36:
512:) or vice versa - is proportional to the voltage differential in that circuit. Reducing the voltage means that circuits switch slower, reducing the maximum frequency at which that circuit can run. This, in turn, reduces the rate at which program instructions that can be issued, which may increase run time for program segments which are sufficiently CPU-bound.
234:(rate of change of voltage per unit of time) when charging and discharging, which allows for quicker transitioning through the MOSFET's threshold voltage. Additionally, the more the gate voltage exceeds the threshold voltage, the lower the resistance of the transistor's conducting channel. This results in a lower
515:
This again highlights why dynamic voltage scaling is generally done in conjunction with dynamic frequency scaling, at least for CPUs. There are complex tradeoffs to consider, which depend on the particular system, the load presented to it, and power management goals. When quick responses are needed
288:
Undervolting is reducing the voltage of a component, usually the processor, reducing temperature and cooling requirements, and possibly allowing a fan to be omitted. Just like overclocking, undervolting is highly subject to the so-called silicon lottery: one CPU can undervolt slightly better than the
480:
Accordingly, dynamic voltage scaling is widely used as part of strategies to manage switching power consumption in battery powered devices such as cell phones and laptop computers. Low voltage modes are used in conjunction with lowered clock frequencies to minimize power consumption associated with
488:
When leakage current is a significant factor in terms of power consumption, chips are often designed so that portions of them can be powered completely off. This is not usually viewed as being dynamic voltage scaling, because it is not transparent to software. When sections of chips can be turned
603:
to achieve higher ceilings and thresholds than you normally would with an aftermarket cooler. Also known as 'all-in-one' (AIO) coolers, they offer a far more effective method of unit cooling by relocating heat outside a computer case via the fans on the radiator whereas air cooling only disperses
580:
The primary caveat of overvolting is increased heat: the power dissipated by a circuit increases with the square of the voltage applied, so even small voltage increases significantly affect power. At higher temperatures, transistor performance is adversely affected, and at some threshold, the
532:
chip enables individual processors to make extremely fast (on the order of 1-2ns) and locally controlled changes to their own supply voltages. Processors connect their local power grid to either a higher (VddHi) or lower (VddLow) supply voltage, or can be cut off entirely from either grid to
555:
is another power conservation technique that works on the same principles as dynamic voltage scaling. Both dynamic voltage scaling and dynamic frequency scaling can be used to prevent computer system overheating, which can result in program or operating system
484:
Some peripherals also support low voltage operational modes. For example, low power MMC and SD cards can run at 1.8 V as well as at 3.3 V, and driver stacks may conserve power by switching to the lower voltage after detecting a card which supports it.
844:
200:-based digital circuits operate using voltages at circuit nodes to represent logical state. The voltage at these nodes switches between a high voltage and a low voltage during normal operation—when the inputs to a
464:
is squared, this part of the power consumption decreases quadratically with voltage. The formula is not exact however, as many modern chips are not implemented using 100% CMOS, but also use special memory circuits,
837:
354:
830:
269:
However, some components do not allow software control of supply voltages, and hardware modification is required by overclockers seeking to overvolt the component for extreme overclocks.
238:
for quicker charging and discharging of the capacitance of the subsequent logic stage. Quicker transitioning afforded by higher supply voltages allows for operating at higher frequencies.
2060:
280:
are components which frequently require hardware modifications to change supply voltages. These modifications are known as "voltage mods" or "Vmod" in the overclocking community.
581:
performance reduction due to the heat exceeds the potential gains from the higher voltages. Overheating and damage to circuits can occur very quickly when using high voltages.
568:
The efficiency of some electrical components, such as voltage regulators, decreases with increasing temperature, so the power used may increase with temperature causing
1032:
442:
2171:
1354:
1873:
560:, and possibly hardware damage. Reducing the voltage supplied to the CPU below the manufacturer's recommended minimum setting can result in system instability.
462:
422:
398:
374:
2030:
1596:
1413:
867:
785:
Gaudet, Vincent C. (2014-04-01) . "Chapter 4.1. Low-Power Design
Techniques for State-of-the-Art CMOS Technologies". Written at Freiberg, Germany. In
1376:
2025:
53:
2097:
641:
529:
1850:
804:
613:
2794:
1918:
1181:
1025:
761:
2804:
1945:
466:
1072:
100:
817:
150:
used in a component is increased or decreased, depending upon circumstances. Dynamic voltage scaling to increase voltage is known as
2963:
2112:
1940:
1913:
1292:
477:, which has become more and more accentuated as feature sizes have become smaller (below 90 nanometres) and threshold levels lower.
255:
119:
72:
1263:
572:. Increases in voltage or frequency may increase system power demands even faster than the CMOS formula indicates, and vice versa.
2927:
2490:
1383:
1349:
1344:
1228:
481:
components such as CPUs and DSPs; only when significant computational power is needed will the voltage and frequency be raised.
2902:
2799:
2200:
2107:
1908:
1151:
1129:
1018:
517:
174:
and thus is limited, or in rare cases, to increase reliability. Overvolting is done in order to support higher frequencies for
79:
1647:
1082:
544:
Unix system provides a userspace governor, allowing to modify the CPU frequencies (though limited to hardware capabilities).
57:
2102:
1950:
1784:
1398:
1359:
1216:
796:
86:
2968:
2539:
2384:
2379:
2301:
1777:
1738:
1393:
1388:
1322:
1134:
1258:
2166:
1863:
1561:
314:
211:
to above it (or from above it to below it). However, changing the gate's voltage requires charging or discharging the
68:
2816:
2463:
1880:
1371:
1339:
1109:
1097:
1077:
2907:
2870:
2860:
1248:
888:
872:
619:
552:
520:), clocks and voltages might be raised together. Otherwise, they may both be kept low to maximize battery life.
263:
635:
2922:
2329:
2265:
2242:
2092:
2054:
1890:
1840:
1835:
1312:
1206:
1114:
474:
1119:
629:
536:
Another approach uses per-core on-chip switching regulators for dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS).
2658:
2552:
2516:
2433:
2417:
2259:
2048:
2007:
1995:
1858:
1772:
1693:
1458:
1062:
277:
246:
Many modern components allow voltage regulation to be controlled through software (for example, through the
46:
2681:
2653:
2563:
2528:
2277:
2271:
2253:
1987:
1981:
1885:
1789:
1680:
1619:
1481:
1124:
224:
2855:
2764:
2510:
2222:
2040:
1799:
1767:
1725:
1637:
1438:
1253:
1243:
1233:
1223:
1193:
1176:
1041:
585:
298:
220:
135:
2885:
2821:
2407:
2129:
2019:
1966:
1498:
1211:
1067:
1049:
667:
251:
175:
93:
2932:
2534:
696:
215:
at its node. This capacitance is the sum of capacitances from various sources: primarily transistor
2917:
2737:
2588:
2570:
2522:
2176:
2123:
1928:
1923:
1900:
1816:
1698:
1553:
1448:
1307:
822:
509:
505:
159:
2789:
2781:
2633:
2608:
2412:
2287:
1811:
1752:
1632:
1364:
1092:
931:
2742:
2709:
2625:
2557:
2458:
2448:
2438:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2282:
2211:
2117:
2077:
1710:
1660:
1610:
1586:
1468:
1408:
1403:
1285:
1201:
969:
800:
557:
490:
208:
427:
2973:
2912:
2845:
2686:
2593:
2547:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2324:
2194:
2161:
2072:
2067:
1976:
1828:
1823:
1806:
1794:
1733:
1297:
1275:
1161:
1139:
1057:
853:
647:
589:
235:
216:
171:
143:
2826:
2811:
2759:
2663:
2638:
2475:
2468:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2248:
2156:
2146:
1868:
1703:
1655:
1418:
1302:
1270:
1171:
1166:
1087:
569:
207:
Toggling a MOSFET's state requires changing its gate voltage from below the transistor's
2937:
2771:
2754:
2747:
2643:
2500:
2237:
2151:
2082:
1665:
1627:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1280:
1104:
974:
786:
600:
447:
407:
383:
359:
181:
The term "overvolting" is also used to refer to increasing static operating voltage of
736:
710:
2957:
2732:
2648:
1688:
1670:
1463:
1156:
995:
990:
908:
167:
504:
The speed at which a digital circuit can switch states - that is, to go from "low" (
2942:
2880:
2696:
2673:
2485:
2206:
1144:
903:
898:
662:
624:
470:
186:
599:
In order to mitigate the increased heat from overvolting, it's recommended to use
584:
There are also longer-term concerns: various adverse device-level effects such as
790:
697:"System Level Analysis of Fast, Per-Core DVFS using On-Chip Switching Regulators"
2727:
2691:
2402:
2374:
2232:
2087:
657:
377:
274:
259:
212:
35:
17:
2613:
2603:
2598:
2580:
2480:
2453:
1715:
1548:
1518:
1238:
652:
270:
204:
transition, the transistors making up that gate may toggle the gate's output.
201:
2704:
2701:
2443:
1513:
1491:
943:
937:
231:
2719:
1591:
1538:
1010:
953:
182:
250:). It is usually possible to control the voltages supplied to the CPU,
1528:
1486:
948:
401:
147:
604:
heat from the affected unit, increasing overall ambient temperatures.
2831:
1543:
1508:
1473:
496:
processors, drivers and other support software need to support that.
197:
163:
27:
Power management technique of varying the voltage used by a component
2001:
1533:
1503:
2865:
2013:
1933:
1523:
593:
493:
308:
247:
1014:
826:
686:
J. M. Rabaey. Digital
Integrated Circuits. Prentice Hall, 1996.
1453:
1443:
29:
695:
Wonyoung Kim, Meeta S. Gupta, Gu-Yeon Wei and David Brooks.
154:; dynamic voltage scaling to decrease voltage is known as
737:"80 Plus expands podium for Bronze, Silver & Gold"
592:
occur more rapidly at higher voltages, decreasing the
450:
430:
410:
386:
362:
317:
2895:
2844:
2780:
2718:
2672:
2624:
2579:
2499:
2426:
2395:
2300:
2221:
2185:
2139:
2039:
1965:
1899:
1849:
1760:
1751:
1724:
1679:
1646:
1618:
1609:
1429:
1332:
1321:
1192:
1048:
983:
962:
924:
917:
881:
860:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
456:
436:
416:
392:
368:
348:
868:Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI)
854:Computer processor power management technologies
349:{\displaystyle \alpha \cdot C\cdot V^{2}\cdot f}
185:components to allow operation at higher speed (
1026:
838:
8:
711:"Asus EN9600GT Silent Edition Graphics Card"
2031:Computer performance by orders of magnitude
762:"CPU Cooler: Liquid Cooling vs Air Cooling"
2496:
2136:
1757:
1615:
1329:
1033:
1019:
1011:
921:
845:
831:
823:
449:
429:
409:
385:
361:
334:
316:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
473:, etc. Moreover, there is also a static
230:Higher supply voltages result in faster
795:(1 ed.). Newcastle upon Tyne, UK:
679:
642:Switched-mode power supply applications
792:Recent Progress in the Boolean Domain
614:Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling
7:
2002:Floating-point operations per second
58:adding citations to reliable sources
158:. Undervolting is done in order to
307:dissipated by a chip using static
25:
2928:Semiconductor device fabrication
533:dramatically cut leakage power.
424:is the switching frequency, and
380:being switched per clock cycle,
34:
2903:History of general-purpose CPUs
1130:Nondeterministic Turing machine
873:Advanced Power Management (APM)
45:needs additional citations for
1083:Deterministic finite automaton
444:is the activity factor. Since
1:
1874:Simultaneous and heterogenous
797:Cambridge Scholars Publishing
2558:Integrated memory controller
2540:Translation lookaside buffer
1739:Memory dependence prediction
1182:Random-access stored program
1135:Probabilistic Turing machine
266:) port through a PC's BIOS.
170:, where energy comes from a
2014:Synaptic updates per second
2990:
2418:Heterogeneous architecture
1340:Orthogonal instruction set
1110:Alternating Turing machine
1098:Quantum cellular automaton
596:of overvolted components.
296:
2908:Microprocessor chronology
2871:Dynamic frequency scaling
2026:Cache performance metrics
889:Dynamic frequency scaling
620:Dynamic frequency scaling
553:Dynamic frequency scaling
516:(e.g. Mobile Sensors and
69:"Dynamic voltage scaling"
2964:Computer hardware tuning
2923:Hardware security module
2266:Digital signal processor
2243:Graphics processing unit
2055:Graphics processing unit
735:Mike Chin (2008-03-19).
2876:Dynamic voltage scaling
2659:Memory address register
2553:Branch target predictor
2517:Address generation unit
2260:Physics processing unit
2049:Central processing unit
2008:Transactions per second
1996:Instructions per second
1919:Array processing (SIMT)
1063:Stored-program computer
894:Dynamic voltage scaling
518:Context-Aware Computing
500:Program execution speed
489:off, as for example on
437:{\displaystyle \alpha }
146:technique in which the
140:dynamic voltage scaling
2682:Hardwired control unit
2564:Memory management unit
2529:Memory management unit
2278:Secure cryptoprocessor
2272:Tensor Processing Unit
2254:Vision processing unit
1988:Cycles per instruction
1982:Instructions per cycle
1929:Associative processing
1620:Instruction pipelining
1042:Processor technologies
458:
438:
418:
394:
370:
350:
289:other and vice versa.
2765:Sum-addressed decoder
2511:Arithmetic logic unit
1638:Classic RISC pipeline
1592:Epiphany architecture
1439:Motorola 68000 series
586:hot carrier injection
459:
439:
419:
395:
371:
351:
299:CPU power dissipation
221:diffusion capacitance
136:computer architecture
2886:Performance per watt
2464:replacement policies
2130:Package on a package
2020:Performance per watt
1924:Pipelined processing
1694:Tomasulo's algorithm
1499:Clipper architecture
1355:Application-specific
1068:Finite-state machine
799:. pp. 187–212.
668:Voltage optimization
636:Energy–delay product
540:Operating system API
448:
428:
408:
384:
360:
315:
225:coupling capacitance
54:improve this article
2969:Energy conservation
2918:Digital electronics
2571:Instruction decoder
2523:Floating-point unit
2177:Soft microprocessor
2124:System in a package
1699:Reservation station
1229:Transport-triggered
644:(SMPS) applications
630:Power–delay product
2790:Integrated circuit
2634:Processor register
2288:Baseband processor
1633:Operand forwarding
1093:Cellular automaton
528:The 167-processor
454:
434:
414:
390:
366:
346:
162:, particularly in
2951:
2950:
2840:
2839:
2459:Instruction cache
2449:Scratchpad memory
2296:
2295:
2283:Network processor
2212:Network on a chip
2167:Ultra-low-voltage
2118:Multi-chip module
1961:
1960:
1747:
1746:
1734:Branch prediction
1711:Register renaming
1605:
1604:
1587:VISC architecture
1409:Quantum computing
1404:VISC architecture
1286:Secondary storage
1202:Microarchitecture
1162:Register machines
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
970:Intel Turbo Boost
949:Transmeta LongRun
806:978-1-4438-5638-6
457:{\displaystyle V}
417:{\displaystyle f}
393:{\displaystyle V}
369:{\displaystyle C}
209:threshold voltage
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2981:
2913:Processor design
2805:Power management
2687:Instruction unit
2548:Branch predictor
2497:
2195:System on a chip
2137:
1977:Transistor count
1901:Flynn's taxonomy
1758:
1616:
1419:Addressing modes
1330:
1276:Memory hierarchy
1140:Hypercomputation
1058:Abstract machine
1035:
1028:
1021:
1012:
932:AMD Cool'n'Quiet
922:
847:
840:
833:
824:
816:
814:
813:
787:Steinbach, Bernd
772:
771:
769:
768:
757:
751:
750:
748:
747:
741:Silent PC Review
732:
726:
725:
723:
722:
715:Silent PC Review
706:
700:
693:
687:
684:
648:Switching energy
590:electromigration
548:System stability
463:
461:
460:
455:
443:
441:
440:
435:
423:
421:
420:
415:
399:
397:
396:
391:
375:
373:
372:
367:
355:
353:
352:
347:
339:
338:
236:RC time constant
217:gate capacitance
144:power management
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2933:Tick–tock model
2891:
2847:
2836:
2776:
2760:Address decoder
2714:
2668:
2664:Program counter
2639:Status register
2620:
2575:
2535:Load–store unit
2502:
2495:
2422:
2391:
2292:
2249:Image processor
2224:
2217:
2187:
2181:
2157:Microcontroller
2147:Embedded system
2135:
2035:
1968:
1957:
1895:
1845:
1743:
1720:
1704:Re-order buffer
1675:
1656:Data dependency
1642:
1601:
1431:
1425:
1324:
1323:Instruction set
1317:
1303:Multiprocessing
1271:Cache hierarchy
1264:Register/memory
1188:
1088:Queue automaton
1044:
1039:
1009:
1000:
979:
958:
944:Intel SpeedStep
918:Implementations
913:
877:
856:
851:
819:(xxx+428 pages)
811:
809:
807:
784:
781:
779:Further reading
776:
775:
766:
764:
759:
758:
754:
745:
743:
734:
733:
729:
720:
718:
708:
707:
703:
694:
690:
685:
681:
676:
610:
578:
570:thermal runaway
566:
550:
542:
526:
524:Implementations
502:
475:leakage current
446:
445:
426:
425:
406:
405:
382:
381:
358:
357:
330:
313:
312:
305:switching power
301:
295:
286:
244:
195:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Voltage scaling
15:
12:
11:
5:
2987:
2985:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2956:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2938:Pin grid array
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2786:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2772:Barrel shifter
2769:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2755:Binary decoder
2752:
2751:
2750:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2644:Stack register
2641:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2537:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2507:
2505:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2246:
2240:
2238:AI accelerator
2235:
2229:
2227:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2209:
2204:
2201:Multiprocessor
2198:
2191:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2152:Microprocessor
2149:
2143:
2141:
2140:By application
2134:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2083:Tile processor
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2052:
2045:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1869:Hyperthreading
1861:
1855:
1853:
1851:Multithreading
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1764:
1762:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1628:Pipeline stall
1624:
1622:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1577:z/Architecture
1574:
1569:
1564:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1334:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1281:Virtual memory
1273:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1209:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1105:Turing machine
1102:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1065:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1015:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
999:
998:
993:
987:
985:
981:
980:
978:
977:
975:AMD Turbo Core
972:
966:
964:
960:
959:
957:
956:
951:
946:
941:
935:
928:
926:
919:
915:
914:
912:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
885:
883:
879:
878:
876:
875:
870:
864:
862:
858:
857:
852:
850:
849:
842:
835:
827:
821:
820:
805:
780:
777:
774:
773:
752:
727:
701:
688:
678:
677:
675:
672:
671:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
639:
633:
627:
622:
617:
609:
606:
601:liquid cooling
577:
574:
565:
562:
549:
546:
541:
538:
525:
522:
501:
498:
453:
433:
413:
400:is the supply
389:
365:
345:
342:
337:
333:
329:
326:
323:
320:
297:Main article:
294:
291:
285:
282:
243:
240:
194:
191:
168:mobile devices
160:conserve power
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2986:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2843:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2733:Demultiplexer
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2654:Memory buffer
2652:
2650:
2649:Register file
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2589:Combinational
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1964:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1689:Scoreboarding
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1671:False sharing
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1464:Stanford MIPS
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1428:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1325:architectures
1320:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1293:Heterogeneous
1291:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1244:Memory access
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1177:Random-access
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1157:Stack machine
1155:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1073:with datapath
1071:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1013:
997:
996:AMD PowerTune
994:
992:
991:AMD PowerPlay
989:
988:
986:
982:
976:
973:
971:
968:
967:
965:
961:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
939:
938:AMD PowerNow!
936:
933:
930:
929:
927:
923:
920:
916:
910:
909:Underclocking
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
886:
884:
880:
874:
871:
869:
866:
865:
863:
859:
855:
848:
843:
841:
836:
834:
829:
828:
825:
818:
808:
802:
798:
794:
793:
788:
783:
782:
778:
763:
756:
753:
742:
738:
731:
728:
716:
712:
705:
702:
698:
692:
689:
683:
680:
673:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
615:
612:
611:
607:
605:
602:
597:
595:
591:
587:
582:
575:
573:
571:
563:
561:
559:
554:
547:
545:
539:
537:
534:
531:
523:
521:
519:
513:
511:
508:) to "high" (
507:
499:
497:
495:
492:
486:
482:
478:
476:
472:
468:
467:dynamic logic
451:
431:
411:
403:
387:
379:
363:
343:
340:
335:
331:
327:
324:
321:
318:
310:
306:
300:
292:
290:
283:
281:
279:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
241:
239:
237:
233:
228:
226:
223:, and wires (
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
203:
199:
192:
190:
188:
184:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2943:Chip carrier
2881:Clock gating
2875:
2800:Mixed-signal
2697:Write buffer
2674:Control unit
2486:Clock signal
2225:accelerators
2207:Cypress PSoC
1864:Simultaneous
1681:Out-of-order
1313:Neuromorphic
1194:Architecture
1152:Belt machine
1145:Zeno machine
1078:Hierarchical
954:VIA LongHaul
925:Power Saving
904:Overclocking
899:Clock gating
893:
810:. Retrieved
791:
765:. Retrieved
755:
744:. Retrieved
740:
730:
719:. Retrieved
714:
704:
691:
682:
663:Undervoltage
625:Power gating
598:
583:
579:
567:
551:
543:
535:
527:
514:
503:
487:
483:
479:
471:domino logic
304:
302:
287:
284:Undervolting
278:northbridges
268:
245:
229:
206:
196:
187:overclocking
180:
156:undervolting
155:
151:
139:
133:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2728:Multiplexer
2692:Data buffer
2403:Single-core
2375:bit slicing
2233:Coprocessor
2088:Coprocessor
1969:performance
1891:Cooperative
1881:Speculative
1841:Distributed
1800:Superscalar
1785:Instruction
1753:Parallelism
1726:Speculative
1558:System/3x0
1430:Instruction
1207:Von Neumann
1120:Post–Turing
963:Performance
717:. p. 5
709:Mike Chin.
658:Overvoltage
564:Temperature
378:capacitance
275:motherboard
271:Video cards
260:PCI Express
213:capacitance
176:performance
152:overvolting
110:August 2012
2958:Categories
2848:management
2743:Multiplier
2604:Logic gate
2594:Sequential
2501:Functional
2481:Clock rate
2454:Data cache
2427:Components
2408:Multi-core
2396:Core count
1886:Preemptive
1790:Pipelining
1773:Bit-serial
1716:Wide-issue
1661:Structural
1583:Tilera ISA
1549:MicroBlaze
1519:ETRAX CRIS
1414:Comparison
1259:Load–store
1239:Endianness
882:Techniques
812:2019-08-04
767:2024-03-31
746:2008-04-21
721:2008-04-21
674:References
653:Power ramp
202:logic gate
193:Background
166:and other
80:newspapers
2782:Circuitry
2702:Microcode
2626:Registers
2469:coherence
2444:CPU cache
2302:Word size
1967:Processor
1611:Execution
1514:DEC Alpha
1492:Power ISA
1308:Cognitive
1115:Universal
934:(desktop)
861:Standards
432:α
341:⋅
328:⋅
322:⋅
319:α
311:gates is
232:slew rate
2720:Datapath
2413:Manycore
2385:variable
2223:Hardware
1859:Temporal
1539:OpenRISC
1234:Cellular
1224:Dataflow
1217:modified
984:Graphics
940:(laptop)
608:See also
594:lifespan
469:such as
356:, where
183:computer
2974:Voltage
2896:Related
2827:Quantum
2817:Digital
2812:Boolean
2710:Counter
2609:Quantum
2370:512-bit
2365:256-bit
2360:128-bit
2203:(MPSoC)
2188:on chip
2186:Systems
2004:(FLOPS)
1817:Process
1666:Control
1648:Hazards
1534:Itanium
1529:Unicore
1487:PowerPC
1212:Harvard
1172:Pointer
1167:Counter
1125:Quantum
789:(ed.).
760:Intel.
699:. 2008.
576:Caveats
558:crashes
402:voltage
376:is the
242:Methods
172:battery
164:laptops
148:voltage
94:scholar
2832:Switch
2822:Analog
2560:(IMC)
2531:(MMU)
2380:others
2355:64-bit
2350:48-bit
2345:32-bit
2340:24-bit
2335:16-bit
2330:15-bit
2325:12-bit
2162:Mobile
2078:Stream
2073:Barrel
2068:Vector
2057:(GPU)
2016:(SUPS)
1984:(IPC)
1836:Memory
1829:Vector
1812:Thread
1795:Scalar
1597:Others
1544:RISC-V
1509:SuperH
1478:Power
1474:MIPS-X
1449:PDP-11
1298:Fabric
1050:Models
803:
616:(DVFS)
530:AsAP 2
258:, and
198:MOSFET
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2888:(PPW)
2846:Power
2738:Adder
2614:Array
2581:Logic
2542:(TLB)
2525:(FPU)
2519:(AGU)
2513:(ALU)
2503:units
2439:Cache
2320:8-bit
2315:4-bit
2310:1-bit
2274:(TPU)
2268:(DSP)
2262:(PPU)
2256:(VPU)
2245:(GPU)
2214:(NoC)
2197:(SoC)
2132:(PoP)
2126:(SiP)
2120:(MCM)
2061:GPGPU
2051:(CPU)
2041:Types
2022:(PPW)
2010:(TPS)
1998:(IPS)
1990:(CPI)
1761:Level
1572:S/390
1567:S/370
1562:S/360
1504:SPARC
1482:POWER
1365:TRIPS
1333:Types
638:(EDP)
632:(PDP)
494:OMAP3
293:Power
142:is a
101:JSTOR
87:books
2866:ACPI
2599:Glue
2491:FIFO
2434:Core
2172:ASIP
2113:CPLD
2108:FPOA
2103:FPGA
2098:ASIC
1951:SPMD
1946:MIMD
1941:MISD
1934:SWAR
1914:SIMD
1909:SISD
1824:Data
1807:Task
1778:Word
1524:M32R
1469:MIPS
1432:sets
1399:ZISC
1394:NISC
1389:OISC
1384:MISC
1377:EPIC
1372:VLIW
1360:EDGE
1350:RISC
1345:CISC
1254:HUMA
1249:NUMA
801:ISBN
588:and
309:CMOS
303:The
273:and
262:(or
248:BIOS
73:news
2861:APM
2856:PMU
2748:CPU
2705:ROM
2476:Bus
2093:PAL
1768:Bit
1554:LMC
1459:ARM
1454:x86
1444:VAX
510:VDD
506:VSS
264:AGP
256:PCI
252:RAM
227:).
189:).
134:In
56:by
2960::
2795:3D
739:.
713:.
491:TI
404:,
254:,
219:,
178:.
138:,
1034:e
1027:t
1020:v
846:e
839:t
832:v
815:.
770:.
749:.
724:.
452:V
412:f
388:V
364:C
344:f
336:2
332:V
325:C
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
