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areas. I howled and wept from the pain. They beat my back with the same rubber strap and punched my face, swinging their fists from a great height ... The intolerable physical and emotional pain caused my eyes to weep unending streams of tears. Lying face down on the floor, I discovered that I could wriggle, twist and squeal like a dog when its master whips it ... When I lay down on the cot and fell asleep, after 18 hours of interrogation, in order to go back in an hour's time for more, I was woken up by my own groaning and because I was jerking about like a patient in the last stages of typhoid fever ... "death, oh most certainly, death is easier than this!" the interrogated person says to himself. I began to incriminate myself in the hope that this, at least, would lead quickly to the scaffold.
627:'s conception. While method acting melded the character with the actor's own personal memories to create the character's internal motivation, Meyerhold connected psychological and physiological processes. He had actors focus on learning gestures and movements as a way of expressing emotion physically. Following Konstantin Stanislavski's lead, he said that the emotional state of an actor was inextricably linked to his physical state (and vice versa), and that one could call up emotions in performance by practicing and assuming poses, gestures, and movements. He developed a number of body expressions that his actors would use to portray specific emotions and characters. (Stanislavski was also at odds with Method acting, because like Meyerhold, his approach was psychophysical.)
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soon be a target, and in March delivered a talk entitled "Meyer
Against Meyerholdism" in which he said – reportedly to 'thunderous applause' – that "the path to simplicity is not an easy one. Each artist goes at his own pace, and they must not lose their distinctive way of walking... Soviet subject matter is often a smoke screen to conceal mediocrity." A year later, in April 1937, his wife, the actress Zinaida Reich, wrote Stalin a long letter alleging that her husband was the victim of a conspiracy by
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771:, invited Meyerhold to be his assistant – an invitation that surprised many in Moscow, given their long standing artistic differences. Stanislavsky died soon afterwards, in August 1938. His dying wish was "Take care of Meyerhold; he is my sole heir in the theatre – here or anywhere else." Meyerhold directed his theatre for nearly a year, and was engaged with producing the première of
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If what you have been doing with the Soviet theatre recently is what you call anti-formalism, if you consider what is now taking place on the stages of the best theatres in Moscow as an achievement of the Soviet theatre, then I would prefer to be what you consider a formalist... in hunting formalism,
393:
After leaving the MAT in 1902, wanting to break free of the highly naturalistic 'missing fourth wall' productions of
Stanislavsky and Nemirovich-Danchenko, Meyerhold participated in a number of theatrical projects, as both a director and actor. Each project was an arena for experiment and creation of
836:
Meyerhold married his first wife, Olga Munt, in 1896 and together they had three daughters. He later met the actress
Zinaida Reich when she began studying with him. They fell in love and he divorced his wife; Reich was already divorced and had two children of her own. They married in 1922 or 1924.
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from above, with considerable force... For the next few days, when those parts of my legs were covered with extensive internal hemorrhaging, they again beat the red-blue-and-yellow bruises with the strap and the pain was so intense that it felt as if boiling water was being poured on these sensitive
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But they fell out, apparently because
Eisenstein failed to treat the older man with sufficient deference, for which he was, as he put it, "expelled from the Gates of Heaven." In his films, Eisenstein used actors who worked in Meyerhold's tradition. He also cast actors based on what they looked like
720:
as a pianist. Many years later, Shostakovich reputedly recalled: "It's impossible to imagine now how popular
Meyerhold was. Everyone knew him, even those who had no interest or connection with the theatre or art. In the circus, clowns always made jokes about Meyerhold. They go for instant laughs in
476:, who was then a teenager but would later be a world-renowned film director, desperately wanted to see the production, having heard that it featured clowns, but having made his way across the city that was in the throes of a revolution was disappointed to discover that the Alexandrinsky was closed.
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This is from a version of the speech written up later by the emigre musician Yuri
Yelagin, from notes he said that he made at the conference – but its accuracy is disputed. After the speech, he returned to Leningrad, and was arrested on arrival, on 20 June 1939. Shortly afterwards, intruders broke
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went to a production at the
Meyerhold Theatre, and walked out in disgust. The theatre was closed, by order of the Politburo, on 7 January 1938, on the grounds that 'throughout its entire existence, the Meyerhold Theatre has been unable to free itself from thoroughly bourgeois Formalist positions',
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art and experimentation, and any art form reckoned to be 'formalist', in that the artist had paid more attention to the form of a work than to its political message. After
Shostakovich had been singled out as being guilty of 'formalism', in January 1936, Meyerhold evidently surmised that he would
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Energetic, mischievous, charming
Ilyinsky left his post to the nervous, fragile, suddenly freezing, grotesquely anxious Garin. Energy was replaced by trance, the dynamic with the static, happy jesting humour with bitter and glum
472:. That evening has been described as "the last act of the tragedy of the old regime, when the Petersburg elite went to enjoy themselves at this splendidly luxurious production in the midst of the chaos and confusion."
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but never completed his degree. He was torn between studying theatre or a career as a violinist. However, he failed his audition to become the second violinist in the
University orchestra and in 1896 joined the
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scientific use of the term), the system of actor training that was later taught in a special school created by Meyerhold. Meyerhold's acting technique had fundamental principles at odds with the American
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The investigators began to use force on me, a sick 65-year-old man. I was made to lie face down and beaten on the soles of my feet and my spine with a rubber strap. They sat me on a chair and
781:, when he was instructed that he was to choreograph a spectacle in Leningrad involving 30,000 athletes. On 15 June 1939, he addressed a conference of theatre directors, in the presence of
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785:, the state prosecutor who had presided over the infamous Moscow show trials. His speech was not reported in the Soviet press, giving rise to a report that he had declared, defiantly:
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He was sentenced to death by firing squad on 1 February 1940, and executed the next day. The Soviet Supreme Court cleared him of all charges in 1955, during the first wave of
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in 1918, narrowly escaping execution when he was caught on the wrong side of the battle lines during the civil war. He became an official of the Theatre Division (TEO) of the
697:
In autumn 1921, Meyerhold was appointed head of the State Higher Theatre Workshops, in Moscow, where one of his first students was Sergei Eisenstein, who later wrote
283:). He was the youngest of eight children. His father came from an old noble family Meyerhold von Ritterholm. The elder Meyerhold emigrated to Russia in the 1850s.
503:, the head of the Division. Together, they tried to radicalize Russian theatres, effectively nationalizing them under Bolshevik control. Meyerhold came down with
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the circus, and they wouldn't sing ditties about people the audience wouldn't recognise immediately. They even used to sell combs called Meyerhold."
712:, for instance, the bourgeois are always obese, drinking, eating, and smoking, whereas the workers are more athletic. For the original production of
803:, Meyerhold broke down and confessed to being a British and Japanese spy. In his final days, he wrote a letter to the head of the Soviet government
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438:, rethinking them for the contemporary theatrical reality. His theoretical concepts of the "conditional theatre" were elaborated in his book
977:(Artists & Issues in the Theatre, Vol. 16) by Vreneli Farber, Peter Lang, 2008 (Meyerhold's ideas applied in post-Soviet actor training)
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launched a campaign to bring Soviet artists to heel, and compel them all to observe the rules of 'socialist realism', which precluded
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Fear and the Muse Kept Watch, The Russian Masters – from Akhmatova and Pasternak to Shostakovich and Eisenstein – Under Stalin
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Meyerhold gave initial boosts to the stage careers of some of the most distinguished comic actors of the USSR, including
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799:, who died from her injuries. Taken to NKVD headquarters in Moscow, and placed in the hands of the notorious torturer,
243:, Meyerhold was arrested in June 1939. He was tortured, his wife was murdered, and he was executed on 2 February 1940.
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515:'s permission to revise government policy in favor of more traditional theatres and dismissed Kameneva in June 1919.
420:. He introduced classical plays in an innovative manner, and staged works of controversial contemporary authors like
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483:– and one of only five out of 120 who accepted an invitation to meet the new People's Commissar for Enlightenment,
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Meyerhold continued theatrical innovation during the decade 1907–1917, while working with the imperial theatres in
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807:, which was retained in police files, where it was discovered after the dissolution of the USSR by the journalist
864:, trans. and ed. by Edward Braun, with a critical commentary, 1969. London: Methuen and New York: Hill and Wang.
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The God-like, incomparable Meyerhold, I beheld him then for the first time and I was to worship him all my life.
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1470:"Le Theatre Theatral by Vsevolod Meyerhold, trans. Nina Gourfinkel: Very Good Soft cover (1963) | Encore Books"
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911:(Directors in Perspective Series), by Robert Leach, Christopher Innes (ed.), Cambridge University Press, 1993
526:, claiming that they are incapable of finding a common language with the new reality. Meyerhold's methods of
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broke out – on 25 February, under the old style calendar then used in Russia – Meyerhold's production of
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in an unconventional theatre setting made him one of the seminal forces in modern international theatre.
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theatre in 1906–1907. He was invited back to the MAT around this time to pursue his experimental ideas.
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After returning to Moscow, Meyerhold founded his own theatre in 1920, which was known from 1923 as the
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especially for him; Meyerhold continued to stage Mayakovsky's productions even after the latter's
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in May 1919 and had to leave for the south. In his absence, the head of the Commissariat,
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28 January] 1874 – 2 February 1940) was a Russian and Soviet
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The actors participating in Meyerhold's productions acted according to the principle of
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A play by Mark Jackson, premiered at The Shotgun Players, Berkeley, CA, December 2003.
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895:(Routledge Performance Practitioners Series), by Jonathan Pitches, Routledge, 2003
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and accepted "Vsevolod" as an Orthodox Christian name (after the Russian writer
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The ailing Stanislavsky, who was the director of an opera theatre now known as
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Meyerhold, Eisenstein and Biomechanics: Actor Training in Revolutionary Russia
870:, by V. Meyerhold, Alexander Gladkov (ed.) and Alma Law (ed.), Routledge, 1996
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Meyerhold's Theatre of the Grotesque: Post-revolutionary Productions, 1920–32
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and their expression, and followed Meyerhold's stylized acting methods. In
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Meyerhold was one of the first prominent Russian artists to welcome the
432:. In these plays, Meyerhold tried to return acting to the traditions of
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new staging methods. Meyerhold was one of the most fervent advocates of
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his works were proclaimed antagonistic and alien to the Soviet people.
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386:, Meyerhold played the lead male role, opposite Chekhov's future wife,
34:
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in November 1917. (Among the others were the poets Alexander Blok and
1106:"P. V. Merkuviev reminiscing about his grandfather — V. E. Meyerhold"
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Meyerhold's mugshot, taken at the time of his arrest by Soviet police
597:'Doctor Dapertutto', a pseudonym he had borrowed from a character in
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360:. At the MAT, Meyerhold played 18 roles, such as Vasiliy Shuiskiy in
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Meyerhold & Mayakovsky – Biomechanics & the Communist Utopia
1448:. Publicaciones de la Asociación de Directores de Escena de España.
935:(Stage and Screen Studies, v. 3), by Robert Leach, Peter Lang, 2003
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in theatre, especially when he worked as the chief producer of the
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746:. The letter was not answered. In December 1937, Stalin's crony,
1338:"Речь на Всесоюзной режиссёрской конференции 15 июня 1939 года"
1272:(the extent to which this book is a genuine memoir is disputed)
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Stanislavsky in Practice: Actor Training in Post-Soviet Russia
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Meyerhold Speaks/Meyerhold Rehearses (Russian Theatre Archive)
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until 1938. Meyerhold confronted the principles of theatrical
232:. His provocative experiments dealing with physical being and
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876:, Paul Schmidt (ed.), Applause Theatre Book Publishers, 1996
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Meyerhold also gave a start to his one time assistant of "
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After completing school in 1895, Meyerhold studied law at
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The Theatre of Meyerhold: Revolution and the Modern Stage
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The Theatre of Meyerhold, Revolution on the Modern Stage
965:, by Isaak Glikman, 'Soviet Composer', Leningrad, 1989
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by Alma H. Law, Mel Gordon, McFarland & co, 1995
344:Meyerhold began acting in 1896 as a student of the
272:wine manufacturer Friedrich Emil Meyerhold and his
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499:. In 1918–1919, Meyerhold formed an alliance with
376:). In 1898, in the first successful production of
1148:. London: Allison & Busby. pp. 107–108.
923:, by Edward Braun, University of Iowa Press, 1998
593:, depicting Meyerhold sharing the stage with his
468:, in front of an audience that included the poet
1628:People from the Russian Empire of Dutch descent
1551:Oliver M. Sayler article on Meyerhold's theatre
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795:into his flat and repeatedly stabbed his wife,
317:Meyerhold preparing for the role of Treplev in
1643:Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Lutheranism
1084:"Древо Мейерхольдово | Газета о театре и кино"
1013:Center of Theatrical Arts «House of Meyerhold»
716:, in February 1929, Meyerhold hired the young
1366:. New York: Columbia Press. pp. 363–364.
1268:Testimony, The Memoirs of Dmitri Shostakovich
959:, by Katherine B. Eaton, Greenwood Press,1985
769:Stanislavski and Nemirovich-Danchenko Theatre
8:
1270:. London: Hamish Hamilton. pp. 163–164.
1638:Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
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497:Commissariat of Education and Enlightenment
1541:Theatre Biomechanics as a Rehearsal Method
1529:Meyerhold's Biomechanics, Etudes, Training
1396:. Harvill: John Crowfoot. pp. 25–26.
744:Russian Association of Proletarian Writers
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1420:Makers of Modern Theatre: An Introduction
969:Vsevolod Meyerhold Annotated Bibliography
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298:On his 21st birthday, he converted from
1123:. New York: The New Press. p. 16.
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899:Meyerhold: The art of conscious theater
657:(1926) was described as the following:
1198:See Robert Leach and Victor Borovsky.
941:, by Konstantin Rudnitsky, Ardis, 1981
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1202:, Cambridge University Press, 1999,
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879:Lecciones de Dirección Escénica 2010
742:and former members of the disbanded
18:Russian theatre director (1874–1940)
1108:(in Russian). Sovershenno Sekretno.
957:The Theater of Meyerhold and Brecht
849:Meyerhold on a 2024 stamp of Russia
693:in Leningrad (St. Petersburg), 1925
346:Moscow Philharmonic Dramatic School
293:Moscow Philharmonic Dramatic School
1146:Anna Akhmatova, Poet & Prophet
1044:Meyerhold: a Revolution in Theatre
921:Meyerhold: A Revolution in Theatre
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903:University of Massachusetts Press
1608:Russian people of German descent
1581:Meyerhold in Russian periodicals
1423:. Psychology Press. p. 93.
1316:. London: Methuen. p. 267.
1228:Pitches (2003), pp. 23–25, 63–65
971:, by David Roy, LTScotland, 2002
1446:Lecciones de Direccion Escenica
1444:Meyerhold, V. E. (4 May 2010).
963:Meyerhold and the Music Theater
618:(only distantly related to the
1362:Gorchakov, Nikolai A. (1957).
1047:. A & C Black. p. 5.
369:The Death of Ivan the Terrible
258:Karl Kasimir Theodor Meyerhold
214:Karl Kasimir Theodor Meyerhold
205:Vsévolod Èmíl'evič Mejerchól'd
67:Karl Kasimir Theodor Meyerhold
1:
1556:Meyerhold on russiandrama.net
1524:Meyerhold's theatrical system
1392:Shentalinsky, Vitaly (1995).
1003:Sergei Mikhailovich Tretyakov
647:. His landmark production of
464:had a dress rehearsal at the
350:Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko
268:28 January] 1874 to
194:Всеволод Эмильевич Мейерхольд
186:Vsevolod Emilyevich Meyerhold
23:Eastern Slavic naming customs
1688:Burials at Donskoye Cemetery
1364:The Theatre in Soviet Russia
1200:A History of Russian Theatre
1086:(in Russian). 14 August 2015
674:, who later created his own
256:Vsevolod Meyerhold was born
1678:Deaths by firearm in Russia
1623:People from Penzensky Uyezd
603:Adventure on New Year's Eve
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1394:The KGB's Literary Archive
933:Stanislavsky and Meyerhold
589:Double portrait (1916) by
21:In this name that follows
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1658:Russian male stage actors
1648:Russian theatre directors
1586:15 September 2018 at the
1512:Meyerhold Memorial Museum
1498:Meyerhold's Boris Godunov
1237:Konstantin L. Rudnitsky.
1219:Braun (1995), pp. 100-102
564:Aleksandr Sukhovo-Kobylin
412:'s portrait of Meyerhold.
366:and Ivan the Terrible in
310:, whose prose he loved).
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74:28 January] 1874
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1693:Soviet theatre directors
1653:Russian acting theorists
1568:Moscow Meyerhold Theatre
1546:Meyerhold's biomechanics
1379:The Theatre of Meyerhold
1266:Volkov, Solomon (1979).
1144:Reeder, Roberta (1995).
901:, by Marjorie L Hoover,
882:Le Theatre Theatral 2008
790:you have eliminated art.
654:The Government Inspector
276:wife, Alvina Danilovna (
264:on 9 February [
1507:Encyclopædia Britannica
917:, James M. Symons, 1971
691:Zinaida Meyerhold-Reich
689:Vsevolod Meyerhold and
560:The Magnanimous Cuckold
354:Konstantin Stanislavsky
216:; 9 February [
1683:Soviet rehabilitations
1534:15 August 2021 at the
1517:31 August 2007 at the
1312:Braun, Edward (1986).
1239:Meyerhold the Director
1119:McSmith, Andy (2015).
951:The Death of Meyerhold
939:Meyerhold the Director
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448:Career under communism
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400:Vera Komissarzhevskaya
363:Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich
348:under the guidance of
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174:Vera Komissarzhevskaya
1668:Theatre practitioners
1561:23 April 2008 at the
1417:Robert Leach (2004).
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1041:Edward Braun (1998).
929:by Edward Braun, 1995
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466:Alexandrinsky Theatre
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304:Orthodox Christianity
70:9 February [
861:Meyerhold on Theatre
729:In the early 1930s,
481:Bolshevik Revolution
452:On the day when the
1381:. pp. 268–269.
1286:. pp. 176–177.
832:Marriage and family
811:. In it, he wrote:
809:Vitaly Shentalinsky
718:Dmitri Shostakovich
668:The Queen of Spades
550:Fernand Crommelynck
509:Anatoly Lunacharsky
489:Vladimir Mayakovsky
485:Anatoly Lunacharsky
454:February Revolution
281: van der Neese
230:theatrical producer
1673:Russian communists
998:Yevgeny Vakhtangov
909:Vsevolod Meyerhold
905:, 1974 (biography)
893:Vsevolod Meyerhold
887:Works on Meyerhold
854:Texts by Meyerhold
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805:Vyacheslav Molotov
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555:Le Cocu magnifique
435:Commedia dell'arte
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358:Moscow Art Theatre
352:, co-founder with
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323:Moscow Art Theater
119:Moscow Art Theatre
48:Vsevolod Meyerhold
1663:Modernist theatre
1618:People from Penza
1455:978-84-92639-06-9
1430:978-0-415-31240-0
1299:Fear and the Muse
1284:Fear and the Muse
1253:Fear and the Muse
1188:. pp. 16–17.
1186:Fear and the Muse
1171:Fear and the Muse
1130:978-1-59558-056-6
1054:978-1-4081-4880-8
988:Nikolay Okhlopkov
874:Meyerhold at Work
610:Acting techniques
520:Meyerhold Theatre
491:.) He joined the
474:Sergei Eisenstein
462:Mikhail Lermontov
410:Alexander Golovin
288:Moscow University
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540:The Mandate
383:The Seagull
328:The Seagull
300:Lutheranism
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35:family name
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1597:Categories
1342:readli.net
1028:References
725:Repression
714:The Bedbug
575:The Bedbug
511:, secured
458:Masquerade
441:On Theatre
252:Early life
31:Emilyevich
27:patronymic
1503:Meyerhold
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680:Leningrad
595:alter ego
524:academism
444:in 1913.
396:Symbolism
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234:symbolism
199:romanized
169:Patron(s)
154:Olga Munt
151:Spouse(s)
137:Symbolism
115:Education
39:Meyerhold
1584:Archived
1559:Archived
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1515:Archived
982:See also
321:'s 1898
141:futurism
133:Movement
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1377:Braun.
1347:6 April
1210:p. 303.
1090:25 June
676:theater
662:satire.
620:present
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428:, and
210:German
100:Moscow
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1023:Notes
1017:Penza
262:Penza
226:actor
1481:2024
1450:ISBN
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1398:ISBN
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1318:ISBN
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1125:ISBN
1092:2024
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643:and
530:and
266:O.S.
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