336:
783:
the
Kujbyshevskaja Cave and the Iljukhina System were detected in the Kholodnaja Rechka and Reprua springs, proving groundwater flow to the south-southwest across major tectonic structures over a distance of 13–16 km as the crow flies (Figure 1). The tracer from Kujbyshevskaja Cave was also detected in a borehole located between these two springs, which yields groundwater from a depth of 200 m (660 ft) below sea level. This has been interpreted as an indication of the connection of the cave with the submarine discharge. The large "Central Karst Hydrologic System", which encompasses most of the southeastern flank of the Arabika anticline, had been identified in this way. The system became the deepest in the world with its overall vertical range of about 2,500 m (8,200 ft) (measuring to the borehole water-bearing horizon) or even 2,700 m (8,900 ft) (measuring to the deepest reported submarine discharge points).
687:
717:
702:
657:
454:
672:
642:
1128:
underwater passage continues to depth under steep angle. Also in the deep parts of the Main Branch, several side passages and sumps at various depths were explored. In a side branch which previously ended at −1,775 m by the "Blue Lake" sump, a series of air-filled passages was explored behind the sump, separated by six intermediary sumps. The farthest sump, "Yantarny", was explored for 130 m in length and 19.5 m in depth and continues. The deepest point in this branch has been reached at −1,841 m. In the
Nekuybyshevskaya Branch, a group led by Kyryl Markovskoy continued exploring new leads and extended the depth of this branch to −1,293 m.
736:(average discharge 2.5 m/s or 88 cu ft/s; altitude 1 m or 3 ft 3 in above sea level) and Kholodnaja Rechka (1.2 m/s or 42 cu ft/s; 50 m or 160 ft a.s.l.). Two more major springs are located in the river canyons bordering Arabika to the east: Goluboe Ozero in the Bzyb canyon (2.5 m/s or 88 cu ft/s; 90 m or 300 ft a.s.l.) and Gega waterfall in the Gega canyon (1 m/s or 35 cu ft/s; 540 m or 1,770 ft a.s.l.). There are also several smaller springs in the
1172:(7,020 ft). Water level measurement results of 2009–2010, collected during this expedition, showed that the water level rose up to 228 m (748 ft) above the sump "Two Captains" during June 2010. Data logging devices were installed by Irish members of the expedition near to the entrance of the cave, to log surface conditions and enable correlation of data between surface and underground locations. "Spanish Branch" exploration was completed and a limit was reached with 131 m total passage surveyed.
829:
89:
61:
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level loggers, swap their locations and push exploration in the "Spanish branch" near camp 1400. 2008–2009 data collected from 1,710 m and 1,800 m indicated that the sump levels rose in two distinct periods: continuously from May–July 2009 and with an isolated pulse in
October 2008, both sumps reaching a maximum flood depth of 12 m. New logger locations at depths of 1,800 m, 1,980 m (Kvitochka sump) and 2,140 m (Dva Kapitana's sump).
775:
closed feature with internal vertical relief of about 120 m (390 ft) (measured from its lowest rim) separated from the abyssal slope by the bar at a depth of about 260 m (850 ft). It has steep northern and northeastern slopes (on the side of the massif) and gentle south and southwestern slopes. Its formation is apparently karstic. Presently this depression seems to be a focus of submarine discharge of the karst systems of
Arabika.
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96:
68:
970:
enlarging squeezes which had previously obstructed exploration. The
Ortobalagan Valley had been selected as a primary focus for the Ukrainian efforts. This approach, followed in subsequent years by other caving clubs which joined exploration activity in different parts of Arabika, resulted in the discovery of many deep caves including five caves deeper than 1,000 m.
957:. The first explorers were stopped by impassable squeezes at −95 m in a meandering passage which led off from the foot of the entrance shaft. The cave remained largely neglected over the next 20 years, although occasionally visited by cavers from various caving clubs. Before 1980 there were no caves deeper than 310 m (1,020 ft) known in Arabika.
619:. This had a pronounced effect on the development of deep groundwater circulation and of Krubera Cave in particular. Both longitudinal and transverse faults and related fracture zones play a role in guiding groundwater flow; the latter guide flow across the strike of major plicative dislocations, from the central sector toward the
787:
major spring, Goluboje Ozero in the Bzyb River canyon, although it apparently drains a large area of the eastern sector of the massif (the hypothetical "Eastern Karst
Hydrological System"). It is not clear where Sarma Cave (−1,550 m) drains to, Goluboje Ozero to the southeast or Reprua to the southwest, at the shore.
978:
between the pits required enormous amounts of work to widen them to a passable size. The cave was pushed to −340 m during 1982–1987. Two "windows" in a vertical shaft at depths of 220–250 m were documented on the cave map but remained unexplored. During this time the cave received its second, alternative name
1113:("Two Captains") was tested by Gennadiy Samokhin to depth of 17 m, which extended the total depth of Krubera Cave to 2,158 m (7,080 ft). In the Nekuybyshevskaya Branch, a group led by Kyryl Markovskoy broke through the boulder choke at −640 m and explored a continuation to −1,004 m.
770:(1979) reported submarine springs near the eastern part of Gagra at depth of 25–30 m and Buachidze and Meliva (1967) revealed submarine discharge at depths up to −400 m by hydrochemical profiling. Recently an outstanding feature of the sea floor topography near Arabika has been revealed from a digital
1004:(also spelled Yuriy Kasyan) made a major breakthrough in Krubera Cave by discovering and exploring two branches behind the windows at a depth of 220–250 m. These branches stretched in two different directions. The "Main Branch" was explored to −740 m and the "Nekuybyshevskaya Branch" to −500 m.
973:
In the
Ortobalagan Valley, the Ukrainian cavers made breakthroughs in Kuybyshevskaya Cave at −160 m and pushed it to −1,110 m (−3,640 ft) by 1986 through a series of massive boulder chokes. They broke through an impassable squeeze at −120 m in Genrikhova Bezdna Cave and eventually
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landscape, with numerous glacial trough valleys and cirques, with ridges and peaks between them. The bottoms of trough valleys and karst fields lie at elevations of 2,000–2,350 m (6,560–7,710 ft), and ridges and peaks rise to 2,500–2,700 m (8,200–8,900 ft). The highest peak is the
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August: the Ukr.S.A. expedition led by
Nikolay Solovyov and Alexander Klimchouk. In the Main Branch, surveyed the post-sump series, established a camp at −1,640 m, discovered a lead to a new section ("The Way to the Dream") and explored to −1,840 m. Explored the Uzhgorodskaya Series in the
1010:
In
January 2001, the Ukr.S.A. expedition explored the cave to −1,710 m (−5,610 ft) making it the deepest cave in the world. For the first time in the history of speleology, the deepest cave in the world had been established outside of western Europe. Since 2001, the Krubera explorations by
790:
The results of the dye-tracing tests demonstrated that groundwater flow is not subordinate to the fold structure but is largely controlled by faults that cut across the strike of major folds, and that the large part of the central sector of
Arabika is hydraulically connected to the springs along the
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experiments conducted during the 1980s under the coordination of Alexander Klimchouk have radically changed previous notions of the hydrogeology of Arabika, revealed its outstanding speleological perspectives and strongly stimulated further efforts for exploration of deep caves. Tracers injected in
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map that combines depth soundings and high-resolution marine gravity data. This is a huge submarine depression in front of the Zhovekvara River mouth, which has dimensions of about 5 x 9 km and a maximum depth of about 380 m (1,250 ft). The Arabika Submarine Depression is a
1153:
August–September: the Ukr.S.A. expedition led by Jurij Kasjan further pushed the Nekuybushevskaya Branch to a siphon at depth of 1,557 m (5,108 ft). The international "Towards the Centre of the Earth" expedition led by Aidas Gudaitis returned to the main branch to collect data from water
1127:
August–September: the Ukr.S.A. expedition led by Jurij Kasjan. In the Main Branch, Gennadiy Samokhin dived the terminal "Dva Kapitana" Sump for a length of 140 m and depth of −46 m, which set the new depth for Krubera Cave at 2,191 m (7,188 ft). After an elbow at -35 m the
1062:
July: the CAVEX team started their separate explorations, beyond the Ukr.S.A. project, in Krubera Cave. Continued exploring a section beyond Sump 1 at −1,410 m and reached the next sump (Sump 2 – "Blue Lake") at depth claimed to be −1,840 m. The depth of that point according to
1040:
August: the Ukr.S.A. expedition led by Jurij Kasjan. Four underground camps established in the cave: in the Main Branch at −500, −1,200 and −1,400 m and in the Nekujbyshevskaja Branch at −500 m. Systematic inspection and probing of potential leads in the deep sections of the Main Branch;
977:
From 1982 onwards, the Kiev cavers started systematically working in Krubera Cave, located less than 200 metres from the Kuybyshevskaya entrance, hoping to connect with the Arabikskaya System and increase its total depth by 60 m. Exploration progressed slowly because critically tight meanders
735:
Major on-shore karst springs with individual average discharges of 1 to 2.5 m/s (35 to 88 cu ft/s) are located at altitudes ranging from 1 m (3.3 ft) (Reprua Spring) to 540 m (1,770 ft) (Gega waterfall). Two of them are located in the shore area; these are Reprua
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dislocation structure of the massif is severely complicated by faults, with the fault-block structure strongly controlling both cave development and groundwater flow. Major faults of the sub-Caucasian orientation delineate several large elongated blocks that experienced uplift with different rates
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structure of Arabika is dominated by the axis of the large sub-Caucasian anticline (oriented NW–SE), with the gently dipping southwestern mega-flank, complicated by several low-order folds, and steeply dipping northeastern flank (Figure 3). The axis of the anticline roughly coincides with the
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stretch, which holds the advanced position in the Arabika's central sector relative to the seashore. Since 1980, Ukrainian cavers have been undertaking systematic efforts in exploring deep caves in the Ortobalagan Valley, resulting in exploration of the Krubera Cave to its current depth and of the
1549:
Jordana, R.; Baquero, E.; Reboleira, S.; Sendra, A. (2012), "Reviews of the genera Schaefferia Absolon, 1900, Deuteraphorura Absolon, 1901, Plutomurus Yosii, 1956 and the Anurida Laboulbène, 1865 species group without eyes, with the description of four new species of cave springtails (Collembola)
1094:
October: the Ukr.S.A. expedition led by Jurij Kasjan. The exploration beyond the Kvitochka Sump had been cancelled due to a sudden flood. Established a camp at −1,960 m. Performed a verification survey to −1,200 m by hydrolevelling to assess the precision of the standard Ukr.S.A. survey
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began in 1980 when the Kiev Speleological Club, led by Alexander Klimchouk, started exploring caves there. They adopted an approach to cave search and exploration which included thorough investigations in a defined area and systematic testing of cave limits, through digging in boulder chokes and
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It is difficult to interpret these facts in terms of the development of karst systems controlled by contemporary sea level, or within the range of its Pleistocene fluctuations (up to −150 m). In combination with the existence of the Arabika Submarine Depression, all these facts point to the
786:
Another tracer was injected in the Moskovskaja Cave (−970 m) and detected at the Gegsky Vodopad spring, indicating the presence of a karst hydrologic system comprising the northeastern flank of the Arabika anticline (the "Northern System"). No connections have been revealed with yet another
305:
The difference in elevation of the highest cave entrance (Arbaika) and its deepest explored point is 2,199 ± 20 metres (7,215 ± 66 ft). It became the deepest-known cave in the world in 2003 when the expedition of the Ukrainian Speleological Association reached a depth of
1123:
January: the CAVEX team expedition. Performed a dive in the terminal "Dva Kapitana" sump and claimed it to reach −30 m depth below the water table. However, characteristics of morphology of the underwater passage reported by the team were not confirmed by the subsequent exploration, and no
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at different levels (e.g., at −2,100–2,040 m (−6,890–6,690 ft) in Kujbyshevskaja and Krubera caves, −1,200–1,240 m (−3,940–4,070 ft) and −980–1,150 m (−3,220–3,770 ft) in the non-Kujbyshevskaja branch of Krubera Cave, etc.). The deep parts of Krubera display a more
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the Ukr.S.A. have been undertaken within the frame of the multi-year project named "The Call of the Abyss", coordinated by A. Klimchouk, Y. Kasyan, G. Samokhin and K. Markovskoy. Besides the Ukrainian speleologists, cavers from many countries such as France, Spain, Russia,
794:
Krubera Cave has an extremely steep profile and reveals a huge thickness of the vadose zone. The lower boundary of the vadose zone (the top of the phreatic zone) is at an elevation of about 110 m (360 ft) at low flow, which suggests a low overall hydraulic gradient of 0.007-0.008.
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August: During "Towards the Centre of the Earth" expedition led by Aidas Gudaitis, a Lithuanian member of Aenigma caving club Saulė Pankienė became the first woman to dive Kvitochka sump at 1,980 m, and subsequently to descend to the "Two Captains" sump at a depth of 2,140 m
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February–March: the Ukr. S.A. expedition led by Jurij Kasjan. In the Main Branch, continued exploring the "Windows" series where many side leads and several sumps were tested. A sump at −1,980 m called "Kvitochka" was passed by Nikolay Solovyov, and a continuation found behind
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groundwater is tapped by boreholes in the shore area at depths of 40–280, 500, 1,750, and 2,250 m below sea level, which suggests the existence of a deep flow system with vigorous flow. Submarine discharge along the Arabika coast is reported at depths up to ~400 m b.s.l.
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separates Arabika from the adjacent Bzybsky Massif, another outstanding karst area with many deep caves, including the Snezhnaja-Mezhonogo-Iljuzia System (−1,753 m or −5,751 ft) and Pantjukhina Cave (−1,508 m or −4,948 ft). To the southwest, Arabika borders the
996:
during 1992–94 resulted in instability and border problems which continued over subsequent years. This suspended speleological explorations in Arabika. Some stabilization of the situation in 1998 has since enabled a renewal of exploration effort to take place in the region.
937:, who published several works about the massif. In 1909–10 Russian karst scientist Alexander Kruber, a founder of the study in Russia, performed some field studies in Arabika. He published his observations in a series of Arabika-specific papers and several
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ridge bordering the Gelgeluk Valley to the north. Located on the southwestern flank of the major anticline is another large one (Berchil'sky), in which the crest is breached by the Ortobalagan Valley. There are several smaller sub-parallel anticlines and
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Peak of Speleologists (2,705 m (8,875 ft)) but the dominant summit is a typical pyramidal horn of the Arabika Mount (2,695 m (8,842 ft)). Some middle- to low-altitude ridges covered with forest lie between the central sector and the
1070:
October: the Ukr.S.A. expedition led by Jurij Kasjan. In the Main Branch, discovered a lead into a new section beyond the Big Junction at −1,790 m. Explored this section named "Windows" to a blind chamber called "Game Over" at −2,080 m.
1051:
August: the expedition of the Kiev Speleological Club and the CAVEX team. Tested and passed a sump at −1,440 m (now known as Sump 1), explored the post-sump section to roughly −1,660 m, continued climbing in the Lamprechtsofen
533:. The Porphyritic series forms the non-karstic basement of Arabika, which is exposed only on the northern and eastern outskirts, locally in the bottoms of the Kutushara and Gega River valleys. In the central part of Arabika the
1143:
Aidas Gudaitis (Aenigma), descended the main branch as far as −1,800 m (−5,906 ft), placing water level loggers at siphons here and in the "Chamber of Soviet Speleologists" at −1,710 m (−5,610 ft).
1138:
September: the Ukr.S.A. expedition led by Jurij Kasjan. Explored the Nekuybyshevskaya Branch to depth of 1,390 m (4,560 ft). An international scientific expedition "Towards the Centre of the Earth", led by
941:. During the subsequent 50 years no special studies were undertaken of the karst and caves in the region, although the karst of Arabika was referred to in many works dealing with regional geology and hydrogeology.
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to 46 metres' depth in 2007 and then to 52 m in 2012, setting successive world records of 2,191 m and 2,197 m, respectively. Krubera is one of the two known caves on Earth deeper than 2,000 metres.
1091:
August: the Ukr. S.A. expedition led by Nikolay Solovyov. Continued digging and broke through the boulder choke at −500 m in the Nekuybyshevskaya Branch, explored it to the next boulder choke at −640 m.
440:
and Ukrainian cavers is Berchilskaya Cave, 770 m (2,530 ft) deep. All large caves of the Ortobalagan Valley likely belong to a single hydrological system, connected to large submarine springs at the
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morphology, characteristic of the zone of high-gradient floods, which can be up to 400 m above the low-flow water table, and vadose downcutting elements that are observed even below the water table.
1164:
July–August: The CAVEX Team Summer expedition led by Konstantin Mujin performed the first biospeleological studies in the Krubera-Voronya cave. The biospeleological studies led by the cave biologists
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yield karstic groundwater from depths of 40–280 m below sea level. Other much deeper boreholes tapped low-salinity karstic waters at depths of 500 and 1,750 m in the Khashupse Valley near
953:
began exploring caves in the high sector of the massif. Among several other caves, they made the first exploration of an open-mouthed 60 m shaft in the Ortobalagan Valley and named it after
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succession of thick-bedded limestones with marly and sandy varieties. Sandy limestones are particularly abundant through the upper 1,000 m sections of deep caves of the Ortobalagan Valley.
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and sandstones) is retained only in a few ridges and peaks, but it lies intact through the low-altitude ridges to the south-west of the central part. There the Cretaceous succession includes
1901:
To the question of groundwater discharge into the Black Sea in the Gagra area. Trudy laboratorii gidrogeologii I inzhenernoy geologii Gruzinskogo politechnicheskogo instituta, 3, 33–39.
318:, the Ukrainian Speleological Association expedition reached a depth greater than 2,000 metres (6,600 ft), and explored the cave to −2,080 m (−6,824 ft). Ukrainian diver
1243:
469:, which gently plunges northwest. The cave entrances are aligned along the anticlinal crest (Figure 2) but the caves are controlled by longitudinal, transverse, and oblique
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Distribution of temperature in karst systems: data from deep caves of the Arabika Massif. Geologichny Zhurnal (Geological Journal), 1, 108–115, Kyiv (Ukraine) (in Russian).
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August: A team of 59 spent 27 days exploring Krubera. Including members from nine different countries, the team set up a series of camps underground. Ukrainian cave diver
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by 5 UN member states (two other states previously recognised it but then withdrew their recognition), while the remainder of the international community recognizes it as
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1967:
The deepest cave in the word Krubera and its hydrogeological and paleogeographic significance. Speleology and Karstology, 1, 100–104. Simferopol (Ukraine) (in Russian).
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In a search for the route to 2000 meters depth: The deepest cave in the World in the Arabika massif, Western Caucasus. Nat. Speleol. Soc. News (USA), 59 (9). 252–257.
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caught by Gennady Samokhin in August 2013, during dives in the siphon 'Dva Kapitana', dwells at the deepest part of the Krubera Cave (at the depth of −2,175 metres).
416:
The Arabika Massif has a prominent high central sector with elevations above the tree line at ~1,800–1,900 m (5,900–6,200 ft). This is an area of classical
1704:
Maruashvili, L. I.; Tintilozov, Z. K.; Changashvili, G. Z. (1961), "The results of speleological explorations carried out in 1960 on the Arabika limestone massif",
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1919:
On impact of the late Quaternary glaciations on the karst development of the Arabika massif (Caucasus). Izvestia VGO (Leningrad), 116 (2), 165¬–170 (in Russian).
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and exhibit complex winding patterns in the plan view, remaining largely within and near the anticlinal crest zone. The caves are predominantly combinations of
2009:
The results of the recent speleological explorations in the karstic belt of the Western Georgia in 1957–1960. Zemlevedenie (Moscow), nov. ser. VI (in Russian).
1943:
Krubera (Voronja) Cave, Georgia. In: Gunn, J. (Ed.). Encyclopedia of Cave and Karst Science. New York - London: Fitzroy Dearborn – Taylor and Francis Books.
425:. A plateau-like middle-altitude outlier of the massif in its south sector is Mamzdyshkha, with part of the plateau slightly emerging above the tree line.
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In 2000, the Main Branch was quickly pushed by the multi-stage expedition of the Ukr. S.A. in August to −1,200 m and in September to −1,410 m.
1088:
July: the CAVEX team expedition. Explored the section beyond the Kvitochka Sump to a further sump called Dva Kapitana ("Two Captains") at −2,140 m.
1742:
Maruashvili, L. I.; Tintilozov, Z. K., "The results of the recent speleological explorations in the karstic belt of the Western Georgia in 1957–1960",
88:
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1925:
Karst circulation systems of the Arabika massif. Peschery (Caves), inter-university scientific transactions, Perm: Perm University, 6–16 (in Russian)
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Krubera Cave is located at 2,256 m above sea level in the Ortobalagan Valley, a perfectly shaped, relatively shallow, glacial trough of the sub-
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To the northwest, north, northeast, and east, Arabika is bordered by the deeply incised canyons of Sandripsh, Kutushara, Gega and Bzyb rivers. The
60:
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The cave has six entrances, in the gallery below they are arranged by altitude, highest to lowest, after the main one. All are situated above the
1997:
The results of speleological explorations carried out in 1960 on the Arabika limestone massif. Izvestia AN GSSR (Tbilisi), XXVI (5) (in Russian).
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2003:
Karst and ancient glaciation in Arabika. Abstracts of papers of the second scientific session of speleologists. Tbilisi: AN GSSR (in Russian).
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Among several hundred caves known in the Arabika Massif, fifteen have been explored deeper than 400 m and five deeper than 1,000 m.
2015:
The world's deepest subterranean community - Krubera-Voronja Cave (Western Caucasus). International Journal of Speleology, 41 (2): 221–230.
1588:"Kruberia abchasica, a new genus and species of troglobiont amphipods (Crustacea: Gammaridae) from Krubera Cave (Western Transcaucasia)"
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1315:
Dubliansky VN, Klimchuk AB, Kiselev VE, Vakhrushev BA, Kovalev YN, Melnikov VP, Ryzhkov AF, Tintilozov ZK, Chuykov VD, Churubrova ML.
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and 2,250 m near Gagra. This suggests the existence of a deep karst system and vigorous karst groundwater circulation at depth.
1519:
Sendra, A.; Reboleira, A. S. P. S. (2012), "The world's deepest subterranean community – Krubera–Voronja Cave (Western Caucasus)",
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1931:
The deepest cave in the world in the Arabika Massif and the evolution of the Black Sea. Svet (Light), 2 (31), 33–36 (in Russian).
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Sendra, A.; Reboleira, A.S.P.S. (2012), "The world's deepest subterranean community – Krubera-Voronja Cave (Western Caucasus)",
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upper part of Krubera by climbing an 80 m high shaft in the Meander Krym. Continued working in the Nekuybyshevskaya Branch.
1031:
The major events in the exploration of Krubera Cave in subsequent years were as follows (see Figure 4 for spot locations):
1873:
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surrounding caves, now mostly connected to it. Another deep cave in the valley, located in its very upper part and explored by
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Krubera: il piu profondo abisso del mondo (Alla ricerca del −2000 metri nel massiccio di Arabika). La Rivista del CAI, 71–75.
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Buachidze, I. M.; Meliva, A. M. (1967), "To the question of groundwater discharge into the Black Sea in the Gagra area",
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From observations of karst in the vicinity of Gagra and Karabi-Yuajla. Zemlevedenie (Moscow), 19 (1–2) (in Russian).
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Klimchouk, A. B. (2006), "The deepest cave in the world in the Arabika Massif and the evolution of the Black Sea",
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August–September: the Ukr.S.A. expedition coordinated by Jurij Kasjan. In the Main Branch the terminal sump called
1096:
974:
connected it to Kuybyshevskaya at −956 m in 1987. The resultant system has been named the Arabikskaya System.
744:, one of the shortest rivers in the world, about 60 feet (18 m) long, starts in the cave and flows toward the
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890:
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Maruashvili, L. I.; Tintilozov, Z. K.; Changashvili, G. Z. (1962), "Karst and ancient glaciation in Arabika",
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in front of the massif. Shallow springs at depths of 5–7 m can be reached by free dive near Gantiadi.
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International Journal of Speleology - The world’s deepest subterranean community - Krubera-Voronja Cave
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climbing in the Lamprechtsofen tributary; digging in the boulder choke in the Nekuybyshevskaya Branch.
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group). Continued climbing in the Lamprechtsofen tributary to +210 m relative to the junction.
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Geology, Hydrogeology and activity of limestone karst. Metzniereba, Tbilisi, 232 p. (in Russian).
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Georgian territory. Georgia continues to claim the area as its own territory, designating it as
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The core part of the Arabika Massif is composed of the Upper Jurassic succession resting on the
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Kruber, A. A. (1912), "From observations of karst in the vicinity of Gagra and Karabi-Yuajla",
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Trudy Laboratorii Gidrogeologii I Inzhenernoy Geologii Gruzinskogo Politechnicheskogo Instituta
1319:[Descriptions of caves of the Arabika massif - 63.Arabikskaja cave system] (in Russian)
1073:
The depth mark of 2,000 m had been passed for the first time in the history of speleology.
2021:
Blind Descent. The Quest to Discover the Deepest Place on Earth. New York: Random House, 2010.
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The political status of Abkhazia is disputed. Having unilaterally declared independence from
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Map of the Arabika Massif, showing the location of Krubera Cave and its projected resurgences
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1833:"Report of the Irish Members of the International Expedition to Krubera–Voronya Cave 2010"
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1,910 m (6,270 ft) which exceeded the depth of the previous deepest-known cave,
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species, including four springtails discovered during the CAVEX Team expedition of 2010:
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was responsible for reaching a new world depth record of −2,199 metres (−7,215 ft).
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Soviet speleologists who explored the cave in the 1960s named it for Russian geographer
1000:
In 1999, the expedition of the Ukrainian Speleological Associations (Ukr. S.A.) led by
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possibility that karst systems in Arabika could have originated in response to the
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2046:
1991:
La Côte d’Azur Russe (Riviera du Caucase). Ch. XVI: La massif de l'Arabika, Paris.
933:
At the beginning of the 20th century, Arabika was visited by French speleologist
481:
shafts and steep meandering passages, although in places they cut apparently old
1973:
Karabi-Yuajla and the Arabika massif. Zemlevedenie (Moscow), 18(3) (in Russian).
1341:
779:
762:
Submarine springs are known in the Arabika area, emerging from the floor of the
616:
542:
538:
498:
417:
323:
287:
587:, which are identified in the lower part of Krubera Cave. Above lies the thick
1211:
1168:
and Alberto Sendra, provided the deepest subterranean arthropods of the Earth.
861:
857:
813:
771:
607:
562:
558:
534:
405:
315:
1817:
1604:
1587:
1563:
1535:
1378:
152:
139:
1400:
Klimchouk, A. B. (1990), "Karst circulation systems of the Arabika massif",
1020:
938:
853:
841:
809:
763:
752:
745:
632:
620:
588:
550:
518:
506:
502:
466:
442:
422:
410:
398:
376:
314:, by 80 metres (260 ft). In 2006, for the first time in the history of
204:
17:
2032:
Krubera Cave: The First 2000m+ Deep Cave on Earth; Chronicle of Exploration
984:(Crows') Cave, owing to the number of crows nesting in the entrance shaft.
355:
speleologists during the 1980s, for the crows nesting in the entrance pit.
904:, living 1,980 metres (6,500 ft) below the cave entrance. The beetle
820:, where the dramatic sea level drop of ~1,500 m is well established.
375:, the home of Krubera (Voronya) Cave, is one of the largest high-mountain
1016:
993:
869:
840:
The biocenosis of Krubera-Voronja is composed of more than 12 species of
756:
612:
600:
595:
495:
487:
432:
121:
1907:
Karst of the Arabika massif. Metzniereba, Tbilisi, 245 p. (in Russian).
1572:
1248:
1012:
873:
522:
437:
1937:
Le grotte del massiccio di Arabika. La Rivista del CAI, 112(1), 37–47.
1371:"The deepest cave in the world (Krubera Cave) became 6 m deeper"
865:
849:
554:
478:
382:
2001:
Maruashvili, L. I., Tintilozov, Z. K., and Changashvili, G. Z. 1962.
1995:
Maruashvili, L. I., Tintilozov, Z. K., and Changashvili, G. Z. 1961.
900:; the last of these is the deepest terrestrial animal ever found on
1725:
Abstracts of Papers of the 2nd Scientific Session of Speleologists
1340:. Ukrainian Institute of Speleology and Karstology. Archived from
901:
827:
737:
580:
566:
452:
379:
362:
334:
298:
of Abkhazia, a partly recognised state, previously part of Soviet
1317:"Описания пещер массива Арабика - 63.Пещерная система Арабикская"
1278:"Deepest Cave, Call of the Abyss - National Geographic Magazine"
910:
inhabits Krubera-Voronja cave and also several caves around the
584:
546:
530:
514:
352:
1979:
The voyage to Arabika. Estestvoznanie i geografia (in Russian).
1651:
Kruber, A. A. (1911), "Karabi-Yuajla and the Arabika massif",
603:
farther southwest, between the Berchil' Ridge and the coast.
1831:
Macnamara, S.; Tobin, N.; Mullan, E.; O'Connell, T. (2011).
1764:"Krubera–Voronja Cave: International Expedition August 2009"
1402:
Peschery (Caves), Inter-university Scientific Transactions
1757:
1755:
1753:
1417:"Entrances of 4 More Caves, Connected to Krubera-Voronja"
1023:
have taken part in different expeditions of the Ukr.S.A.
1965:
Klimchouk, A.B., Samokhin, G.V., and Kasjan Yu.M. 2008.
1435:
1433:
278:) is the second-deepest-known cave on Earth, after the
1550:
from Krubera-Voronya cave, Arabika Massif, Abkhazia",
572:
The Upper Jurassic succession begins with thin-bedded
347:. The alternate name "Voronya Cave", "Crows' Cave" in
1470:
Geology, Hydrogeology and activity of limestone karst
2013:
Sendra, Alberto and Ana Sofia P.S. Reboleira. 2012.
218:
210:
200:
192:
184:
176:
168:
131:
117:
95:
67:
46:
30:"Krubera" redirects here. For flowering plant, see
816:) could have almost dried up, as did the adjacent
1876:(in Russian). Ukrainian Speleological Association
1495:
1493:
457:Outline of Voronja, Arbaika and Berčilskaja caves
1063:the subsequent Ukr.S.A. survey is −1,775 m.
949:In the early 1960s, Georgian geographers led by
2007:Maruashvili, L. I., and Tintilozov, Z. K. 1963.
1670:Kruber, A. A. (1912), "The voyage to Arabika",
1472:(in Russian), Metzniereba, Tbilisi, p. 232
778:The speleological explorations and a series of
2057:New Species Discovered in World's Deepest Cave
1244:is formally recognised as an independent state
791:seashore and with submarine discharge points.
751:Some boreholes located along the shore of the
561:limestones and marly limestones with abundant
247:
979:
8:
2037:History of Exploration in the Arabica Massif
1124:safety line was found deeper than 16 m.
486:pervasive conduit pattern with a mixture of
322:extended the cave by diving in the terminal
1586:Sidorov, Dmitry; Samokhin, Gennady (2016).
465:extends along the crest of the Berchil'sky
385:in the Western Caucasus. It is composed of
1636:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1482:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
260:k'ruberis gamokvabuli or k'ruberis ghrmuli
43:
1816:
1624:La Cote d'Azur Russe (Riviera du Caucase)
1603:
1571:
1534:
1338:"3D model of the Krubera (Voronja) Cave"
1234:
1232:
965:The new era in cave explorations in the
1899:Buachidze, I.M., and Meliva, A.M. 1967.
1622:(1909), "XVI: La massif de l'Arabika",
1369:Klimchouk, Alexander (13 August 2012).
1269:
1228:
914:. The subterranean amphipod crustacean
872:. Krubera-Voronja cave is inhabited by
637:
401:and plunge below the modern sea level.
249:კრუბერის გამოქვაბული or კრუბერის ღრმული
1874:"Call of the Abyss 2012. Photo Report"
1629:
1475:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1019:, United Kingdom, Ireland, Israel and
1959:Klimchouk A.B. and Kasjan Yu.M. 2006.
992:The political and ethnic conflict in
7:
1364:
1362:
1953:Klimchouk, A. and Kasjan, Yu. 2004.
1947:Klimchouk, A. and Kasjan, Yu. 2001.
1805:International Journal of Speleology
1762:Furnell, T.; Macnamara, S. (2010).
1522:International Journal of Speleology
1404:(in Russian), Perm University: 6–16
1746:(in Russian), nov. ser. VI, Moscow
583:limestones, marls, sandstones and
351:, was a name given to the cave by
25:
715:
700:
685:
670:
655:
640:
94:
87:
66:
59:
1844:Speleological Union of Ireland
1775:Speleological Union of Ireland
397:continuously southwest to the
259:
180:16.058 km (9.978 mi)
1:
2047:BBC coverage of the discovery
1552:Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews
808:(5.96–5.33 Ma) when the
2042:The 3D model of Krubera Cave
1282:National Geographic Magazine
188:2,256 m (7,402 ft)
172:2,199 m (7,215 ft)
897:Plutomurus ortobalaganensis
885:Deuteraphorura kruberaensis
844:of several groups, such as
834:Plutomurus ortobalaganensis
2103:
1672:Estestvoznanie I Geografia
1254:Russian-occupied territory
1097:Russian Geographic Society
36:
29:
891:Schaefferia profundissima
806:Messinian salinity crisis
267:
248:
233:
53:
27:Cave in Abkhazia, Georgia
1818:10.5038/1827-806x.41.2.9
1605:10.15298/arthsel.25.4.04
1564:10.1163/187498312x622430
1536:10.5038/1827-806x.41.2.9
1468:Kiknadze, T. Z. (1979),
1415:Jakopin, Primož (2019).
105:(Voronya Cave) (Georgia)
37:Not to be confused with
501:Series, which includes
359:Location and background
282:. It is located in the
1923:Klimchouk, A. B. 1990.
1917:Klimchouk, A. B. 1984.
1872:Kasjan, Jurij (2012).
1558:, Netherlands: 35–85,
980:
924:History of exploration
837:
458:
368:
340:
1941:Klimchouk, A.B. 2004.
1929:Klimchouk, A.B. 2006.
1905:Kiknadze, T. Z. 1972.
1731:(5), Tbilisi: AN GSSR
1217:List of deepest caves
1197:Geography of Abkhazia
935:Édouard-Alfred Martel
879:Anurida stereoodorata
831:
456:
366:
338:
153:43.40972°N 40.36222°E
1983:Kruber, A. A. 1912b.
1977:Kruber, A. A. 1912a.
1911:Kiknadze, T.Z. 1979.
1291:on December 14, 2007
1202:Geography of Georgia
521:, conglomerates and
274:, sometimes spelled
78:Show map of Abkhazia
1989:Martel, E. A. 1909.
1971:Kruber, A. A. 1911.
1935:Klimchouk, A. 1991.
1853:on 23 November 2017
1811:(2), USA: 221–230,
1784:on 23 November 2017
1529:(2), USA: 221–230,
1458:Meliva et al., 1969
1166:Ana Sofia Reboleira
149: /
108:Show map of Georgia
1592:Arthropoda Selecta
1375:speleogenesis.info
1242:in 1992, Abkhazia
917:Kruberia abchasica
912:Ortobalagan Valley
838:
463:Ortobalagan Valley
459:
369:
341:
158:43.40972; 40.36222
2072:Caves of Abkhazia
1111:Dva Kapitana
988:1990s–early 2000s
951:Levan Maruashvili
929:Early exploration
320:Gennadiy Samokhin
237:
236:
32:Krubera peregrina
16:(Redirected from
2094:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1852:
1846:. Archived from
1840:Irish Speleology
1837:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1783:
1777:. Archived from
1771:Irish Speleology
1768:
1759:
1748:
1747:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1706:Izvestia AN GSSR
1701:
1695:
1694:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1635:
1627:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1546:
1540:
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1516:
1510:
1509:
1497:
1488:
1487:
1481:
1473:
1465:
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1450:
1449:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1377:. Archived from
1366:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1347:on 29 March 2022
1346:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1312:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1290:
1284:. Archived from
1274:
1257:
1236:
1184:Gennady Samokhin
983:
955:Alexander Kruber
723:Genrihova bezdna
719:
704:
689:
674:
659:
644:
513:at the top, and
393:limestones that
387:Lower Cretaceous
345:Alexander Kruber
339:Alexander Kruber
292:Western Caucasus
270:; also known as
269:
261:
258:
251:
250:
164:
163:
161:
160:
159:
154:
150:
147:
146:
145:
142:
109:
98:
97:
91:
79:
70:
69:
63:
44:
21:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2077:Limestone caves
2062:
2061:
2028:
2019:Tabor, James M.
1895:
1890:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1835:
1830:
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1825:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1787:
1785:
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1766:
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1760:
1751:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1628:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1499:
1498:
1491:
1474:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1421:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1381:on 10 July 2018
1368:
1367:
1360:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1322:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1304:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1237:
1230:
1225:
1193:
1179:
1161:
1150:
1135:
1120:
1106:
1081:
1059:
1048:
1037:
1029:
990:
963:
947:
931:
926:
846:pseudoscorpions
826:
733:
726:
720:
711:
705:
696:
690:
681:
675:
666:
660:
651:
645:
629:
483:fossil passages
451:
361:
333:
280:Veryovkina Cave
253:
157:
155:
151:
148:
143:
140:
138:
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135:
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48:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2100:
2098:
2090:
2089:
2087:Gagra District
2084:
2079:
2074:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2027:
2026:External links
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391:Upper Jurassic
373:Arabika Massif
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308:Lamprechtsofen
296:Gagra District
284:Arabika Massif
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49:(Voronya Cave)
39:Vorontsov Cave
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1693:(1–2), Moscow
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1620:Martel, E. A.
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1210:
1208:
1207:List of caves
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1203:
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818:Mediterranean
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694:
693:Kujbyševskaja
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1893:Bibliography
1878:. Retrieved
1867:
1855:. Retrieved
1848:the original
1839:
1826:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1786:. Retrieved
1779:the original
1770:
1744:Zemlevedenie
1743:
1737:
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1724:
1718:
1712:(5), Tbilisi
1709:
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1687:Zemlevedenie
1686:
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1674:(in Russian)
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1653:Zemlevedenie
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1502:Svet (Light)
1501:
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1441:
1422:13 September
1420:. Retrieved
1410:
1401:
1395:
1383:. Retrieved
1379:the original
1374:
1349:. Retrieved
1342:the original
1332:
1321:. Retrieved
1293:. Retrieved
1286:the original
1281:
1272:
1247:
1110:
1072:
1030:
1027:2001 onwards
1009:
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1002:Jurij Kasjan
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742:Reprua River
734:
731:Hydrogeology
722:
707:
692:
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574:Kimmeridgian
571:
545:limestones,
493:
460:
430:
427:
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370:
342:
304:
276:Voronja Cave
275:
272:Voronya Cave
271:
240:Krubera Cave
239:
238:
222:
103:Krubera Cave
47:Krubera Cave
18:Voronya Cave
1659:(3), Moscow
1598:: 373–379.
1573:10171/27607
1508:(31): 33–36
862:springtails
858:crustaceans
780:dye tracing
772:bathymetric
617:Pleistocene
563:concretions
543:Hauterivian
539:Valanginian
499:Porphyritic
288:Gagra Range
223:Crows' Cave
219:Translation
156: /
132:Coordinates
2082:Wild caves
2066:Categories
1323:2020-01-12
1295:23 October
1264:References
1212:Speleology
1141:Lithuanian
1052:tributary.
939:monographs
842:arthropods
814:Paratethys
740:town. The
559:Cenomanian
535:Cretaceous
519:sandstones
503:sandstones
406:Bzyb River
316:speleology
144:40°21′44″E
141:43°24′35″N
1385:10 August
1021:Lithuania
870:dipterans
854:opiliones
812:(Eastern
810:Black Sea
764:Black Sea
753:Black Sea
746:Black Sea
633:tree line
621:Black Sea
608:plicative
601:synclines
589:Tithonian
578:Oxfordian
565:of black
551:Barremian
471:fractures
467:anticline
443:Black Sea
438:Moldavian
433:Caucasian
423:Black Sea
411:Black Sea
399:Black Sea
377:limestone
310:, in the
294:, in the
268:Ӡоу Аҳаҧы
255:romanized
211:Entrances
205:Limestone
193:Discovery
185:Elevation
1632:citation
1478:citation
1191:See also
1017:Bulgaria
994:Abkhazia
757:Gantiadi
725:, 2110 m
710:, 2140 m
708:Detskaja
695:, 2180 m
680:, 2206 m
665:, 2259 m
650:, 2256 m
613:Pliocene
596:tectonic
527:porphyry
496:Bajocian
488:phreatic
244:Georgian
122:Abkhazia
118:Location
75:Location
1880:5 April
1626:, Paris
1448:: 33–39
1351:4 April
1249:de jure
1240:Georgia
1013:Moldova
981:Voronja
874:endemic
866:beetles
850:spiders
824:Biology
663:Arbaika
648:Voronja
611:during
537:cover (
523:breccia
449:Geology
445:shore.
383:massifs
349:Russian
300:Georgia
290:of the
286:of the
227:Russian
201:Geology
126:Georgia
1857:28 May
1788:28 May
1345:(VRML)
1289:(VRML)
894:, and
678:Gnomov
581:cherty
555:Aptian
479:vadose
475:faults
331:Naming
264:Abkhaz
246::
225: (
177:Length
1851:(PDF)
1836:(PDF)
1782:(PDF)
1767:(PDF)
1223:Notes
1095:(the
961:1980s
945:1960s
902:Earth
738:Gagra
585:clays
567:chert
547:marls
507:clays
380:karst
169:Depth
1882:2019
1859:2012
1790:2012
1729:XXVI
1710:XXVI
1638:link
1484:link
1424:2022
1387:2013
1353:2009
1297:2013
1177:2012
1159:2010
1148:2009
1133:2008
1118:2007
1104:2006
1079:2005
1057:2004
1046:2003
1035:2001
868:and
795:Low-
615:and
606:The
594:The
553:and
541:and
531:lava
529:and
515:tuff
509:and
473:and
461:The
389:and
371:The
353:Kyiv
324:sump
196:1960
1813:doi
1600:doi
1568:hdl
1560:doi
1531:doi
1085:it.
797:TDS
395:dip
2068::
1842:.
1838:.
1809:42
1807:,
1773:.
1769:.
1752:^
1691:19
1657:18
1634:}}
1630:{{
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505:,
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266::
262:,
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1815::
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1608:.
1602::
1570::
1562::
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1533::
1506:2
1486:)
1446:3
1426:.
1389:.
1355:.
1326:.
1299:.
576:–
557:–
257::
242:(
229:)
214:6
41:.
34:.
20:)
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