2002:
236:
2319:, defeating and destroying the Southern Yan in Shandong. In 416, he took advantage of the death of the Later Qin ruler, invaded Henan and captured Luoyang, and then turned toward Shaanxi and seized Chang'an. The last Later Qin ruler Yao Hong surrendered and was sent to Jiankang and executed. With the Later Qin destroyed, several smaller states in the northwest, Western Qin, Northern Liang and Western Liang, nominally submitted to Eastern Jin authority. But Liu Yu retreated back to Jiankang to plan his takeover of the Jin throne, and Chang'an was taken by the Xia forces. In 420, Liu Yu forced the
2396:
3841:
2670:
2658:
2646:
2622:
2610:
2598:
2586:
2562:
2550:
2538:
2526:
1497:
3747:
2408:
2384:
2372:
2634:
2574:
2514:
1506:
1738:
1726:
1941:
3564:
3855:
3725:) in the west, both under the administration of the Gaochang Governor. Day-to-day administration was run out of several forts: Western Regions Chief Clerk, Wu and Ji Colonel, and Jade Gate Commissioner of the Army. Other Liangzhou states generally followed this administrative system. In 382, the Former Qin ruler
1884:
and in 328 conquered Liu Yao's Han-Zhao. Shi Le instituted a dual-system of government that imposed separate rules for
Chinese and non-Chinese, and managed to control much of northern China. After his death, his sons were locked in a fratricidal succession struggle and the kingdom was ended in 350 by
1711:
During the
Sixteen Kingdoms, the Eastern Jin dynasty to the south continued to insist on its status as supreme overlord and refused to treat any of the kingdoms as equals. For instance, when the Later Zhao sent a diplomatic mission to the south to establish equal relations, the Eastern Jin burnt the
1690:
severely divided and weakened imperial authority. Hundreds of thousands were killed and millions were uprooted by the internecine fighting. Popular rebellions against heavy taxation and repression erupted throughout the country. The numerous tribal groups in the north and northwest who had been
2288:
in 356. In 369, he led a large force across the Yellow River into Hebei but was defeated by the Former Yan. In 383, the
Eastern Jin reclaimed Henan south of the Yellow River after turning back the Former Qin in the Battle of Feishui in 383, but lost that territory once the northern kingdoms
2272:
and repeatedly defeated Shi Le's Later Zhao forces. Eastern Jin
Emperors were wary of generals acquiring power and prestige from successful northern expeditions and threatening the throne. The Yuan Emperor did not entrust Zu Ti with the command of much larger expeditionary force in 321. A
2259:
During its century-long rule of southern China, the
Eastern Jin dynasty, though beset by local rebellions and insurrections, made several attempts to recapture the North, and managed to make some inroads, but were ultimately unsuccessful. In 313,
1456:, after which the Former Qin splintered and northern China experienced even greater political fragmentation. The fall of the Western Jin dynasty amidst the rise of non-Han regimes in northern China during the Sixteen Kingdoms period resembles the
1678:
province, where they would be less likely to rebel. The
Xiongnu abandoned nomadism and the elite were educated in Chinese-Confucian literate culture, but they retained their distinct identity and resented the discrimination they received.
3737:
kingdom and promoted him to
Protector General of the western border regions. After Qin collapsed and Lü Guang founded the Later Liang, the western border forts and the Shanshan kingdom all became parts of or vassals to the Later Liang.
3801:
captured Kucha and seized Kumārajīva, but the Former Qin kingdom collapsed after the Battle of
Feishui in 383. Lü Guang founded the Later Liang and held Kumārajīva captive in western Gansu for 18 years. In 401, the Later Qin ruler,
1976:
from the
Eastern Jin and wanted to conquer the rest of southern China. Wang Meng opposed this move, citing the need for the Former Qin to consolidate control over various ethnicities in northern China, while
2204:
The Later Yan conquered the Zhai Wei in 392 and the
Western Yan in 394, but lost a series of engagements to the Northern Wei. In 397, the Northern Wei captured Hebei and splitting the Later Yan into two.
5740:
1972:, an ethnic Chinese advisor, the Former Qin strengthened rapidly. From 370 to 76, the Former Qin extinguished the Former Yan, Dai and Former Liang to unite all of northern China. Fu Jian also captured
1703:
kingdom in 304. Thus began the creation of independent kingdoms in China as Jin authority crumbled. Most of these kingdoms were founded by non-Chinese tribal leaders who took on Chinese reign names.
2475:) in 431. Helian Ding sought an alliance with the Liu Song dynasty but was driven further west by the Northern Wei. Helian Ding wanted to invade the Northern Liang but was captured in a raid by the
2280:
invaded Sichuan and ended the Cheng-Han kingdom. He then launched successive expeditions against northern kingdoms, briefly retaking Chang'an from the Former Qin in 354 and Luoyang from
1647:
to varying degrees. Many worked as farm laborers. Some attained official positions in the court and military. They also faced discrimination and retained clan and tribal affiliations.
3591:
kingdom was a powerful and influential state in northern Korea and parts of northeastern China at the beginning of the Sixteen Kingdoms period. Goguryeo was attacked by the Murong
2479:
nomads and executed by the Northern Wei. In 436, the Tuoba Tao, as Emperor Taiwu, led an expedition against the Northern Yan. Feng Hong, the younger brother of Feng Ba, fled to
3670:, then joined with the Khitan in declaring allegiance to Northern Yan, and then to Northern Wei after its destruction of Northern Yan. Thus, the Northern Wei (essentially the
1712:
embassy's gifts and expelled the envoy. Some of the Sixteen Kingdoms such as Former Yan and Former Liang also agreed to nominally recognise the Eastern Jin as their suzerain.
4679:
3643:
fled to Goguryeo to seek asylum. Although granted asylum, Hong was said to have acted as if he was still king, issuing orders and demanding respect, and was executed by King
4638:
4087:
3635:
of Later Yan twice launched retaliatory attacks to reclaim the Liao River watershed territory, but was only partially successful. At Northern Yan's destruction by the
3549:
1268:
1989:
both supported the idea. In 383, after Wang Meng's death, Fu Jian launched a massive invasion of southern China, but was he was routed in a devastating defeat at the
1448:
Due to fierce competition among the states and internal political instability, the kingdoms of this era were mostly short-lived. For seven years from 376 to 383, the
5704:
1433:, who founded Ran Wei, was adopted by the ethnically Jie Later Zhao ruling family, though Ran Min ordered a genocidal massacre of Jie people after he seized power.
2196:
in the 7th century. The Southern Liang was conquered by the Western Qin in 414, and the Northern Liang lasted until 439, when it surrendered to the Northern Wei.
1761:
Jin princes and military governors often recruited non-Chinese tribes into their armies in their suppression of rebellions and wars with each other. Also in 304,
1437:, who is considered by some historians to be the founder of the Northern Yan, was an ethnic Han who had prominent Xianbei friends, as well as a Xianbei nickname.
2487:, surrendered in 439, completing the Northern Wei's unification of northern China and marking the end of the Sixteen Kingdoms period. The Tuobas were eventually
3888:
1216:
5779:
5736:
3806:
conquered the Former Liang and Kumārajīva was able to settle in Chang'an and become one of the most influential translators of Buddhist sutras into Chinese.
1152:
1092:
2108:
The Later Qin, which ended the Former Qin in 394, the Western Qin in 400, and Later Liang in 403, extended its control over much of Shaanxi, Gansu, and
2045:
After the Battle of Feishui, the power of the Former Qin quickly unraveled as various regimes in the North broke loose. In 384, Murong Chui founded the
2268:
1,000 men and 3,000 bolts of cloth for a northern expedition. Despite meager resources, Zu Ti managed to recapture a large swath of Henan south of the
2432:
revived the kingdom, which he renamed Wei; it is known to historians as the Northern Wei. From near Hohhot, Tuoba Gui expanded southward, capturing
4672:
3878:
2327:. In 423, he planned to launch an expedition against the Northern Wei, but died of illness. The Liu Song dynasty ruled southern China until 479.
782:
5720:
4158:
1082:
5692:
5688:
2273:
disappointed Zu Ti died of illness. The expeditionary force was called back to Jiankang to quell an insurrection, and Shi Le retook Henan.
5680:
1247:, which succeeded the Western Jin in 317 and ruled southern China. The period ended with the unification of northern China in 439 by the
3709:. These kingdoms were often controlled or influenced by the various Liang kingdoms that existed during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. The
1532:
1124:
286:
5789:
4665:
4206:
276:
2237:
royalty who was adopted into the Murong court, is considered either the last emperor of the Later Yan or the founding emperor of the
953:
5164:
4340:
4201:
4098:
4057:
4026:
3280:
2153:
1285:
5684:
5676:
5260:
4386:
4221:
3873:
3323:
2363:). In 376, the Former Qin attacked Shengle and drove the Tuoba into the northern steppes; Tuoba Shiyijian was killed by his son.
2189:
1670:
conducted an anti-Qiang campaign and massacred Qiang populations as well as settled them outside the frontier in northern China.
1457:
1418:
1289:
2221:
in Henan and Shandong. The Southern Yan was extinguished by the Eastern Jin in 410. The Later Yan lasted until 407 when General
2001:
1773:, returned home to Shanxi where he reorganized the five tribes of the Xiongnu and declared independence as the successor to the
1223:
in the early 4th century. However, several of the states were founded by the Han people, and all of the states—whether ruled by
4181:
4128:
2495:
1486:
1377:
1260:
707:
5128:
4289:
4001:
3968:
3576:
3221:
2082:
1413:) because of the active roles played by non-Han ethnicities during this period. Even among the states founded by ethnic Han (
1396:
1277:
1178:
1145:
1097:
175:
51:
2448:
took the throne as Emperor Taiwu and began the quest to unify the North. Under his leadership, the Northern Wei subdued the
2105:, which was wedged between the Later Yan, Western Yan and Eastern Jin. As many as seven kingdoms coexisted for nine years.
5764:
5759:
5716:
4616:
4611:
3789:, reached Chang'an, Dao An advised Fu Jian to invite the Kumārajīva. In 382, Fu Jian sent general Lü Guang to conquer the
2429:
2395:
1388:
1170:
1119:
1045:
980:
65:
5769:
4118:
3766:
which spread across northern China during the Sixteen Kingdoms and flourished during the subsequent Northern Dynasties.
3751:
2241:. In 409, he was killed by Feng Ba, a Han Chinese assimilated to Xianbei culture, who took control of the Northern Yan.
1055:
864:
5774:
1107:
245:
4196:
2120:
in northern Shaanxi, and the Western Qin was revived in the southern Shaanxi. In 416, the Eastern Jin under General
1112:
4510:
4111:
2893:
2751:
1945:
1753:
1612:
1582:
1244:
1220:
655:
645:
613:
5794:
4525:
4355:
4151:
2724:
2281:
2250:
1978:
1632:
1548:
1243:, Han, or others—took on Han-style dynastic names. The states frequently fought against both one another and the
1240:
1138:
1075:
1040:
309:
219:
2452:
nomads to the north and began the conquest of Shaanxi, Ningxia, and Gansu. In 427, he captured the Xia capital,
1956:, a Di general, who had served under the Later Zhao and surrendered to the Jin before declaring independence in
5784:
5668:
4828:
2192:. The Western Liang was reabsorbed by the Northern Liang in 421. Li Gao's descendants would go on to found the
1837:
1683:
458:
1619:
peoples living along China's northern periphery settled in northern China. Some of these migrants such as the
5660:
3607:(Wandu in Chinese). Under the powerful and dynamic leadership of feudal kings, Goguryeo during the reign of
2254:
2065:. Fu Jian was killed by Yao Chang, but the Former Qin survived by relocating from Shaanxi to Gansu and then
536:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5712:
5708:
5700:
5664:
5438:
5408:
5289:
5279:
5274:
4596:
4485:
4261:
3367:
2826:
2669:
2657:
2645:
2621:
2609:
2597:
2585:
2561:
2549:
2537:
2525:
2309:
2297:
2121:
2117:
2010:
1969:
1829:
1452:
briefly unified northern China, but this ended when the Eastern Jin inflicted a crippling defeat on it at
1373:
1333:
1087:
1065:
1050:
255:
5413:
5392:
4977:
4967:
4591:
1965:
1953:
1215:
peoples who had settled in northern and western China during the preceding centuries, and had launched a
5696:
5672:
5656:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
4972:
4918:
3568:
2132:
and extinguished the Later Qin. The Eastern Jin could not hold these cities as Liu Yu returned south to
1961:
1060:
477:
5366:
3931:
4535:
4271:
4144:
4093:
Li Bo; Zheng Yin (2001). "5000 years of Chinese history", Inner Mongolian People's Publishing Corp.,
3608:
3146:
2718:
2420:
1628:
1232:
1102:
315:
2633:
2573:
2513:
1651:
5403:
4778:
4766:
4566:
4561:
4216:
4186:
3868:
2320:
2261:
1873:
1789:
1785:
1762:
1453:
267:
5423:
5418:
1496:
5457:
5428:
4838:
4714:
4621:
3818:
3644:
2351:
region. In 315, chief Tuoba Yilu was recognized as the Prince of Dai by the Jin Emperor. In 338,
2315:
Liu Yu also used northern expeditions to build up his power. In 409–10, he led Jin forces in the
2293:
1824:). The collapse of Jin authority in the North led other leaders to declare independence. In 315,
1809:
1687:
1204:
250:
197:
189:
1667:
5398:
3746:
5327:
5055:
4897:
4801:
4772:
4094:
4053:
4022:
3997:
3993:
3964:
3702:
3679:
3572:
2305:
2230:
1990:
1438:
998:
321:
159:
151:
4049:
4043:
1255:
clan. This occurred 19 years after the Eastern Jin collapsed in 420, and was replaced by the
4740:
3763:
3718:
3449:
2437:
2407:
2383:
2371:
2324:
2133:
2026:
1940:
1659:
1536:
1520:
1465:
1256:
1200:
235:
227:
88:
3786:
1429:), several founders had close relations with ethnic minorities. For example, the father of
5498:
4730:
3883:
3822:
3790:
3769:
The Former Qin ruler Fu Jian was a strong patron of Buddhist scholarship. After capturing
3686:
2457:
2356:
2352:
2340:
2316:
1894:
1640:
1482:
1208:
137:
1816:, a Jin prince who had moved to the South, continued the dynasty as the Eastern Jin from
123:
1336:. Cui Hong did not count several other kingdoms that appeared at the time including the
1266:
The term "Sixteen Kingdoms" was first used by the 6th-century historian Cui Hong in the
5193:
4858:
4843:
4256:
3860:
3580:
3287:
3241:
2185:
2149:
2102:
2030:
1833:
1594:
1560:
1505:
1281:
1070:
579:
496:
1674:
had a policy of settling Xiongnu nomads away from the frontier near Taiyuan in modern
5753:
5462:
4848:
3986:
3826:
3706:
3663:
2344:
2161:
2145:
1586:
1540:
1441:, considered by other historians to be the Northern Yan founder, was a member of the
369:
336:
28:
3726:
5584:
5564:
5490:
5477:
5318:
5303:
5236:
5207:
5045:
5029:
4938:
4863:
4812:
4657:
4490:
4391:
4381:
4345:
4226:
3893:
3846:
3710:
3667:
3636:
3596:
3538:
3394:
3309:
2874:
2498:
period as parallel series of dynasties in the North and South co-existed until the
2488:
2453:
2269:
2238:
2218:
2193:
2173:
2090:
2038:
1909:
1841:
1737:
1725:
1644:
1556:
1426:
1414:
1369:
1305:
1301:
1273:
1248:
944:
920:
907:
894:
838:
819:
809:
797:
735:
449:
439:
416:
95:
3563:
2355:
formally declared Dai's independence and built the capital at Shengle (modern day
3666:
began increasing in strength. In 414, the Kumo Xi tribes sent a trade caravan to
5589:
5559:
5550:
5452:
5356:
5308:
5298:
5250:
5225:
5212:
5178:
5137:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5094:
5018:
4645:
4601:
4428:
4373:
4335:
3810:
3798:
3794:
3778:
3730:
3203:
3173:
2785:
2736:
2499:
2484:
2464:
2129:
2113:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2054:
2018:
1986:
1801:
1774:
1616:
1608:
1528:
1365:
1321:
1317:
1212:
1035:
851:
722:
566:
556:
546:
524:
511:
345:
3825:
were started during the Western Qin. Numerous other grottoes were built in the
1203:
from AD 304 to 439 when northern China fragmented into a series of short-lived
5579:
5482:
5472:
5467:
5447:
5361:
5218:
5183:
5154:
5149:
5143:
5034:
5023:
4958:
4948:
4943:
4929:
4873:
4515:
4464:
4325:
4307:
4299:
4284:
4211:
4191:
3992:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.
3836:
3755:
3628:
3600:
3134:
3044:
2980:
2916:
2747:
Jin Dynasty's rule over northern China and Sichuan begins to break down in 304
2712:
2348:
2206:
1929:
1913:
1881:
1869:
1825:
1749:
1691:
heavily drafted into the military then exploited the chaos to seize power. In
1449:
1442:
1325:
1309:
1293:
1236:
603:
392:
1968:
took control of the leadership. Under the younger Fu Jian, who was guided by
1543:
and eastern Qinghai during the Eastern Han dynasty intermixed with the local
5645:
5629:
5613:
5608:
5574:
5337:
5245:
5173:
5118:
5074:
5065:
5050:
5009:
4993:
4853:
4833:
4822:
4697:
4443:
4438:
4363:
4330:
4279:
3770:
3640:
3632:
3624:
3620:
3183:
3166:
2776:
2468:
2445:
2301:
2285:
2226:
2214:
2157:
2094:
2086:
2058:
2046:
1982:
1770:
1769:
chieftain, who had been fighting in the Jin civil war on the side of Prince
1700:
1353:
1329:
1313:
1297:
168:
17:
1928:. For a time, the Former Yan vied for supremacy in northern China with the
3918:
1627:
had been pastoralist nomads from the northern steppes. Others such as the
5599:
5569:
5540:
5084:
5079:
4999:
4907:
4887:
4789:
4757:
4720:
4606:
4586:
4545:
4540:
4433:
4423:
4251:
3814:
3803:
3694:
3690:
3588:
2730:
2491:, changing their name to Yuan, and held northern China through the 550s.
2480:
2277:
2234:
2210:
2181:
2098:
2022:
1993:, in which Eastern Jin troops vanquished a much larger Former Qin force.
1925:
1902:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1778:
1696:
1655:
1552:
1357:
1341:
109:
5523:
5517:
5508:
5347:
5332:
5202:
5039:
4987:
4912:
4902:
4795:
4783:
4746:
4735:
4581:
4530:
4520:
4480:
4418:
4317:
4243:
3659:
3655:
3592:
3567:
A mural painting showing a leisurely life scene 384-441 A.D., from the
3021:
2706:
2700:
2476:
2472:
2444:) and declared himself the Emperor Daowu. In 423, Tuoba Gui's grandson
2222:
2169:
2165:
2125:
2109:
2066:
2034:
2014:
2006:
1973:
1957:
1890:
1886:
1857:
1821:
1797:
1793:
1766:
1692:
1671:
1636:
1624:
1620:
1590:
1578:
1524:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1361:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1228:
1224:
746:
597:
591:
5269:
4892:
4882:
4725:
4576:
4571:
3774:
3734:
3612:
3604:
2449:
2441:
2433:
2360:
2177:
2050:
1898:
1893:. Ran Min favored Han Chinese and massacred thousands of Jie. He was
1865:
1861:
1777:. His regime, later renamed Zhao, is designated by historians as the
1675:
1663:
1544:
1404:
1186:
2176:, a Xiongnu, who then seized control of the kingdom in 401. In 400,
1960:. After his death in 355, the kingdom was briefly handed to his son
4136:
3548:
asterisk (*) denotes kingdoms not counted among the sixteen in the
4982:
4707:
4459:
4019:
China's Northern Wei Dynasty, 386–535: The Struggle for Legitimacy
3782:
3781:
to catalogue Buddhist scriptures. When the teachings of the famed
3745:
3698:
3671:
3651:
3616:
2336:
2265:
2062:
2000:
1921:
1917:
1877:
1845:
1598:
1570:
1252:
2140:
Later Liang breaks down into Northern, Southern and Western Liang
2343:
range of Inner Mongolia. In 258, the clan migrated south to the
2164:, Qinghai. The Northern Liang was founded by an ethnic Chinese,
1574:
1461:
1376:, because the Northern Wei is considered to be the first of the
4661:
4140:
2471:, Gansu and conquered the Western Qin at Jincheng (modern day
1259:. Following the unification of the north by Northern Wei, the
3758:'s white horse which carried the scriptures to China, c. 384.
2689:
Chronology of the Sixteen Kingdoms with Ethnicity of Founders
2483:, where he was killed. The last ruler of the Northern Liang,
1788:
killed older brother Liu He and claimed the throne. Liu Cong
1650:
The Han dynasty's defeat of the Xiongnu confederation in the
1872:
who had worked as an indentured farm laborer before joining
1468:
in Europe, which also occurred in the 4th to 5th centuries.
1889:, an ethnic Chinese who seized the throne and founded the
1699:, a Di chieftain, led a successful rebellion and founded
194:
180:
2440:. In 398, he moved the capital to Pingcheng (modern day
1880:. In 319, he founded a rival Zhao Kingdom, known as the
1551:
and other tribes in the region and became known as the "
1840:, the ethnic Chinese governor of Liangzhou founded the
1635:
were farmers and herders from the mountains of western
3623:. Riding its success, Goguryeo campaigned against the
2148:
of western Gansu, the Later Liang splintered into the
1936:
Former Qin and the brief unification of northern China
1856:
After Liu Cong's death, the kingdom was split between
2308:
in a palace coup in 403, but was defeated by general
2073:, a Xianbei former vassal under Fu Jian, founded the
156:
142:
128:
114:
100:
2331:
Northern Wei and the reunification of northern China
2292:
Huan Wen had pretensions to seize power and deposed
2200:
Later Yan breaks down into Northern and Southern Yan
1916:
in Liaodong, which by 356 had expanded into much of
1643:. As migrants, they lived among ethnic Han and were
1383:
Classical Chinese historians called the period the "
1207:. The majority of these states were founded by the "
963:
885:
765:
698:
628:
502:
5638:
5622:
5598:
5549:
5533:
5507:
5437:
5346:
5317:
5288:
5259:
5235:
5192:
5163:
5127:
5093:
5064:
5008:
4957:
4928:
4872:
4811:
4756:
4696:
4630:
4554:
4503:
4473:
4452:
4411:
4404:
4372:
4354:
4316:
4298:
4270:
4242:
4235:
4174:
3762:Several rulers of the northern kingdoms patronized
1796:and Emperor Huai in 311. In 316, Liu Cong's cousin
188:
174:
167:
150:
136:
122:
108:
94:
87:
82:
64:
50:
41:
3985:
3879:Family trees of the rulers of the Sixteen Kingdoms
1380:in the period that followed the Sixteen Kingdoms.
2436:and Hebei from the Former Yan and Henan from the
1539:in 1979. The Xiongnu that settled in modern-day
4639:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms
4088:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms
3550:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms
2323:to abdicate and declared himself emperor of the
2116:, a Xiongnu chieftain, rebelled and founded the
1876:'s rebellion and becoming a powerful general in
1269:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms
3693:) of the former Han Empire lay the kingdoms of
2081:, a Di general of the Former Qin, founded the
4673:
4152:
3817:were carved in the Former Liang. Work on the
2124:launched a northern expedition that captured
1601:settled in modern-day central Inner Mongolia.
1531:. The seal was unearthed in Shangsunjiazhai,
1146:
70:
56:
8:
3713:organized Gaochang Commandery (Chinese:
1944:Territory of the Former Qin kingdom and the
2136:. The Xia kingdom quickly seized Chang'an.
4680:
4666:
4658:
4408:
4239:
4159:
4145:
4137:
4105:
2156:in 397. The Southern Liang was founded by
1445:who had been adopted by Xianbei nobility.
1153:
1139:
969:
964:
886:
771:
766:
699:
634:
629:
503:
214:
79:
4227:Northern Wei's unification of North China
3546:
3535:
3322:
3286:
3182:
3165:
3145:
3043:
2892:
2873:
2825:
2775:
2696:
2687:
1997:Fragmentation after the Battle of Feishui
1686:during the reign of the second Jin ruler
34:Period of Chinese history from 304 to 439
3562:
3448:
3393:
3382:
3366:
3308:
3279:
3240:
3220:
3202:
3172:
3020:
2979:
2915:
2784:
2750:
1939:
3948:, Harvard University Press, p. 104
3910:
3131:
2745:
2509:
2245:Eastern Jin efforts to retake the North
1716:Fall of the Western Jin to the Han-Zhao
1523:conferred by the Han government upon a
1385:Sixteen Kingdoms of the Five Barbarians
1251:, a dynasty established by the Xianbei
226:
2217:refused to move north and founded the
196:
158:
38:
4048:. Rutgers University Press. pp.
3611:successfully invaded the kingdoms of
2209:moved the Later Yan capital north to
1952:The Former Qin was founded in 351 by
1658:led to the Han dynasty deporting the
7:
4212:Fu Jian's unification of North China
3797:) and bring Kumārajīva to Chang'an.
1784:After Liu Yuan died in 310, his son
5780:Former countries in Chinese history
3919:许红梅, "'汉匈奴归义亲汉张' 印考释" 行知部落 xzbu.com
2428:In 386, Tuoba Shiyijian's grandson
2033:. Tongwancheng was captured by the
1828:, a Xianbei chieftain, founded the
1533:Datong Hui and Tu Autonomous County
1527:chieftain who had submitted to the
27:For Sixteen kingdoms of India, see
3946:Military Culture in Imperial China
3595:numerous times, and in 342 Prince
2013:built in the early 5th century by
1812:, ending the Western Jin dynasty.
1684:War of the Eight Princes (291–306)
25:
3988:A History of Chinese Civilization
2494:Chinese history then entered the
2057:in Shanxi. Yao Chang founded the
1585:unearthed in Meiligaitu Village,
1563:in 401 was a Lushuihu chieftain.
4192:Shi Le's conquest of North China
3961:Medieval Chinese Warfare 300–900
3874:Ethnic groups in Chinese history
3853:
3839:
3821:began during the Later Qin. The
3733:on a military expedition to the
3559:Involvement of other ethnicities
2668:
2656:
2644:
2632:
2620:
2608:
2596:
2584:
2572:
2560:
2548:
2536:
2524:
2512:
2406:
2394:
2382:
2370:
1736:
1724:
1666:into northern China. In 167 AD,
1504:
1495:
1458:fall of the Western Roman Empire
234:
4182:Upheaval of the Five Barbarians
3889:Upheaval of the Five Barbarians
2496:Northern and Southern Dynasties
1597:. During the Western Jin, the
1487:Uprising of the Five Barbarians
1272:and refers to the five Liangs (
1261:Northern and Southern dynasties
195:
181:
3603:captured the Goguryeo capital
1409:
1400:
1392:
1263:era of Chinese history began.
1191:
1182:
1174:
1093:Science and technology history
157:
143:
129:
115:
101:
71:
57:
1:
5705:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
4021:. Routledge. pp. 86–87.
3809:The earliest grottoes in the
3137:briefly unites northern China
2304:briefly took the throne from
1754:Western Jin dynasty (266–316)
1583:Western Jin dynasty (266–316)
463:
422:
398:
375:
351:
292:
4119:Dynasties in Chinese history
3773:in 379, he invited the monk
3752:White Horse Pagoda, Dunhuang
2188:and founded the short-lived
2172:, Gansu with the support of
2101:leader in Henan founded the
1559:, who seized control of the
1529:Eastern Han dynasty (25–220)
3682:and the Liao River region.
2502:united the country in 589.
2419:Terracotta warriors of the
2233:. Gao Yun, a descendant of
2180:, the Chinese commander at
5811:
3829:under the Northern Liang.
2335:The ancestral home of the
2262:Sima Rui, the Yuan Emperor
2248:
1895:defeated and killed in 352
1480:
1199:, was a chaotic period in
26:
5654:
4125:
4116:
4108:
4045:The Empire of the Steppes
3963:. Routledge. p. 48.
3944:Cosmo, Nicola di (2009),
3722:
3714:
1852:Shi Le and the Later Zhao
1368:. Nor did he include the
967:
889:
769:
702:
632:
506:
209:
78:
46:
4341:Southern Liang (397–414)
4257:Northern Liang (397–460)
1460:amidst invasions by the
52:Traditional Chinese
4387:Western Liang (400–421)
4042:Grousset, Rene (1970).
3984:Jacques Gernet (1996).
3541:reunites northern China
2089:revived the Dai as the
2085:in western Gansu while
2029:, near the border with
1615:, large numbers of non-
1454:the Battle of Fei River
66:Simplified Chinese
4491:Northern Wei (386–535)
4392:Northern Yan (407–436)
4382:Former Liang (318–376)
4346:Southern Yan (398–410)
4207:Huan Wen's Expeditions
4202:Conquest of Wei by Yan
3759:
3584:
2251:Huan Wen's expeditions
2042:
1949:
1561:Northern Liang kingdom
5790:Jin dynasty (266–420)
5639:Western Shu (405–413)
4429:Western Yan (384–394)
4336:Western Qin (385–431)
4290:Later Liang (386–403)
3749:
3717:) and Tiandi County (
3678:rule over the entire
3658:, who lived north of
3569:Dingjiazha Tomb No. 5
3566:
2009:, the capital of the
2004:
1943:
1443:Goguryeo royal family
1195:), less commonly the
958:(mainland, 1912–1949)
5765:5th century in China
5760:4th century in China
4631:Histories of the Era
4326:Former Yan (337–370)
4308:Later Zhao (319–351)
4285:Former Qin (351–394)
4222:Liu Yu's Expeditions
4072:Li and Zheng, p. 391
3959:David Graff (2003).
3934:Accessed 2020-06-02]
3609:Gwanggaeto the Great
2421:Northern Wei dynasty
2347:and spread into the
2276:In 347, Jin general
2255:Liu Yu's expeditions
2184:broke away from the
2134:seize the Jin throne
1985:and Xianbei general
1964:, before his nephew
1372:and its predecessor
1217:series of rebellions
5770:Civil wars in China
4364:Later Qin (384–417)
4331:Later Yan (384–409)
4280:Cheng-Han (304–347)
4217:Battle of Fei River
4187:Disaster of Yongjia
4017:Puning Liu (2020).
3921:Accessed 2020-06-02
3869:Battle of Fei River
2401:Warrior with shield
2053:royals founded the
1613:Western Jin dynasty
1609:Eastern Han dynasty
1397:traditional Chinese
1245:Eastern Jin dynasty
1221:Western Jin dynasty
1179:traditional Chinese
5775:Dynasties of China
5623:Huan Chu (403–404)
5458:Son of Tuoba Pugen
4444:Qiao Shu (405–413)
4439:Huan Chu (403–404)
4434:Zhai Wei (388–392)
4252:Han-Zhao (304–329)
4129:Northern Dynasties
3819:Maijishan Grottoes
3760:
3645:Jangsu of Goguryeo
3585:
2043:
1950:
1599:Tuoba Xianbei clan
1575:ring-shaped pommel
1389:simplified Chinese
1378:Northern Dynasties
1171:simplified Chinese
973:
783:Five Dynasties and
775:
710:Southern dynasties
638:
537:Chu–Han Contention
5747:
5746:
5534:Duan Qi (350–356)
5495:
5487:
4655:
4654:
4555:Key personalities
4499:
4498:
4481:Chouchi (296–580)
4424:Duan Qi (350–356)
4419:Ran Wei (350–352)
4400:
4399:
4135:
4134:
4126:Succeeded by
3823:Bingling Grottoes
3680:Mongolian Plateau
3556:
3555:
3133:From 376 to 383,
2227:Emperor Murong Xi
1991:Battle of Feishui
1966:Fu Jian (337–385)
1954:Fu Jian (317–355)
1707:Diplomatic status
1662:along with their
1163:
1162:
1120:Transport history
1046:Education history
1018:
1017:
1013:
1012:
999:Republic of China
981:People's Republic
954:Republic of China
933:
932:
882:
881:
877:
876:
762:
761:
695:
694:
690:
689:
626:
625:
529:(206 BC – 220 AD)
459:Spring and Autumn
322:Liao civilization
213:
212:
205:
204:
176:Yale Romanization
89:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
5802:
5795:Sixteen Kingdoms
5493:
5485:
4690:Sixteen Kingdoms
4688:Monarchs of the
4682:
4675:
4668:
4659:
4409:
4240:
4168:Sixteen Kingdoms
4161:
4154:
4147:
4138:
4109:Preceded by
4106:
4073:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4014:
4008:
4007:
3991:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3941:
3935:
3928:
3922:
3915:
3863:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3849:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3754:, commemorating
3724:
3716:
3627:, obtaining the
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2685:
2684:
2672:
2660:
2648:
2636:
2624:
2612:
2600:
2588:
2576:
2564:
2552:
2540:
2528:
2516:
2438:Liu Song dynasty
2410:
2398:
2386:
2374:
2339:Xianbei was the
2325:Liu Song dynasty
2300:in 371. His son
2160:, a Xianbei, in
2049:in Hebei. Other
2027:Shaanxi province
1792:the Jin capital
1752:warriors of the
1740:
1728:
1660:Southern Xiongnu
1537:Qinghai province
1508:
1499:
1411:
1402:
1394:
1257:Liu Song dynasty
1193:
1184:
1176:
1167:Sixteen Kingdoms
1155:
1148:
1141:
1083:Military history
1041:Economic history
1029:Related articles
1006:
988:
970:
965:
959:
926:
913:
900:
887:
870:
857:
844:
825:
815:
803:
790:
772:
767:
751:
741:
728:
715:
700:
683:
678:Sixteen Kingdoms
661:
651:
635:
630:
619:
585:
572:
562:
552:
542:
530:
517:
504:
482:
474:
472:
468:
465:
455:
445:
433:
431:
427:
424:
409:
407:
403:
400:
386:
384:
380:
377:
362:
360:
356:
353:
303:
301:
297:
294:
238:
228:History of China
215:
201:
200:
199:
184:
183:
163:
162:
161:
146:
145:
132:
131:
118:
117:
104:
103:
80:
74:
73:
60:
59:
42:Sixteen Kingdoms
39:
21:
5810:
5809:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5799:
5785:Former kingdoms
5750:
5749:
5748:
5743:
5650:
5634:
5618:
5594:
5545:
5529:
5503:
5499:Tuoba Shiyijian
5433:
5342:
5313:
5284:
5255:
5231:
5188:
5159:
5123:
5089:
5060:
5004:
4953:
4924:
4868:
4807:
4752:
4692:
4686:
4656:
4651:
4626:
4550:
4495:
4469:
4448:
4396:
4368:
4350:
4312:
4294:
4266:
4236:The 16 Kingdoms
4231:
4170:
4165:
4131:
4122:
4114:
4104:
4082:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4067:
4060:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4004:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3971:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3929:
3925:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3884:Five Barbarians
3859:
3854:
3852:
3845:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3791:Western Regions
3744:
3705:, Dongshi, and
3687:Western Regions
3674:Xianbei), held
3561:
3455:
3451:
3397:
3388:
3384:
3370:
3326:
3312:
3290:
3283:
3245:
3224:
3206:
3186:
3177:
3169:
3152:
3148:
3047:
3025:
2983:
2919:
2899:
2895:
2877:
2830:
2788:
2779:
2757:
2753:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2683:
2676:
2673:
2664:
2661:
2652:
2649:
2640:
2637:
2628:
2625:
2616:
2613:
2604:
2601:
2592:
2589:
2580:
2577:
2568:
2565:
2556:
2553:
2544:
2541:
2532:
2529:
2520:
2517:
2508:
2458:Jingbian County
2426:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2391:
2390:
2389:Mounted warrior
2387:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2357:Horinger County
2353:Tuoba Shiyijian
2341:Greater Khingan
2333:
2317:Battle of Linqu
2298:Emperor Jianwen
2257:
2249:Main articles:
2247:
2202:
2142:
1999:
1938:
1854:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1718:
1709:
1654:by Han General
1652:Han–Xiongnu War
1641:southwest China
1605:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1501:
1500:
1489:
1483:Five Barbarians
1481:Main articles:
1479:
1474:
1466:Germanic tribes
1410:Wǔhú Shíliù Guó
1308:), three Qins (
1209:Five Barbarians
1205:dynastic states
1201:Chinese history
1159:
1130:
1129:
1125:Women's history
1031:
1030:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1002:
991:
986:
982:
962:
957:
948:
947:
936:
935:
934:
929:
924:
916:
911:
903:
898:
884:
883:
878:
873:
868:
860:
855:
847:
842:
834:
828:
823:
813:
801:
793:
788:
784:
764:
763:
758:
749:
739:
731:
726:
718:
713:
709:
697:
696:
691:
686:
681:
673:
670:
664:
659:
649:
627:
622:
617:
609:
583:
575:
570:
560:
551:(202 BC – 9 AD)
550:
540:
528:
520:
515:
500:
499:
488:
487:
480:
470:
466:
461:
453:
443:
429:
425:
420:
412:
405:
401:
396:
382:
378:
373:
365:
358:
354:
349:
340:
339:
328:
327:
299:
295:
290:
282:
271:
270:
138:Tongyong Pinyin
130:Shih²-liu⁴ Kuo²
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5808:
5806:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5752:
5751:
5745:
5744:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5642:
5640:
5636:
5635:
5633:
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5626:
5624:
5620:
5619:
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5616:
5611:
5605:
5603:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5556:
5554:
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5546:
5544:
5543:
5537:
5535:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5527:
5520:
5514:
5512:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5496:
5488:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5444:
5442:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5353:
5351:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5324:
5322:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5295:
5293:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5266:
5264:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5248:
5242:
5240:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5222:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5199:
5197:
5194:Northern Liang
5190:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5170:
5168:
5165:Southern Liang
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5140:
5134:
5132:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5100:
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5069:
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5058:
5053:
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5032:
5026:
5021:
5015:
5013:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4964:
4962:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4935:
4933:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4879:
4877:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4859:Zhang Xuanjing
4856:
4851:
4846:
4844:Zhang Chonghua
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4818:
4816:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4798:
4793:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4769:
4763:
4761:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4711:
4703:
4701:
4694:
4693:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4677:
4670:
4662:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4642:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
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3932:环首铁刀, CCTV.com
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3861:History portal
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3654:Xianbei group
3581:Northern Liang
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3288:Northern Liang
3285:
3281:Southern Liang
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2463:The Xia under
2456:in modern-day
2418:
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2388:
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2380:
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2365:
2332:
2329:
2289:strengthened.
2246:
2243:
2229:and installed
2201:
2198:
2186:Northern Liang
2154:Southern Liang
2150:Northern Liang
2141:
2138:
2112:. But in 407,
2031:Inner Mongolia
2025:, in northern
2021:in modern-day
1998:
1995:
1937:
1934:
1899:Murong Xianbei
1868:was an ethnic
1853:
1850:
1844:in modern-day
1834:Inner Mongolia
1832:in modern-day
1748:
1747:
1742:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1722:
1721:
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1607:From the late
1595:Inner Mongolia
1513:
1512:
1503:
1502:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1478:
1475:
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1320:), two Zhaos (
1292:), four Yans (
1197:Sixteen States
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1056:Jewish history
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987:(1949–present)
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580:Three Kingdoms
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478:Warring States
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411:
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383: 1046 BC
364:
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359: 1600 BC
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300: 2000 BC
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256:Historiography
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169:Yue: Cantonese
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83:Transcriptions
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68:
62:
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54:
48:
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24:
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10:
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5261:Western Liang
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4849:Zhang Yaoling
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4487:
4486:Dai (310–376)
4484:
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4288:
4286:
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4269:
4263:
4262:Xia (407–431)
4260:
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4238:
4234:
4228:
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4107:
4100:
4099:7-204-04420-7
4096:
4092:
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4089:
4085:
4084:
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4069:
4066:
4061:
4059:0-8135-1304-9
4055:
4051:
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4038:
4035:
4030:
4028:9781000283143
4024:
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4013:
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3872:
3870:
3867:
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3862:
3851:
3848:
3837:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3827:Hexi Corridor
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3767:
3765:
3757:
3753:
3748:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3729:sent General
3728:
3720:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3631:region. King
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3565:
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3528:
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3405:
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3349:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3324:Western Liang
3319:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3168:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3150:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3023:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2897:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2755:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2671:
2666:
2659:
2654:
2647:
2642:
2635:
2630:
2623:
2618:
2611:
2606:
2599:
2594:
2587:
2582:
2575:
2570:
2563:
2558:
2551:
2546:
2539:
2534:
2527:
2522:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2422:
2409:
2397:
2385:
2373:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2345:Yin Mountains
2342:
2338:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2190:Western Liang
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2146:Hexi Corridor
2139:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1947:
1942:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1755:
1751:
1739:
1727:
1715:
1713:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1611:to the early
1610:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1587:Zhuozi County
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1541:Hexi Corridor
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1507:
1498:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1419:Western Liang
1416:
1412:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1088:Naval history
1086:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1071:Music history
1069:
1067:
1066:Media history
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1051:Legal history
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1025:
1024:
1005:1949–present)
1001:
1000:
996:
995:
993:
985:
984:
978:
977:
975:
972:
971:
966:
956:
955:
951:
950:
946:
940:
939:
923:
922:
918:
917:
910:
909:
905:
904:
897:
896:
892:
891:
888:
867:
866:
862:
859:
854:
853:
849:
846:
841:
840:
836:
833:
832:
830:
822:
821:
820:Southern Song
817:
812:
811:
810:Northern Song
807:
806:
800:
799:
795:
794:
787:
786:
780:
779:
777:
774:
773:
768:
748:
745:
744:
743:
742:
738:
737:
733:
732:
725:
724:
720:
719:
712:
711:
705:
704:
701:
680:
679:
675:
672:
669:
668:
666:
658:
657:
653:
648:
647:
643:
642:
640:
637:
636:
631:
616:
615:
611:
610:
606:
605:
600:
599:
594:
593:
589:
588:
582:
581:
577:
576:
569:
568:
564:
559:
558:
554:
549:
548:
544:
539:
538:
534:
533:
527:
526:
522:
521:
514:
513:
509:
508:
505:
498:
492:
491:
479:
476:
471: 476 BC
460:
457:
456:
452:
451:
447:
444:(1046–771 BC)
442:
441:
437:
436:
430: 256 BC
419:
418:
414:
413:
395:
394:
390:
389:
372:
371:
367:
366:
348:
347:
343:
342:
338:
332:
331:
324:
323:
318:
317:
312:
311:
307:
306:
289:
288:
284:
283:
279:
278:
274:
273:
269:
263:
262:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
243:
242:
241:
237:
233:
232:
229:
225:
221:
217:
216:
208:
198:
193:
191:
187:
179:
177:
173:
170:
166:
160:
155:
153:
149:
144:Shíh-liòu Guó
141:
139:
135:
127:
125:
121:
113:
111:
107:
99:
97:
93:
90:
86:
81:
77:
69:
67:
63:
55:
53:
49:
45:
40:
37:
30:
29:Mahajanapadas
19:
5693:N. Dynasties
5689:S. Dynasties
5585:Murong Zhong
5565:Murong Chong
5491:Tuoba Yihuai
5478:Tuoba Yihuai
5424:Yang Nandang
5419:Yang Baozong
5319:Northern Yan
5304:Helian Chang
5237:Southern Yan
5208:Juqu Mengxun
5109:Qifu Qiangui
5046:Murong Sheng
5030:Murong Xiang
4939:Murong Huang
4864:Zhang Tianxi
4813:Former Liang
4689:
4644:
4637:
4405:Other states
4197:Wei–Zhao War
4167:
4117:
4086:
4068:
4044:
4037:
4018:
4012:
3987:
3979:
3960:
3954:
3945:
3939:
3926:
3913:
3894:Sinicization
3847:China portal
3808:
3768:
3761:
3711:Former Liang
3684:
3675:
3668:Northern Yan
3649:
3637:Northern Wei
3597:Murong Huang
3586:
3547:
3539:Northern Wei
3537:In 439, the
3536:
3452:SONG DYNASTY
3395:Northern Yan
3385:
3310:Southern Yan
3132:
2875:Former Liang
2746:
2688:
2493:
2462:
2454:Tongwancheng
2427:
2334:
2321:Emperor Gong
2314:
2296:in favor of
2291:
2275:
2270:Yellow River
2258:
2239:Northern Yan
2219:Southern Yan
2203:
2194:Tang dynasty
2174:Juqu Mengxun
2143:
2107:
2097:, an ethnic
2091:Northern Wei
2044:
2039:Northern Wei
2007:Tongwancheng
1951:
1912:founded the
1910:Murong Huang
1907:
1860:and General
1855:
1842:Former Liang
1820:(modern day
1804:(modern day
1783:
1760:
1710:
1681:
1649:
1606:
1565:
1564:
1557:Juqu Mengxun
1515:
1514:
1447:
1427:Northern Yan
1415:Former Liang
1408:
1384:
1382:
1370:Northern Wei
1267:
1265:
1249:Northern Wei
1219:against the
1196:
1190:
1166:
1164:
1061:LGBT history
997:
979:
952:
919:
906:
893:
863:
850:
837:
818:
808:
796:
785:Ten Kingdoms
781:
734:
721:
708:Northern and
706:
677:
676:
654:
644:
612:
602:
596:
590:
584:(220–280 AD)
578:
565:
555:
545:
541:(206–202 BC)
535:
523:
516:(221–207 BC)
510:
481:(475–221 BC)
454:(771–256 BC)
450:Eastern Zhou
448:
440:Western Zhou
438:
415:
391:
368:
344:
320:
314:
308:
285:
275:
116:ㄕˊ ㄌㄧㄡˋ ㄍㄨㄛˊ
96:Hanyu Pinyin
36:
18:Wu Hu period
5685:16 Kingdoms
5590:Murong Yong
5560:Murong Hong
5551:Western Yan
5494:(2nd reign)
5486:(2nd reign)
5453:Tuoba Pugen
5429:Yang Baochi
5357:Yang Maosou
5309:Helian Ding
5299:Helian Bobo
5251:Murong Chao
5226:Juqu Anzhou
5213:Juqu Mujian
5179:Tufa Lilugu
5129:Later Liang
5114:Qifu Chipan
5104:Qifu Guoren
5095:Western Qin
5019:Murong Chui
4646:Book of Jin
4602:Murong Chui
4511:Jin dynasty
4412:Short-lived
4112:Western Jin
3811:Mogao Caves
3795:Tarim Basin
3639:, Yan king
3577:Later Liang
3573:Chiu-ch'üan
3386:resurrected
3383:Western Qin
3222:Later Liang
3204:Western Qin
3174:Western Yan
3149:WEI DYNASTY
2896:JIN DYNASTY
2754:JIN DYNASTY
2737:Han Chinese
2500:Sui dynasty
2485:Juqu Mujian
2465:Helian Ding
2460:, Shaanxi.
2294:Emperor Fei
2114:Helian Bobo
2083:Later Liang
2075:Western Qin
2071:Qifu Guoren
2061:in eastern
2055:Western Yan
2019:Helian Bobo
2011:Xia kingdom
1987:Murong Chui
1946:Jin dynasty
1810:Emperor Min
1775:Han dynasty
1731:Infantryman
1688:Emperor Hui
1521:Bronze seal
1366:Western Yan
1108:Discoveries
1103:Cartography
1098:Archaeology
1036:Art history
925:(1644–1912)
912:(1368–1644)
899:(1271–1368)
869:(1115–1234)
856:(1038–1227)
852:Western Xia
824:(1127–1279)
656:Eastern Jin
646:Western Jin
571:(25–220 AD)
567:Eastern Han
547:Western Han
426: 1046
406: 1046
402: 1250
379: 1600
355: 2070
296: 8500
277:Paleolithic
268:Prehistoric
182:Sapluk gwok
5754:Categories
5677:3 Kingdoms
5580:Murong Yao
5483:Tuoba Hena
5473:Tuoba Hena
5468:Tuoba Heru
5463:Tuoba Yulü
5448:Tuoba Yilu
5409:Yang Sheng
5362:Yang Nandi
5219:Juqu Wuhui
5184:Tufa Rutan
5056:Murong Yun
5035:Murong Lin
5024:Murong Bao
4959:Former Qin
4949:Murong Wei
4944:Murong Jun
4930:Former Yan
4874:Later Zhao
4003:0521497817
3970:1134553536
3930:(Chinese)
3917:(Chinese)
3900:References
3787:Kumārajīva
3756:Kumarajiva
3662:, and the
3629:Liao River
3601:Former Yan
3135:Former Qin
3045:Former Qin
2981:Former Yan
2917:Later Zhao
2681:Chronology
2377:Procession
2349:Ordos Loop
2306:Emperor An
2284:chieftain
2207:Murong Bao
2093:. In 388,
2077:. In 386,
2069:. In 385,
2017:chieftain
1981:chieftain
1930:Former Qin
1914:Former Yan
1882:Later Zhao
1836:. In 318,
1826:Tuoba Yilu
1750:Terracotta
1668:Duan Jiong
1569:: An iron
1477:Background
1450:Former Qin
1322:Han/Former
1192:Shíliù Guó
1113:Inventions
843:(916–1125)
814:(960–1127)
802:(960–1279)
469: – c.
467: 770
428: – c.
404: – c.
393:Late Shang
381: – c.
357: – c.
298: – c.
124:Wade–Giles
102:Shíliù Guó
5646:Qiao Zong
5630:Huan Xuan
5614:Zhai Zhao
5609:Zhai Liao
5602:(388–392)
5575:Murong Yi
5553:(384–394)
5511:(350–352)
5441:(310–376)
5414:Yang Xuan
5404:Yang Ding
5399:Yang Cuan
5393:Yang Tong
5350:(296–443)
5338:Feng Hong
5321:(407–436)
5292:(407–431)
5263:(400–421)
5246:Murong De
5239:(398–410)
5196:(397–460)
5174:Tufa Wugu
5167:(397–414)
5131:(386–403)
5119:Qifu Mumo
5097:(385–431)
5075:Yao Chang
5068:(384–417)
5066:Later Qin
5051:Murong Xi
5012:(384–409)
5010:Later Yan
4994:Dou Chong
4961:(351–394)
4932:(337–370)
4876:(319–351)
4854:Zhang Zuo
4839:Zhang Jun
4834:Zhang Mao
4829:Zhang Shi
4823:Zhang Gui
4815:(318–376)
4760:(304–329)
4700:(304–347)
4698:Cheng-Han
4617:Tuoba Tao
4612:Tuoba Gui
4597:Wang Meng
3905:Citations
3771:Xiangyang
3641:Feng Hong
3633:Murong Xi
3625:Later Yan
3621:Dongbuyeo
3184:Later Yan
3167:Later Qin
2777:Cheng-Han
2489:Sinicized
2469:Pingliang
2467:moved to
2446:Tuoba Tao
2430:Tuoba Gui
2302:Huan Xuan
2286:Yao Xiang
2225:, killed
2215:Murong De
2158:Tufa Wugu
2095:Zhai Liao
2087:Tuoba Gui
2059:Later Qin
2047:Later Yan
2005:Ruins of
1983:Yao Chang
1970:Wang Meng
1838:Zhang Shi
1771:Sima Ying
1701:Cheng-Han
1581:from the
1330:Cheng-Han
789:(907–979)
750:(690–705)
740:(618–907)
727:(581–618)
714:(420–589)
682:(304–439)
660:(317–420)
650:(266–316)
618:(266–420)
561:(9–23 AD)
287:Neolithic
251:Dynasties
5600:Zhai Wei
5570:Duan Sui
5541:Duan Kan
5387:Yang Shi
5382:Yang Jun
5377:Yang Guo
5372:Yang Chu
5138:Lü Guang
5085:Yao Hong
5080:Yao Xing
5000:Fu Chong
4973:Fu Sheng
4919:Liu Xian
4908:Shi Jian
4888:Shi Hong
4790:Jin Zhun
4779:Liu Cong
4767:Liu Yuan
4758:Han-Zhao
4721:Li Xiong
4607:Yao Xing
4587:Huan Wen
4567:Liu Cong
4562:Liu Yuan
4546:Goguryeo
4541:Dingling
4504:Involved
4123:304–439
3833:See also
3815:Dunhuang
3804:Yao Xing
3799:Lü Guang
3779:Chang'an
3764:Buddhism
3742:Religion
3731:Lü Guang
3695:Shanshan
3691:Xinjiang
3689:(modern
3676:de facto
3589:Goguryeo
3242:Zhai Wei
3187:384-409
3147:NORTHERN
2900:318-420
2786:Han-Zhao
2758:266-317
2731:Dingling
2481:Goguryeo
2278:Huan Wen
2235:Goguryeo
2211:Liaoning
2182:Dunhuang
2130:Chang'an
2103:Zhai Wei
2099:Dingling
2079:Lü Guang
2023:Jingbian
1962:Fu Sheng
1926:Shandong
1908:In 337,
1903:Liaodong
1885:General
1874:Liu Yuan
1818:Jiankang
1814:Sima Rui
1802:Chang'an
1790:captured
1786:Liu Cong
1779:Han-Zhao
1763:Liu Yuan
1697:Li Xiong
1695:region,
1656:Dou Xian
1645:sinified
1553:Lushuihu
1358:Huan Chu
1354:Qiao Shu
1342:Zhai Wei
1306:Southern
1302:Northern
1286:Southern
1282:Northern
1076:Timeline
1003:(Taiwan,
983:of China
497:Imperial
246:Timeline
220:a series
218:Part of
110:Bopomofo
5524:Ran Zhi
5518:Ran Min
5509:Ran Wei
5367:Yang Yi
5348:Chouchi
5333:Feng Ba
5328:Gao Yun
5203:Duan Ye
5155:Lü Long
5150:Lü Zuan
5144:Lü Shao
5040:Lan Han
4988:Fu Deng
4978:Fu Jiān
4968:Fu Jiàn
4913:Shi Zhi
4903:Shi Zun
4898:Shi Shi
4796:Liu Yao
4784:Liu Can
4747:Fan Ben
4736:Li Shou
4592:Fu Jian
4582:Ran Min
4531:Xianbei
4521:Xiongnu
4318:Xianbei
4244:Xiongnu
4175:History
4080:Sources
3783:Kuchean
3727:Fu Jian
3719:Chinese
3685:In the
3660:Youzhou
3656:Kumo Xi
3593:Xianbei
3456:420-79
3398:409-36
3313:398-410
3291:397-439
3284:397-414
3246:388-92
3225:386-403
3207:385-400
3170:384-417
3153:386-534
3048:351-94
3026:350-52
3022:Ran Wei
2984:337-70
2894:EASTERN
2752:WESTERN
2707:Xiongnu
2701:Xianbei
2477:Tuyuhun
2473:Lanzhou
2231:Gao Yun
2223:Feng Ba
2170:Zhangye
2166:Duan Ye
2144:In the
2126:Luoyang
2110:Ningxia
2067:Qinghai
2041:in 427.
2035:Xianbei
2015:Xiongnu
1974:Sichuan
1958:Shaanxi
1948:in 376.
1897:by the
1891:Ran Wei
1887:Ran Min
1858:Liu Yao
1822:Nanjing
1800:seized
1798:Liu Yao
1794:Luoyang
1767:Xiongnu
1743:Cavalry
1693:Sichuan
1672:Cao Cao
1637:Sichuan
1625:Xianbei
1621:Xiongnu
1591:Ulanqab
1579:Xianbei
1577:of the
1573:with a
1525:Xiongnu
1472:History
1439:Gao Yun
1435:Feng Ba
1431:Ran Min
1423:Ran Wei
1362:Tuyuhun
1350:Duan Qi
1346:Chouchi
1338:Ran Wei
1318:Western
1290:Western
1229:Xianbei
1225:Xiongnu
1211:", non-
747:Wu Zhou
337:Ancient
316:Yangtze
5717:W. Xia
5280:Li Xun
5275:Li Xin
5270:Li Gao
4893:Shi Hu
4883:Shi Le
4802:Liu Xi
4773:Liu He
4741:Li Shi
4726:Li Ban
4715:Li Liu
4622:Liu Yu
4577:Shi Hu
4572:Shi Le
4474:States
4453:Tribes
4097:
4056:
4025:
4000:
3967:
3785:monk,
3775:Dao An
3735:Dayuan
3721::
3703:Yutian
3664:Khitan
3619:, and
3613:Baekje
3605:Hwando
3389:409-31
3371:407-31
3327:400-21
3178:384-94
2920:319-51
2878:318-76
2831:315-76
2789:304-29
2780:304-47
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2450:Rouran
2442:Datong
2434:Shanxi
2361:Hohhot
2310:Liu Yu
2178:Li Gao
2122:Liu Yu
2051:Murong
1866:Shi Le
1862:Shi Le
1808:) and
1676:Shanxi
1664:Chanyu
1545:Yuezhi
1407::
1405:pinyin
1399::
1391::
1310:Former
1304:, and
1294:Former
1274:Former
1189::
1187:pinyin
1181::
1173::
945:Modern
601:, and
319:, and
310:Yellow
222:on the
5661:Shang
4983:Fu Pi
4731:Li Qi
4708:Li Te
4526:Qiang
4460:Yuwen
4356:Qiang
3707:Shule
3699:Qiuzi
3672:Tuoba
3652:Yuwen
3617:Silla
2725:Qiang
2413:Horse
2337:Tuoba
2282:Qiang
2266:Zu Ti
2264:gave
2063:Gansu
2037:-led
1979:Qiang
1922:Henan
1918:Hebei
1901:from
1878:Hebei
1846:Gansu
1806:Xi'an
1633:Qiang
1571:sword
1566:Right
1549:Qiang
1401:五胡十六國
1393:五胡十六国
1326:Later
1314:Later
1298:Later
1278:Later
1253:Tuoba
1241:Qiang
370:Shang
5733:Qing
5729:Ming
5725:Yuan
5713:Song
5709:Liao
5701:Tang
5665:Zhou
4465:Duan
4095:ISBN
4054:ISBN
4023:ISBN
3998:ISBN
3965:ISBN
3750:The
3650:The
3587:The
2506:Maps
2253:and
2213:but
2162:Ledu
2152:and
2128:and
1924:and
1765:, a
1682:The
1631:and
1623:and
1555:".
1516:Left
1485:and
1464:and
1462:Huns
1425:and
1364:and
1332:and
1324:and
1316:and
1288:and
1165:The
921:Qing
908:Ming
895:Yuan
839:Liao
798:Song
736:Tang
417:Zhou
5741:PRC
5737:ROC
5721:Jīn
5697:Sui
5681:Jìn
5673:Han
5669:Qin
5657:Xia
5439:Dai
5290:Xia
4516:Jie
4374:Han
4300:Jie
3994:180
3813:of
3777:to
3723:闐地縣
3715:高昌郡
3599:of
3571:in
3533:440
3512:439
3491:436
3474:431
3461:421
3450:LIU
3436:420
3423:417
3412:414
3403:410
3378:409
3368:Xia
3360:407
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3320:400
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3262:394
3251:392
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3192:385
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3129:377
3108:376
3089:370
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3053:352
3031:351
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2989:347
2965:337
2946:330
2929:329
2905:319
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2850:317
2827:Dai
2823:315
2802:314
2763:304
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2663:423
2651:416
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2603:391
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2519:304
2168:in
2118:Xia
1870:Jie
1830:Dai
1639:of
1617:Han
1387:" (
1374:Dai
1334:Xia
1328:),
1237:Jie
1213:Han
1183:十六國
1175:十六国
865:Jin
723:Sui
614:Jin
598:Shu
592:Wei
557:Xin
525:Han
512:Qin
408:BC)
346:Xia
190:IPA
152:IPA
72:十六国
58:十六國
5756::
5739:/
5735:→
5731:→
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5719:/
5715:/
5711:/
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5703:→
5699:→
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5691:/
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4052:.
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3996:.
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1177:;
604:Wu
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464:c.
423:c.
399:c.
376:c.
352:c.
313:,
293:c.
5526:)
5522:(
5395:)
5391:(
5228:)
5224:(
5221:)
5217:(
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5142:(
5042:)
5028:(
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4992:(
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462:(
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421:(
397:(
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374:(
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350:(
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291:(
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20:)
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