266:-based reference (commonly just called a 'bandgap') uses analog circuits to add a multiple of the voltage difference between two bipolar junctions biased at different current densities to the voltage developed across a diode. The diode voltage has a negative temperature coefficient (i.e. it decreases with increasing temperature), and the junction voltage difference has a positive temperature coefficient. When added in the proportion required to make these coefficients cancel out, the resultant constant value is a voltage equal to the bandgap voltage of the semiconductor. In
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displays a similar stable voltage over a range of current. The most stable diodes of this type are made by temperature-compensating a Zener diode by placing it in series with a forward diode; such diodes are made as two-terminal devices, e.g. the 1N821 series having an overall voltage drop of
135:, and other measurement and control systems. Voltage references vary widely in performance; a regulator for a computer power supply may only hold its value to within a few percent of the nominal value, whereas laboratory voltage standards have precisions and stability measured in
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is an electronic device that ideally produces a fixed (constant) voltage irrespective of the loading on the device, power supply variations, temperature changes, and the passage of time. Voltage references are used in
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can provide even lower noise levels, but require higher operating voltages which are not available in many battery-operated devices.
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are also frequently used to provide a reference voltage of moderate stability and accuracy, useful for many electronic devices. An
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have also been used as voltage references, primarily in tube-based equipment, as the voltage needed to sustain the
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were much used as convenient voltage references especially in portable instruments such as photographic
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which fires at 87 volts and then holds 48–67 volts across the discharge path.
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6.2 V at 7.5 mA, but are also sometimes included in integrated circuits.
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The earliest voltage references or standards were wet-chemical cells such as the
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The most common voltage reference circuit used in integrated circuits is the
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can be constructed with a drift of about 1 part per million per year.
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AN719 Understanding
Voltage-Reference Topologies and Specifications
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is now maintained by superconductive integrated circuits using the
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The Design of Band-Gap
Reference Circuits: Trials and Tribulations
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in 1962 and earned
Josephson the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1973.
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is comparatively constant. For example, the popular RCA 991 "
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LT Journal March 2009: How To Choose A Voltage
Reference
379:— Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. (Mar 06, 2013)
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395:TL431 die internals and reverse engineering of it
162:secondary solid-state voltage standards used in
391:Brendan Whelan, Linear Technology Corporation
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385:— Robert Pease, National Semiconductor
228:diodes, around 0.6 V to 0.7 V for
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106:Learn how and when to remove this message
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181:to get a voltage to an accuracy of 1
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44:adding citations to reliable sources
340:Manfred Kochsiek, Michael Gläser,
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361:RCA 991 Voltage Regulator tube
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187:Josephson voltage standard
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260:bandgap voltage reference
272:Buried-Zener references
295:Voltage regulator tube
342:Handbook of Metrology
238:light emitting diodes
191:Brian David Josephson
244:in analog circuits.
40:improve this article
344:, Wiley-VCH, 2010
216:has an exponential
208:Solid state devices
55:"Voltage reference"
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415:Vacuum tubes
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322:Rubber diode
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160:Zener diode
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404:Categories
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329:References
287:neon lamps
196:Formerly,
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299:neon lamp
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164:metrology
305:See also
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264:bandgap
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80:scholar
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