2552:
2530:
2521:
2510:(1): 107–114,
2492:
2477:
2465:
2454:(3): 373–378,
2436:
2387:
2382:
2365:
2360:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2316:
2296:
2273:
2239:
2213:
2211:, p. 109.
2209:Merrill (2008)
2201:
2175:
2163:
2161:, p. 180.
2151:
2139:
2127:
2108:
2106:, p. 168.
2096:
2094:, p. 374.
2084:
2072:
2060:
2043:
2040:on 2013-11-13.
2024:
2021:on 2013-11-13.
2005:
1979:
1964:
1949:
1937:
1922:
1920:, p. 115.
1918:Árnason (2011)
1910:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1864:
1853:
1851:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1816:
1805:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1786:
1775:
1773:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1714:
1707:
1704:oral consonant
1700:
1692:
1679:without being
1661:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1544:
1536:
1535:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1520:before and .
1514:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1248:கஷ்டம்/kaštham
1243:
1237:
1236:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1142:
1140:Serbo-Croatian
1136:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1020:
1014:
1013:
995:
992:
980:
968:
965:
959:
958:
956:
953:
951:
943:
940:
934:
933:
931:
926:
924:
917:
911:
910:
896:
893:
891:
878:
872:
871:
862:
859:Shashthi (day)
855:
853:
844:
838:
837:
831:
828:
826:
813:
807:
806:
799:
796:
794:
782:
776:
775:
766:
763:
761:
752:
746:
745:
743:
740:
738:
727:
721:
720:
710:
707:
705:
691:
688:
682:
681:
675:
672:
670:
663:
657:
656:
649:
646:
644:
639:
633:
632:
626:
623:
621:
612:
607:
601:
600:
590:
587:
585:
571:
570:
568:
565:
563:
553:
547:
546:
527:
524:
522:
512:
507:
501:
500:
494:
491:
489:
469:
464:
458:
457:
454:
451:
439:
422:
416:
415:
409:
406:
404:
391:
385:
384:
381:
378:
373:
370:
349:
346:
345:
344:
325:
318:
315:oral consonant
311:
303:
290:without being
272:
237:
234:
203:retroflex hook
170:
169:
166:
165:
155:
154:
146:
145:
133:
127:
126:
121:
115:
114:
111:
104:
103:
98:
91:
90:
86:
85:
70:
59:
58:
54:
53:
50:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6369:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6301:
6300:
6299: rounded
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6273:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6263:
6261:
6260:
6249:
6233:
6226:
6213:
6206:
6200:
6184:
6177:
6175:
6171:
6168:
6162:
6155:
6142:
6135:
6133:
6129:
6122:
6106:
6099:
6093:
6077:
6070:
6064:
6048:
6041:
6039:
6035:
6028:
6012:
6005:
5999:
5992:
5986:
5970:
5963:
5961:
5957:
5950:
5934:
5927:
5921:
5905:
5898:
5892:
5876:
5869:
5867:
5863:
5856:
5842:
5840:
5834:
5818:
5811:
5809:
5805:
5798:
5782:
5775:
5769:
5753:
5746:
5740:
5724:
5712:
5710:
5706:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5687:
5682:
5678:
5673:
5669:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5625:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5584:
5578:
5569:
5562:
5555:
5548:
5542:
5534:
5527:
5525:
5518:
5506:
5499:
5491:
5485:
5478:
5471:
5467:
5458:
5457:Labial–uvular
5452:
5445:
5439:
5427:
5420:
5408:
5401:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5369:
5363:
5355:
5349:
5341:
5335:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5296:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5276:
5273:
5269:
5266:
5262:
5259:
5255:
5252:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5228:
5226:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5212:
5209:
5205:
5202:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5171:
5166:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5053:
5049:
5046:
5040:
5037:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5020:
5017:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4978:
4975:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4958:
4955:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4916:
4913:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4896:
4893:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4876:
4874:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4814:
4811:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4766:
4763:
4759:
4756:
4752:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4588:
4586:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4500:
4491:
4486:
4482:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4459:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3618:
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3598:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3577:
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3435:
3432:
3428:
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3407:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3393:
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3382:
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3372:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3240:
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3233:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3205:
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3198:
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3190:
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3180:
3176:
3173:
3169:
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3148:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3135:
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3126:
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3119:
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3112:
3109:
3105:
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3098:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2906:
2902:
2897:
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2866:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2854:
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2843:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2800:Case variants
2798:
2796:
2795:Cursive forms
2793:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2717:
2710:
2705:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2630:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2493:
2490:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2437:
2428:on 2015-04-14
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2388:
2385:
2383:88-08-24624-8
2379:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2363:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2274:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2202:
2190:. UC Berkeley
2189:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2152:
2149:, p. 41.
2148:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2118:, p. 66.
2117:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2085:
2082:, p. 67.
2081:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2068:Kordić (2006)
2064:
2061:
2058:, p. 31.
2057:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2006:
1995:on 2013-11-13
1994:
1990:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1975:Hamann (2004)
1971:
1969:
1965:
1962:, p. 90.
1961:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1871:
1865:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1823:
1817:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1600:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1532:
1526:
1516:Allophone of
1515:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1383:Some dialects
1382:
1380:
1379:Upper Sorbian
1377:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1298:'(clan name)'
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1151:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1004:
996:
993:
987:
981:
978:
977:
975:
969:
966:
964:
960:
957:
954:
952:
950:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
918:
916:
912:
909:
905:
897:
894:
892:
889:
888:
886:
879:
877:
873:
870:
869:
863:
860:
856:
854:
850:
845:
843:
839:
836:
832:
829:
827:
823:
821:
814:
812:
808:
800:
797:
795:
792:
791:
790:
783:
781:
777:
774:
773:
767:
764:
762:
758:
753:
751:
747:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
728:
726:
725:Lower Sorbian
722:
715:
711:
708:
706:
701:
697:
692:
689:
687:
684:
683:
680:
676:
673:
671:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
647:
645:
643:
640:
638:
634:
631:
627:
624:
622:
618:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
602:
599:
591:
588:
586:
583:
582:
580:
573:
572:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
554:
552:
548:
542:
534:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
502:
499:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
484:
475:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
459:
455:
452:
446:
440:
436:
434:
430:
423:
421:
417:
414:
410:
407:
405:
401:
399:
392:
390:
386:
382:
379:
377:
374:
371:
367:
364:
361:
359:
355:
347:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
323:
319:
316:
312:
308:
304:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
270:
266:
262:
259:
255:
251:
250:
249:
242:
235:
233:
227:
222:
220:
216:
208:
204:
200:
192:
188:
185:
181:
178:is a type of
177:
161:
157:
156:
152:
151:
147:
143:
138:
134:
132:
128:
122:
120:
116:
112:
105:
99:
92:
87:
82:
74:
60:
55:
51:
49:
45:
36:
31:
19:
6292:
5573:Labial–velar
5523:
5510:Labial–velar
5431:Labial–velar
5368:Labial–velar
5321:
4867:(top: velar;
4498:
4478:
3586:
2909:
2776:
2772:
2675:[ɻ̊]
2636:
2618:
2597:
2593:
2569:
2565:
2556:
2541:(1): 87–96,
2538:
2534:
2525:
2507:
2503:
2488:
2472:
2451:
2447:
2430:, retrieved
2423:the original
2405:(1): 53–67,
2402:
2398:
2373:
2369:
2351:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2321:
2306:
2299:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2264:. Retrieved
2259:
2255:
2242:
2233:
2229:
2216:
2204:
2192:. Retrieved
2187:
2178:
2166:
2159:Zygis (2003)
2154:
2142:
2130:
2111:
2099:
2087:
2075:
2070:, p. 5.
2063:
2038:the original
2027:
2019:the original
2008:
1997:. Retrieved
1993:the original
1982:
1977:, p. 65
1945:Zygis (2003)
1940:
1913:
1900:
1677:postalveolar
1643:
1571:152 402B 429
1482:
1481:
1459:
1422:
1356:
1275:కష్టం/kaštam
1256:'difficult'
1215:
1188:
1158:
1147:
1117:
1096:Apical. See
1082:
1025:
973:
920:
884:
865:
849:षष्ठी/sóšthi
819:
788:
769:
757:കഷ്ടം/kaštam
732:
699:
695:
667:шағын, şağın
648:'difficult'
578:
558:
516:
496:Apical. See
482:
432:
428:
397:
362:
351:
288:postalveolar
247:
225:
223:
175:
173:
57:Audio sample
5535:approximant
5470:approximant
3805:Approximant
2878:IPA Braille
2856:Kirshenbaum
2663:[ʂ]
2600:: 175–213,
2266:28 December
2262:(2): 85–122
1681:palatalized
1396:Hoyerswerda
1321:'thin rope'
895:'Norwegian'
765:'difficult'
292:palatalized
180:consonantal
6321:Categories
6282:full chart
5808:Near-close
5606:full chart
5528:(variable)
5305:full chart
4788:affricate
4468:full chart
4097:affricate
2901:Consonants
2873:IPA number
2735:IPA topics
2432:2015-04-09
2343:References
2056:Pop (1938)
1999:2013-11-06
1737:Occurrence
1658:turbulence
1612:IPA Number
1567:IPA Number
1504:Tilquiapan
1412:Vietnamese
1199:'kerchief'
1036:'they hid'
780:Mapudungun
642:ಕಷ್ಟ/kašťa
605:Hindustani
348:Occurrence
269:turbulence
232:⟩.
101:ʂ
48:IPA Number
6132:Near-open
5866:Close-mid
5554:Implosive
5547:Velarized
5466:Fricative
5225:Voiceless
5165:Implosive
4714:Fricative
4647:Affricate
4485:voiceless
3537:fricative
3535:Sibilant
3293:affricate
2940:Laryngeal
2834:Encodings
2292:languages
2194:7 January
1702:It is an
1696:phonation
1673:subapical
1669:retroflex
1654:fricative
1491:'coyote'
1349:Ukrainian
1302:Subapical
1057:szadzenie
955:'to show'
876:Norwegian
750:Malayalam
625:'trouble'
617:कष्ट/kašť
545:instead.
456:Laminal.
313:It is an
307:phonation
284:subapical
280:retroflex
261:fricative
187:languages
96:(decimal)
6293:Legend:
6287:template
6266:IPA help
6038:Open-mid
5611:template
5601:IPA help
5577:Ejective
5549:alveolar
5310:template
5289:IPA help
4580:Ejective
4473:template
4452:IPA help
3890:Tap/flap
3290:Sibilant
2973:Alveolar
2617:(2006),
2566:Language
2471:(2005),
2441:"Slovak"
2236:(2): 87.
1881:See also
1744:Language
1722:pulmonic
1709:It is a
1640:Features
1621:Encoding
1616:152 402A
1576:Encoding
1367:'chess'
1359:ахи/šahy
1225:'rapids'
1128:'jester'
1072:Romanian
994:'rustle'
967:Standard
567:'eighty'
510:Romagnol
467:Mandarin
369:Language
333:pulmonic
320:It is a
258:sibilant
236:Features
107:Unicode
89:Encoding
6297:•
5697:Central
5533:Lateral
5374:Plosive
5169:Voiced
5067:lateral
5065:Tenuis
5056:
4786:Lateral
4095:Lateral
3145:Plosive
3008:Glottal
2988:Palatal
2930:Coronal
2851:X-SAMPA
2680:PHOIBLE
2668:PHOIBLE
2419:2224095
2322:...and
1781:to plan
1755:Meaning
1699:sounds.
1691:(flat).
1689:laminal
1627:X-SAMPA
1587:r\`_0_r
1582:X-SAMPA
1499:Zapotec
1315:šeš/ݜیݜ
1310:Torwali
1207:Swedish
1169:'scarf'
1110:Russian
1028:chowali
915:Oʼodham
811:Marathi
742:'glass'
637:Kannada
589:'only'
551:Faroese
493:'stone'
462:Chinese
435:э/pšáša
380:Meaning
358:laminal
310:sounds.
302:(flat).
300:laminal
131:Braille
119:X-SAMPA
94:Entity
6275:
5677:Vowels
5526:-sound
5298:
4935:Voiced
4873:Tenuis
4481:voiced
4461:
3452:t̠ɹ̠̊˔
2998:Uvular
2968:Dental
2947:Manner
2935:Dorsal
2925:Labial
2643:
2625:
2586:411232
2584:
2417:
2380:
2358:
2314:
1839:Ormuri
1801:Chokri
1764:Angami
1758:Notes
1685:apical
1469:'gold'
1433:'milk'
1337:'head'
1268:Telugu
1181:Slovak
1120:ут/šut
1093:'barn'
963:Polish
949:/šodël
938:Pashto
929:Tucson
906:. See
842:Nepali
830:'sage'
709:'knee'
686:Khanty
661:Kazakh
596:. See
526:'yes'
453:'girl'
420:Adyghe
389:Abkhaz
383:Notes
354:apical
296:apical
265:groove
184:spoken
153:Image
113:U+0282
77:·
75:
73:source
6277:audio
5709:Close
5692:Front
5627:Other
5561:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
5327:Nasal
5300:audio
4997:Nasal
4864:Click
4463:audio
3990:Trill
3459:d̠ɹ̠˔
3015:Nasal
2993:Velar
2919:Place
2846:SAMPA
2721:chart
2582:JSTOR
2500:(PDF)
2485:(PDF)
2444:(PDF)
2426:(PDF)
2415:S2CID
2395:(PDF)
2372:[
2252:(PDF)
2226:(PDF)
1893:Notes
1632:r\`_0
1477:Yurok
1404:]
1400:[
1329:Ubykh
1241:Tamil
1055:(see
1053:]
1049:[
1047:into
822:/reši
798:'fog'
787:truku
717:/ʈ͡ʂ/
610:Hindi
543:]
539:[
535:]
531:[
408:'day'
109:(hex)
79:
6174:Open
5702:Back
5583:t͡pʼ
4824:q𝼄ʼ
4817:k𝼄ʼ
4810:c𝼆ʼ
4676:t̠ʃʼ
4662:t̪θʼ
4655:p̪fʼ
4585:Stop
4040:ɽ̊r̥
3706:ɹ̠̊˔
3438:tɹ̝̊
2863:TIPA
2777:JIPA
2641:ISBN
2623:ISBN
2378:ISBN
2356:ISBN
2312:ISBN
2268:2016
2196:2017
2122:help
1770:ɻ̥ə³
1747:Word
1728:and
1716:Its
1694:Its
1663:Its
1648:Its
1485:egep
1436:See
1370:See
1340:See
1290:Toda
1230:/rs/
1191:atka
1131:See
1043:and
947:ښودل
919:Cuk-
900:/ɾs/
866:See
833:See
770:See
702:/šaš
677:See
628:See
411:See
400:/amš
372:Word
356:and
339:and
327:Its
305:Its
274:Its
252:Its
219:Toda
174:The
81:help
5960:Mid
5568:ɠ͡ɓ
5451:q͡p
5438:q͡ʡ
5426:ɡ͡b
5419:k͡p
5407:ɖ͡b
5400:ʈ͡p
5388:d͡b
5381:t͡p
5362:ŋ͡m
5348:ɳ͡m
5334:n͡m
5036:ɴ𝼊
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