908:(GABA) has an inhibitory effect on brain and spinal cord activity. GABA is an amino acid that is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter for the central nervous system (CNS). It reduces neuronal excitability by inhibiting nerve transmission. GABA has a multitude of different functions during development and influences the migration, proliferation, and proper morphological development of neurons. It also influences the timing of critical periods and potentially primes the earliest neuronal networks. There are two main types of GABA receptors: GABAa and GABAb. GABAa receptors inhibit neurotransmitter release and/or neuronal excitability and are a ligand-gated chloride channel. GABAb receptors are slower to react due to a GCPR that acts to inhibit neurons. GABA can be the culprit for many disorders ranging from schizophrenia to major depressive disorder because of its inhibitory characteristics being dampened.
66:
1281:
control deficiencies and disorders like
Parkinson's and tremors. Spinal cord stimulation works by being placed near the spinal cord to send electrical signals through the body to treat various forms of chronic pain like lower back pain and CRPS. This form of neuromodulator treatment is considered one of the more high-risk treatments because of its manipulation near the spinal cord. Transcranial magnetic stimulation is slightly different in that it utilizes a magnetic field to generate electrical currents throughout the brain. This treatment is widely used to remedy various mental health conditions like depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and other mood disorders.
898:
674:. Noradrenaline is often released steadily so that it can prepare the supporting glial cells for calibrated responses. Despite containing a relatively small number of neurons, when activated, the noradrenaline system plays major roles in the brain including involvement in suppression of the neuroinflammatory response, stimulation of neuronal plasticity through LTP, regulation of glutamate uptake by astrocytes and LTD, and consolidation of memory.
788:
4514:
704:
62:(GPCRs) to initiate a second messenger signaling cascade that induces a broad, long-lasting signal. This modulation can last for hundreds of milliseconds to several minutes. Some of the effects of neuromodulators include altering intrinsic firing activity, increasing or decreasing voltage-dependent currents, altering synaptic efficacy, increasing bursting activity and reconfiguring synaptic connectivity.
651:
1210:). However, modeling work suggests that this alone is insufficient, because the neuromuscular transformation from neural input to muscular output may be tuned for particular ranges of input. Stern et al. (2007) suggest that neuromodulators must act not only on the input system but must change the transformation itself to produce the proper contractions of muscles as output.
4526:
1247:
neurons. Sustained
Influence provides long-term stability to the entire process, and baseline regulation ensures that the neurons are in a continued state of readiness to respond to any signals. Acetylcholine, noradrenaline, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin are some of the main components in tonic transmission to mediate arousal and attention.
1230:. Volume transmission is the diffusion of neurotransmitters through the brain extracellular fluid released at points that may be remote from the target cells with the resulting activation of extra-synaptic receptors, and with a longer time course than for transmission at a single synapse. Such prolonged transmitter action is called
4072:
1292:
and sends two of the most notable modes of that treatment, which are electrical and magnetic stimulation. Electrical nerve stimulation and some of the characterizations include transcranial alternating stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation. The other is magnetic stimulation, which
919:
are small proteins used for communication in the nervous system. Neuropeptides represent the most diverse class of signaling molecules. There are 90 known genes that encode human neuropeptide precursors. In invertebrates, there are ~50 known genes encoding neuropeptide precursors. Most neuropeptides
1288:
Neuromodulation is often used as a treatment mechanism for moderate to severe migraines by way of nerve stimulation. These treatments work by utilizing the basic ascending pathways. There are three main modes. It works by connecting a device to the body that sends electrical pulses directly to the
1259:
There are three main components of phasic transmission: burst release, transient effects, and stimulus-driven effects. As the name suggests, burst release is in charge of releasing neurotransmitters/neuromodulators in intense, acute bursts. Transient effects create acute momentary adjustments in
1282:
1280:
Electrical neuromodulation has three subcategories: deep brain, spinal cord, and transcranial, each aiming to treat specific conditions. Deep brain stimulation involves electrodes being surgically implanted into specific sections of the brain that are commonly responsible for movement and motor
1326:
ymptom
Validity Assessment definition- an examinee's validity is tested by examining their truthfulness and accuracy about a specific behavioral presentation, self-reports, and neuropsychological performance. Performance Validity Testing definition- an examiner's way of measuring the overall
1246:
There are three main components of tonic transmission: Continued release, sustained release, and baseline regulation. In the context of neuromodulation, continuous release is responsible for releasing neurotransmitters/neuromodulators at a constant low level from glial cells and tonic active
1301:
Chemical neuromodulation mostly consists of collaborating natural and artificial chemical substances to treat various conditions. It uses both invasive and non-invasive modes of treatment, including pumps, injections, and oral medications. This mode of treatment can be used to manage immune
2147:"Depression Medication: Antidepressants, SSRIs, Antidepressants, SNRIs, Antidepressants, TCAs, Antidepressants, MAO Inhibitors, Augmenting Agents, Serotonin-Dopamine Activity Modulators, Antidepressants, Other, Stimulants, Thyroid Products, Neurology & Psychiatry, Herbals"
856:
Although changes in neurochemistry are found immediately after taking these antidepressants, symptoms may not begin to improve until several weeks after administration. Increased transmitter levels in the synapse alone does not relieve the depression or anxiety.
889:(nAChR). The cholinergic system has been found to be involved in responding to cues related to the reward pathway, enhancing signal detection and sensory attention, regulating homeostasis, mediating the stress response, and encoding the formation of memories.
1303:
829:
also block reuptake of biogenic amines from the synapse, but may primarily affect serotonin or norepinephrine or both. They typically take four to six weeks to alleviate any symptoms of depression. They are considered to have immediate and long-term
1289:
affected site (Transcutaneous
Electrical Nerve Stimulation), directly to the brain (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation), or by holding a device close to the neck that works to block pain signals modulation from the PNS to the CNS.
105:
can also be powerful CNS neuromodulators. Neuromodulators can be packaged into vesicles and released by neurons, secreted as hormones and delivered through the circulatory system. A neuromodulator can be conceptualized as a
7259:
2885:
Bush SS, Ruff RM, Tröster AI, Barth JT, Koffler SP, Pliskin NH, et al. (June 2005). "Symptom validity assessment: practice issues and medical necessity NAN policy & planning committee".
1260:
neural activity. Lastly, as the name suggests, stimulus-driven effects react to sensory input, external stressors, and reward stimuli, which involve dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.
1290:
1831:
Woolf NJ, Butcher LL (May 1986). "Cholinergic systems in the rat brain: III. Projections from the pontomesencephalic tegmentum to the thalamus, tectum, basal ganglia, and basal forebrain".
795:
The serotonin created by the brain comprises around 10% of total body serotonin. The majority (80-90%) is found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It travels around the brain along the
722:
but secondarily the noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus. Treatments potentiating the effect of dopamine precursors have been proposed and effected, with moderate success.
662:. This is diminutive compared to the more than 100 billion neurons in the brain. As with dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, neurons in the locus coeruleus tend to be
1131:
1344:
DeRiemer SA, Strong JA, Albert KA, Greengard P, Kaczmarek LK (24–30 January 1985). "Enhancement of calcium current in
Aplysia neurones by phorbol ester and protein kinase C".
1747:. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 474 for noradrenaline system, page 476 for dopamine system, page 480 for serotonin system and page 483 for cholinergic system.
7776:
4564:
7836:
7811:
7411:
4434:
2999:
110:
that is not reabsorbed by the pre-synaptic neuron or broken down into a metabolite. Some neuromodulators end up spending a significant amount of time in the
1598:"Presynaptic monoacylglycerol lipase activity determines basal endocannabinoid tone and terminates retrograde endocannabinoid signaling in the hippocampus"
7816:
2962:
2207:
2179:
7187:
6517:
5084:
4956:
5075:
3701:
3453:
927:– a large family of endogenous neuropeptides that are widely distributed throughout the central and peripheral nervous system. Opiate drugs such as
6897:
6672:
2920:
Greher MR, Wodushek TR (March 2017). "Performance
Validity Testing in Neuropsychology: Scientific Basis and Clinical Application-A Brief Review".
2233:
69:
Illustration of the brain and spinal cord connecting to a muscle, illustrating the connection between the central and peripheral nervous system.
65:
6209:
5061:
3906:
2957:
1781:
Woolf NJ, Butcher LL (December 1989). "Cholinergic systems in the rat brain: IV. Descending projections of the pontomesencephalic tegmentum".
6398:
2583:
2507:
2191:
2130:
1752:
1058:
4811:
2523:
Nässel DR, Zandawala M (August 2019). "Recent advances in neuropeptide signaling in
Drosophila, from genes to physiology and behavior".
152:
system. Drugs targeting the neurotransmitter of such systems affect the whole system, which explains the mode of action of many drugs.
6393:
4779:
3606:
3550:
877:
and interneurons from the striatum and nucleus accumbens. It is not yet clear whether acetylcholine as a neuromodulator acts through
7868:
7459:
6682:
6677:
6648:
4557:
4414:
3259:
1694:
Conlay LA, Sabounjian LA, Wurtman RJ (October 1992). "Exercise and neuromodulators: choline and acetylcholine in marathon runners".
882:
7211:
7120:
6748:
6565:
3443:
2992:
2972:
1964:
Scheler G (April 2004). "Regulation of neuromodulator receptor efficacy--implications for whole-neuron and synaptic plasticity".
886:
37:
7873:
7781:
7194:
7182:
6454:
5960:
3625:
3539:
1068:
840:
which normally destroys (metabolizes) some of the transmitters after their reuptake. More of the neurotransmitters (especially
7716:
7711:
7701:
7696:
7236:
7151:
7103:
6802:
6381:
5548:
5240:
3864:
3611:
1063:
870:
590:
920:
bind to G-protein coupled receptors, however some neuropeptides directly gate ion channels or act through kinase receptors.
881:
or classical synaptic transmission, as there is evidence to support both theories. Acetylcholine binds to both metabotropic
7574:
6643:
6572:
6377:
6163:
4949:
4255:
3433:
3087:
3081:
1318:
1053:
7216:
4409:
823:
are widely used antidepressants that specifically block the reuptake of serotonin with less effect on other transmitters.
7888:
7841:
7637:
7406:
7279:
6318:
5536:
4806:
4550:
4230:
3694:
3600:
3372:
1078:
833:
816:
7579:
7542:
7108:
6890:
6354:
5628:
4449:
3515:
3288:
2985:
1088:
1013:
2026:
1449:"Mechanism of calcium current modulation underlying presynaptic facilitation and behavioral sensitization in Aplysia"
7532:
6420:
6323:
6202:
6040:
5596:
4625:
4608:
4591:
3976:
3899:
3859:
3354:
3193:
3180:
3151:
3096:
1164:
491:
310:
59:
33:
7883:
7878:
7632:
7627:
7609:
7537:
7304:
6415:
6373:
5999:
5697:
5560:
5541:
4821:
4816:
4630:
4444:
4419:
4288:
3809:
3650:
3167:
1207:
1206:
Neuromodulators may alter the output of a physiological system by acting on the associated inputs (for instance,
826:
804:
533:
1226:, and thus form distinct systems. Activation of the system causes effects in large volumes of the brain, called
7943:
7793:
7515:
7287:
6859:
6785:
6634:
6364:
5871:
5818:
5739:
5706:
5606:
5422:
5405:
5345:
4942:
4913:
4603:
4383:
4358:
4283:
4190:
4095:
3991:
3851:
3544:
3490:
3475:
3447:
3228:
3223:
3214:
866:
487:
133:
7647:
1917:"Norepinephrine: a neuromodulator that boosts the function of multiple cell types to optimize CNS performance"
5767:
4530:
1508:"Differential effects of endocannabinoids on glutamatergic and GABAergic inputs to layer 5 pyramidal neurons"
7938:
7269:
7001:
6780:
6720:
6368:
6343:
5823:
5713:
5357:
5098:
5093:
4741:
4713:
4640:
4620:
4220:
3931:
3926:
3687:
3645:
3616:
3584:
3414:
3219:
3175:
3126:
3057:
1313:
905:
852:) are available for release into synapses. MAOIs take several weeks to alleviate the symptoms of depression.
796:
267:
7917:
7910:
7900:
7228:
6883:
6797:
6560:
6494:
6489:
6471:
6084:
5150:
5048:
5002:
4753:
4726:
4215:
4205:
4115:
3996:
3951:
3869:
3818:
3718:
3526:
3332:
1033:
1003:
987:
711:
513:
369:
54:
uses one or more chemicals to regulate diverse populations of neurons. Neuromodulators typically bind to
7737:
7486:
7452:
7418:
7361:
7351:
7174:
7125:
6545:
6504:
6466:
6449:
6388:
6359:
6195:
6071:
5930:
5844:
5744:
4879:
4841:
4721:
4667:
4645:
4598:
4518:
4278:
4273:
4080:
3971:
3892:
3657:
3501:
3234:
3121:
1159:
305:
286:
55:
715:
2317:"Acetylcholine as a neuromodulator: cholinergic signaling shapes nervous system function and behavior"
7905:
7356:
7297:
6926:
6743:
6738:
6528:
6459:
6289:
6261:
6044:
5892:
5784:
5461:
5321:
5218:
5167:
5024:
4850:
4846:
4798:
4499:
4250:
4090:
4061:
3956:
3662:
3506:
3359:
3312:
1983:
1460:
1353:
424:
414:
358:
295:
4934:
7863:
7831:
7771:
7742:
7691:
7681:
7564:
7346:
7249:
7146:
7115:
6951:
6946:
6939:
6934:
6849:
6822:
6667:
6535:
6509:
6021:
5431:
4908:
4891:
4577:
4393:
4293:
4170:
4140:
4125:
3283:
3071:
1106:
1028:
878:
800:
671:
429:
363:
200:
111:
897:
255:
arousal (Arousal is a physiological and psychological state of being awake or reactive to stimuli)
7199:
7064:
7035:
6826:
6689:
6550:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6187:
6079:
5902:
5876:
5477:
5447:
5369:
5301:
5289:
5190:
5186:
4469:
4363:
4303:
4026:
4006:
3510:
3479:
3210:
3106:
2548:
2297:
2007:
1973:
1856:
1806:
1719:
1377:
465:
300:
236:
5727:
7642:
7527:
7522:
7469:
7264:
7204:
7141:
7096:
7053:
7043:
7017:
6996:
6540:
6499:
6256:
6158:
5987:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5532:
5142:
5121:
4994:
4758:
4388:
4323:
4298:
4150:
4110:
3746:
3579:
3484:
3307:
3100:
2937:
2902:
2867:
2818:
2769:
2718:
2677:
2625:
2579:
2540:
2503:
2480:
2422:
2395:
2346:
2289:
2187:
2126:
2086:
1999:
1946:
1897:
1848:
1798:
1748:
1711:
1676:
1627:
1578:
1529:
1488:
1429:
1369:
1223:
837:
769:
697:
689:
450:
391:
374:
317:
2575:
2568:
2122:
2115:
1549:"Endocannabinoid-dependent regulation of feedforward inhibition in cerebellar Purkinje cells"
7686:
7569:
7505:
7445:
7377:
7341:
7091:
6775:
6658:
6523:
6284:
6110:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6031:
6026:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5992:
5975:
5965:
5897:
5828:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5777:
5749:
5731:
5723:
5718:
5668:
5649:
5616:
5611:
5452:
5436:
5427:
5281:
5266:
5257:
5252:
5245:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5207:
5195:
5116:
5108:
5080:
5071:
5057:
5052:
5039:
5034:
4884:
4855:
4784:
4680:
4613:
4429:
4313:
4240:
4155:
4036:
3986:
3569:
3363:
3278:
3032:
2929:
2894:
2857:
2849:
2808:
2800:
2759:
2749:
2708:
2667:
2659:
2615:
2532:
2470:
2460:
2385:
2377:
2336:
2328:
2279:
2146:
2076:
2068:
1991:
1936:
1928:
1887:
1840:
1790:
1703:
1666:
1658:
1617:
1609:
1568:
1560:
1519:
1478:
1468:
1419:
1411:
1361:
761:
719:
693:
401:
107:
7604:
7599:
7390:
6915:
6863:
6814:
6710:
6615:
6610:
6601:
6555:
6403:
5979:
5907:
5701:
5565:
5553:
5516:
5509:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5415:
5410:
5374:
5362:
5350:
5338:
5333:
5326:
5294:
5177:
5172:
5160:
5155:
5029:
5017:
5012:
5007:
4966:
4763:
4489:
4484:
4474:
4368:
4308:
4245:
4160:
4120:
4105:
4056:
4046:
4001:
3497:
3409:
3247:
3242:
3112:
3076:
3066:
3049:
1327:
efficacy of an evaluation method. /Editing User:Ngwinn/Neuromodulation - Knowledge (XXG)]
992:
972:
924:
874:
659:
558:
460:
231:
195:
127:
5066:
2600:
2072:
1987:
1464:
1357:
1249:
7510:
6971:
6605:
6328:
6279:
6142:
6134:
5866:
5861:
5772:
5601:
5581:
5271:
5202:
4896:
4703:
4573:
4542:
4454:
4424:
4353:
4328:
4318:
4165:
4145:
4135:
4021:
3941:
3836:
3710:
3189:
3044:
3027:
2862:
2837:
2813:
2788:
2764:
2737:
2672:
2647:
2620:
2475:
2448:
2390:
2365:
2341:
2316:
2081:
2056:
1941:
1916:
1671:
1646:
1622:
1597:
1573:
1548:
1424:
1415:
1399:
1190:
1126:
1023:
997:
845:
688:
The dopamine or dopaminergic system consists of several pathways, originating from the
645:
612:
538:
523:
518:
289:
90:
1483:
1448:
787:
7932:
7826:
7821:
7385:
7333:
6715:
6176:
6094:
6089:
5682:
5661:
5644:
5623:
5440:
5390:
4698:
4378:
4373:
4338:
4235:
4225:
4185:
4031:
3966:
3961:
3826:
3797:
3425:
3324:
3316:
3299:
3238:
2853:
2713:
2696:
1844:
1794:
1261:
667:
553:
528:
330:
258:
137:
82:
2552:
2536:
2301:
1995:
1860:
1723:
1272:
There are two main categories for neuromodulation therapy: chemical and electrical.
836:
allow reuptake of biogenic amine neurotransmitters from the synapse, but inhibit an
7895:
7788:
7663:
7329:
7292:
7073:
6981:
6854:
6762:
6586:
6481:
6410:
6246:
6219:
5214:
4978:
4923:
4688:
4684:
4464:
4459:
4343:
4175:
4100:
4051:
4041:
4016:
4011:
3981:
3915:
3841:
3773:
3404:
3270:
3253:
3008:
2804:
2011:
1876:"Orienting and reorienting: the locus coeruleus mediates cognition through arousal"
1810:
1613:
1564:
1381:
982:
977:
916:
445:
325:
274:
216:
102:
98:
94:
17:
703:
114:(CSF), influencing (or "modulating") the activity of several other neurons in the
2933:
2663:
2332:
1892:
1875:
1662:
1284:
7855:
7477:
7373:
7254:
7165:
6963:
6841:
6698:
6625:
6338:
6271:
6231:
6223:
5921:
4970:
4918:
4731:
4333:
4180:
3831:
3783:
3731:
3561:
3534:
3467:
3160:
3040:
1177:
1083:
957:
624:
618:
596:
502:
470:
379:
241:
206:
149:
2414:
1453:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4871:
4494:
4195:
3756:
3387:
3202:
2898:
2052:
1932:
1915:
O'Donnell J, Zeppenfeld D, McConnell E, Pena S, Nedergaard M (November 2012).
1038:
1018:
1008:
945:
940:
820:
47:
658:
The noradrenaline system consists of around 15,000 neurons, primarily in the
5504:
4901:
4635:
4439:
4130:
3768:
3741:
3396:
3346:
2465:
1524:
1507:
1473:
1195:
1149:
1073:
950:
841:
782:
757:
650:
629:
602:
508:
455:
340:
335:
226:
156:
145:
86:
78:
2941:
2906:
2871:
2822:
2773:
2722:
2681:
2629:
2544:
2484:
2426:
2399:
2350:
2293:
2284:
2267:
2090:
2003:
1950:
1901:
1707:
1680:
1631:
1582:
1533:
6875:
1852:
1802:
1715:
1492:
1433:
1373:
7437:
6907:
6694:
6303:
6251:
6120:
4693:
4650:
4348:
3790:
3763:
3726:
3437:
2381:
1185:
1048:
1043:
962:
932:
849:
765:
739:
735:
683:
570:
543:
475:
440:
435:
246:
221:
211:
141:
74:
2754:
2366:"Modes and models of forebrain cholinergic neuromodulation of cognition"
6730:
4675:
3061:
2789:"Influence of phasic and tonic dopamine release on receptor activation"
1219:
1141:
1136:
1121:
1116:
1111:
967:
743:
731:
663:
396:
164:
1978:
5656:
3778:
3574:
3143:
3023:
2977:
1365:
1172:
1154:
1101:
928:
753:
714:
is at least in part related to dropping out of dopaminergic cells in
575:
548:
345:
51:
4071:
6115:
3736:
2967:
1400:"Multiple mechanisms of bursting in a conditional bursting neuron"
1096:
896:
786:
702:
649:
406:
115:
64:
3679:
167:, are used very generally throughout the central nervous system.
3751:
749:
160:
7441:
6879:
6191:
4938:
4546:
3888:
3884:
3683:
2981:
2646:
Stern E, Fort TJ, Miller MW, Peskin CS, Brezina V (June 2007).
1293:
includes single pulse and repetitive transcranial stimulation.
865:
The cholinergic system consists of projection neurons from the
7260:
Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus
2787:
Dreyer JK, Herrik KF, Berg RW, Hounsgaard JD (October 2010).
807:(such as in the gut wall) serotonin regulates vascular tone.
73:
Major neuromodulators in the central nervous system include:
2574:. East Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton & Lang. pp.
2121:. East Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton & Lang. pp.
2449:"Structure, function, and modulation of GABA(A) receptors"
1647:"Neuromodulation of neuronal circuits: back to the future"
1393:
1391:
2838:"The Yin and Yang of dopamine release: a new perspective"
2701:
The
Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
1596:
Hashimotodani Y, Ohno-Shosaku T, Kano M (January 2007).
1302:
responses like inflammation, mood, and motor disorders.
2697:"Volume transmission in the brain: beyond the synapse"
155:
Most other neurotransmitters, on the other hand, e.g.
2736:
Castañeda-Hernández GC, Bach-y-Rita P (August 2003).
2234:"Irreversible Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors Revisited"
2648:"Decoding modulation of the neuromuscular transform"
7854:
7804:
7764:
7757:
7727:
7671:
7662:
7618:
7592:
7553:
7494:
7485:
7476:
7399:
7372:
7328:
7321:
7278:
7227:
7173:
7164:
7134:
7081:
7072:
7063:
7052:
7034:
7010:
6989:
6980:
6962:
6925:
6914:
6840:
6813:
6761:
6729:
6657:
6633:
6624:
6594:
6585:
6480:
6337:
6311:
6302:
6270:
6239:
6230:
6151:
6133:
6103:
6070:
5974:
5929:
5920:
5885:
5854:
5843:
5760:
5690:
5681:
5637:
5589:
5580:
5525:
5470:
5398:
5389:
5314:
5280:
5141:
5134:
5107:
4993:
4986:
4977:
4864:
4834:
4797:
4772:
4740:
4712:
4666:
4659:
4584:
4402:
4264:
4204:
4079:
3940:
3850:
3817:
3808:
3717:
3638:
3593:
3560:
3525:
3466:
3424:
3395:
3386:
3345:
3298:
3269:
3201:
3188:
3174:
3159:
3142:
3135:
3015:
2315:Picciotto MR, Higley MJ, Mineur YS (October 2012).
2266:Wimbiscus M, Kostenko O, Malone D (December 2010).
6175:Some categorizations are approximations, and some
2567:
2186:(19th ed.). Whitehouse Station, N.J.: Merck.
2114:
1267:Types of Neuromodulation Therapies and Treatments
718:, primarily the melanin-pigmented neurons in the
935:act at the receptors of these neurotransmitters.
2421:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
7453:
6891:
6203:
4950:
4558:
3900:
3695:
2993:
1741:Unless else specified in boxes, then ref is:
8:
4435:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
2027:"What is serotonin? What does serotonin do?"
2268:"MAO inhibitors: risks, benefits, and lore"
772:(MAO)-B and thus increases dopamine levels.
646:Norepinephrine § Norepinephrine system
7761:
7668:
7491:
7482:
7460:
7446:
7438:
7325:
7170:
7078:
7069:
7060:
6986:
6922:
6898:
6884:
6876:
6630:
6591:
6308:
6236:
6210:
6196:
6188:
5926:
5851:
5687:
5586:
5395:
5138:
4990:
4983:
4957:
4943:
4935:
4746:
4663:
4565:
4551:
4543:
3907:
3893:
3885:
3814:
3702:
3688:
3680:
3392:
3198:
3185:
3139:
3000:
2986:
2978:
2836:Goto Y, Otani S, Grace AA (October 2007).
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
670:is released from the neurons, and acts on
654:Skeletal formulae diagram of Noradrenaline
27:Regulation of neurons by neurotransmitters
7712:Descending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
6649:Posterior (sympathetic/heat conservation)
2861:
2812:
2763:
2753:
2738:"Volume transmission and pain perception"
2712:
2671:
2619:
2474:
2464:
2389:
2340:
2283:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2080:
1977:
1940:
1891:
1670:
1621:
1572:
1523:
1482:
1472:
1423:
1398:Harris-Warrick RM, Flamm RE (July 1987).
1222:in the brain expressing certain types of
742:, leaving these neurotransmitters in the
7697:Ascending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
2641:
2639:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1696:International Journal of Sports Medicine
1238:that occurs rapidly at single synapses.
1218:Neurotransmitter systems are systems of
169:
2447:Sigel E, Steinmann ME (November 2012).
2232:Bender KJ, Walker SE (8 October 2012).
1336:
817:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
752:prevents the conversion of tyrosine to
2973:Scolarpedia article on neuromodulation
2958:North American Neuromodulation Society
2364:Hasselmo ME, Sarter M (January 2011).
1737:
1735:
1733:
791:Skeletal formulae of Serotonin or 5-HT
707:Skeletal formulae diagram of Dopamine
684:Dopamine § Functions in the brain
2968:International Neuromodulation Society
2963:Neuromodulation and Neural Plasticity
2261:
2259:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
1506:Fortin DA, Levine ES (January 2007).
7:
6644:Anterior (parasympathetic/heat loss)
4525:
2887:Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology
2695:Taber KH, Hurley RA (January 2014).
2413:Allen MJ, Sabir S, Sharma S (2024).
2272:Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
2073:10.1146/annurev.med.60.042307.110802
1447:Klein M, Kandel ER (November 1980).
5867:Lateral (frontal+parietal+temporal)
4812:Transcription preinitiation complex
2453:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2057:"The expanded biology of serotonin"
1276:Electrical Neuromodulator Therapies
1146:Agouti-related protein homolog gene
4780:Signal transducing adaptor protein
3607:Angiotensin II receptor antagonist
3551:Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor
2240:. Psychiatric Times Vol 29 No 10.
2212:Merck Manuals Professional Edition
1874:Sara SJ, Bouret S (October 2012).
1416:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.07-07-02113.1987
496:pontomesencephalotegmental complex
25:
6683:Parvocellular neurosecretory cell
6678:Magnocellular neurosecretory cell
4415:Development of the nervous system
3498:Acetylcholine receptor antagonist
3260:Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
2608:Alcohol Health and Research World
760:prevents dopamine storage within
7121:Anterior trigeminothalamic tract
6566:Anterior trigeminothalamic tract
4524:
4513:
4512:
4070:
2854:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.07.007
2714:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.13110351
1059:Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone
38:Neuromodulation (disambiguation)
5961:Posterior parahippocampal gyrus
5903:Collateral (temporal+occipital)
3626:Vasopressin receptor antagonist
3540:Cannabinoid receptor antagonist
2922:Journal of Psychiatric Practice
2599:Froehlich JC (1 January 1997).
2537:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.02.003
1996:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.03.008
1297:Chemical Neuromodular Therapies
1069:Corticotropin Releasing Hormone
567:muscle and motor control system
7717:Medial longitudinal fasciculus
7702:Medial longitudinal fasciculus
7237:Rostromedial tegmental nucleus
6803:Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
5549:Secondary somatosensory cortex
5241:Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
3612:Endothelin receptor antagonist
3476:Acetylcholine receptor agonist
3235:Adrenergic receptor antagonist
2805:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1894-10.2010
2208:"Drug Treatment of Depression"
2180:"Drug Treatment of Depression"
1614:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4159-06.2007
1565:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4842-06.2007
871:laterodorsal tegmental nucleus
783:Serotonin § Gross anatomy
591:basal optic nucleus of Meynert
1:
7575:Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
6164:Poles of cerebral hemispheres
5898:Cingulate (frontal+cingulate)
4256:Social cognitive neuroscience
3444:Glutamate receptor antagonist
3360:Serotonin receptor antagonist
3313:Histamine receptor antagonist
3088:Negative allosteric modulator
3082:Positive allosteric modulator
1319:Natural neuroactive substance
1054:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
756:, the precursor to dopamine;
492:dorsolateral tegmental nuclei
140:(norepinephrine) system, the
7842:Inferior cerebellar peduncle
7638:Rostral ventromedial medulla
7407:Superior cerebellar peduncle
7280:Midbrain reticular formation
6319:Stria medullaris of thalamus
5537:Primary somatosensory cortex
4231:Molecular cellular cognition
3601:Adenosine reuptake inhibitor
3535:Cannabinoid receptor agonist
3454:Glutamate reuptake inhibitor
3373:Serotonin reuptake inhibitor
3284:Dopamine receptor antagonist
2934:10.1097/PRA.0000000000000218
2664:10.1016/j.neucom.2006.10.117
2570:Principles of Neural Science
2333:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.08.036
2117:Principles of Neural Science
1893:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.09.011
1845:10.1016/0361-9230(86)90134-6
1795:10.1016/0361-9230(89)90197-4
1663:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.09.010
834:Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
7580:Inferior salivatory nucleus
7109:Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers
6721:Suprachiasmatic (melatonin)
5629:Transverse occipital sulcus
4450:Neurodevelopmental disorder
4425:Neural network (biological)
4420:Neural network (artificial)
3289:Dopamine reuptake inhibitor
3211:Adrenergic receptor agonist
2793:The Journal of Neuroscience
1602:The Journal of Neuroscience
1553:The Journal of Neuroscience
1404:The Journal of Neuroscience
1014:Prolactin-releasing peptide
885:(mAChR) and the ionotropic
60:G-protein coupled receptors
7960:
7633:Arcuate nucleus of medulla
6324:Thalamic reticular nucleus
6041:Isthmus of cingulate gyrus
5862:Central (frontal+parietal)
5597:Occipital pole of cerebrum
3977:Computational neuroscience
3580:Opioid receptor antagonist
3434:Glutamate receptor agonist
3355:Serotonin receptor agonist
3308:Histamine receptor agonist
1208:central pattern generators
1165:Diazepam-binding inhibitor
1064:Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
780:
734:, for example, blocks the
681:
643:
311:tuberoinfundibular pathway
125:
34:Neuromodulation (medicine)
31:
7628:Ventral respiratory group
7610:Accessory cuneate nucleus
7305:Reticulotegmental nucleus
7245:
6172:
5698:Transverse temporal gyrus
5561:Posterior parietal cortex
4749:
4508:
4445:Neurodegenerative disease
4289:Evolutionary neuroscience
4068:
3922:
3810:Peripheral nervous system
3279:Dopamine receptor agonist
2899:10.1016/j.acn.2005.02.002
2742:TheScientificWorldJournal
2061:Annual Review of Medicine
1933:10.1007/s11064-012-0818-x
1645:Marder E (October 2012).
901:GABA nomenclature example
827:Tricyclic antidepressants
805:peripheral nervous system
564:
534:lateral reticular nucleus
483:
385:
353:
252:
191:
50:process by which a given
7794:Inferior olivary nucleus
7516:Dorsal respiratory group
7288:dorsal tegmental nucleus
7217:Edinger–Westphal nucleus
6860:Nuclei campi perizonalis
6786:Retinohypothalamic tract
5819:Inferior temporal sulcus
5740:Superior temporal sulcus
5423:Inferior parietal lobule
5406:Superior parietal lobule
5346:Supplementary motor area
4892:Neuroendocrine signaling
4410:Brain–computer interface
4359:Neuromorphic engineering
4284:Educational neuroscience
4191:Nutritional neuroscience
4096:Clinical neurophysiology
3992:Integrative neuroscience
3545:Endocannabinoid enhancer
3491:Cholinesterase inhibitor
3410:GABA receptor antagonist
2525:Progress in Neurobiology
1966:Progress in Neurobiology
1547:Good CH (January 2007).
867:pedunculopontine nucleus
696:as examples. It acts on
488:Pedunculopontine nucleus
320:at pathway terminations.
134:neurotransmitter systems
7812:Posterior median sulcus
7777:Anterior median fissure
7270:Interpeduncular nucleus
7002:Central tegmental tract
6781:Medial forebrain bundle
6711:Arcuate (dopamine/GHRH)
5824:Inferior temporal gyrus
5768:Occipitotemporal sulcus
5714:Superior temporal gyrus
5607:Lateral occipital gyrus
5358:Supplementary eye field
5099:Inferior frontal sulcus
5094:Superior frontal sulcus
4221:Behavioral neuroscience
3585:Enkephalinase inhibitor
3575:Opioid receptor agonist
3415:GABA reuptake inhibitor
3120:♦ Miscellaneous:
2466:10.1074/jbc.R112.386664
2370:Neuropsychopharmacology
1833:Brain Research Bulletin
1783:Brain Research Bulletin
1474:10.1073/pnas.77.11.6912
1314:5-HT2c receptor agonist
906:Gamma-aminobutyric acid
797:medial forebrain bundle
268:Lateral tegmental field
7918:Perihypoglossal nuclei
7229:Ventral tegmental area
6798:Mammillothalamic tract
6561:Subthalamic fasciculus
6495:Pallidothalamic tracts
6490:Mammillothalamic tract
6472:Interthalamic adhesion
6085:Fimbria of hippocampus
5151:Superior frontal gyrus
5049:Inferior frontal gyrus
5003:Superior frontal gyrus
4754:cAMP-dependent pathway
4216:Affective neuroscience
3997:Molecular neuroscience
3952:Behavioral epigenetics
3719:Central nervous system
3168:Ion channel modulators
2285:10.3949/ccjm.77a.09103
2182:. In Porter RS (ed.).
2151:emedicine.medscape.com
1921:Neurochemical Research
1708:10.1055/s-2007-1024619
1702:(Suppl 1): S141–S142.
1034:Bombesin-like peptides
1004:Pancreatic Polypeptide
902:
811:Serotonin pharmacology
792:
708:
655:
514:deep cerebellar nuclei
370:deep cerebellar nuclei
172:Neuromodulator systems
122:Neuromodulator systems
70:
36:. For other uses, see
7817:Posterolateral sulcus
7738:Olivocerebellar tract
7648:Pre-Bötzinger complex
7419:Interpeduncular fossa
7362:Temporopontine fibers
7126:Dentatothalamic tract
6825:is diencephalon, but
6546:Dentatothalamic tract
6505:Lenticular fasciculus
6467:Midline nuclear group
6072:Hippocampal formation
5931:Parahippocampal gyrus
5745:Middle temporal gyrus
4880:Synaptic transmission
4876:Neurocrine signaling
4799:Transcription factors
4646:PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway
4279:Cultural neuroscience
4274:Consumer neuroscience
4116:Neurogastroenterology
3972:Cellular neuroscience
3405:GABA receptor agonist
1525:10.1093/cercor/bhj133
1234:, in contrast to the
1202:Neuromuscular systems
1160:Metastasis-suppressor
900:
790:
781:Further information:
726:Dopamine pharmacology
706:
682:Further information:
653:
644:Further information:
306:nigrostriatal pathway
192:Noradrenaline system
68:
32:For the therapy, see
7782:Anterolateral sulcus
7357:Frontopontine fibers
7352:Corticopontine tract
6927:Corpora quadrigemina
6529:Trigeminal lemniscus
6290:Subcommissural organ
6262:Habenular commissure
6045:Retrosplenial cortex
5893:Longitudinal fissure
5785:Medial temporal lobe
5462:Intraparietal sulcus
5322:Primary motor cortex
5219:Orbitofrontal cortex
5168:Medial frontal gyrus
5025:Middle frontal gyrus
4251:Sensory neuroscience
4091:Behavioral neurology
4062:Systems neuroscience
2382:10.1038/npp.2010.104
1743:Rang, H. P. (2003).
883:muscarinic receptors
672:adrenergic receptors
640:Noradrenaline system
425:dorsal raphe nucleus
359:dorsal raphe nucleus
296:mesocortical pathway
201:Adrenergic receptors
7864:Reticular formation
7832:Hypoglossal trigone
7743:Rubro-olivary tract
7692:Juxtarestiform body
7682:Sensory decussation
7565:Hypoglossal nucleus
7347:Corticobulbar tract
7342:Corticospinal tract
7250:Periaqueductal gray
7147:Rubro-olivary tract
7116:Spinothalamic tract
7082:Sensory / ascending
6990:Sensory / ascending
6947:Superior colliculus
6935:Inferior colliculus
6850:Subthalamic nucleus
6668:posterior pituitary
6536:Spinothalamic tract
6510:Thalamic fasciculus
6022:Posterior cingulate
5432:Supramarginal gyrus
4909:Mechanotransduction
4897:Exocrine signalling
4704:Signaling molecules
4578:Signal transduction
4394:Social neuroscience
4294:Global neurosurgery
4171:Neurorehabilitation
4141:Neuro-ophthalmology
4126:Neurointensive care
3957:Behavioral genetics
3621:receptor antagonist
2799:(42): 14273–14283.
2755:10.1100/tsw.2003.53
2459:(48): 40224–40231.
2051:Berger M, Gray JA,
1988:2004q.bio.....1039S
1465:1980PNAS...77.6912K
1358:1985Natur.313..313D
1255:Phasic Transmission
1236:phasic transmission
1228:volume transmission
1214:Volume transmission
1107:Nerve Growth Factor
887:nicotinic receptors
879:volume transmission
801:serotonin receptors
712:Parkinson's disease
484:Cholinergic system
430:Serotonin receptors
380:spinal cordbehavior
364:Serotonin receptors
174:
112:cerebrospinal fluid
18:Volume transmission
7734:Descending tracts
7200:Oculomotor nucleus
7135:Motor / descending
7011:Motor / descending
6551:Acoustic radiation
6080:Hippocampal sulcus
6000:Anterior cingulate
5877:Preoccipital notch
5478:Paracentral lobule
5448:Parietal operculum
5370:Frontal eye fields
5302:Paracentral sulcus
5290:Paracentral lobule
5191:Paraolfactory area
5187:Paraterminal gyrus
4919:Ion channel gating
4651:Integrin receptors
4585:Signaling pathways
4470:Neuroimmune system
4364:Neurophenomenology
4304:Neural engineering
4027:Neuroendocrinology
4007:Neural engineering
3009:Pharmacomodulation
2707:(1): iv, 1-iv, 4.
2566:Kandel ER (1991).
2178:Coryell W (2016).
2113:Kandel ER (1991).
2031:Medical News Today
1242:Tonic Transmission
1232:tonic transmission
903:
861:Cholinergic system
793:
709:
698:dopamine receptors
656:
318:Dopamine receptors
301:mesolimbic pathway
170:
71:
7926:
7925:
7850:
7849:
7753:
7752:
7658:
7657:
7643:Botzinger complex
7588:
7587:
7528:Vestibular nuclei
7523:Gustatory nucleus
7435:
7434:
7431:
7430:
7427:
7426:
7317:
7316:
7313:
7312:
7265:Parabrachial area
7205:Trochlear nucleus
7160:
7159:
7142:Rubrospinal tract
7044:Cerebral aqueduct
7030:
7029:
7026:
7025:
7018:Tectospinal tract
6997:Spinotectal tract
6952:Superior brachium
6940:Inferior brachium
6873:
6872:
6836:
6835:
6757:
6756:
6581:
6580:
6573:Medullary laminae
6541:Lateral lemniscus
6500:Ansa lenticularis
6298:
6297:
6257:Habenular trigone
6185:
6184:
6129:
6128:
5954:Postrhinal cortex
5949:Perirhinal cortex
5944:Entorhinal cortex
5916:
5915:
5872:Parieto-occipital
5839:
5838:
5677:
5676:
5576:
5575:
5533:Postcentral gyrus
5385:
5384:
5310:
5309:
5130:
5129:
5122:Precentral sulcus
5085:Pars triangularis
4932:
4931:
4914:Phototransduction
4872:Intracrine action
4830:
4829:
4793:
4792:
4681:Neurotransmitters
4540:
4539:
4389:Paleoneurobiology
4324:Neuroepistemology
4299:Neuroanthropology
4265:Interdisciplinary
4151:Neuropharmacology
4111:Neuroepidemiology
3882:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3634:
3633:
3462:
3461:
3382:
3381:
3152:Enzyme inhibition
2842:Neuropharmacology
2658:(10): 1753–1758.
2601:"Opioid peptides"
2585:978-0-8385-8034-9
2509:978-1-64496-496-5
2238:Psychiatric Times
2193:978-0-911910-19-3
2132:978-0-8385-8034-9
1927:(11): 2496–2512.
1754:978-0-443-07145-4
1459:(11): 6912–6916.
1352:(6000): 313–316.
1268:
1224:neurotransmitters
770:monoamine oxidase
716:deep-brain nuclei
690:ventral tegmentum
637:
636:
576:short-term memory
451:nucleus accumbens
375:cerebellar cortex
354:Serotonin system
16:(Redirected from
7951:
7762:
7687:Medial lemniscus
7669:
7570:Nucleus ambiguus
7558:
7506:Solitary nucleus
7499:
7492:
7483:
7462:
7455:
7448:
7439:
7378:Substantia nigra
7326:
7171:
7079:
7070:
7061:
6987:
6923:
6900:
6893:
6886:
6877:
6776:Stria terminalis
6631:
6592:
6524:Medial lemniscus
6309:
6285:Habenular nuclei
6237:
6212:
6205:
6198:
6189:
6111:Indusium griseum
5976:Cingulate cortex
5966:Prepyriform area
5927:
5852:
5732:Planum temporale
5688:
5669:Calcarine sulcus
5587:
5396:
5267:Olfactory sulcus
5253:Subcallosal area
5139:
5117:Precentral gyrus
5076:Pars opercularis
4991:
4984:
4959:
4952:
4945:
4936:
4885:Chemical synapse
4785:Scaffold protein
4747:
4742:Second messenger
4668:Receptor ligands
4664:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4544:
4528:
4527:
4516:
4515:
4430:Detection theory
4314:Neurocriminology
4241:Neurolinguistics
4156:Neuroprosthetics
4074:
4037:Neuroinformatics
3987:Imaging genetics
3909:
3902:
3895:
3886:
3815:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3681:
3651:Enzyme cofactors
3570:Opioid modulator
3527:Cannabinoidergic
3393:
3199:
3186:
3140:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2979:
2946:
2945:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2865:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2816:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2767:
2757:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2716:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2675:
2643:
2634:
2633:
2623:
2605:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2573:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2500:Dynamics of Pain
2498:Sorge R (2020).
2495:
2489:
2488:
2478:
2468:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2393:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2344:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2287:
2263:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2184:The Merck Manual
2175:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2120:
2110:
2095:
2094:
2084:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2022:
2016:
2015:
1981:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1895:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1828:
1815:
1814:
1778:
1759:
1758:
1739:
1728:
1727:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1674:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1625:
1608:(5): 1211–1219.
1593:
1587:
1586:
1576:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1527:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1486:
1476:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1427:
1410:(7): 2113–2128.
1395:
1386:
1385:
1366:10.1038/313313a0
1341:
1266:
1127:Neuropeptide B/W
973:Cholecystokinins
819:(SSRIs) such as
777:Serotonin system
720:substantia nigra
694:substantia nigra
402:body temperature
283:Dopamine system
175:
148:system, and the
108:neurotransmitter
21:
7959:
7958:
7954:
7953:
7952:
7950:
7949:
7948:
7944:Neurophysiology
7929:
7928:
7927:
7922:
7869:Gigantocellular
7846:
7837:Medial eminence
7800:
7749:
7723:
7654:
7614:
7605:Cuneate nucleus
7600:Gracile nucleus
7584:
7554:
7549:
7495:
7472:
7468:Anatomy of the
7466:
7436:
7423:
7395:
7391:Pars reticulata
7368:
7309:
7274:
7241:
7223:
7156:
7130:
7056:
7048:
7022:
7006:
6976:
6958:
6918:
6910:
6906:Anatomy of the
6904:
6874:
6869:
6864:Fields of Forel
6832:
6809:
6753:
6725:
6716:Preoptic (GnRH)
6673:Paraventricular
6653:
6620:
6611:Mammillary body
6602:Median eminence
6577:
6556:Optic radiation
6476:
6404:Pulvinar nuclei
6342:
6333:
6294:
6266:
6226:
6218:Anatomy of the
6216:
6186:
6181:
6168:
6147:
6125:
6099:
6066:
5970:
5912:
5908:Callosal sulcus
5886:Medial/inferior
5881:
5846:
5835:
5761:Medial/inferior
5756:
5728:Wernicke's area
5702:Auditory cortex
5673:
5638:Medial/inferior
5633:
5572:
5521:
5517:Marginal sulcus
5471:Medial/inferior
5466:
5381:
5334:Premotor cortex
5306:
5276:
5135:Medial/inferior
5126:
5103:
4973:
4967:cerebral cortex
4965:Anatomy of the
4963:
4933:
4928:
4860:
4826:
4789:
4768:
4764:Lipid signaling
4736:
4708:
4655:
4580:
4571:
4541:
4536:
4504:
4490:Neurotechnology
4485:Neuroplasticity
4480:Neuromodulation
4475:Neuromanagement
4398:
4369:Neurophilosophy
4266:
4260:
4246:Neuropsychology
4207:
4200:
4161:Neuropsychiatry
4121:Neuroimmunology
4106:Neurocardiology
4082:
4075:
4066:
4057:Neurophysiology
4047:Neuromorphology
4002:Neural decoding
3943:
3936:
3918:
3913:
3883:
3874:
3865:Parasympathetic
3846:
3804:
3713:
3708:
3678:
3669:
3630:
3620:
3589:
3556:
3521:
3458:
3420:
3378:
3367:
3341:
3336:
3328:
3320:
3294:
3265:
3179:
3170:
3155:
3131:
3077:Inverse agonist
3067:Partial agonist
3011:
3006:
2954:
2949:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2645:
2644:
2637:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2502:. Great River.
2497:
2496:
2492:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2429:
2415:"GABA Receptor"
2412:
2411:
2407:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2278:(12): 859–882.
2265:
2264:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2177:
2176:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2112:
2111:
2098:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2019:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1830:
1829:
1818:
1780:
1779:
1762:
1755:
1742:
1740:
1731:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1512:Cerebral Cortex
1505:
1504:
1500:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1310:
1270:
1216:
1204:
993:Neuropeptide FF
925:Opioid peptides
914:
895:
875:basal forebrain
863:
813:
785:
779:
728:
686:
680:
678:Dopamine system
660:locus coeruleus
648:
642:
559:basal forebrain
461:cingulate gyrus
232:cingulate gyrus
196:Locus coeruleus
130:
128:Neural pathways
124:
44:Neuromodulation
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7957:
7955:
7947:
7946:
7941:
7939:Neurochemistry
7931:
7930:
7924:
7923:
7921:
7920:
7915:
7914:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7893:
7892:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7860:
7858:
7852:
7851:
7848:
7847:
7845:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7808:
7806:
7802:
7801:
7799:
7798:
7797:
7796:
7786:
7785:
7784:
7779:
7768:
7766:
7759:
7755:
7754:
7751:
7750:
7748:
7747:
7746:
7745:
7740:
7731:
7729:
7725:
7724:
7722:
7721:
7720:
7719:
7714:
7706:
7705:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7675:
7673:
7666:
7660:
7659:
7656:
7655:
7653:
7652:
7651:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7622:
7620:
7616:
7615:
7613:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7596:
7594:
7590:
7589:
7586:
7585:
7583:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7561:
7559:
7551:
7550:
7548:
7547:
7546:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7525:
7520:
7519:
7518:
7513:
7502:
7500:
7489:
7487:Cranial nuclei
7480:
7474:
7473:
7467:
7465:
7464:
7457:
7450:
7442:
7433:
7432:
7429:
7428:
7425:
7424:
7422:
7421:
7416:
7415:
7414:
7403:
7401:
7397:
7396:
7394:
7393:
7388:
7382:
7380:
7370:
7369:
7367:
7366:
7365:
7364:
7359:
7349:
7344:
7338:
7336:
7323:
7319:
7318:
7315:
7314:
7311:
7310:
7308:
7307:
7302:
7301:
7300:
7290:
7284:
7282:
7276:
7275:
7273:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7246:
7243:
7242:
7240:
7239:
7233:
7231:
7225:
7224:
7222:
7221:
7220:
7219:
7209:
7208:
7207:
7202:
7192:
7191:
7190:
7179:
7177:
7175:cranial nuclei
7168:
7162:
7161:
7158:
7157:
7155:
7154:
7152:Descending MLF
7149:
7144:
7138:
7136:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7112:
7111:
7101:
7100:
7099:
7094:
7085:
7083:
7076:
7067:
7058:
7050:
7049:
7047:
7046:
7040:
7038:
7032:
7031:
7028:
7027:
7024:
7023:
7021:
7020:
7014:
7012:
7008:
7007:
7005:
7004:
6999:
6993:
6991:
6984:
6978:
6977:
6975:
6974:
6972:Pretectal area
6968:
6966:
6960:
6959:
6957:
6956:
6955:
6954:
6944:
6943:
6942:
6931:
6929:
6920:
6912:
6911:
6905:
6903:
6902:
6895:
6888:
6880:
6871:
6870:
6868:
6867:
6857:
6852:
6846:
6844:
6838:
6837:
6834:
6833:
6831:
6830:
6819:
6817:
6811:
6810:
6808:
6807:
6806:
6805:
6800:
6790:
6789:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6767:
6765:
6759:
6758:
6755:
6754:
6752:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6735:
6733:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6704:
6703:
6702:
6701:
6687:
6686:
6685:
6680:
6663:
6661:
6655:
6654:
6652:
6651:
6646:
6640:
6638:
6628:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6606:Tuber cinereum
6598:
6596:
6589:
6583:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6575:
6569:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6532:
6531:
6526:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6492:
6486:
6484:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6463:
6462:
6452:
6443:
6442:
6441:
6440:
6439:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6418:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6386:
6385:
6384:
6371:
6357:
6348:
6346:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6331:
6329:Taenia thalami
6326:
6321:
6315:
6313:
6306:
6300:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6280:Pretectal area
6276:
6274:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6243:
6241:
6234:
6228:
6227:
6217:
6215:
6214:
6207:
6200:
6192:
6183:
6182:
6177:Brodmann areas
6173:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6161:
6155:
6153:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6143:Insular cortex
6139:
6137:
6135:Insular cortex
6131:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6107:
6105:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6076:
6074:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6064:
6063:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6037:
6036:
6035:
6034:
6029:
6019:
6018:
6017:
6012:
6007:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5988:Subgenual area
5984:
5982:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5957:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5935:
5933:
5924:
5918:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5889:
5887:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5858:
5856:
5849:
5847:sulci/fissures
5841:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5821:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5782:
5781:
5780:
5773:Fusiform gyrus
5770:
5764:
5762:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5752:
5742:
5737:
5736:
5735:
5721:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5694:
5692:
5685:
5679:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5665:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5653:
5652:
5641:
5639:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5620:
5619:
5614:
5604:
5602:Occipital gyri
5599:
5593:
5591:
5584:
5582:Occipital lobe
5578:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5568:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5529:
5527:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5514:
5513:
5512:
5502:
5501:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5474:
5472:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5434:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5413:
5402:
5400:
5393:
5387:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5286:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5272:Orbital sulcus
5269:
5263:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5212:
5211:
5210:
5203:Straight gyrus
5200:
5199:
5198:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5147:
5145:
5136:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5119:
5113:
5111:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5101:
5096:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5078:
5064:
5062:Pars orbitalis
5055:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5010:
4999:
4997:
4988:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4954:
4947:
4939:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4894:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4874:
4868:
4866:
4865:Other concepts
4862:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4844:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4803:
4801:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4782:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4750:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4718:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4699:Growth factors
4696:
4691:
4678:
4672:
4670:
4661:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4601:
4596:
4594:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4581:
4574:Cell signaling
4572:
4570:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4547:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4522:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4500:Self-awareness
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4455:Neurodiversity
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4354:Neuromarketing
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4329:Neuroesthetics
4326:
4321:
4319:Neuroeconomics
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4270:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4212:
4210:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4166:Neuroradiology
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4146:Neuropathology
4143:
4138:
4136:Neuro-oncology
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4087:
4085:
4077:
4076:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4022:Neurochemistry
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3948:
3946:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3889:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3837:Cranial nerves
3834:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3766:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3734:
3729:
3723:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3711:Nervous system
3709:
3707:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3684:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3655:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3513:
3504:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3482:
3472:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3441:
3430:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3412:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3370:
3365:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3310:
3304:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3232:
3226:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3196:
3183:
3172:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3148:
3146:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3117:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3092:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2953:
2952:External links
2950:
2948:
2947:
2928:(2): 134–140.
2912:
2893:(4): 419–426.
2877:
2848:(5): 583–587.
2828:
2779:
2728:
2687:
2652:Neurocomputing
2635:
2614:(2): 132–136.
2591:
2584:
2558:
2515:
2508:
2490:
2439:
2405:
2356:
2327:(1): 116–129.
2307:
2255:
2224:
2199:
2192:
2163:
2138:
2131:
2096:
2043:
2017:
1972:(6): 399–415.
1956:
1907:
1886:(1): 130–141.
1866:
1839:(5): 603–637.
1816:
1789:(6): 519–540.
1760:
1753:
1729:
1686:
1637:
1588:
1539:
1518:(1): 163–174.
1498:
1439:
1387:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1321:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1269:
1264:
1215:
1212:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1024:Adrenomedullin
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
998:Neuropeptide Y
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
954:
953:
948:
943:
937:
936:
913:
910:
894:
891:
862:
859:
854:
853:
831:
824:
812:
809:
778:
775:
774:
773:
747:
727:
724:
679:
676:
641:
638:
635:
634:
633:
632:
627:
615:
613:septal nucleus
608:
607:
606:
605:
593:
587:
586:
585:
584:
581:
578:
573:
568:
563:
562:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
539:inferior olive
536:
531:
526:
524:locus ceruleus
521:
519:pontine nuclei
516:
511:
499:
485:
481:
480:
479:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
427:
420:
419:
418:
417:
411:
410:
409:
404:
399:
394:
384:
383:
382:
377:
372:
361:
355:
351:
350:
349:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
321:
315:
314:
313:
308:
303:
298:
284:
280:
279:
278:
277:
270:
264:
263:
262:
261:
256:
251:
250:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
198:
193:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
123:
120:
97:, and several
91:norepinephrine
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7956:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7936:
7934:
7919:
7916:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7898:
7897:
7894:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7874:Parvocellular
7872:
7870:
7867:
7866:
7865:
7862:
7861:
7859:
7857:
7853:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7827:Vagal trigone
7825:
7823:
7822:Area postrema
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7809:
7807:
7803:
7795:
7792:
7791:
7790:
7787:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7774:
7773:
7770:
7769:
7767:
7763:
7760:
7756:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7735:
7733:
7732:
7730:
7726:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7709:
7707:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7679:
7677:
7676:
7674:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7661:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7625:
7624:
7623:
7621:
7617:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7597:
7595:
7591:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7552:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7530:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7508:
7507:
7504:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7475:
7471:
7463:
7458:
7456:
7451:
7449:
7444:
7443:
7440:
7420:
7417:
7413:
7410:
7409:
7408:
7405:
7404:
7402:
7398:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7386:Pars compacta
7384:
7383:
7381:
7379:
7375:
7371:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7354:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7335:
7334:Cerebral crus
7331:
7327:
7324:
7320:
7306:
7303:
7299:
7296:
7295:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7285:
7283:
7281:
7277:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7247:
7244:
7238:
7235:
7234:
7232:
7230:
7226:
7218:
7215:
7214:
7213:
7210:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7197:
7196:
7193:
7189:
7188:Mesencephalic
7186:
7185:
7184:
7181:
7180:
7178:
7176:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7163:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7139:
7137:
7133:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7105:
7104:Ascending MLF
7102:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7086:
7084:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7062:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7037:
7033:
7019:
7016:
7015:
7013:
7009:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6979:
6973:
6970:
6969:
6967:
6965:
6961:
6953:
6950:
6949:
6948:
6945:
6941:
6938:
6937:
6936:
6933:
6932:
6930:
6928:
6924:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6901:
6896:
6894:
6889:
6887:
6882:
6881:
6878:
6865:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6847:
6845:
6843:
6839:
6828:
6824:
6821:
6820:
6818:
6816:
6812:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6794:
6791:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6772:
6769:
6768:
6766:
6764:
6760:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6736:
6734:
6732:
6728:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6706:
6705:
6700:
6696:
6693:
6692:
6691:
6688:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6675:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6665:
6664:
6662:
6660:
6656:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6623:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6584:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6497:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6483:
6479:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6412:
6409:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6391:
6390:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6345:
6340:
6336:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6301:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6273:
6269:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6213:
6208:
6206:
6201:
6199:
6194:
6193:
6190:
6180:
6178:
6171:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6150:
6144:
6141:
6140:
6138:
6136:
6132:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6102:
6096:
6095:Rhinal sulcus
6093:
6091:
6090:Dentate gyrus
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6073:
6069:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6046:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6023:
6020:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5998:
5994:
5991:
5990:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5919:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5884:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5855:Superolateral
5853:
5850:
5848:
5842:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5783:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5759:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5712:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5703:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5691:Superolateral
5689:
5686:
5684:
5683:Temporal lobe
5680:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5663:
5662:Lingual gyrus
5660:
5658:
5655:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5645:Visual cortex
5643:
5642:
5640:
5636:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5624:Lunate sulcus
5622:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5590:Superolateral
5588:
5585:
5583:
5579:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5559:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5550:
5547:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5524:
5518:
5515:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5506:
5503:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5469:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5446:
5442:
5441:Angular gyrus
5438:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5399:Superolateral
5397:
5394:
5392:
5391:Parietal lobe
5388:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5368:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5356:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5344:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5303:
5300:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5279:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5216:
5213:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5204:
5201:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5166:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5140:
5137:
5133:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5023:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4989:
4987:Superolateral
4985:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4960:
4955:
4953:
4948:
4946:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4727:Intracellular
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4689:Neurohormones
4686:
4685:Neuropeptides
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4662:
4658:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4636:Fas apoptosis
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4568:
4563:
4561:
4556:
4554:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4533:
4532:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4384:Neurotheology
4382:
4380:
4379:Neurorobotics
4377:
4375:
4374:Neuropolitics
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4339:Neuroethology
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4236:Motor control
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4226:Chronobiology
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4203:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4186:Neurovirology
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4078:
4073:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4032:Neurogenetics
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3967:Brain-reading
3965:
3963:
3962:Brain mapping
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3939:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3910:
3905:
3903:
3898:
3896:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3827:Sensory nerve
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3799:
3798:Limbic system
3796:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3705:
3700:
3698:
3693:
3691:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:Miscellaneous
3637:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3426:Glutamatergic
3423:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3331:
3329:
3323:
3321:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3300:Histaminergic
3297:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3003:
2998:
2996:
2991:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2832:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2592:
2587:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2571:
2562:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2225:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2044:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1979:q-bio/0401039
1975:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1750:
1746:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1340:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1132:Neurexophilin
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
938:
934:
930:
926:
923:
922:
921:
918:
917:Neuropeptides
912:Neuropeptides
911:
909:
907:
899:
892:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
860:
858:
851:
847:
846:noradrenaline
843:
839:
835:
832:
828:
825:
822:
818:
815:
814:
810:
808:
806:
802:
798:
789:
784:
776:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
748:
745:
741:
737:
733:
730:
729:
725:
723:
721:
717:
713:
705:
701:
699:
695:
691:
685:
677:
675:
673:
669:
668:Noradrenaline
665:
661:
652:
647:
639:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
620:
616:
614:
610:
609:
604:
601:
600:
598:
594:
592:
589:
588:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
566:
565:
560:
557:
555:
554:basal ganglia
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
529:raphe nucleus
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
504:
500:
497:
493:
489:
486:
482:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
433:
431:
428:
426:
422:
421:
416:
412:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
389:
387:
386:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
365:
362:
360:
356:
352:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
331:reward system
329:
327:
324:
323:
322:
319:
316:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
291:
288:
285:
282:
281:
276:
273:
272:
271:
269:
266:
265:
260:
259:reward system
257:
254:
253:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
190:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
138:noradrenaline
135:
129:
121:
119:
117:
113:
109:
104:
100:
99:neuropeptides
96:
92:
88:
84:
83:acetylcholine
80:
76:
67:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:physiological
45:
39:
35:
30:
19:
7896:Raphe nuclei
7664:White matter
7555:
7496:
7293:Raphe nuclei
7074:White matter
6982:White matter
6855:Zona incerta
6829:is glandular
6792:
6770:
6763:White matter
6744:Ventromedial
6707:
6666:
6616:Infundibulum
6587:Hypothalamus
6516:
6482:White matter
6460:Centromedian
6455:Intralaminar
6446:
6411:Metathalamus
6351:
6247:Pineal gland
6220:diencephalon
6174:
5938:
5215:Orbital gyri
5067:Broca's area
4979:Frontal lobe
4924:Gap junction
4759:Ca signaling
4722:Cell surface
4529:
4517:
4479:
4465:Neuroimaging
4460:Neurogenesis
4344:Neurohistory
4309:Neurobiotics
4208:neuroscience
4176:Neurosurgery
4101:Epileptology
4083:neuroscience
4052:Neurophysics
4042:Neurometrics
4017:Neurobiology
4012:Neuroanatomy
3982:Connectomics
3916:Neuroscience
3842:Spinal nerve
3774:Diencephalon
3661:
3649:
3347:Serotonergic
3271:Dopaminergic
3150:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2845:
2841:
2831:
2796:
2792:
2782:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2704:
2700:
2690:
2655:
2651:
2611:
2607:
2594:
2569:
2561:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2499:
2493:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2430:. Retrieved
2418:
2408:
2376:(1): 52–73.
2373:
2369:
2359:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2275:
2271:
2246:. Retrieved
2241:
2237:
2227:
2215:. Retrieved
2211:
2202:
2183:
2154:. Retrieved
2150:
2141:
2116:
2064:
2060:
2046:
2034:. Retrieved
2030:
2025:McIntosh J.
2020:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1836:
1832:
1786:
1782:
1745:Pharmacology
1744:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1605:
1601:
1591:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1407:
1403:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1323:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1205:
1191:Nucleibindin
983:Cortistatins
978:Somatostatin
915:
904:
864:
855:
799:and acts on
794:
744:synaptic gap
710:
687:
666:-pigmented.
657:
619:M1 receptors
597:M1 receptors
503:M1 receptors
495:
446:hypothalamus
326:motor system
275:hypothalamus
217:hypothalamus
171:
154:
144:system, the
131:
103:Cannabinoids
95:nitric oxide
72:
56:metabotropic
43:
42:
29:
7478:Grey matter
7412:Decussation
7255:Red nucleus
7166:Grey matter
6964:Grey matter
6842:Subthalamus
6749:Dorsomedial
6699:vasopressin
6626:Grey matter
6339:Grey matter
6272:Grey matter
6232:Epithalamus
6224:human brain
5922:Limbic lobe
4971:human brain
4835:By distance
4773:Assistants:
4732:Co-receptor
4334:Neuroethics
4181:Neurotology
3860:Sympathetic
3832:Motor nerve
3784:Optic nerve
3732:Spinal cord
3663:Amino acids
3562:Opioidergic
3468:Cholinergic
3181:transporter
3161:Ion channel
3097:Transporter
3041:Ion channel
2748:: 677–683.
2067:: 355–366.
1657:(1): 1–11.
1178:Adiponectin
1169:Cerebellins
1089:Neuromedins
1084:Substance P
1029:Natriuretic
958:Vasopressin
946:Enkephalins
746:for longer.
625:hippocampus
471:hippocampus
415:nociception
242:hippocampus
207:spinal cord
150:cholinergic
7933:Categories
7889:Paramedian
6690:Supraoptic
6179:span gyri.
5845:Interlobar
5542:3, 1 and 2
5282:Precentral
5143:Prefrontal
5109:Precentral
4995:Prefrontal
4902:Pheromones
4842:Juxtacrine
4495:Neurotoxin
4196:Psychiatry
3757:Cerebellum
3511:Ganglionic
3502:Muscarinic
3480:Muscarinic
3203:Adrenergic
3072:Antagonist
2531:: 101607.
2419:StatPearls
2248:7 November
2217:7 November
2156:7 November
1559:(1): 1–3.
1332:References
1039:Endothelin
1019:Calcitonin
1009:Peptide YY
951:Dynorphins
941:Endorphins
821:fluoxetine
132:The major
126:See also:
7556:efferent:
7497:afferent:
7088:Lemnisci
7065:Tegmentum
7057:(Ventral)
6823:Posterior
6815:Pituitary
6659:Endocrine
6635:Autonomic
6159:Operculum
5707:41 and 42
5505:Precuneus
4856:Endocrine
4851:Paracrine
4847:Autocrine
4714:Receptors
4694:Cytokines
4440:Neurochip
4206:Cognitive
4131:Neurology
3852:Autonomic
3769:Forebrain
3742:Hindbrain
3658:Precursor
3507:Nicotinic
3485:Nicotinic
3397:GABAergic
3122:Precursor
3107:Inhibitor
3033:Inhibitor
1196:Ubiquitin
1150:Prolactin
1079:Urotensin
1074:Urocortin
988:RF-amides
842:serotonin
803:. In the
768:inhibits
758:reserpine
630:neocortex
617:(mainly)
603:neocortex
595:(mainly)
509:brainstem
501:(mainly)
456:neocortex
413:decrease
388:behavior
341:endocrine
336:cognition
227:neocortex
157:glutamate
146:serotonin
87:histamine
79:serotonin
7911:Pallidus
7901:Obscurus
7678:Sensory
7543:Inferior
7054:Peduncle
6919:(Dorsal)
6908:midbrain
6827:anterior
6793:efferent
6771:afferent
6695:oxytocin
6447:midline:
6304:Thalamus
6252:Habenula
6121:Amygdala
5939:anterior
4676:Hormones
4626:JAK-STAT
4614:MAPK/ERK
4609:TGF beta
4519:Category
4403:Concepts
4349:Neurolaw
4081:Clinical
3791:Cerebrum
3764:Midbrain
3727:Meninges
3646:Cofactor
3516:Muscular
3176:Receptor
3127:Cofactor
3113:Releaser
3101:Enhancer
3095:♦
3058:Receptor
3056:♦
3039:♦
3022:♦
2942:28291039
2907:15896556
2872:17709119
2823:20962248
2774:12920309
2723:24515717
2682:19763188
2630:15704349
2553:84846652
2545:30905728
2485:23038269
2427:30252380
2400:20668433
2351:23040810
2302:33761576
2294:21147941
2091:19630576
2055:(2009).
2036:12 April
2004:15177784
1951:22717696
1902:23040811
1861:39665815
1724:36276472
1681:23040802
1632:17267577
1583:17205618
1534:16467564
1308:See also
1186:Resistin
1182:Visfatin
1049:Secretin
1044:Glucagon
963:Oxytocin
933:morphine
850:dopamine
830:effects.
766:deprenyl
762:vesicles
740:dopamine
736:reuptake
571:learning
544:thalamus
476:amygdala
466:cingulum
441:striatum
436:thalamus
423:rostral
290:pathways
287:Dopamine
247:amygdala
237:cingulum
222:striatum
212:thalamus
187:Effects
142:dopamine
136:are the
75:dopamine
7884:Lateral
7879:Ventral
7772:Pyramid
7758:Surface
7728:Ventral
7619:Ventral
7533:Lateral
7470:medulla
7400:Surface
7097:Lateral
6739:Lateral
6731:Emotion
6595:Surface
6389:Lateral
6360:Ventral
6352:paired:
6312:Surface
6240:Surface
6222:of the
6152:General
4969:of the
4807:General
4631:Akt/PKB
4531:Commons
3944:science
3932:History
3927:Outline
3870:Enteric
3819:Somatic
3747:Medulla
3603:(AdoRI)
3553:(eCBRI)
3136:Classes
3062:Agonist
3050:Blocker
3028:Inducer
2863:2078202
2814:6634758
2765:5974734
2673:2745187
2621:6826828
2576:872–873
2476:3504738
2432:27 June
2391:2992803
2342:3466476
2123:872–873
2082:5864293
2053:Roth BL
2012:9353254
1984:Bibcode
1942:3548657
1853:3742247
1811:4721282
1803:2611694
1716:1483754
1672:3482119
1623:6673197
1574:6672293
1493:6256770
1461:Bibcode
1434:3112322
1425:6568948
1382:4230710
1374:2578617
1354:Bibcode
1220:neurons
1142:Relaxin
1137:Insulin
1122:Galanin
1117:Ghrelin
1112:Motilin
968:Gastrin
732:Cocaine
664:melanin
611:medial
580:arousal
397:satiety
357:caudal
184:Targets
165:glycine
46:is the
7906:Magnus
7708:Motor
7672:Dorsal
7593:Dorsal
7538:Medial
7298:dorsal
7092:Medial
6916:Tectum
6708:other:
6436:K cell
6431:M cell
6426:P cell
6344:nuclei
5657:Cuneus
4660:Agents
4267:fields
3779:Retina
3547:(eCBE)
3144:Enzyme
3045:Opener
3024:Enzyme
2940:
2905:
2870:
2860:
2821:
2811:
2772:
2762:
2721:
2680:
2670:
2628:
2618:
2582:
2551:
2543:
2506:
2483:
2473:
2425:
2398:
2388:
2349:
2339:
2321:Neuron
2300:
2292:
2190:
2129:
2089:
2079:
2010:
2002:
1949:
1939:
1900:
1880:Neuron
1859:
1851:
1809:
1801:
1751:
1722:
1714:
1679:
1669:
1651:Neuron
1630:
1620:
1581:
1571:
1532:
1491:
1484:350401
1481:
1432:
1422:
1380:
1372:
1346:Nature
1173:Leptin
1155:Apelin
1102:Granin
1093:Tensin
929:heroin
873:, and
838:enzyme
764:; and
754:L-DOPA
583:reward
549:tectum
346:nausea
181:Origin
178:System
52:neuron
7789:Olive
7765:Front
7511:tract
7330:White
6637:zones
6116:Uncus
6104:Other
5980:gyrus
4822:TFIIH
4817:TFIID
4641:Hippo
4621:Notch
3942:Basic
3737:Brain
3660:(see
3648:(see
3594:Other
3417:(GRI)
3375:(SRI)
3291:(DRI)
3262:(NRI)
3178:&
3090:(NAM)
3084:(PAM)
3016:Types
2604:(PDF)
2549:S2CID
2298:S2CID
2008:S2CID
1974:arXiv
1857:S2CID
1807:S2CID
1720:S2CID
1378:S2CID
1097:Kinin
407:sleep
116:brain
7856:Grey
7805:Back
7374:Grey
7322:Base
6518:PCML
5526:Both
5315:Both
4592:GPCR
3752:Pons
3448:NMDA
3438:AMPA
3364:5-HT
3166:See
3149:see
3115:(RA)
3109:(RI)
3103:(RE)
2938:PMID
2903:PMID
2868:PMID
2819:PMID
2770:PMID
2719:PMID
2678:PMID
2626:PMID
2580:ISBN
2541:PMID
2504:ISBN
2481:PMID
2434:2024
2423:PMID
2396:PMID
2347:PMID
2290:PMID
2250:2016
2244:(10)
2219:2016
2188:ISBN
2158:2016
2127:ISBN
2087:PMID
2038:2015
2000:PMID
1947:PMID
1898:PMID
1849:PMID
1799:PMID
1749:ISBN
1712:PMID
1677:PMID
1628:PMID
1579:PMID
1530:PMID
1489:PMID
1430:PMID
1370:PMID
931:and
893:GABA
848:and
750:AMPT
621:in:
599:in:
505:in:
490:and
432:in:
392:mood
366:in:
203:in:
163:and
161:GABA
7212:GVE
7195:GSE
7183:GSA
7036:CSF
6382:VPL
6378:VPM
4604:RTK
4599:Wnt
2930:doi
2895:doi
2858:PMC
2850:doi
2809:PMC
2801:doi
2760:PMC
2750:doi
2709:doi
2668:PMC
2660:doi
2616:PMC
2533:doi
2529:179
2471:PMC
2461:doi
2457:287
2386:PMC
2378:doi
2337:PMC
2329:doi
2280:doi
2077:PMC
2069:doi
1992:doi
1937:PMC
1929:doi
1888:doi
1841:doi
1791:doi
1704:doi
1667:PMC
1659:doi
1618:PMC
1610:doi
1569:PMC
1561:doi
1520:doi
1479:PMC
1469:doi
1420:PMC
1412:doi
1362:doi
1350:313
738:of
692:or
89:,
7935::
7376:/
7332:/
6450:MD
6421:LG
6416:MG
6399:LP
6394:LD
6374:VP
6369:VL
6365:VA
6355:AN
6060:30
6055:29
6050:26
6043::
6032:31
6027:23
6015:33
6010:32
6005:24
5993:25
5829:20
5810:36
5805:35
5800:34
5795:28
5790:27
5778:37
5750:21
5724:22
5719:38
5650:17
5617:19
5612:18
5453:43
5437:39
5428:40
5258:25
5246:10
5234:12
5229:11
5224:10
5208:11
5196:12
5081:45
5072:44
5058:47
5053:11
5051::
5040:46
5035:10
4849:/
4576:/
3617:NK
3518:))
3487:)
3388:AA
3231:))
3190:BA
3099::
3060::
3043::
3026::
2936:.
2926:23
2924:.
2901:.
2891:20
2889:.
2866:.
2856:.
2846:53
2844:.
2840:.
2817:.
2807:.
2797:30
2795:.
2791:.
2768:.
2758:.
2744:.
2740:.
2717:.
2705:26
2703:.
2699:.
2676:.
2666:.
2656:70
2654:.
2650:.
2638:^
2624:.
2612:21
2610:.
2606:.
2578:.
2547:.
2539:.
2527:.
2479:.
2469:.
2455:.
2451:.
2417:.
2394:.
2384:.
2374:36
2372:.
2368:.
2345:.
2335:.
2325:76
2323:.
2319:.
2296:.
2288:.
2276:77
2274:.
2270:.
2258:^
2242:29
2236:.
2210:.
2166:^
2149:.
2125:.
2099:^
2085:.
2075:.
2065:60
2063:.
2059:.
2029:.
2006:.
1998:.
1990:.
1982:.
1970:72
1968:.
1945:.
1935:.
1925:37
1923:.
1919:.
1896:.
1884:76
1882:.
1878:.
1855:.
1847:.
1837:16
1835:.
1819:^
1805:.
1797:.
1787:23
1785:.
1763:^
1732:^
1718:.
1710:.
1700:13
1698:.
1675:.
1665:.
1655:76
1653:.
1649:.
1626:.
1616:.
1606:27
1604:.
1600:.
1577:.
1567:.
1557:27
1555:.
1551:.
1528:.
1516:17
1514:.
1510:.
1487:.
1477:.
1467:.
1457:77
1455:.
1451:.
1428:.
1418:.
1406:.
1402:.
1390:^
1376:.
1368:.
1360:.
1348:.
869:,
844:,
700:.
292::
159:,
118:.
101:.
93:,
85:,
81:,
77:,
58:,
7461:e
7454:t
7447:v
6899:e
6892:t
6885:v
6866:)
6862:(
6697:/
6670::
6604:/
6380:/
6376:/
6367:/
6341:/
6211:e
6204:t
6197:v
5978:/
5734:)
5730:(
5726:/
5700:/
5566:7
5554:5
5535:/
5510:7
5498:5
5493:3
5488:2
5483:1
5439:-
5430:-
5416:7
5411:5
5375:8
5363:6
5351:6
5339:6
5327:4
5295:4
5217:/
5189:/
5178:9
5173:8
5161:6
5156:4
5083:-
5074:-
5060:-
5030:9
5018:8
5013:6
5008:4
4958:e
4951:t
4944:v
4687:/
4683:/
4566:e
4559:t
4552:v
3908:e
3901:t
3894:v
3703:e
3696:t
3689:v
3666:)
3654:)
3619:1
3509:(
3500:(
3478:(
3450:)
3446:(
3440:)
3436:(
3369:)
3366:3
3362:(
3338:)
3335:3
3333:H
3327:2
3325:H
3319:1
3317:H
3315:(
3256:)
3254:β
3250:)
3248:2
3243:1
3241:(
3239:α
3237:(
3229:2
3224:1
3222:(
3220:β
3215:α
3213:(
3194:M
3192:/
3001:e
2994:t
2987:v
2944:.
2932::
2909:.
2897::
2874:.
2852::
2825:.
2803::
2776:.
2752::
2746:3
2725:.
2711::
2684:.
2662::
2632:.
2588:.
2555:.
2535::
2512:.
2487:.
2463::
2436:.
2402:.
2380::
2353:.
2331::
2304:.
2282::
2252:.
2221:.
2196:.
2160:.
2135:.
2093:.
2071::
2040:.
2014:.
1994::
1986::
1976::
1953:.
1931::
1904:.
1890::
1863:.
1843::
1813:.
1793::
1757:.
1726:.
1706::
1683:.
1661::
1634:.
1612::
1585:.
1563::
1536:.
1522::
1495:.
1471::
1463::
1436:.
1414::
1408:7
1384:.
1364::
1356::
1324:S
1000:-
498:)
494:(
40:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
