West Germany - Knowledge (XXG)

3102:"... the German Democratic Republic is in the international-law sense a State and as such a subject of international law. This finding is independent of recognition in international law of the German Democratic Republic by the Federal Republic of Germany. Such recognition has not only never been formally pronounced by the Federal Republic of Germany but on the contrary repeatedly explicitly rejected. If the conduct of the Federal Republic of Germany towards the German Democratic Republic is assessed in the light of its détente policy, in particular the conclusion of the Treaty as de facto recognition, then it can only be understood as de facto recognition of a special kind. The special feature of this Treaty is that while it is a bilateral Treaty between two States, to which the rules of international law apply and which like any other international treaty possesses validity, it is between two States that are parts of a still existing, albeit incapable of action as not being reorganized, comprehensive State of the Whole of Germany with a single body politic." 1901: 2518:, a leading FDP official, became Vice Chancellor and Foreign Minister. Schmidt, a strong supporter of the European Community (EC) and the Atlantic alliance, emphasized his commitment to "the political unification of Europe in partnership with the USA". Mounting external problems forced Schmidt to concentrate on foreign policy and limited the domestic reforms that he could carry out. The USSR upgraded its intermediate-range missiles, which Schmidt complained was an unacceptable threat to the balance of nuclear power, because it increased the likelihood of political coercion and required a western response. NATO respond in the form of its twin-track policy. The domestic reverberations were serious inside the SPD, and undermined its coalition with the FDP. One of his major successes, in collaboration with French President 2684: 2991: 3208: 1161:. They formally joined the federal republic on 3 October 1990, raising the total number of states from ten to sixteen, and ending the division of Germany. The reunited Germany is the direct continuation of the state previously informally called West Germany and not a new state, as the process was essentially a voluntary act of accession: the Federal Republic of Germany was enlarged to include the additional six states of the German Democratic Republic. The expanded Federal Republic retained West Germany's political culture and continued its existing memberships in international organisations, as well as its Western foreign policy alignment and affiliation to Western alliances such as the United Nations, NATO, 2773: 2103: 215: 868: 255: 5007:

informally called "West German" before 1991. The only differences were a larger membership and a different name used by some foreigners. These organisations and teams in turn mostly continued the traditions of those that represented Germany before the Second World War, and even the First World War, thus providing a century-old continuity despite political changes. On the other hand, the separate East German teams and organisations were founded in the 1950s; they were an episode lasting less than four decades, yet quite successful in that time.

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Treaty. Following wartime commitments by the Allies to the governments-in-exile of Czechoslovakia and Poland, the Potsdam Protocols also agreed to the 'orderly and humane' transfer to Germany as a whole of the ethnic German populations in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary. Eight million German expellees and refugees eventually settled in West Germany. Between 1946 and 1949, three of the occupation zones began to merge. First, the British and American zones were combined into the quasi-state of

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the act of reunification itself (with its many specific terms and conditions; including fundamental amendments to the West German Basic Law) was achieved constitutionally by the subsequent Unification Treaty of 31 August 1990; that is through a binding agreement between the former GDR and the Federal Republic now recognising each another as separate sovereign states in international law. This treaty was then voted into effect on 20 September 1990 by both the Volkskammer and the

94: 2029: 1324: 1245:, had issued the "Directives for the Appellation of Germany", recommending avoiding the initialism BRD. On 31 May 1974, the heads of West German federal and state governments recommended always using the full name in official publications. From then on, West German sources avoided the abbreviated form, with the exception of left-leaning organizations which embraced it. In November 1979, the federal government informed the 235: 80: 2602:. They formally joined the Federal Republic on 3 October 1990, raising the number of states from 10 to 16, ending the division of Germany. The expanded Federal Republic retained West Germany's political culture and continued its existing memberships in international organisations, as well as its Western foreign policy alignment and affiliation to Western alliances like NATO and the European Union. 1850: 5022: 1785: 5903: 2418:

1990s attacks were still being committed under the name "RAF". The last action took place in 1993 and the group announced it was giving up its activities in 1998. Evidence that the groups had been infiltrated by German Intelligence undercover agents has since emerged, partly through the insistence of the son of one of their prominent victims, the State Counsel Buback.

2590:. Following democratic elections, East Germany declared its accession to the Federal Republic subject to the terms of the Unification Treaty between the two states; and then both West Germany and East Germany radically amended their respective constitutions in accordance with that Treaty's provisions. East Germany then dissolved itself, and its five post-war states ( 7068: 1799: 2388: 2006:

applied to Berlin as a whole despite the Soviets declaring the end of occupation of East Berlin unilaterally many decades before). The Two-plus-Four Agreement also saw the two parts of Germany confirm their post-war external boundaries as final and irreversible (including the 1945 transfer of former German lands east of the

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two department stores in Frankfurt; they were brought to trial and made very clear to the court that they regarded their action as a legitimate act in what they described as the "struggle against imperialism". The student movement began to split into different factions, ranging from the unattached liberals to the

4992:, the Olympic teams of West Germany, East Germany, and Saarland were merged to represent Germany together. Four years earlier Saarland had attended as separate teams while East Germany had not attended. After 1956, 1962, and 1964; East Germany competed in the Summer Olympics as a separate member of the IOC. 1920:

and outside of 'Germany as a whole' were officially separated from German sovereignty in August 1945 and transferred from Soviet military occupation to Polish and Soviet (in the case of the territory of Kaliningrad) civil administration, their Polish and Soviet status to be confirmed at a final Peace

1216:(West German Federal Republic) were preferred during the 1950s and 1960s. This changed under its constitutional amendment in 1974, when the idea of a single German nation was abandoned by East Germany. As a result, it officially considered West Germans and West Berliners as foreigners. The initialism 2825:

In January 1987 the Kohl–Genscher government was returned to office, but the FDP and the Greens gained at the expense of the larger parties. The Social Democrats concluded that not only were the Greens unlikely to form a coalition, but also that such a coalition would be far from a majority. Neither

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Anger over the treatment of demonstrators following the death of Benno Ohnesorg and the attack on Rudi Dutschke, coupled with growing frustration over the lack of success in achieving their aims led to growing militance among students and their supporters. In May 1968, three young people set fire to

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The calling in question of the actions and policies of government led to a new climate of debate. The issues of emancipation, colonialism, environmentalism and grass roots democracy were discussed at all levels of society. In 1979 the environmental party, the Greens, reached the 5% limit required to

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was shot in the head and killed by a plainclothes policeman. (It has now been established that the policeman, Kurras, was a paid spy of the East German security forces.) Protest demonstrations continued, and calls for more active opposition by some groups of students were made, which was declared by

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that it was partly fiction and, if interpreted as wishful thinking, it was a promise that went unfulfilled until 1990. The Allies maintained their rights and responsibilities regarding Berlin and Germany as a whole, particularly the responsibility for future reunification and a future peace treaty".

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in his illegal seizure of dictatorial powers. Consequently, following the death of Hitler in 1945 and the subsequent capitulation of the German Armed Forces, the national political, judicial, administrative, and constitutional instruments of both Nazi Germany and the Weimar Republic were understood

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remained in East Germany. Four days after obtaining the "authority of a sovereign state" in 1955, West Germany joined NATO. The UK and the USA retained an especially strong presence in West Germany, acting as a deterrent in case of a Soviet invasion. In 1976 West Germany became one of the founding

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Eastern Europe, which affected up to 16.5 million Germans. This helped Germany to more than double the value of its exports during the war. Apart from these factors, hard work and long hours at full capacity among the population and in the late 1950s and 1960s extra labour supplied by thousands of

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After the peaceful revolution of 1989 in East Germany, the Volkskammer of the GDR on 23 August 1990 declared the accession of East Germany to the Federal Republic under Article 23 of the Basic Law and thus initiated the process of reunification, to come into effect on 3 October 1990. Nevertheless,

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who also criticised the forms of capitalism that were to be seen in West Berlin. Just before Easter 1968, a young man tried to kill Dutschke as he bicycled to the student union, seriously injuring him. All over West Germany, thousands demonstrated against the Springer newspapers which were seen as

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states "In the October 23, 1954, Paris Agreements, Adenauer pushed through the following laconic wording: 'The Federal Republic shall accordingly have the full authority of a sovereign state over its internal and external affairs.' If this was intended as a statement of fact, it must be conceded

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which began by making bank raids to finance their activities and eventually went underground having killed a number of policemen, several bystanders and eventually two prominent West Germans, whom they had taken captive in order to force the release of prisoners sympathetic to their ideas. In the

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retained occupation powers in Berlin and certain responsibilities for Germany as a whole. Under the new arrangements, the Allies stationed troops within West Germany for NATO defense, pursuant to stationing and status-of-forces agreements. With the exception of 55,000 French troops, Allied forces

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was definitively ended and the Four Allied powers relinquished their joint residual sovereign authority for Germany as a whole including the area of West Berlin which had officially remained under Allied occupation for the purposes of international and GDR law (a status that the Western countries

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As in 1957, when the Saarland acceded, East German sport organisations ceased to exist in late 1990 as their subdivisions and their members joined their Western counterparts. Thus, the present German organisations and teams in football, Olympics and elsewhere are identical to those that had been

2872:. The program was hugely unpopular in West Germany and was opposed by the new government of Konrad Adenauer. In 1951, several laws were passed granting amnesties and ending denazification. As a result, many people with a former Nazi past ended up again in the political apparatus of West Germany. 3219:

As demand for consumer goods increased after World War II, the resulting shortage helped overcome lingering resistance to the purchase of German products. At the time Germany had a large pool of skilled and cheap labour, partly as a result of the flight and expulsion of Germans from Central and

2237:, Defence Minister, who had decidedly overstepped his competence during the crisis. Adenauer was still wounded by his brief run for president, and this episode damaged his reputation even further. He announced that he would step down in the fall of 1963. His successor was to be Ludwig Erhard. 1888:

were negotiated. They agreed that the boundaries of Germany as at 31 December 1937 would be chosen as demarcating German national territory from German-occupied territory; all German annexations after 1937 were automatically null. Subsequently, and into the 1970s, the West German state was to

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in which women demonstrated for equal rights. Until 1977, a married woman had to have the permission of her husband if she wanted to take on a job or open a bank account. Further reforms in 1979 to parental rights law gave equal legal rights to the mother and the father, abolishing the legal

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In January 1987 the Kohl–Genscher government was returned to office, but the FDP and the Greens gained at the expense of the larger parties. Kohl's CDU and its Bavarian sister party, the CSU, slipped from 48.8% of the vote in 1983 to 44.3%. The SPD fell to 37%; long-time SPD Chairman Brandt

2698:(SPD). This was important for the introduction of new emergency acts—the Grand Coalition gave the ruling parties the two-thirds majority of votes required to see them in. These controversial acts allowed basic constitutional rights such as freedom of movement to be limited in case of a 2879:, to infiltrate the Free Democratic Party (FDP) in order to lay the groundwork for an eventual return to power. Although this effort was exposed and disrupted, many former Nazis still attained positions of power and influence in the political system. West German President (1974–1979) 2806:

Finance Minister Helmut Schmidt (SPD) then formed a government, continuing the SPD–FDP coalition. He served as Chancellor from 1974 to 1982. Hans-Dietrich Genscher, a leading FDP official, was Vice Chancellor and Foreign Minister in the same years. Schmidt, a strong supporter of the

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as entirely defunct, such that a new West Germany could be established in a condition of constitutional nullity. Nevertheless, the new West Germany asserted its fundamental continuity with the 'overall' German state that was held to have embodied the unified German people since the

1268:, Germany), which has remained the country code of Germany after reunification. ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are the most widely used country codes, and the DE code is notably used as a country identifier, extending the postal code and as the Internet's country code top-level domain 192: 3136:

on the territory of East Germany; and on the other, the agreed amendments to the Basic Law of the Federal Republic. Amongst these amendments was the repeal of the very Article 23 in respect of which the GDR had nominally declared its postdated accession to the Federal Republic.

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legitimate representative of a dormant "Germany as whole". The two Germanies relinquished any claim to represent the other internationally, which they acknowledged as necessarily implying a mutual recognition of each other as both capable of representing their own populations

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as a sovereign state under international law; while at the same time acknowledging that, within the structures of international law, the GDR was an independent sovereign state. By distinction, West Germany then viewed itself as being within its own boundaries, not only the

1897:: a French Zone in the far west; a British Zone in the northwest; an American Zone in the south; and a Soviet Zone in the East. Berlin was separately divided into four zones. These divisions were not intended to dismember Germany, only to designate zones of administration. 199: 5523:

However, the 1977 reform of marriage and family law by Social Democrats and Liberals formally gave women the right to take up employment without their spouses' permission. This marked the legal end of the 'housewife marriage' and a transition to the ideal of 'marriage in

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2–1 in the final. With the process of unification in full swing in the summer of 1990, the Germans won a third World Cup, with players that had been capped for East Germany not yet permitted to contribute. European championships have been won too, in 1972 and 1980.

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Religious affiliation in West Germany decreased from the 1960s onward. Religious affiliation declined faster among Protestants than among Catholics, causing the Roman Catholic Church to overtake the EKD as the largest denomination in the country during the 1970s.

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had been widely publicised in Germany but until a new generation of teachers, educated with the findings of historical studies, could begin to reveal the truth about the war and the crimes committed in the name of the German people, one courageous attorney,

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was 73 years old when he became chancellor in 1949, and for this reason he was initially reckoned as a caretaker. However, he ruled for 14 years. The grand statesman of German postwar politics had to be dragged—almost literally—out of office in 1963.

2822:. Following national elections in March 1983, Kohl emerged in firm control of both the government and the CDU. The CDU/CSU fell just short of an absolute majority, because of the entry into the Bundestag of the Greens, who received 5.6% of the vote. 2335:

In the wakes of these demonstrations, in which the question of America's role in Vietnam began to play a bigger role, came a desire among the students to find out more about the role of the parent-generation in the Nazi era. The proceedings of the

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The official position of West Germany concerning East Germany at the outset was that the West German government was the only democratically elected, and therefore the only legitimate, representative of the German people. According to the

2173:. The WEU, however, would regulate the size of the armed forces permitted to each of its member states. Also, the German constitution prohibited any military action, except in the case of an external attack against Germany or its allies ( 5115: 2799:. However, the affair is widely considered to have been merely a trigger for Brandt's resignation, not a fundamental cause. Instead, Brandt, dogged by scandal relating to alcohol and depression as well as the economic fallout of the 2327:, mingled with anger over the vigour with which demonstrations were repressed led to mounting militance among the students at the universities in Berlin. One of the most prominent campaigners was a young man from East Germany called 2240:

In the early 1960s, the rate of economic growth slowed down significantly. In 1962 growth rate was 4.7% and the following year, 2.0%. After a brief recovery, the growth rate slowed again into a recession, with no growth in 1967.

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spent some time in jail before the public outcry over the breaking of laws on freedom of the press became too loud to be ignored. The FDP members of Adenauer's cabinet resigned from the government, demanding the resignation of

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refused to ratify it (August 1954), the treaty died. The French Gaullists and communists had killed the French government's proposal. Then other means had to be found to allow West German rearmament. In response, at the

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country code of West Germany was DEU, which has remained the country code of reunified Germany. The now deleted codes for East Germany, on the other hand, were DD in ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 and DDR in ISO 3166-1 alpha-3.

2268: 5960: 5090: 3050:(December 1972) helped to normalise relations between East and West Germany and led to both German states joining the United Nations. The Hallstein Doctrine was relinquished, and West Germany ceased to claim an 2384:

authority of the father. Parallel to this, a gay movement began to grow in the larger cities, especially in West Berlin, where homosexuality had been widely accepted during the twenties in the Weimar Republic.

2542:. Following national elections in March 1983, Kohl emerged in firm control of both the government and the CDU. The CDU/CSU fell just short of an absolute majority, due to the entry into the Bundestag of the 2129:(EDC), with an integrated army, navy and air force, composed of the armed forces of its member states. The West German military would be subject to complete EDC control, but the other EDC member states ( 1978:

of 1948–49), the two German states that had originated in the Western Allied and the Soviet Zones respectively became known internationally as West Germany and East Germany. Commonly known in English as

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and supporters of direct action in every form—the anarchists. Several groups set as their objective the aim of radicalising the industrial workers and taking an example from activities in Italy of the

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In many aspects, German culture continued in spite of the dictatorship and wartime. Old and new forms coexisted next to each other, and the American influence, already strong in the 1920s, grew.

6015: 3228:("guest workers") provided a vital base for the economic upturn. This would have implications later on for successive German governments as they tried to assimilate this group of workers. 1912:, the four Allied Powers asserted joint sovereignty over "Germany as a whole", defined as the totality of the territory within the occupation zones. Former German areas east of the rivers 5806: 2765:(RAF). The RAF was active from 1968, carrying out a succession of terrorist attacks in West Germany during the 1970s. Even in the 1990s, attacks were still being committed under the name 6270:

Abraham, Katharine G.; Houseman, Susan N. (1994). "Does employment protection inhibit labor market flexibility? Lessons from Germany, France, and Belgium". In Rebecca M. Blank (ed.).

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is considered an observer of the young Federal Republic from the 1950s to the 1970s, and caused some political controversies because of his increasingly critical view on society. The

6662:"Agency work – from marginalisation towards acceptance? Agency work in EU social and employment policy and the 'implementation' of the draft directive on agency work into German law" 2358:

in 1963. Daily newspaper reports and visits by school classes to the proceedings revealed to the German public the nature of the concentration camp system and it became evident that

2587: 2260:: the grand coalition gave the ruling parties the two-thirds majority of votes required for their ratification. These controversial acts allowed basic constitutional rights such as 2061: 1998: 631: 5990: 2632:

However, at that time, the role of Berlin had not yet been decided upon. Only after a fierce debate, considered by many as one of the most memorable sessions of parliament, the

2306:), armed with staves and bricks attacked the protesters while the police stood by and watched. A demonstration in the centre was being forcibly dispersed when a bystander named 2367:

was of vastly greater dimensions than the German population had believed. (The term "Holocaust" for the systematic mass-murder of Jews first came into use in 1979, when a 1978

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Cooke, Lynn Prince; Gash, Vanessa (2007), "Panacea or Pitfall? Women's Part-time Employment and Marital Stability in West Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States",

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state organisation of parts of Germany outside the Federal Republic. The Federal Republic continued to maintain that it could not within its own structures recognise the GDR

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maintain that these 1937 boundaries continued to be 'valid in international law', although the Allies had already agreed amongst themselves that the territories east of the

2300:, visited West Berlin. Several thousand demonstrators gathered outside the Opera House where he was to attend a special performance. Supporters of the Shah (later known as 187: 5595:

Frank Fischer, "Von Der 'Regierung Der Inneren Reformen' zum 'Krisenmanagement': Das Verhältnis Zwischen Innen- und Aussenpolitik in der Sozial-Liberalen Ära 1969–1982".

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published an analysis of the West German military defence. The conclusion was that there were several weaknesses in the system. Ten days after publication, the offices of

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must be transferred to Poland and the Soviet Union in any peace agreement. The conference agreed that post-war Germany, minus these transfers, would be divided into

4933: 5865: 2292:("Democracy in Crisis") and members of the Campaign against Nuclear Armament. A key event in the development of open democratic debate occurred in 1967, when the 614: 6927:

Maxwell, John Allen. "Social Democracy in a Divided Germany: Kurt Schumacher and the German Question, 1945–52." PhD dissertation, West Virginia University, 1969.

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The goals of SPD and FDP however drifted apart in the late 1970s and early 1980s. On 1 October 1982 the FDP joined forces with the CDU/CSU to elect CDU Chairman

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state election, and with the foundation of the national party in 1980 developed into one of the most politically successful green movements in the world.

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rather than neutrality, and secured membership in the military alliance. Adenauer was also a proponent of agreements that developed into the present-day

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Article 23 provided the possibility for other parts of Germany to join the Federal Republic (under the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany).

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At first, Bonn was referred to only as the provisional seat of government institutions, but from the early 1970s it was called the "federal capital" (

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had been represented by a united team led by the pre-war German NOC officials as the IOC had denied East German demands for a separate team. At the

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In October 1969 Willy Brandt became chancellor. He maintained West Germany's close alignment with the United States and focused on strengthening

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was held in West German cities and West Berlin. After having been beaten by their East German counterparts in the first round, the team of the

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Besides the interest in the older generation of writers, new authors emerged on the background of the experiences of war and after war period.

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in June 1950 led to U.S. calls to rearm West Germany to help defend Western Europe from the perceived Soviet threat. Germany's partners in the

160: 2165:(WEU). West Germany was to be permitted to rearm (an idea many Germans rejected), and have full sovereign control of its military, called the 1763: 886: 8128: 7333: 6863: 6851: 6824: 6803: 6708: 6249: 6062: 5740: 5504: 1694: 1627: 939: 4984:. These were also the first summer games in which the East Germans showed up with the separate flag and anthem of the GDR. Since the 1950s, 8113: 7640: 6180: 5375: 4895: 2669: 7303: 2095:. West Berlin was completely surrounded by East German territory and had suffered a Soviet blockade in 1948–49, which was overcome by the 1590: 5982: 3128:

by the constitutionally required two-thirds majorities; effecting on the one hand, the extinction of the GDR and the re-establishment of

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members from positions of power and influence, by disbanding the organizations associated with Nazism, and by trying prominent Nazis for

7487: 7470: 6815: 1816: 1358: 1091:(ACC), West Berlin politically aligned itself with West Germany and was directly or indirectly represented in its federal institutions. 7378: 7343: 5035: 1844: 1729: 528: 8118: 7288: 5706: 4652: 3215: – for many years the most successful car in the world – on the assembly line in Wolfsburg factory, 1973 2819: 2695: 2629:

and many others. One day later, the parliament of the united Germany would assemble in an act of symbolism in the Reichstag building.

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the prime cause of the violence against students. Trucks carrying newspapers were set on fire and windows in office buildings broken.

2253: 2060:, whereby it obtained "the full authority of a sovereign state" on 5 May 1955 (although "full sovereignty" was not obtained until the 1523: 1378: 1238: 7568: 6086:"The Impact of the First World War and Its Implications for Europe Today | Heinrich Böll Stiftung | Brussels office – European Union" 5486: 7827: 7731: 7002: 6887: 6784: 6765: 6746: 6727: 6641: 6622: 6603: 6584: 6565: 6546: 6527: 6508: 6489: 6470: 6451: 6432: 6427:. International Research Group on the Comparative Charting of Social Change in Advanced Industrial Societies. McGill-Queen's Press. 6393: 6374: 6355: 6336: 6317: 6298: 6279: 5928: 5649: 5360: 3272: 3243: 2673: 2413:), many students went to work in the factories, but with little or no success. The most notorious of the underground groups was the 2122: 1984: 1904:

Dutch tanks, pictured in West Germany in 1956 as part of the large British and American-led foreign military presence in the country

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stimulus, West Germany developed one of the strongest economies in the world, almost as strong as before the Second World War. The

2554:. The FDP's share rose from 7% to 9.1%, its best showing since 1980. The Greens' share rose to 8.3% from their 1983 share of 5.6%. 6198: 2010:), and the Allied Powers confirmed their consent to German Reunification. From 3 October 1990, after the reformation of the GDR's 1424: 1373: 2811:(EC) and the Atlantic alliance, emphasized his commitment to "the political unification of Europe in partnership with the USA". 2102: 7693: 7293: 7020: 6973: 5304: 2677: 2279: 1958:

was characterised as having been a 'failed' state, whose inherent institutional and constitutional flaws had been exploited by

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Reconciliation Policy in Germany 1998–2008, Construing the 'Problem' of the Incompatibility of Paid Employment and Care Work

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that the article was tantamount to high treason and that the authors would be prosecuted. The editor/owner of the magazine,

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were under NATO's joint defense command. (France withdrew from the collective military command structure of NATO in 1966.)

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In the 1969 election, the SPD gained enough votes to form a coalition government with the FDP. SPD leader and Chancellor

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newspaper, as a massive disruption to life in Berlin, in a massive campaign against the protesters. Protests against the

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and halted rampant inflation. The Allied dismantling of the West German coal and steel industry finally ended in 1950.

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was shown on West German television.) The processes set in motion by the Auschwitz trial reverberated decades later.

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The foundation for the influential position held by Germany today was laid during the economic miracle of the 1950s (

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in Hamburg were raided by the police and quantities of documents were seized. Chancellor Adenauer proclaimed in the

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In October 1982 the SPD–FDP coalition fell apart when the FDP joined forces with the CDU/CSU to elect CDU Chairman

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showed a certain growth, but not as much as in West Germany, partly because of continued reparations to the USSR.

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Between 1951 and 1953, there was even an effort by a clandestine group of former Nazi functionaries, known as the

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Main, Steven J. "The Soviet Occupation of Germany. Hunger, Mass Violence and the Struggle for Peace, 1945–1947."

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in world economics and politics between an affluent North and a poor South. Brandt was also known for his fierce

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regime was characterised as having been a 'criminal' state, illegal and illegitimate from the outset; while the

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was also a widespread colloquial form used in German-speaking countries, usually without political overtones.

7072: 2791:, in which a senior member of his staff was uncovered as a spy for the East German intelligence service, the 2710: 2705:

Leading up to the passing of the laws, there was fierce opposition to them, above all by the FDP, the rising

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During the time leading up to the passing of the laws, there was fierce opposition to them, above all by the

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West Germany (blue) and West Berlin (yellow) after the accession of the Saarland in 1957 and before the five

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for all of Germany, representing itself as the sole democratically reorganised continuation of the 1871–1945

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This article is about the Federal Republic of Germany from 1949–1990. For the western region of Germany, see

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With the dropping of Allied reparations, the freeing of German intellectual property and the impact of the

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aimed at improving relations with Eastern Europe. Brandt was controversial on both the right wing, for his

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formed in the three Allied zones of occupation held by the United States, the United Kingdom, and France.

79: 7874: 7849: 7812: 7671: 7603: 7432: 7323: 7313: 5536:

Comparative Law: Historical Development of the Civil Law Tradition in Europe, Latin America, and East Asia

5040: 2849: 2694:

Kiesinger's 1966–69 "Grand Coalition" was between West Germany's two largest parties, the CDU/CSU and the

2640:

concluded on 20 June 1991, with quite a slim majority, that both government and parliament should move to

2543: 2515: 2473: 2368: 2183: 2162: 1553: 1447: 1088: 729: 5189: 8108: 8035: 7854: 7839: 7802: 5141: 3153: 3131: 2615: 2569: 2477: 2297: 2257: 2110: 1940: 1750: 1392: 1142: 794: 430: 31: 5799:"Germany's post-war justice ministry was infested with Nazis protecting former comrades, study reveals" 5003:

programme. West Germany encouraged and covered up a culture of doping across many sports for decades.

3275:

of 944 billion (5.9% of the world total). In 1987 the FRG held a 7.4% share of total world production.

2476:

crushed by the Germans, Brandt unexpectedly knelt and meditated in silence, a moment remembered as the

2244:

A new coalition was formed to deal with this problem. Erhard stepped down in 1966 and was succeeded by

2007: 1890: 1857: 1452: 1118:

was established in 1975, there was no serious debate as to whether West Germany would become a member.

6942: 5446: 3119:

Article 146 provided the possibility for unification of all parts of Germany under a new constitution.

2957:), which were merely local branches of the national government, West Germany was divided into states ( 1222:(FRG in English) began to prevail in East German usage in the early 1970s, beginning in the newspaper 7817: 7761: 7645: 7583: 7578: 7548: 7480: 7458: 7406: 7308: 6241: 6235: 5050: 4989: 4981: 4973: 4948:, established in 1900, continued its tradition based in the Federal Republic of Germany, winning the 3251: 2985: 2966: 2884: 2665: 2583: 2563: 2433: 2245: 2017: 1964: 1745: 1573: 1560: 1134: 1058: 992: 972: 804: 644: 386: 146: 85: 6963:

Konrad Adenauer: A German Politician and Statesman in a Period of War, Revolution and Reconstruction

8000: 7894: 7869: 7864: 7741: 7686: 7625: 7531: 7262: 7196: 5861: 4957: 4949: 4937: 4891: 4881: 2688: 2575: 2484: 2380: 2261: 2234: 1869: 1122: 3188:) began in 1950. This improvement was sustained by the currency reform of 1948 which replaced the 2028: 8066: 8059: 7914: 7879: 7766: 7751: 7681: 7659: 7635: 7563: 7497: 7427: 7338: 7257: 7226: 7135: 7112: 6683: 6666: 5392: 5010:

West Germany played 43 matches at the European Championships, more than any other national team.

4861: 3271:(G6). In 1973, West Germany—home to roughly 1.26% of the world's population—featured the world's 3255: 3047: 3011: 2808: 2769:. The last action took place in 1993, and in 1998 the group announced it was ceasing activities. 2699: 2606: 2312: 2158: 2001:(also known as the "Two-plus-Four Agreement"); by which transitional status of Germany following 1939:) were formed in the Allied zones; replacing the geography of pre-Nazi German states such as the 1540: 1500: 1472: 1312: 1273: 1261: 596: 273: 5698: 8020: 7995: 7942: 7889: 7703: 7475: 7267: 6998: 6883: 6859: 6847: 6820: 6799: 6780: 6761: 6742: 6723: 6704: 6637: 6618: 6599: 6580: 6561: 6542: 6523: 6504: 6485: 6466: 6447: 6428: 6389: 6370: 6351: 6332: 6313: 6294: 6275: 6245: 6058: 5934: 5924: 5767: 5736: 5732: 5726: 5702: 5645: 5608:

Jonathan Story, "The launching of the EMS: An analysis of change in foreign economic policy."

5500: 5356: 4904: 4875: 4701: 3212: 3177: 3051: 2910:

In West Germany, most of the political agencies and buildings were located in Bonn, while the

2551: 2141:) would cooperate in the EDC while maintaining independent control of their own armed forces. 1944: 1909: 1861: 1505: 1428: 1250: 1225: 1097: 1066: 1047: 1032: 6739:

Welfare in East and West: Hungarian Social Security in an International Comparison, 1918–1990

6052: 5510: 8082: 8030: 8025: 8015: 8010: 8005: 7832: 7797: 7771: 7443: 7247: 7216: 7171: 7166: 6675: 5722: 5492: 5384: 4887: 3250:. On 5 May 1955 West Germany was declared to have the "authority of a sovereign state". The 3088: 3087:

in participating in international bodies and agreements, such as the United Nations and the

2936: 2857: 2788: 2762: 2747: 2488: 2414: 2392: 2337: 2087:, had been divided into four sectors, with the Western Allies joining their sectors to form 1881: 1860:, under Polish and Soviet administration/annexation, are shown in cream, as is the detached 1467: 1462: 1457: 490: 4878:, a former soldier who died young in 1947, is one of the best known representatives of the 1947:, which had derived ultimately from former independent German kingdoms and principalities. 7985: 7980: 7975: 7922: 7348: 7037: 6988: 6977: 6949: 6596:

Christian Democracy in Western Germany: the CDU/CSU in Government and Opposition 1945–1976

6019: 5907: 5670: 5628: 5453: 5345: 5269:, Deutscher Bundestag – Wissenschaftliche Dienste (ed.), No. 71/09 (4 September 2009) 5212: 5074: 5000: 2940: 2888: 2800: 2657: 2249: 2229: 2195: 2106: 2096: 1975: 1955: 1917: 1637: 1103: 449: 172: 126: 60: 4909: 2687:

The Brandt cabinet of 1969 on the steps of President Heinemanns's residence in Bonn, the

2668:(1966–69). All governments between 1949 and 1966 were formed by the united caucus of the 2064:

in 1990). The former occupying Western troops remained on the ground, now as part of the

5414: 1971:; albeit that this overall state had become effectively dormant long before 8 May 1945. 1323: 8087: 7965: 7952: 7615: 7373: 5953:"Zusammenfassende Übersichten – Eheschließungen, Geborene und Gestorbene 1946 bis 2015" 5897: 5691: 5027: 4899: 3247: 3141: 2895: 2876: 2839: 2835: 2755: 2725: 2511: 2499: 2463: 2376: 2203: 1865: 1803: 1789: 1530: 1111: 6703:. American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, Johns Hopkins University Press. 6137: 6111: 3112:, "Basic Law") provided two articles for the unification with other parts of Germany: 3014:, any country (with the exception of the USSR) that recognised the authorities of the 8102: 7328: 6687: 5396: 3232: 3199: 3145: 2948: 2944: 2880: 2865: 2852:

initiative to rid German politics, judiciary, society, culture, press and economy of

2661: 2455: 2359: 2328: 2271: 1617: 1218: 1077:). In addition to the resulting ten states, West Berlin was considered an unofficial 770: 405: 6970: 5313: 2056:, the Federal Republic of Germany was founded on 23 May 1949 under the terms of the 7713: 7383: 7358: 7353: 7252: 7206: 6444:

Development and Crisis of the Welfare State. Parties and Policies in Global Markets

4944:

In the 20th century, association football became the largest sport in Germany. The

4920: 4914: 3268: 3223: 2994: 2784: 2734: 2626: 2496: 2468: 2427: 2404: 2144:

Though the EDC treaty was signed (May 1952), it never entered into force. France's

2076: 2046: 2002: 1989: 1980: 1968: 1959: 1951: 1930: 1877: 1726: 1657: 1647: 1608: 1495: 1231: 1138: 1074: 1051: 1043: 1039: 1028: 1020: 996: 952: 600: 569: 475: 290: 286: 269: 234: 114: 6655:. Translated by Frank Kenny. Bonn: Federal Minister for Labour and Social Affairs. 5661: 1876:

On 4–11 February 1945 leaders from the United States, the United Kingdom, and the

6966: 6422: 4956:. Earlier, the German team was not considered part of the international top. The 2148:

rejected it on the grounds that it threatened national sovereignty, and when the

2068:(NATO), which West Germany joined on 9 May 1955, promising to rearm itself soon. 1046:. Germany was divided into the two countries. Initially, West Germany claimed an 185: 159: 7723: 7437: 7272: 7221: 6032: 4965: 2998: 2891: 2815: 2776: 2754:

were able to reach the 5% minimum required to obtain parliamentary seats in the

2721: 2618: 2579: 2535: 2447: 2342: 2324: 2211: 2138: 2092: 2088: 2080: 2043: 1974:

In 1949 with the continuation and aggravation of the Cold War (for example, the

1885: 1510: 1242: 1130: 1016: 499: 484: 461: 6695:

Silvia, Stephen J.; Stolpe, Michael (2007). "Health Care and Pension Reforms".

5373:

Kaplan, Lawrence S. (1961). "NATO and Adenauer's Germany: Uneasy Partnership".

1849: 7932: 7553: 6679: 5549: 5496: 5388: 5017: 3191: 3025: 2861: 2438: 2168: 2134: 2118: 1580: 956: 375: 5773: 2605:

The official German reunification ceremony on 3 October 1990 was held at the

1872:

within the British zone. Berlin was a four-power area within the Soviet zone.

1141:

voted to dissolve and accede to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1990. The

927:

in its entirety, but only the third stanza was to be sung at official events.

7543: 7191: 5938: 3184: 3125: 2929: 2915: 2869: 2635: 2446:, and on the left wing, for his support of American policies, including the 1246: 505: 6777:

Political Leaders of Contemporary Western Europe: a Biographical Dictionary

6348:

Banking on Death: or, Investing in Life: the History and Future of Pensions

3057:

Following the Ostpolitik, the West German view was that East Germany was a

2379:

provincial election. Also of great significance was the steady growth of a

2042:

With territories and frontiers that coincided largely with the ones of old

1195:) of the German Democratic Republic to the Federal Republic of Germany, so 1073:

by France (the separation had been not legal as it had been opposed by the

34:. For the Federal Republic of Germany after the reunification in 1990, see 7067: 6405:

Democracy's Guardian: A History of the German Federal Constitutional Court

5900:

and Jeffrey Johnson, West Germany: Politics And Society, Croom Helm, 1982

5583:

A rising middle power?: German foreign policy in transformation, 1989–1999

1106:, who remained in office until 1963, worked for a full alignment with the 1065:

joined West Germany as a state in 1957 after it had been separated as the

17: 5675: 5554: 3263: 3030:" led to a form of mutual recognition between East and West Germany. The 2918:

which became the economic center. The judicial branch of both the German

2472:(Anti-Radical Decree) in 1972. In 1970, while visiting a memorial to the 2145: 2072: 2050: 1062: 1012: 948: 776: 753: 515: 379: 6981: 5621: 3288:

Total population of West Germany from 1950 to 1990, as collected by the

2750:

became fundamental values among left-wing Germans. As a result, in 1979

2514:(SPD) formed a coalition and he served as Chancellor from 1974 to 1982. 7822: 7242: 7186: 7108: 6873: 6870:

Modern Germany: society, economy, and politics in the twentieth century

6367:

The German Social Democrats since 1969: a Party in Power and Opposition

3094:

This assessment of the Basic Treaty was confirmed in a decision of the

2787:

remained head of government until May 1974, when he resigned after the

2130: 1675: 1477: 988: 911: 360: 349: 321: 35: 4999:

study details how the West German government helped fund a wide-scale

2724:. Demonstrations and protests grew in number, and in 1967 the student 2656:

Political life in West Germany was remarkably stable and orderly. The

1183:(Federal Republic of Germany; commonly known as West Germany) and the 5830:

The Imperfect Union; Constitutional Structures for German Unification

4977: 3002: 2853: 2743: 2641: 2400: 2084: 1926: 1922: 1152: 242: 222: 6844:

A History of West Germany Vol 1: From Shadow to Substance, 1945–1963

6272:

Social Protection versus Economic Flexibility: Is There a Trade-Off?

5538:, by John Henry Merryman, David Scott Clark, John Owen Haley, p. 542 5426:

William Glenn Gray, "Adenauer, Erhard, and the Uses of Prosperity."

5263:

Stefan Schmidt, "Die Diskussion um den Gebrauch der Abkürzung «BRD»"

2951:. Whilst East Germany was divided into 15 administrative districts ( 2387: 7077: 6501:

The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany

6482:

The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany

5921:

The fading miracle : four decades of market economy in Germany

7181: 4931: 3206: 2989: 2963:) with independently elected state parliaments and control of the 2794: 2771: 2761:

Another result of the unrest in the 1960s was the founding of the

2682: 2492: 2386: 2266: 2101: 2027: 1899: 1848: 1087:

not part of West Germany, for Berlin was under the control of the

1015:, the western portion of Germany and the associated territory of 5306:

How a constitution can safeguard democracy:The German Experience

2645: 2317: 2252:

between West Germany's two largest parties, the CDU/CSU and the

2065: 1913: 1162: 1107: 1008: 556: 311: 7081: 6217:"West Germany cultivated doping culture among athletes: report" 5693:

Exorcising Hitler: The Occupation and Denazification of Germany

2728:

was shot in the head by a policeman. The press, especially the

2267: 975:

but continued as the Federal Republic in an enlarged territory.

921:

From 1952 to 1991, the official national anthem of Germany was

6880:

Germany, America, Europe: Forty Years of German Foreign Policy

6634:

Burned Bridge: How East and West Germans Made the Iron Curtain

2911: 2887:

were both former members of the Nazi Party. Konrad Adenauer's

1269: 1254: 839: 7202:

Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples

6956:

Kohl: Genius of the Present : A Biography of Helmut Kohl

6910:(2 vol 2004), 150 short essays by scholars covering 1945–1990 1967:

of 1848, and which from 1871 had been represented within the

1038:

At the onset of the Cold War, Europe was divided between the

6653:

Survey of Social Security in the Federal Republic of Germany

3005:, 1970; the first time a Chancellor met a GDR prime minister 2971:, the second legislative chamber of the Federal Government. 2746:

past had come into being. In the 1970s environmentalism and

2588:

a final settlement of the post-war special status of Germany

933:

Continued as Chancellor of the reunified Germany until 1998.

183: 157: 6651:

Schewe, Dieter; Nordhorn, Karlhugo; Schenke, Klaus (1972).

1997:. In 1990 West Germany and East Germany jointly signed the 1115: 1023:. West Germany was formed as a political entity during the 930:

Continued as President of the reunified Germany until 1994.

618: 6560:. Translated by Martin Kane. Dietz Verlag J. H. W. Nachf. 5336:

Detlef Junker (editor), Translated by Sally E. Robertson,

5224:

The Bonn Republic — West German democracy, 1945–1990,

1155:, which ended its special status and formed an additional 6813:

Zentner, Christian; Bedürftig, Friedemann, eds. (1997) .

6794:

Winkler, Heinrich August (2007). Sager, Alexander (ed.).

2550:

subsequently resigned in April 1987 and was succeeded by

1057:

Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form

6908:

The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War

5339:

The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War

1950:

In the dominant post-war narrative of West Germany, the

1884:

where future arrangements regarding post-war Europe and

6577:

Hovels to High Rise: State Housing in Europe Since 1850

3018:

would not have diplomatic relations with West Germany.

2739:

newspaper, launched a campaign against the protesters.

2458:

became a recognised measure for describing the general

2256:(SPD). This was important for the introduction of new 2161:

was modified to include West Germany, and to form the

1999:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

1177:

Before reunification, Germany was divided between the

6011:

FOWID, Religionszugehörigkeit Bevölkerung 1970–2011 (

5363:. See Section "The Presence of the Past" paragraph 9. 2935:

The West German government was known to be much more

2676:(CSU), either alone or in coalition with the smaller 2436:

in western Europe, while launching the new policy of

1925:. Soon afterwards, the French zone was included into 281: Lands of pre-1937 Germany that were annexed by 6163:"Report: West Germany systematically doped athletes" 5475:, Rogner und Bernhard, 1998 Dokument Nr. 193, p. 356 2928:) and the highest Court of Appeals, were located in 2902:'s senior officials were former Nazi Party members. 2894:

had played a major role in drafting the antisemitic

2860:. It was carried out by removing those who had been 1856:

in Germany, early 1946. The territories east of the

7913: 7784: 7658: 7530: 7457: 7420: 7399: 7281: 7235: 7159: 7128: 7119: 6054:

Religion and Modernity: An International Comparison

5728:

Tales from Spandau: Nazi Criminals and the Cold War

5201: 5199: 2660:era (1949–63) was followed by a brief period under 2466:policies at the domestic level, culminating in the 907: 833: 825: 801: 783: 764: 746: 728: 718: 704: 694: 684: 673: 663: 658: 641: 628: 611: 592: 579: 566: 553: 538: 525: 511: 496: 481: 471: 455: 443: 429: 411: 399: 385: 369: 348: 335: 327: 317: 307: 45: 6181:"Study Says West Germany Engaged in Sports Doping" 5731:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 5690: 6796:Germany: The Long Road West, Volume II: 1933–1990 6720:Union of Parts: Labor Politics in Postwar Germany 2345:patiently gathered evidence on the guards of the 7052:Documents on Germany under Occupation, 1945–1954 6558:The Social Democratic Party of Germany 1848–2005 6240:. 2013 Guinness World Records Limited. pp. 5755: 999:on 3 October 1990. It is sometimes known as the 6892:Henderson, David R. "German Economic Miracle." 6424:Recent Social Trends in West Germany, 1960–1990 5491:. Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. p. 92. 3061:government within a single German nation and a 2264:to be limited in case of a state of emergency. 2109:was a German statesman who served as the first 1201:became the official name of reunified Germany. 239:Location of West Germany (dark green) 219:Location of West Germany (dark green) 6199:"Report exposes decades of West German doping" 5134: 5132: 3021:In the early 1970s, Willy Brandt's policy of " 2720:("Democracy in a State of Emergency") and the 1284:or its equivalent was used in many languages. 1151:) were reconstituted, along with the reunited 272:(East Germany), claimed by West Germany until 7093: 6917:, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1989. 6901:After Hitler: Recivilizing Germans, 1945–1995 6756:Williamson, John B.; Pampel, Fred C. (2002). 6329:Management, Quality and Economics in Building 2483:Brandt resigned as chancellor in 1974, after 2111:chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany 1824: 27:Federal Republic of Germany from 1949 to 1990 8: 7010:The Oxford Handbook of Modern German History 6556:Potthoff, Heinrich; Miller, Susanne (2006). 6036: 5463: 5461: 5445:(Univ of North Carolina Press, 2005) p 179. 5171:. University of Chicago Press. 2002. p. 263. 5139: 5121: 5046:Economic history of the German reunification 4879: 4682: 3289: 3221: 3197: 3189: 3175: 3155: 3129: 3107: 3022: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2943:East German counterpart, the former being a 2923: 2792: 2732: 2633: 2607: 2597: 2591: 2408: 2361: 2347: 2315: 2301: 2287: 2223: 2217: 2209: 2174: 2166: 2033: 2011: 1934: 1886:Allied strategy against Japan in the Pacific 1692: 1578: 1285: 1257:had agreed to refuse to use the initialism. 1223: 1211: 1205: 1196: 1190: 1184: 1178: 1156: 1146: 1095: 991:from its formation on 23 May 1949 until its 963: 937: 922: 768: 170: 144: 124: 112: 52: 7212:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) 6758:Old-Age Security in Comparative Perspective 5788:, New York: Random House, 1961 pages 37–40. 2844:List of companies involved in the Holocaust 2742:By 1968, a stronger desire to confront the 2356:about twenty were put on trial in Frankfurt 2038:from the GDR and East Berlin joined in 1990 1078: 8134:States and territories established in 1949 7790: 7664: 7536: 7463: 7125: 7100: 7086: 7078: 7019:(Central European University Press, 2004) 6442:Huber, Evelyne; Stephens, John D. (2001). 6327:Bezelga, Artur; Brandon, Peter S. (1991). 5923:. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. 2578:in 1989, symbolised by the opening of the 1831: 1817: 1297: 951:, between January 1957 and July 1959, the 253: 233: 213: 42: 6051:Pollack, D.; Rosta, G.; West, D. (2017). 5349:, A Handbook Volume 1, 1945–1968 Series: 3242:In 1952, West Germany became part of the 3148:in July 1990, and on 3 October 1990, the 2208:In October 1962 the weekly news magazine 2016:, the East German states and East Berlin 1264:country code of West Germany was DE (for 1249:that the West German public broadcasters 6932:The Federal Republic of Germany at Fifty 6915:The Soviet-East German Military Alliance 5857:Texas Law: Foreign Law Translations 1973 5832:, Princeton University Press, p. 14 5469:Frankfurter Schule und Studentenbewegung 5290: 5278: 4731: 3300: 2664:(1963–66) who, in turn, was replaced by 1933:. At the same time, new federal states ( 669:248,717 km (96,030 sq mi) 7027:Adenauer: The Father of the New Germany 6856:Democracy and Its Discontents 1963–1988 6503:(3rd ed.). Duke University Press. 6057:. Oxford University Press. p. 76. 5885: 5842: 5160: 5067: 2906:Geographical distribution of government 2079:, a member of the subsequently founded 1311: 1300: 971:The state did not cease to exist after 919: 800: 782: 727: 717: 672: 662: 657: 495: 326: 316: 6463:Contemporary Western European Feminism 1239:Federal Minister of All-German Affairs 887:Federal Republic of Germany since 1990 6894:The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics 6842:Bark, Dennis L., and David R. Gress. 5868:from the original on 20 December 2016 5599:(January 2004), Vol. 44, pp. 395–414. 5226:Anthony James Nicholls, Longman, 1997 5109:[ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːkˈdɔʏtʃlant] 5107: 5082: 3262:remained in the country, just as the 3140:The two German states entered into a 2898:in Nazi Germany. In 1957, 77% of the 2856:ideology and personnel following the 1929:. Conversely, the Soviet zone became 1133:, both states took action to achieve 940:Federal Statistical Office of Germany 745: 703: 693: 683: 679: 640: 627: 610: 591: 578: 565: 552: 537: 524: 520: 480: 454: 442: 438: 428: 410: 398: 394: 384: 7: 6539:Cold War Politics in Postwar Germany 6421:Glatzer, Wolfgang (21 August 1992). 5809:from the original on 23 January 2019 5413:(National Defense University, 1987) 4997:Doping in Germany from 1950 to today 4896:Peace Prize of the German Book Trade 3246:, which would later evolve into the 8144:1949 establishments in West Germany 6816:The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich 5993:from the original on 11 August 2018 5963:from the original on 11 August 2018 5548:Denso, Christian (13 August 2011). 2680:(FDP) or other right-wing parties. 2369:American mini-series with that name 2071:West Germany became a focus of the 987:is the common English name for the 936:Population statistics according to 7005:, broad survey of reunified nation 6520:Europe Since 1945: an Introduction 6407:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5987:DESTATIS – Statistisches Bundesamt 5957:DESTATIS – Statistisches Bundesamt 5697:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 5169:Music and German National Identity 4653:Central Council of Jews in Germany 2820:constructive vote of no confidence 2540:constructive vote of no confidence 2375:obtain parliamentary seats in the 2066:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 25: 5786:The New Germany and the Old Nazis 5550:"RAF: Gefangen in der Geschichte" 5312:, Goethe-Institut, archived from 4964:won the cup again, defeating the 4936:Postage stamps commemorating the 3244:European Coal and Steel Community 3152:dissolved and the re-established 2582:, there was a rapid move towards 2546:, who received 5.6% of the vote. 2123:European Coal and Steel Community 1985:Soviet occupation zone in Germany 7066: 7054:(Oxford University Press, 1955) 6541:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 5679:2003, Vol. 40, 25 September 2003 5020: 2338:War Crimes Tribunal at Nuremberg 1797: 1783: 1322: 891: 866: 293:, claimed by West Germany until 127:Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit 92: 78: 7304:German revolutions of 1848–1849 7273:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation) 6995:Developments in German Politics 6924:(2014) 66#8 pp. 1380–1382. 6446:. University of Chicago Press. 6388:. Manchester University Press. 6386:The Retreat of Social Democracy 6274:. University of Chicago Press. 5581:Max Otte; Jürgen Greve (2000). 5562:from the original on 8 May 2013 4952:in a stunning upset dubbed the 3284:Population and vital statistics 3182:("economic miracle", coined by 2900:West German Ministry of Justice 1591:German revolutions of 1848–1849 1186:Deutsche Demokratische Republik 262: Territory of West Germany 132:"Unity and Justice and Freedom" 8139:1949 establishments in Germany 7289:Early modern period, 1500–1800 7177:List of early Germanic peoples 6138:"Season 1980 | UEFA EURO 1980" 6112:"Season 1972 | UEFA EURO 1972" 5036:History of Germany (1945–1990) 4946:Germany national football team 4666:Religion in West Germany, 1970 3106:The West German Constitution ( 3078:government, but also the sole 3040:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 2826:condition changed until 1998. 1845:History of Germany (1945–1990) 1: 7412:History of Germany since 1990 6967:excerpt and text search vol 2 6775:Wilsford, David, ed. (1995). 6718:Thelen, Kathleen Ann (1991). 5983:"Population by area in 1,000" 5660:quoted in: Gregor Schöllgen. 2980:Position towards East Germany 2756:Free Hanseatic City of Bremen 2377:Free Hanseatic City of Bremen 341: 8129:Political history of Germany 6722:. Cornell University Press. 5756:Zentner & Bedürftig 1997 5642:Willy Brandt. Die Biographie 5353:German Historical Institutes 4649:Roman Catholicism in Germany 4645:Protestant Church in Germany 3321:Crude death rate (per 1000) 3318:Crude birth rate (per 1000) 3306:Average population (x 1000) 3096:Federal Constitutional Court 2920:Federal Constitutional Court 2487:, one of his closest aides, 2284:West German student movement 2155:London and Paris Conferences 1234:nations soon followed suit. 1123:collapse of the Eastern Bloc 1025:Allied occupation of Germany 1007:) after its capital city of 8114:Contemporary German history 6819:. New York: Da Capo Press. 6798:. Oxford University Press. 6760:. Oxford University Press. 6613:Schäfers, Bernhard (1998). 6499:Kommers, Donald P. (2012). 6480:Kommers, Donald P. (1997). 6384:Callaghan, John T. (2000). 6237:Guinness World Records 2014 5663:Der Kanzler und sein Spion. 5597:Archiv für Sozialgeschichte 5429:German Politics and Society 5097:Federal Republic of Germany 5084:[ˈvɛstˌdɔɪ̯t͡ʃlant] 4962:German Football Association 2883:and Chancellor (1966–1969) 2522:, was the launching of the 2362: 2018:joined the Federal Republic 1213:westdeutsche Bundesrepublik 1204:In East Germany, the terms 1167:European Economic Community 989:Federal Republic of Germany 152:"I have surrendered myself" 48:Federal Republic of Germany 8160: 7319:North German Confederation 7299:Confederation of the Rhine 7050:Beate Ruhm Von Oppen, ed. 7008:Smith, Helmut Walser, ed. 6939:Ludwig Erhard: A Biography 6615:The State of Germany Atlas 6594:Pridham, Geoffrey (1977). 6365:Braunthal, Gerard (1994). 5774:Zukunft braucht Erinnerung 5689:Taylor, Frederick (2011). 5644:. Propyläen, Berlin 2001. 5443:Ludwig Erhard: A Biography 5376:International Organization 5105:Bundesrepublik Deutschland 4976:had been held in Germany, 4859: 4638: 3326: 3324:Natural change (per 1000) 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3150:German Democratic Republic 3016:German Democratic Republic 2983: 2833: 2670:Christian-Democratic Union 2567: 2561: 2425: 2325:US intervention in Vietnam 2311:the press, especially the 2201: 2127:European Defence Community 2075:with its juxtaposition to 2054:Confederation of the Rhine 1990:German Democratic Republic 1842: 1596:North German Confederation 1566:Confederation of the Rhine 1198:Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1180:Bundesrepublik Deutschland 270:German Democratic Republic 54:Bundesrepublik Deutschland 29: 8119:Anti-communism in Germany 8053: 7793: 7667: 7539: 7466: 6680:10.1017/S2071832200013195 6537:Patton, David F. (1999). 6484:. Duke University Press. 6437:– via Google Books. 6416:, Gender Equality Network 6403:Collings, Justin (2015). 6346:Blackburn, Robin (2003). 6022:; PDF-Datei; 173 kB) 5919:Giersch, Herbert (1992). 5622:Talk by Hans-Jochen Vogel 5497:10.1007/978-3-531-91924-9 5389:10.1017/S0020818300010663 5344:23 September 2015 at the 4980:was selected to host the 4723: 4715: 4710: 4700: 4695: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 2709:, a group calling itself 2286:, a group calling itself 2091:, while the Soviets held 1237:In 1965, the West German 917: 845: 724:254/km (657.9/sq mi) 714: 680: 654: 521: 467: 445:• 1949–1963 (first) 439: 425: 401:• 1949–1959 (first) 395: 210: 138: 108: 74: 69: 7471:Administrative divisions 7012:(2011) pp. 593–753. 6937:Mierzejewski, Alfred C. 6579:. Taylor & Francis. 6308:Banister, David (2002). 5627:1 September 2009 at the 5485:Cornelius Grebe (2010). 5441:Alfred C. Mierzejewski, 5211:13 November 2013 at the 5167:Applegate, Celia (ed.). 4716:Other & Unaffiliated 4641:Protestantism in Germany 3054:for Germany as a whole. 2925:Bundesverfassungsgericht 2576:collapse of eastern bloc 2524:European Monetary System 2520:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing 2452:right-wing authoritarian 2191:Reforms during the 1960s 2150:French National Assembly 2125:proposed to establish a 1987:, eventually became the 457:• 1982–1990 (last) 413:• 1984–1990 (last) 342:Religion in West Germany 6868:Berghahn, Volker Rolf. 6660:Schiek, Dagmar (2006). 6461:Kaplan, Gisela (2012). 6291:Germany and the Germans 6234:Glenday, Craig (2013). 6018:15 October 2015 at the 5828:Quint, Peter E (1991), 5669:13 January 2009 at the 5241:Encyclopædia Britannica 4986:Germany at the Olympics 3292:Statistisches Bundesamt 2711:Notstand der Demokratie 2707:German student movement 2696:Social Democratic Party 2652:Government and politics 2289:Notstand der Demokratie 2254:Social Democratic Party 2062:Two Plus Four Agreement 1854:Occupation zone borders 1272:. The less widely used 1071:Allied-occupied Germany 970: 961: 946: 935: 932: 929: 920: 328:Official languages 300:Show territorial claims 154:(unofficial, 1949–1952) 7732:Science and technology 7433:History of Brandenburg 7324:Unification of Germany 7314:Frankfurt Constitution 6913:MacGregor, Douglas A. 6878:Hanrieder, Wolfram F. 6522:. Barnes & Noble. 6090:Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung 6037: 5140: 5122: 5104: 5078: 5041:Inner German relations 4941: 4880: 4683: 3290: 3222: 3216: 3198: 3190: 3176: 3156: 3130: 3108: 3042:(September 1971), the 3023: 3006: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2924: 2848:Denazification was an 2793: 2780: 2733: 2691: 2674:Christian Social Union 2634: 2623:Richard von Weizsäcker 2608: 2598: 2592: 2516:Hans-Dietrich Genscher 2474:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 2409: 2395: 2348: 2316: 2302: 2288: 2275: 2224: 2218: 2210: 2175: 2167: 2163:Western European Union 2114: 2083:. The former capital, 2058:Bonn–Paris conventions 2039: 2034: 2012: 1935: 1905: 1873: 1693: 1579: 1448:Linear Pottery culture 1286: 1224: 1212: 1206: 1197: 1191: 1185: 1179: 1157: 1147: 1096: 1089:Allied Control Council 1083:eleventh state. While 1079: 1031:, established from 12 1004: 964: 938: 923: 769: 543:Bonn–Paris conventions 419:Richard von Weizsäcker 203: 171: 167: 145: 125: 113: 53: 7369:Flight and expulsions 7075:at Wikimedia Commons 7036:12 April 2020 at the 6961:Schwarz, Hans-Peter. 6948:12 April 2020 at the 6289:Ardagh, John (1996). 5612:36.3 (1988): 397–412. 5452:12 April 2020 at the 5142:Heidelberg University 5138:Detlef Junker of the 4974:Olympic Games of 1936 4935: 3210: 3038:(December 1970), the 2993: 2775: 2686: 2678:Free Democratic Party 2570:Old states of Germany 2526:(EMS) in April 1978. 2478:Kniefall von Warschau 2390: 2298:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2280:Free Democratic Party 2270: 2105: 2049:and the 19th-century 2031: 1941:Free State of Prussia 1903: 1895:four occupation zones 1852: 1843:Further information: 1374:Territorial evolution 202: 166: 32:Old states of Germany 8041:World Heritage Sites 7719:German states by GDP 7309:German Confederation 6987:28 June 2011 at the 6976:28 June 2011 at the 6930:Merkl, Peter H. ed. 6906:Junker, Detlef, ed. 6899:Jarausch, Konrad H. 6737:Tomka, Béla (2004). 6575:Power, Anne (2002). 6518:Lane, Peter (1985). 5467:Wolfgang Kraushaar, 5432:25.2 (2007): 86–103. 5351:Publications of the 5051:Petersberg Agreement 4990:1956 Summer Olympics 4982:1972 Summer Olympics 4940:held in West Germany 3046:(May 1972), and the 2986:German reunification 2885:Kurt Georg Kiesinger 2666:Kurt Georg Kiesinger 2625:, former Chancellor 2584:German reunification 2564:German reunification 2434:European integration 2246:Kurt Georg Kiesinger 2117:The outbreak of the 1965:Frankfurt Parliament 1710:Expulsion of Germans 1676:Contemporary Germany 1574:German Confederation 1280:The colloquial term 1143:five post-war states 1135:German reunification 1125:, symbolised by the 803:• Summer ( 147:Ich hab mich ergeben 7677:Automobile industry 7263:Carolingian dynasty 7197:History of the Huns 7025:Williams, Charles. 6993:Smith, Gordon, ed, 6954:Pruys, Karl Hugo . 6922:Europe-Asia Studies 6779:. Greenwood Press. 6741:. Akademie-Verlag. 6697:AICGS Policy Report 6414:GeNet Working Paper 5906:19 May 2016 at the 5862:University of Texas 5805:. 10 October 2016. 5803:The Daily Telegraph 5758:, pp. 189–190. 5319:on 20 December 2016 5192:on 5 December 2011. 4958:1974 FIFA World Cup 4950:1954 FIFA World Cup 4892:Frankfurt Book Fair 3237:East German economy 3034:(August 1970), the 2912:German Stock Market 2896:Nuremberg Race Laws 2818:as Chancellor in a 2689:Villa Hammerschmidt 2538:as Chancellor in a 2491:as an agent of the 2262:freedom of movement 2235:Franz Josef Strauss 1524:Early Modern period 1511:Eastward settlement 581:• Creation of 268: Lands of the 8124:Borders of Germany 7747:Telecommunications 7428:History of Prussia 7344:Revolution of 1918 7339:War guilt question 7258:Carolingian Empire 7227:Sack of Rome (410) 7136:History of Germany 7017:Germany, 1945–1990 6874:ACLS E-book online 6667:German Law Journal 6369:. Westview Press. 6310:Transport Planning 6185:The New York Times 5723:Goda, Norman J. W. 5640:Gregor Schöllgen: 5631:on 21 October 2002 5186:bundesregierung.de 4942: 4862:Culture of Germany 3273:fourth largest GDP 3217: 3089:Helsinki Final Act 3012:Hallstein Doctrine 3007: 2809:European Community 2781: 2700:state of emergency 2692: 2460:North-South divide 2396: 2352:concentration camp 2276: 2182:The three Western 2115: 2040: 1908:By the subsequent 1906: 1874: 1804:History portal 1790:Germany portal 1541:Kingdom of Prussia 1501:Kingdom of Germany 1473:Barbarian kingdoms 1274:ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 1262:ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 1210:(West Germany) or 1173:Naming conventions 1019:were parts of the 742:1990 estimate 249:Show map of Europe 204: 168: 8096: 8095: 8049: 8048: 7780: 7779: 7694:Chemical Triangle 7654: 7653: 7641:Political parties 7589:Foreign relations 7526: 7525: 7453: 7452: 7364:Allied occupation 7268:Holy Roman Empire 7071:Media related to 6864:978-0-631-16788-4 6852:978-0-631-16787-7 6826:978-0-306-80793-0 6805:978-0-19-926598-5 6710:978-1-933942-08-7 6674:(10): 1233–1257. 6632:Scheffer (2008). 6293:. Penguin Books. 6251:978-1-908843-15-9 6064:978-0-19-880166-5 5769:Der Naumann-Kreis 5742:978-0-521-86720-7 5610:Political Studies 5506:978-3-531-91924-9 5409:John A. Reed Jr, 5267:Aktueller Begriff 5243:(Online ed.) 5206:Bevölkerungsstand 5095:; officially the 4905:The German Lesson 4876:Wolfgang Borchert 4853: 4852: 4728: 4727: 4702:Roman Catholicism 4632: 4631: 3213:Volkswagen Beetle 3178:Wirtschaftswunder 3154:five East German 3052:exclusive mandate 3044:Transit Agreement 2975:Foreign relations 2947:and the latter a 2552:Hans-Jochen Vogel 2510:Finance Minister 2381:feminist movement 2133:, France, Italy, 1945:Republic of Baden 1910:Potsdam Agreement 1862:Saar Protectorate 1841: 1840: 1772: 1771: 1666: 1665: 1506:Holy Roman Empire 1383:Holy Roman Empire 1226:Neues Deutschland 1098:Wirtschaftswunder 1067:Saar Protectorate 1061:in 1952, and the 1059:Baden-Württemberg 1048:exclusive mandate 982: 981: 903: 902: 899: 898: 879: 878: 637:12 September 1990 624:18 September 1973 555:• Member of 245: (dark grey) 225: (dark grey) 200: 178:"Song of Germany" 164: 16:(Redirected from 8151: 8076: 8069: 8062: 8026:Prussian virtues 7791: 7699:Economic history 7665: 7559: 7537: 7488:Cities and towns 7464: 7444:Baden Revolution 7248:Treaty of Verdun 7217:Marcomannic Wars 7172:Migration Period 7167:Germanic peoples 7151:Military history 7126: 7102: 7095: 7088: 7079: 7070: 6830: 6809: 6790: 6771: 6752: 6733: 6714: 6691: 6656: 6647: 6628: 6609: 6590: 6571: 6552: 6533: 6514: 6495: 6476: 6457: 6438: 6417: 6408: 6399: 6380: 6361: 6342: 6323: 6304: 6285: 6256: 6255: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6223:. 5 August 2013. 6213: 6207: 6206: 6205:. 5 August 2013. 6195: 6189: 6188: 6187:. 8 August 2013. 6177: 6171: 6170: 6169:. 3 August 2013. 6159: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6133: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6107: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6082: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6048: 6042: 6040: 6029: 6023: 6009: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5979: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5949: 5943: 5942: 5916: 5910: 5895: 5889: 5883: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5852: 5846: 5840: 5834: 5833: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5795: 5789: 5782: 5776: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5696: 5686: 5680: 5658: 5652: 5638: 5632: 5619: 5613: 5606: 5600: 5593: 5587: 5586: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5545: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5520: 5518: 5513:on 16 April 2017 5509:. 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Verso Books. 6345: 6339: 6326: 6320: 6307: 6301: 6288: 6282: 6269: 6265: 6260: 6259: 6252: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6215: 6214: 6210: 6197: 6196: 6192: 6179: 6178: 6174: 6161: 6160: 6156: 6146: 6144: 6135: 6134: 6130: 6120: 6118: 6109: 6108: 6104: 6094: 6092: 6084: 6083: 6079: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6050: 6049: 6045: 6030: 6026: 6020:Wayback Machine 6010: 6006: 5996: 5994: 5981: 5980: 5976: 5966: 5964: 5951: 5950: 5946: 5931: 5918: 5917: 5913: 5908:Wayback Machine 5896: 5892: 5884: 5880: 5871: 5869: 5854: 5853: 5849: 5841: 5837: 5827: 5826: 5822: 5812: 5810: 5797: 5796: 5792: 5783: 5779: 5766: 5762: 5754: 5750: 5743: 5721: 5720: 5716: 5709: 5688: 5687: 5683: 5671:Wayback Machine 5659: 5655: 5639: 5635: 5629:Wayback Machine 5620: 5616: 5607: 5603: 5594: 5590: 5580: 5579: 5575: 5565: 5563: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5534: 5530: 5516: 5514: 5507: 5484: 5483: 5479: 5466: 5459: 5454:Wayback Machine 5440: 5436: 5425: 5421: 5408: 5404: 5372: 5371: 5367: 5346:Wayback Machine 5335: 5331: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5309: 5303:Jutta Limbach, 5302: 5301: 5297: 5291:Collings (2015) 5289: 5285: 5281:, p. xxiv. 5279:Collings (2015) 5277: 5273: 5260: 5256: 5246: 5244: 5235: 5234: 5230: 5222: 5218: 5213:Wayback Machine 5204: 5197: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5166: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5151: 5137: 5130: 5114: 5113: 5112: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5079:Westdeutschland 5073: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5026: 5021: 5019: 5016: 4954:miracle of Bern 4930: 4872: 4864: 4858: 4730: 4729: 4721: 4708: 4693: 4655: 4637: 3315:Natural change 3286: 3281: 3267:nations of the 3260:U.S. militaries 3172: 3167: 2988: 2982: 2977: 2941:state socialist 2914:was located in 2908: 2889:State Secretary 2846: 2832: 2801:1973 oil crisis 2713: 2654: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2532: 2508: 2469:Radikalenerlass 2430: 2424: 2250:grand coalition 2230:Rudolf Augstein 2206: 2196:Konrad Adenauer 2193: 2159:Brussels Treaty 2107:Konrad Adenauer 2026: 2024:NATO membership 1956:Weimar Republic 1847: 1837: 1798: 1796: 1795: 1784: 1782: 1781: 1774: 1773: 1755: 1734: 1701: 1678: 1668: 1667: 1638:Weimar Republic 1611: 1601: 1600: 1587: 1556: 1546: 1545: 1526: 1516: 1515: 1491: 1483: 1482: 1478:Frankish Empire 1453:Únětice culture 1443: 1435: 1434: 1379:Historic states 1334: 1314: 1307: 1296: 1287:Westdeutschland 1207:Westdeutschland 1175: 1104:Konrad Adenauer 1005:Bonner Republik 978: 924:Deutschlandlied 892: 867: 811: 808: 787: 749: 733: 721: 707: 697: 687: 666: 647: 634: 621: 604: 595: 585: 572: 559: 546: 541: 531: 502: 487: 458: 450:Konrad Adenauer 446: 417: 414: 402: 365: 303: 302: 299: 298: 297: 278: 276: 265: 263: 259: 251: 248: 247: 231: 228: 227: 206: 205: 184: 181: 179: 177: 173:Deutschlandlied 169: 158: 155: 153: 151: 143: 133: 131: 123: 121: 119: 104: 103: 102: 97: 89: 88: 83: 65: 58: 50: 47: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8157: 8155: 8147: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8101: 8100: 8094: 8093: 8091: 8090: 8085: 8078: 8077: 8070: 8063: 8055: 8054: 8051: 8050: 8047: 8046: 8044: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7957:Cultural icons 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7919: 7917: 7911: 7910: 7908: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7836: 7835: 7830: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7794: 7788: 7782: 7781: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7737:Stock exchange 7734: 7729: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7690: 7689: 7679: 7674: 7668: 7662: 7656: 7655: 7652: 7651: 7649: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7612: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7551: 7546: 7540: 7534: 7528: 7527: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7484: 7483: 7478: 7467: 7461: 7455: 7454: 7451: 7450: 7448: 7447: 7441: 7435: 7430: 7424: 7422: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7414: 7409: 7403: 7401: 7397: 7396: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7391: 7386: 7376: 7374:Denazification 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7285: 7283: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7239: 7237: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7163: 7161: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7153: 7148: 7146:Historiography 7143: 7138: 7132: 7130: 7123: 7117: 7116: 7107: 7105: 7104: 7097: 7090: 7082: 7063: 7062:External links 7060: 7059: 7058: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7040: 7023: 7021:online edition 7013: 7006: 6991: 6959: 6952: 6935: 6928: 6925: 6918: 6911: 6904: 6897: 6890: 6876: 6866: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6831: 6825: 6810: 6804: 6791: 6785: 6772: 6766: 6753: 6747: 6734: 6728: 6715: 6709: 6692: 6657: 6648: 6642: 6629: 6623: 6610: 6604: 6598:. 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667: 664: 661: 660: 656: 655: 652: 651: 650:3 October 1990 648: 642: 639: 638: 635: 629: 626: 625: 622: 612: 609: 608: 605: 593: 590: 589: 586: 580: 577: 576: 575:1 January 1957 573: 567: 564: 563: 560: 554: 551: 550: 547: 539: 536: 535: 532: 526: 523: 522: 519: 518: 513: 512:Historical era 509: 508: 503: 497: 494: 493: 488: 482: 479: 478: 473: 469: 468: 465: 464: 459: 456: 453: 452: 447: 444: 441: 440: 437: 436: 433: 427: 426: 423: 422: 415: 412: 409: 408: 403: 400: 397: 396: 393: 392: 389: 383: 382: 378:parliamentary 373: 367: 366: 364: 363: 358: 354: 352: 346: 345: 337: 333: 332: 329: 325: 324: 319: 315: 314: 309: 305: 304: 277: 264: 258: 252: 238: 232: 218: 212: 211: 208: 207: 182: 156: 136: 135: 106: 105: 98: 91: 90: 84: 77: 76: 75: 72: 71: 67: 66: 51: 46: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8156: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8106: 8104: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8080: 8075: 8071: 8068: 8064: 8061: 8057: 8056: 8052: 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Routledge. 6616: 6611: 6607: 6605:9780856645082 6601: 6597: 6592: 6588: 6586:9780415089357 6582: 6578: 6573: 6569: 6567:9783801203658 6563: 6559: 6554: 6550: 6548:9780312213619 6544: 6540: 6535: 6531: 6529:9780389205753 6525: 6521: 6516: 6512: 6510:9780822352662 6506: 6502: 6497: 6493: 6491:9780822318385 6487: 6483: 6478: 6474: 6472:9780415636810 6468: 6465:. Routledge. 6464: 6459: 6455: 6453:9780226356471 6449: 6445: 6440: 6436: 6434:9780773509092 6430: 6426: 6425: 6419: 6415: 6410: 6406: 6401: 6397: 6395:9780719050312 6391: 6387: 6382: 6378: 6376:9780813315355 6372: 6368: 6363: 6359: 6357:9781859844090 6353: 6349: 6344: 6340: 6338:9780419174707 6334: 6330: 6325: 6321: 6319:9780415261715 6315: 6311: 6306: 6302: 6300:9780140252668 6296: 6292: 6287: 6283: 6281:0-226-05678-3 6277: 6273: 6268: 6267: 6262: 6253: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6238: 6230: 6227: 6222: 6218: 6212: 6209: 6204: 6200: 6194: 6191: 6186: 6182: 6176: 6173: 6168: 6164: 6158: 6155: 6143: 6139: 6132: 6129: 6117: 6113: 6106: 6103: 6091: 6087: 6081: 6078: 6066: 6060: 6056: 6055: 6047: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6028: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6014: 6008: 6005: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5978: 5975: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5948: 5945: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5930:0-521-35351-3 5926: 5922: 5915: 5912: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5899: 5894: 5891: 5887: 5882: 5879: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5858: 5851: 5848: 5844: 5839: 5836: 5831: 5824: 5821: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5794: 5791: 5787: 5784:Tetens, T.H. 5781: 5778: 5775: 5771: 5770: 5764: 5761: 5757: 5752: 5749: 5744: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5729: 5724: 5718: 5715: 5710: 5704: 5700: 5695: 5694: 5685: 5682: 5678: 5677: 5672: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5657: 5654: 5651: 5650:3-549-07142-6 5647: 5643: 5637: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5623: 5618: 5615: 5611: 5605: 5602: 5598: 5592: 5589: 5584: 5577: 5574: 5561: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5544: 5541: 5537: 5532: 5529: 5525: 5524:partnership'. 5512: 5508: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5489: 5481: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5455: 5451: 5448: 5444: 5438: 5435: 5431: 5430: 5423: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5406: 5403: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5377: 5369: 5366: 5362: 5361:0-511-19218-5 5358: 5355: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5343: 5340: 5333: 5330: 5315: 5308: 5307: 5299: 5296: 5293:, p. xv. 5292: 5287: 5284: 5280: 5275: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5258: 5255: 5242: 5238: 5232: 5229: 5225: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5210: 5207: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5174: 5170: 5164: 5161: 5154: 5144: 5143: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5124: 5116: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5091: 5085: 5080: 5076: 5071: 5068: 5061: 5056: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5029: 5018: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5004: 5002: 4998: 4995:The 800-page 4993: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4970: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4939: 4934: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4922: 4917: 4916: 4911: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4888:Heinrich Böll 4884: 4883: 4877: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4855: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4751: 4750: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4733: 4718: 4714: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4690: 4688: 4687:Protestantism 4685: 4679: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4634: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4554: 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3588: 3587: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3358: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3303: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3283: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3233:Marshall Plan 3229: 3226: 3225: 3214: 3209: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3200:Deutsche Mark 3194: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3169: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3151: 3147: 3146:customs union 3143: 3138: 3134: 3133: 3127: 3118: 3115: 3114: 3113: 3110: 3101: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3027: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2979: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2961: 2955: 2950: 2946: 2945:federal state 2942: 2938: 2937:decentralised 2933: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2881:Walter Scheel 2878: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2810: 2804: 2802: 2797: 2796: 2790: 2786: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2722:labour unions 2717: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2662:Ludwig Erhard 2659: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2637: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2603: 2600: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2558:Reunification 2557: 2555: 2553: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2456:Brandt Report 2454:regimes. The 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2440: 2435: 2429: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2411: 2410:Brigate Rosse 2406: 2402: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2382: 2378: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2364: 2357: 2353: 2350: 2344: 2339: 2333: 2330: 2329:Rudi Dutschke 2326: 2321: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2282:, the rising 2281: 2273: 2272:Rudi Dutschke 2269: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2205: 2200: 2197: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2180: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2045: 2036: 2030: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1991: 1986: 1983:, the former 1982: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1902: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1834: 1829: 1827: 1822: 1820: 1815: 1814: 1812: 1811: 1805: 1794: 1791: 1780: 1779: 1778: 1777: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1746:Reunification 1744: 1743: 1741: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1697: 1696: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1683: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1671: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1619: 1618:German Empire 1616: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1604: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1583: 1582: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1561:Mediatisation 1559: 1558: 1555: 1550: 1549: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1520: 1519: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1487: 1486: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1442:Early history 1439: 1438: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1330: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1310: 1305: 1299: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1228: 1227: 1221: 1220: 1214: 1208: 1202: 1199: 1193: 1187: 1181: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1099: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1044:Eastern blocs 1041: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1011:. During the 1010: 1006: 1002: 1001:Bonn Republic 998: 994: 993:reunification 990: 986: 974: 973:reunification 966: 958: 954: 950: 942: 941: 925: 916: 913: 910: 908:Today part of 906: 890: 888: 885: 884: 881: 875: 872: 865: 864: 861: 860: 857: 854: 852: 849: 848: 844: 841: 838: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 814: 810: 806: 796: 790: 786: 778: 773: 772: 771:Deutsche Mark 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 741: 737: 731: 723: 713: 709: 699: 689: 676: 668: 653: 649: 646: 645:Reunification 636: 633: 623: 620: 616: 606: 602: 598: 588:25 March 1957 587: 584: 574: 571: 561: 558: 548: 544: 533: 530: 517: 514: 510: 507: 504: 501: 492: 489: 486: 477: 474: 470: 466: 463: 460: 451: 448: 434: 432: 424: 420: 416: 407: 406:Theodor Heuss 404: 390: 388: 381: 377: 374: 372: 368: 362: 359: 356: 355: 353: 351: 347: 344: 343: 338: 334: 330: 323: 320: 313: 310: 306: 296: 292: 288: 284: 275: 271: 256: 246: 244: 236: 226: 224: 216: 209: 175: 174: 149: 148: 141: 137: 129: 128: 120:"God with us" 117: 116: 111: 107: 101: 95: 87: 81: 73: 68: 62: 55: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 8109:West Germany 8074:Bibliography 7948:Coat of arms 7928:Architecture 7905:Trade unions 7885:Prostitution 7845:Homelessness 7808:Demographics 7757:Trade unions 7724: 7714:German model 7687:Central bank 7631:Conservatism 7594:Human rights 7579:Court system 7574:Constitution 7554: 7400:Contemporary 7389:West Germany 7388: 7384:East Germany 7359:World War II 7354:Nazi Germany 7294:18th-century 7253:East Francia 7207:Cimbrian War 7073:West Germany 7065: 7051: 7026: 7016: 7009: 6994: 6962: 6955: 6938: 6931: 6921: 6914: 6907: 6900: 6893: 6879: 6869: 6855: 6843: 6814: 6795: 6776: 6757: 6738: 6719: 6700: 6696: 6671: 6665: 6652: 6633: 6614: 6595: 6576: 6557: 6538: 6519: 6500: 6481: 6462: 6443: 6423: 6413: 6404: 6385: 6366: 6347: 6328: 6309: 6290: 6271: 6236: 6229: 6220: 6211: 6202: 6193: 6184: 6175: 6166: 6157: 6145:. Retrieved 6141: 6131: 6119:. Retrieved 6115: 6105: 6093:. Retrieved 6089: 6080: 6068:. Retrieved 6053: 6046: 6035:outside the 6027: 6007: 5995:. Retrieved 5986: 5977: 5965:. Retrieved 5956: 5947: 5920: 5914: 5893: 5881: 5870:, retrieved 5856: 5850: 5838: 5829: 5823: 5811:. Retrieved 5802: 5793: 5785: 5780: 5768: 5763: 5751: 5727: 5717: 5692: 5684: 5674: 5662: 5656: 5641: 5636: 5617: 5609: 5604: 5596: 5591: 5582: 5576: 5564:. Retrieved 5553: 5543: 5535: 5531: 5522: 5517:18 September 5515:. Retrieved 5511:the original 5487: 5480: 5472: 5468: 5442: 5437: 5427: 5422: 5410: 5405: 5380: 5374: 5368: 5350: 5337: 5332: 5321:, retrieved 5314:the original 5305: 5298: 5286: 5274: 5266: 5257: 5245:. Retrieved 5240: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5190:the original 5185: 5176: 5168: 5163: 5100: 5096: 5070: 5009: 5005: 4996: 4994: 4971: 4943: 4921:The Flounder 4919: 4915:The Tin Drum 4913: 4910:Günter Grass 4903: 4873: 4865: 4747:None/other 4656: 3309:Live births 3298: 3287: 3279:Demographics 3269:Group of Six 3241: 3230: 3224:Gastarbeiter 3218: 3183: 3173: 3139: 3122: 3105: 3093: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3056: 3048:Basic Treaty 3020: 3008: 2995:Willy Brandt 2934: 2909: 2874: 2847: 2824: 2813: 2805: 2785:Willy Brandt 2782: 2766: 2760: 2741: 2735:Bild-Zeitung 2704: 2693: 2655: 2631: 2627:Willy Brandt 2621:, President 2614:, including 2604: 2573: 2548: 2533: 2509: 2482: 2467: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2428:Willy Brandt 2422:Willy Brandt 2405:Red Brigades 2397: 2391:Logo of the 2373: 2334: 2294:Shah of Iran 2277: 2243: 2239: 2207: 2194: 2181: 2143: 2116: 2077:East Germany 2070: 2047:East Francia 2041: 2003:World War II 1994: 1988: 1981:East Germany 1973: 1969:German Reich 1949: 1931:East Germany 1907: 1878:Soviet Union 1875: 1722: 1658:World War II 1648:Nazi Germany 1609:German Reich 1536:18th century 1531:Sectionalism 1496:East Francia 1282:West Germany 1281: 1279: 1265: 1259: 1236: 1232:Eastern Bloc 1217: 1203: 1176: 1139:East Germany 1120: 1093: 1084: 1075:Soviet Union 1056: 1052:German Reich 1037: 1029:World War II 1021:Western Bloc 1000: 997:East Germany 985:West Germany 984: 983: 953:French franc 856:Succeeded by 855: 850: 835:Internet TLD 826:Calling code 775: (DM) ( 748:• Total 706:• 1990 696:• 1970 686:• 1950 665:• Total 597:Basic Treaty 570:Saar statute 476:Bicameralism 339: 318:Largest city 291:World War II 287:Soviet Union 240: 220: 139: 134:(since 1962) 115:Gott mit uns 110:Motto: 109: 100:Coat of arms 40: 7875:Pornography 7850:Immigration 7813:Drug policy 7725:Mittelstand 7672:Agriculture 7636:Nationalism 7609:Transgender 7493:Earthquakes 7440:, 1583-1588 7438:Cologne War 7334:World War I 7236:Middle Ages 7222:Gothic Wars 6033:Protestants 4972:After both 4966:Netherlands 3264:Soviet Army 3109:Grundgesetz 2999:Willi Stoph 2949:unitary one 2892:Hans Globke 2816:Helmut Kohl 2777:Helmut Kohl 2714: [ 2619:Helmut Kohl 2580:Berlin Wall 2536:Helmut Kohl 2530:Helmut Kohl 2497:East German 2489:was exposed 2448:Vietnam War 2343:Fritz Bauer 2303:Jubelperser 2248:. He led a 2219:Der Spiegel 2212:Der Spiegel 2176:Bündnisfall 2139:Netherlands 2093:East Berlin 2089:West Berlin 2081:Warsaw Pact 2044:Middle Ages 1628:World War I 1554:Unification 1490:Middle Ages 1425:Württemberg 1405:Family tree 1313:History of 1266:Deutschland 1243:Erich Mende 1131:Berlin Wall 1114:. When the 1017:West Berlin 851:Preceded by 534:23 May 1949 500:Lower house 485:Upper house 472:Legislature 462:Helmut Kohl 357:West German 180:(1952–1990) 122:(1949–1962) 8103:Categories 8036:Television 8021:Philosophy 7996:Literature 7855:Irreligion 7840:Healthcare 7803:Corruption 7569:Chancellor 7558:(military) 7555:Bundeswehr 6136:UEFA.com. 6110:UEFA.com. 5872:7 December 5813:23 January 5323:7 December 5155:References 5103:; German: 4860:See also: 4639:See also: 3192:Reichsmark 3026:Ostpolitik 2984:See also: 2870:war crimes 2862:Nazi Party 2834:See also: 2752:the Greens 2672:(CDU) and 2616:Chancellor 2568:See also: 2444:Ostpolitik 2439:Ostpolitik 2169:Bundeswehr 2135:Luxembourg 2119:Korean War 2051:Napoleonic 1768:since 1990 1751:New states 1695:Ostgebiete 1688:Occupation 1581:Zollverein 1429:Mediatised 1339:Chronology 1165:, and the 957:Saar franc 710:63,254,000 700:61,001,000 690:50,958,000 675:Population 562:9 May 1955 549:5 May 1955 431:Chancellor 371:Government 350:Demonym(s) 229:Show globe 18:W. Germany 7991:Libraries 7971:Festivals 7818:Education 7762:Transport 7727:companies 7646:President 7584:Elections 7549:Bundesrat 7544:Bundestag 7513:Mountains 7481:Districts 7459:Geography 7192:Visigoths 7129:Overviews 6854:; vol 2: 6688:141058426 6203:France 24 6167:USA Today 6147:20 August 6121:20 August 6031:Includes 5997:11 August 5967:11 August 5473:Dokumente 5471:, vol. 2 5397:155025137 5237:"Germany" 5062:Footnotes 4894:(and its 4500:−118 141 4471:−118 141 4442:−111 961 4413:−124 160 4297:−129 748 4268:−146 750 4239:−122 578 4210:−130 289 4181:−148 748 4152:−101 138 3943:1 019 459 3914:1 050 345 3885:1 044 328 3856:1 065 437 3827:1 054 123 3798:1 018 552 3769:1 012 687 3196:with the 3185:The Times 3126:Bundestag 3098:in 1973; 2967:Bundesrat 2939:than its 2930:Karlsruhe 2916:Frankfurt 2636:Bundestag 2609:Reichstag 2574:With the 2349:Auschwitz 2225:Bundestag 2146:Gaullists 1880:held the 1737:1949–1990 1714:1944–1950 1662:1939–1945 1652:1933–1945 1642:1918–1933 1632:1914–1918 1622:1871–1918 1397:Empresses 1247:Bundestag 1003:(German: 784:Time zone 599:with the 529:Formation 506:Bundestag 491:Bundesrat 387:President 336:Religion 70:1949–1990 8083:Category 8001:Internet 7986:Language 7976:Folklore 7895:Religion 7870:Pensions 7865:Naturism 7742:Taxation 7626:Lobbying 7599:Intersex 7532:Politics 7141:Timeline 7120:General 7113:articles 7034:Archived 6985:Archived 6974:Archived 6946:Archived 6846:(1992); 6331:. 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