45:
371:
726:
continued in Rome even after
Christianity had become the official religion of the Empire, possibly as late as the 6th century. Because the vows were as much affirmations of political loyalty as religious expressions, they were difficult to abolish without undermining the sacral aura of the emperor's
1049:: "Appropriating the central role of Jupiter Optimus Maximus in the theology of victory, the Christian god passed easily into his pre-eminent position in the imperial ideology of the Christian Empire. … Like the theology of victory, the theme of the royal office as an
1055:
was easily
Christianized. … It is precisely in this association of emperor with the high god that we observe most clearly that continuity between pagan and Christian imperial ideology" (pp. 121–122).
301:
445:
with its dedication of spoils and animal sacrifices at the
Capitol was in part a fulfillment of such a vow. A general who faced an uncertain outcome in battle might make a
1045:
Fears, "The Cult of
Jupiter and Roman Imperial Ideology", pp. 99–105, 119–122. Fears explores the question through the transition from the cult of Jupiter to that of the
44:
660:
989:
294:
457:
general to vow and oversee the building of a temple; he honored the goddess Salus, "Salvation". A vow would also be made in connection with the ritual of
1166:
219:
287:
412:
found in these offerings "expressions of … religious feeling" and a gratitude for blessings received that go deeper than contractual formalism.
659:
of the capital were assembled to offer collective vows; it was refusal to take part in these events and similar rituals that sometimes led to
1141:
1076:
275:
123:
1066:
468:
459:
355:
241:
214:
54:
664:
1161:
757:
349:
is also that which fulfills a vow, that is, the thing promised, such as offerings, a statue, or even a temple building. The
450:
618:
for the state continued to be held on
January 1st, while the vows for the emperor came to include his family as well.
859:(Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 50; Richard D. Weigel, "Roman Generals and the Vowing of Temples, 500–100 B.C.",
842:
Friederike Fless and Katja Moede, "Music and Dance: Forms of
Representation in Pictorial and Written Sources", in
315:
103:
32:
861:
251:
634:
331:
173:
113:
756:
forbade
Christians from celebrating, but it remained on the court calendar at least until the reign of
800:
731:
409:
375:
268:
261:
408:, noting that the person making the dedication "He has fulfilled his vow, willingly, as it should."
638:
622:
224:
133:
108:
449:
in the field promising to build a temple out of gratitude for divine aid in a victory. In 311 BC,
370:
1093:
967:
944:
749:
1137:
1072:
913:
753:
256:
626:
190:
17:
1105:
432:
386:
335:
246:
91:
50:
353:
is thus an aspect of the contractual nature of Roman religion, a bargaining expressed by
1133:
984:
893:
Augusto augurio: rerum humanarum et divinarum commentationes in honorem Jerzy
Linderski
646:
642:
464:
424:
195:
163:
1155:
1046:
681:
542:
442:
202:
184:
143:
1051:
671:
561:
521:
401:
86:
1124:
792:
691:
605:
497:
339:
583:
397:
209:
481:, the ritual by which a general sacrificed himself in battle and asked the
745:
609:
577:
571:
482:
437:
392:
158:
74:
971:
948:
520:("vows for the well-being of the republic") were offered on the day the
1015:
Peter Herz, "Emperors: Caring for the Empire and Their
Successors", in
769:
477:
700:). Incomplete records have led scholars to debate whether particular
153:
148:
680:) were celebrated with similar rituals; larger rituals marked the
630:
454:
369:
138:
962:
Alföldi, Andreas (March 1975), "Stefan
Weinstock: Divus Julius",
943:, vol. 30, London: British School at Rome, pp. 33–36,
656:
530:
527:
97:
752:
banned the sacrifices associated with the festival. In 692 the
637:. In Rome, these ceremonies were conducted by the consuls and
739:
718:, or at some other time for specific reasons in each case.
891:
Frances Hickson-Hahn, "The Politics of Thanksgiving", in
345:, "vow, promise". As the result of this verbal action, a
865:(Museum Tusculanum Press, 1998), p. 122; Eric M. Orlin,
404:. These are regularly marked with the letters V.S.L.M.,
966:, vol. 47, Munich: Verlag C.H. Beck, p. 167,
857:
Divine Qualities: Cult and Community in Republican Rome
1032:
Fritz Graf, "Roman Festivals in Syria Palaestina", in
378:; the inscription ends with the abbreviation V.S.L.M.
987:, "The Cult of Jupiter and Roman Imperial Ideology",
867:
Temples, Religion, and Politics in the Roman Republic
712:
were celebrated at the beginning of the year, on the
1126:
Desiring Rome: Male Subjectivity and Reading Ovid's
939:
Reynolds, J.M. (1962), "Vota Pro Salute Principis",
905:
903:
901:
431:was a regular part of ceremonies conducted at the
621:During these public vows, offerings were made to
604:) were moved to 3 January—the usual date of the
582:in 30 BC. These vows for the well-being of the
485:to take the enemy as offerings along with him.
1034:The Talmud Yerushalmi and Graeco-Roman Culture
672:anniversary day of each emperor's acclamation
295:
8:
805:The Religious Experience of the Roman People
524:took office, eventually fixed on 1 January (
721:
713:
707:
701:
695:
685:
675:
650:
613:
599:
593:
587:
575:
565:
552:
546:
536:
525:
515:
509:
503:
266:
200:
990:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt
833:(Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 15.
795:, "Sacrifices for Gods and Ancestors", in
302:
288:
28:
649:and local priests and officials. For the
385:In everyday life, individuals might make
785:
233:
172:
122:
65:
31:
1101:
1091:
1036:(Mohr Siebeck, 2002), vol. 3, p. 441.
7:
941:Papers of the British School at Rome
909:
59:sacrificing at the Temple of Jupiter
1065:Trombley, Frank R. (January 2005).
1004:The Imperial Cult in the Latin West
927:The Imperial Cult in the Latin West
242:Glossary of ancient Roman religion
25:
1167:Latin religious words and phrases
895:(Franz Steiner, 2004), pp. 35–36.
734:, this festival was known as the
389:to a deity for private concerns.
655:for the emperor and his family,
463:, negotiations with the enemy's
359:, "I give that you might give."
43:
1136:: Ohio State University Press,
929:(Brill, 1987), vol. I,1, p. 89.
758:Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus
1123:King, Richard Jackson (2006),
829:J.A. North, and S.R.F. Price,
330:, is a vow or promise made to
1:
1017:A Companion to Roman Religion
844:A Companion to Roman Religion
797:A Companion to Roman Religion
570:on behalf of Octavian (later
400:, particularly for the later
396:are attested in abundance by
831:Religions of Rome: A History
807:(London, 1922), pp. 200–202.
517:vota pro salute rei publicae
380:(votum solvit libens merito)
18:Vota pro salute rei publicae
1071:. Oxford University Press.
869:(Brill, 1997), pp. 179–180.
799:(Blackwell, 2007), p. 270;
589:vota pro salute imperatoris
1183:
740:
495:
406:votum solvit libens merito
374:Votive statue for the god
334:. The word comes from the
993:, II.17.2 (1981), p. 98.
535:). These were joined by
502:In the Republic, public
862:Classica et Mediaevalia
1162:Ancient Roman religion
722:
714:
708:
702:
696:
686:
676:
651:
614:
600:
594:
588:
576:
566:
560:Under the Empire, the
553:
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526:
516:
510:
504:
441:before deploying. The
382:
316:ancient Roman religion
267:
252:Ancient Greek religion
201:
692:10 year anniversaries
471:. An extreme form of
435:by a general holding
373:
66:Practices and beliefs
1021:Religious Experience
880:Religious Experience
818:Religious Experience
801:William Warde Fowler
732:Eastern Roman Empire
410:William Warde Fowler
269:Interpretatio Graeca
262:Gallo-Roman religion
554:pro salute Caesaris
1019:, p. 312; Fowler,
670:Subsequently, the
467:to offer superior
383:
104:funerary practices
1143:978-0-8142-1020-8
1078:978-0-19-504652-6
925:Duncan Fishwick,
754:Quinisext Council
453:became the first
312:
311:
257:Etruscan religion
215:agricultural gods
114:mystery religions
60:
16:(Redirected from
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1146:
1110:
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1103:
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951:
936:
930:
923:
917:
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896:
889:
883:
876:
870:
853:
847:
840:
834:
827:
821:
814:
808:
790:
744:). The emperors
743:
742:
725:
717:
711:
705:
699:
689:
679:
654:
633:, and sometimes
617:
603:
597:
591:
581:
569:
556:
550:
548:vota pro Caesare
540:
534:
519:
513:
507:
483:chthonic deities
387:votive offerings
304:
297:
290:
272:
206:
191:Capitoline Triad
49:
47:
37:
29:
21:
1182:
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824:
815:
811:
791:
787:
783:
778:
766:
500:
494:
451:Junius Bubulcus
421:
368:
336:past participle
308:
247:Roman mythology
229:
225:divine emperors
210:underworld gods
168:
164:Fratres Arvales
118:
61:
58:
51:Marcus Aurelius
35:
33:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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985:J. Rufus Fears
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884:
882:, pp. 206–207.
871:
848:
846:, pp. 259–260.
835:
822:
820:, pp. 201–202.
809:
784:
782:
779:
777:
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773:
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760:(r, 905–959).
493:
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465:tutelary deity
425:Republican era
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1053:
1048:
1047:Christian god
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703:quinquennalia
698:
693:
688:
687:quinquennalia
683:
678:
673:
668:
666:
662:
658:
653:
648:
644:
641:, and in the
640:
636:
635:other deities
632:
628:
624:
619:
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611:
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602:
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343:voveo, vovere
341:
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203:Indigitamenta
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185:Dii Consentes
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109:imperial cult
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41:
38:
30:
27:
19:
1129:
1125:
1116:Bibliography
1084:December 24,
1082:. Retrieved
1067:
1060:
1052:imitatio Dei
1050:
1041:
1033:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1006:, pp. 89–90.
1003:
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988:
980:
963:
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926:
921:
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874:
866:
860:
856:
855:Anna Clark,
851:
843:
838:
830:
825:
817:
812:
804:
796:
788:
735:
729:
723:Vota publica
720:
715:dies imperii
677:dies imperii
669:
645:probably by
620:
559:
557:) in 44 BC.
511:vota publica
501:
490:
476:
472:
458:
446:
436:
428:
422:
417:
405:
402:Imperial era
398:inscriptions
390:
384:
379:
364:
354:
350:
346:
342:
326:
325:
320:
319:
313:
183:
96:
80:
79:
55:head covered
36:ancient Rome
26:
910:King (2006)
793:John Scheid
727:authority.
661:persecution
423:During the
124:Priesthoods
34:Religion in
1156:Categories
1002:Fishwick,
912:, p.
776:References
709:decennalia
697:decennalia
665:Christians
657:the people
612:in AD 38.
606:Compitalia
498:Decennalia
496:See also:
433:Capitoline
340:Latin verb
134:Pontifices
1104:ignored (
1094:cite book
1023:, p. 200.
781:Citations
647:governors
643:provinces
595:principis
416:Military
356:do ut des
324:, plural
92:festivals
1134:Columbus
972:27686173
949:40310628
878:Fowler,
816:Fowler,
764:See also
750:Honorius
746:Arcadius
639:pontiffs
610:Caligula
578:princeps
572:Augustus
564:decreed
475:was the
460:evocatio
455:plebeian
438:imperium
376:Silvanus
363:Private
159:Epulones
154:Fetiales
149:Flamines
144:Vestales
75:libation
770:Ex-voto
730:In the
623:Jupiter
608:—under
601:Augusti
584:emperor
522:consuls
489:Public
478:devotio
443:triumph
393:privata
338:of the
332:a deity
276:Decline
174:Deities
139:Augures
87:temples
1140:
1075:
970:
964:Gnomon
947:
690:) and
682:5 year
562:Senate
543:Caesar
427:, the
1128:Fasti
968:JSTOR
945:JSTOR
631:Salus
598:, or
574:) as
514:) or
473:votum
447:votum
429:votum
391:Vota
351:votum
347:votum
321:votum
81:votum
1138:ISBN
1106:help
1086:2023
1073:ISBN
1068:Bota
748:and
741:Βότα
736:Vóta
706:and
652:vota
627:Juno
615:Vota
567:vota
541:for
538:vota
531:Ian.
528:Kal.
505:vota
491:vota
469:cult
418:vota
365:vota
327:vota
318:, a
98:ludi
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667:.
663:of
551:or
314:In
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