Wulfstan (died 1023) - Knowledge (XXG)

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written upwards of 30 sermons in Old English. The number of his Latin sermons has not yet been established. He may also have been responsible, wholly or in part, for other extant anonymous Old English sermons, for his style can be detected in a range of homiletic texts which cannot be directly attributed to him. However, as mentioned, some scholars believe that Wulfstan's powerful rhetorical style produced imitators, whose homilies would now be difficult to distinguish from genuine Wulfstanian homilies. Those homilies which are certainly by Wulfstan can be divided into 'blocks', that is by subject and theme, and in this way it can be seen that at different points in his life Wulfstan was concerned with different aspects of Christian life in England. The first 'block' was written ca. 996–1002 and is concerned with eschatology, that is, the end of the world. These homilies give frequent descriptions of the coming of Antichrist and the evils that will befall the world before Christ's Second Coming. They likely play on the anxiety that surely developed as the end of the first millennium AD approached. The second 'block', written around 1002–1008, is concerned with the tenets of the Christian faith. The third 'block', written around 1008–1020, concerns archiepiscopal functions. The fourth and final 'block', written around 1014–1023, known as the "Evil Days" 'block', concerns the evils that befall a kingdom and people who do not live proper Christian lives. This final block contains his most famous homily, the

358:. These ideas could only thrive in a social and political atmosphere which recognised the importance of both the clergy's and the laity's obedience to the authority of the church on all things spiritual, and also on many things secular and juridical. This was one of the main theoretical models behind much of Wulfstan's legal and quasi-legal writings. But Wulfstan was not blind to the fact that, in order for this Reform model to thrive in England, the English clergy and laity (especially the laity) needed to be educated in the basic tenets of the faith. Nothing less than the legitimacy of English Christendom rested on Englishmen's steadfastness on certain fundamental Christian beliefs and practices, like, for example, knowledge of Christ's life and passion, memorisation of the Pater Noster and the Apostles' Creed, proper baptism, and the correct date and method of celebrating Easter mass. It is towards the promotion of such beliefs and practices, that Wulfstan engaged in writing a number of homilies dedicated to educating both clergy and laity in those Christian fundamentals which he saw as so important for both the flourishing of Christian lives and the success of the English polity. 467:

target audience was the common English Christian, and his message was suited to everyone who wished to flock to the cathedral to hear it. Wulfstan refused to include in his works confusing or philosophical concepts, speculation, or long narratives – devices which other homilies of the time regularly employed (likely to the dismay of the average parishioner). He also rarely used Latin phrases or words, though a few of his homilies do survive in Latin form, versions that were either drafts for later English homilies, or else meant to be addressed to a learned clergy. Even so, even his Latin sermons employ a straightforward approach to sermonising. Wulfstan's homilies are concerned only with the "bare bones, but these he invests with a sense of urgency of moral or legal rigorism in a time of great danger".

294:. Holding York also brought him control over the diocese of Worcester, as at that time it was practice in England to hold "the potentially disaffected northern archbishopric in plurality with a southern see." He held both Worcester and York until 1016, resigning Worcester to Leofsige while retaining York. There is evidence, however, that he retained influence over Worcester even after this time, and that Leofsige perhaps acted "only as a suffragan to Wulfstan." Although holding two or more episcopal sees in plurality was both uncanonical and against the spirit of the Benedictine Reform, Wulfstan had inherited this practice from previous archbishops of York, and he was not the last to hold York and Worcester in plurality. 631:, Wulfstan was primarily responsible for the drafting of English law codes relating to both secular and ecclesiastical affairs, and seems to have held a prominent and influential position at court. He drew up the laws that Æthelred issued at Enham in 1008, which dealt with the cult of St Edward the Martyr, the raising and equipping of ships and ship's crews, the payment of tithes, and a ban on the export of (Christian) slaves from the kingdom. Pushing for religious, social, political, and moral reforms, Wulfstan "wrote legislation to reassert the laws of earlier Anglo-Saxon kings and bring order to a country that had been unsettled by war and influx of Scandinavians." 298:

Anglo-Saxon law (both royal and ecclesiastical), as well as ninth-century Carolingian law, was considerable. This surely made him a suitable choice for the king's legal draftsman. But it is also likely that Wulfstan's position as archbishop of York, an important centre in the then politically sensitive northern regions of the English kingdom, made him not only a very influential man in the North, but also a powerful ally for the king and his family in the South. It is indicative of Wulfstan's continuing political importance and savvy that he also acted as legal draftsman for, and perhaps advisor to, the Danish king Cnut, who took England's West Saxon throne in 1016.

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the bishop’s skill". Similarly, "ne early student of Wulfstan, Einenkel, and his latest editor, Jost, agree in thinking he wrote verse and not prose" (Continuations, 229). This suggests Wulfstan's writing is not only eloquent, but poetic, and among many of his rhetorical devices is marked rhythm (229). Taking a look at Wulfstan's actual manuscripts, presented by Volume 17 of Early English Manuscripts in Facsimile, it becomes apparent that his writing was exceptionally neat and well structured – even his notes in the margins are well organised and tidy, and his handwriting itself is ornate but readable.

805:, on the other hand, is an ecclesiastical law handbook. Modern editors have paid most attention to his homilies: they have been edited by Arthur Napier, by Dorothy Whitelock, and by Dorothy Bethurum. Since that publication, other works that were likely authored by Wulfstan have been identified; a forthcoming edition by Andy Orchard will update the canon of Wulfstan's homilies. Wulfstan was also a book collector; he is responsible for amassing a large collection of texts pertaining to canon law, the liturgy, and episcopal functions. This collection is known as Wulftan's 836:

by complex patterns of alliteration and other kinds of sound play. Indeed, so idiosyncratic is Wulfstan’s style that he is even ready to rewrite minutely works prepared for him by Ǣlfric". From this identifiable style, 26 sermons can be attributed to Wulfstan, 22 of which are written in Old English, the others in Latin. However, it's suspected that many anonymous materials are Wulfstan's as well, and his handwriting has been found in many manuscripts, supplementing or correcting material. He wrote more than just sermons, including law-codes and sections of prose.

821:). This work is a collection of conciliar decrees and church canons, most of which he culled from numerous ninth and tenth-century Carolingian works. This work demonstrates the wide range of Wulfstan's reading and studies. He sometimes borrowed from this collection when he wrote his later works, especially the law codes of Æthelred. There are also a number of works which are associated with the archbishop, but whose authorship is unknown, such as the 635: 449:"Woe then to him who has earned for himself the torments of Hell. There there is everlasting fire roiling painfully, and there there is everlasting filth. There there is groaning and moaning and always constant wailing. There there is every kind of misery, and the press of every kind of devil. Woe to him who dwells in torment: better it were for him that he were never born, than that he become thus." 481:, where Wulfstan rails against the deplorable customs of his time, and sees recent Viking invasions as God's punishment of the English for their lax ways. About 1008 (and again in a revision about 1016) he wrote a lengthy work which, although not strictly homiletic, summarises many of the favourite points he had hitherto expounded upon in his homilies. Titled by modern editors as the 789:

six homilies also include: emphasis that the hour of the Antichrist is very near, warnings that the English should be aware of false Christs who will attempt to seduce men, warnings that God will pass judgement on man's faithfulness, discussion of man's sins, evils of the world, and encouragement to love God and do his will. He wrote the

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Note that there was once some confusion among scholars as to the exact time Wulfstan was moved from London to Worcester. But, in 1937 Dorothy Whitelock established a general consensus around the date 1002 for his simultaneous promotion to York and Worcester. Nevertheless, a discrepancy in sourcebooks

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in 1020, and wrote to Cnut asking the king to grant the same rights and dignities for the new archbishop that previous archbishops had held. Wulfstan also wrote the laws that were issued by Cnut at Winchester in 1021 or 1022. These laws continued in force throughout the 11th century, as they were the

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Wulfstan was very involved in the reform of the English church, and was concerned with improving both the quality of Christian faith and the quality of ecclesiastical administration in his dioceses (especially York, a relatively impoverished diocese at this time). Towards the end of his episcopate in

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Wulfstan's style is admired by many sources, easily recognisable and exceptionally distinguished. "Much Wulfstan material is, more-over, attributed largely or even solely on the basis of his highly idiosyncratic prose style, in which strings of syntactically independent two-stress phrases are linked

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There is good evidence that Wulfstan's homiletic style was appreciated by his contemporaries. While yet bishop of London, in 1002 he received an anonymous letter in Latin praising his style and eloquence. In this letter, an unknown contemporary refuses to do a bit of translation for Wulfstan because

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Certainly he must have been a talented writer, gaining a reputation of eloquence while he still lived in London. In a letter to him, "the writer asks to be excused from translating something Wulfstan had asked him to render into English and pleads as an excuse his lack of ability in comparison with

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was the "first full development of the Antichrist theme", and Wulfstan addressed it to the clergy. Believing that he lived at the time right before the Antichrist was to come, he felt compelled to diligently warn and teach the clergy to withstand the dishonest teaching of the enemies of God. These

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literary language, he uses in some texts words of Scandinavian origin, especially in speaking of the various social classes." In some cases, Wulfstan is the only one known to have used a word in Old English, and in some cases such words are of Scandinavian origin. Some words of his that have been

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of Wulfstan's homiletic works is somewhat ambiguous, as it is often difficult to tell if a homily in his style was actually written by Wulfstan, or is merely the work of someone who had appreciated Wulfstanian style and imitated it. However, throughout his episcopal career, he is believed to have

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said of his preaching that "when he spoke, it was as if his listeners were hearing the very wisdom of God Himself." Though they were rhetorically ornate, Wulfstan's homilies show a conscious effort to avoid the intellectual conceits presumably favoured by educated (i.e. monastic) audiences; his

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Wulfstan must have early on garnered the favour of powerful men, particularly Æthelred king of England, for we find him personally drafting all royal law codes promulgated under Æthelred's reign from 1005 to 1016. There is no doubt that Wulfstan had a penchant for law; his knowledge of previous

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In a series of homilies begun during his tenure as Bishop of London, Wulfstan attained a high degree of competence in rhetorical prose, working with a distinctive rhythmical system based around alliterative pairings. He used intensifying words, distinctive vocabulary and compounds, rhetorical

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Wulfstan was a native speaker of Old English. He was also a competent Latinist. As York was at the centre of a region of England that had for some time been colonised by people of Scandinavian descent, it is possible that Wulfstan was familiar with, or perhaps even bilingual in,

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writers in early eleventh-century England, a period which, ecclesiastically, was still very much enamoured of and greatly influenced by the Benedictine Reform. The Benedictine Reform was a movement which sought to institute monastic standards among the secular

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penitential letters collected by him, three of which were issued by him as bishop of London, and one by him as "Archbishop of the English". The other five letters in the collection (only one of which is addressed to Wulfstan, as archbishop) were issued by

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Wulfstan was one of the most distinguished and effective Old English prose writers. His writings cover a wide range of topics in an even greater range of genres, including homilies (or sermons), secular laws, religious canons, and political theory. With

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every day of the three days. Anyone not participating would be fined or flogged. After Cnut conquered England, Wulfstan quickly became an advisor to the new king, as evidenced by Wulfstan's influence on the law code issued by Cnut. After the death of

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specifically. Although there is no direct evidence of his ever being monastic, the nature of Wulfstan's later episcopal career and his affinity with the Benedictine Reform argue that he had once studied and professed as a Benedictine monk, perhaps at

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figures, and repeated phrases as literary devices. These devices lend Wulfstan's homilies their tempo-driven, almost feverish, quality, allowing them to build toward multiple climaxes. An example from one of his earliest sermons, titled

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of England. He is considered one of the two major writers of the late Anglo-Saxon period in England. After his death in 1023, miracles were said to have occurred at his tomb, but attempts to have him declared a saint never bore fruit.

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Wulfstan wrote some works in Latin, and numerous works in Old English, then the vernacular. He has also been credited with a few short poems. His works can generally be divided into homiletic, legal, and philosophical categories.

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to lash the English for their sins. He calls upon them to repent of their sinful ways and "return to the faith of baptism, where there is protection from the fires of hell." He also wrote many homilies relating to the

193:, holding both in plurality until 1016, when he relinquished Worcester; he remained archbishop of York until his death. It was perhaps while he was at London that he first became well known as a writer of sermons, or 926:

For discussion, see "Wulfstan's Scandinavian Loanword Usage: An Aspect of the Linguistic Situation in the Late Old English Danelaw" Tadao Kubouchi. For definitions and occurrences, see the Dictionary of Old English

691:, but it does not appear that any attempt to declare him a saint was made beyond this. The historian Denis Bethell called him the "most important figure in the English Church in the reigns of Æthelred II and Cnut." 485:, it is a piece of 'estates literature' which details, from the perspective of a Christian polity, the duties of each member of society, beginning with the top (the king) and ending at the bottom (common folk). 623:, which had to be re-established in 1058 after being burned. In addition to his religious and literary career, Wulfstan enjoyed a lengthy and fruitful career as one of England's foremost statesmen. Under both 3996: 5130: 502:

vocabulary into Old English. Dorothy Whitelock remarks that "the influence of his sojourns in the north is seen in his terminology. While in general he writes a variety of late

823: 283:). In the letters issued by Wulfstan as bishop of London he styles himself "Lupus episcopus", meaning "the bishop Wolf." "Lupus" is the Latin form of the first element of his 772:. Age of the Antichrist was a popular theme in Wulfstan's homilies, which also include the issues of death and Judgment Day. Six homilies that illustrate this theme include: 3272: 2318: 2292: 2266: 2150: 3989: 4751: 4625: 2559: 4489: 3982: 714:, and contrasts his worldly power with his status after death. Other suggestions of Wulfstan's writing occur in works of Old English, including the 694:

Wulfstan's writings influenced a number of writers in late Old English literature. There are echoes of Wulfstan's writings in the 1087 entry of the

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Keynes, Simon (2014). "Appendix II: Archbishops and Bishops 597-1066". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.).

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However it is not clear if he immediately relinquished his seat at London: his London successor's signature does not appear until 1004.

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The Monastic Order in England: A History of its Development from the Times of St. Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran Council, 940–1216

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An up-to-date list is provided by Sara M. Pons-Sanz "A Reconsideration of Wulfstan's use of Norse-Derived Terms: The Case of

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In 1009 Wulfstan wrote the edict that Æthelred II issued calling for the whole nation to fast and pray for three days during

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In it he proclaims the depredations of the "Danes" (who were, at that point, primarily Norwegian invaders) a scourge from

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describes with vivid rhetorical force the unpleasantries of Hell (notice the alliteration, parallelism, and rhyme):

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Councils and Synods, With Other Documents Relating to the English Church, Volume 1: A.D. 871–1204 (pt. 1: 871–1066)

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quando Dani maxime persecuti sunt eos quod fuit anno millesimo XIIII ab incarnatione Domini nostri Jesus Christi

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The Making of English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century – Volume 1: Legislation and its Limits

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Chiefly because they have yet to be edited in full. However, an edition is forthcoming from Thomas Hall.

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was written to instruct the secular clergy serving a parish in the responsibilities of their position.

2419:. North-Western European Language Evolution Supplement 22. University Press of Southern Denmark, 2007. 5120: 5086: 5081: 5049: 5026: 4947: 4898: 4710: 4529: 4102: 4072: 3923: 3898: 3847: 3739: 3688: 3561: 3438: 3420: 3034: 2876: 2768: 2466: 905: 719: 711: 477: 322: 284: 253: 203: 5055: 4993: 4927: 4805: 4744: 4499: 4479: 4469: 4375: 4252: 4237: 4127: 4112: 3938: 3857: 3822: 3758: 3528: 3501: 3481: 3381: 3281: 3131: 2773: 2500: 463: 170: 146: 103: 5043: 4798: 4791: 4694: 4257: 4077: 4006: 3893: 3621: 3507: 3471: 3456: 2886: 2753: 2677: 2519: 2084: 2076: 1973: 723: 335: 186: 174: 49: 2758: 2439: 266:. Besides the notice in the Chronicle, the first record of his name is in a collection of nine 4782: 4764: 4704: 4539: 4277: 4167: 3793: 3783: 3719: 3582: 3496: 3181: 3101: 2971: 2966: 2901: 2896: 2871: 2851: 2836: 2786: 2778: 2632: 2602: 2236: 2226: 2206: 2196: 2045: 2019: 2009: 1990: 1954:

Mack, Katharin (Winter 1984). "Changing Thegns: Cnut's Conquest and the English Aristocracy".

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Whitelock, Dorothy (1965). "Wulfstan at York". In Jess B. Bessinger; Robert P. Creed (eds.).

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Die 'Institutes of Polity, Civil and Ecclesiastical': Ein Werk Erzbischof Wulfstans von York

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Die 'Institutes of Polity, Civil and Ecclesiastical': Ein Werk Erzbischof Wulfstans von York

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Szarmach, Paul E.; M Teresa Tavormina; Joel T. Rosenthal, eds. (1998). "Wulfstan of York".

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may only have survived because it was bound into a book together with Wulfstan's homilies.

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Queen Emma and the Vikings: A History of Power, Love and Greed in Eleventh-Century England

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monk. He became the Bishop of London in 996. In 1002 he was elected simultaneously to the

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Wulfstan died at York on 28 May 1023. His body was taken for burial to the monastery of

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In 1002 Wulfstan was elected Archbishop of York and was immediately translated to that

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Wilcox, Jonathan. "The Wolf on Shepherds: Wulfstan, Bishops, and the Context of the

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Franciplegius: Medieval and Linguistic Studies in Honor of Francis Peabody Magoun Jr

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Besides sermons Wulfstan was also instrumental in drafting law codes for both kings

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Bethell, D. L. (1969). "English Black Monks and Episcopal Elections in the 1120s".

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Norse-Derived Vocabulary in Late Old English Texts: Wulfstan’s Works, a Case Study

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Sammlung der ihm Zugeschriebenen Homilien nebst Untersuchungen über ihre Echtheit

2388: 2277:(1999). "Archbishop Wulfstan and the Holiness of Society". In D. Pelteret (ed.). 338:

in the ninth and tenth centuries. The Reform promoted a regular (i.e. based on a

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A significant part of the Commonplace book consists of a work once known as the

765: 654: 355: 244: 178: 2373:. Swiss Studies in English 47. Jost, Karl (editor). Bern: A. Francke AG Verlag. 2354: 1841:

Hall, Thomas N. (2004). "Wulfstan's Latin Sermons". In Towened, Matthew (ed.).

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A page from a Wulfstan manuscript at the British Library (MS Cott., Nero A.i):

239:. About Wulfstan's youth we know nothing. He probably had familial ties to the 4405: 3415: 3343: 3338: 2737: 2597: 2342: 1108: 769: 620: 462:

he fears he could never properly imitate the Bishop's style. The Chronicle of

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Lerer, Seth (1999). "Old English and its Afterlife". In David Wallace (ed.).

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Whitelock, Dorothy (1937). "A Note on the Career of Wulfstan the Homilist".

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Wulfstan, Archbishop of York: The Proceedings of the 2nd Alcuin Conference

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Whitelock, Dorothy (1942). "Archbishop Wulfstan, Homilist and Statesman".

1890:(Second ed.). Chichester, UK: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 539–66. 1843:

Wulfstan, Archbishop of York: The Proceedings of the 2nd Alcuin Conference

1738: 687:, in accordance with his wishes. Miracles are ascribed to his tomb by the 574:

Some Old English words which appear only in works under his influence are

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immediately made Wulfstan's homilies popular tools for use at the pulpit.

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Orchard, Andy (1991). "Wulstan the Homilist". In Lapidge, Michael (ed.).

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Secundum Matheum, Secundum Lucam, De Anticristo, De Temporibus Antichrist

455: 351: 343: 263: 240: 1083:"Viking Apocalypse: The Invasion that Spelled Doom for the Anglo-Saxons" 231:

Wulfstan's early life is obscure, but he was certainly the uncle of one

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William of Malmesbury thought that Wulfstan was not a monk, but the

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Preaching and Theology in Anglo-Saxon England: AElfric and Wulfstan

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The Road to Hastings: The Politics of Power in Anglo-Saxon England

633: 603: 305: 267: 1809:(Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 547:"to make someone ready, to put someone to flight" (cf. Old Norse 2587: 1189: 1187: 638: 190: 136: 4607: 3978: 3254: 2541: 262:, Wulfstan was consecrated bishop of London in 996, succeeding 27:

10th and 11th-century Anglo-Saxon Archbishop of York and writer

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Whitelock "Note on the Career of Wulfstan the Homilist" p. 464

760: 177:. He is thought to have begun his ecclesiastical career as a 726:

swore a coronation oath to observe the laws of King Edward.

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Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996).

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Ethelred the Unready: Papers from the Millenary Conference

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The unique 11th-century manuscript of the Early English

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The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England

235:, his successor at Worcester but one, and the uncle of 2398:

Wulfstan (1999). James E. Cross; Andrew Hamer (eds.).

2251:(1978). "Æthelred the Lawmaker". In David Hill (ed.). 535:"nobleman of high rank, (Danish) jarl" (cf. Old Norse 722:, and were still being reaffirmed in 1100, when King 354:, that is universal, church practices throughout all 2031:

Strayer, Joseph R., ed. (1989). "Wulfstan of York".

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The Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature

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Late Old English Handbook for the Use of a Confessor

5069: 5035: 5017: 4961: 4919: 4870: 4823: 4781: 4734: 4685: 4648: 4641: 4366: 4058: 4013: 3886: 3707: 3547: 3395: 3288: 3017: 2980: 2746: 2575: 2402:. Anglo-Saxon Texts I. Cambridge, UK: D. S. Brewer. 1836:. Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press. 657:of land was to be made, and everyone should attend 142: 130: 125: 117: 112: 91: 81: 71: 63: 55: 41: 334:, a movement made popular by the churchmen of the 1987:The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England 859:and Florence of Worcester both claim that he was. 1523:Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature 1510:Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature 586:"light-scot" (a tithe to churches for candles), 5131:11th-century English Roman Catholic archbishops 1169:Whitelock "Wulfstan at York" p. 214, and note 2 2449:, translated by M. Bernstein from Manuscript I 1426: 1424: 1131: 1129: 4619: 3990: 3266: 2553: 2193:Æthelred the Unready: The Ill-Counselled King 1939:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 1237:The Homiletic Writings of Archbishop Wulfstan 1209:Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England 1203: 1201: 1199: 1177: 1175: 904:Wulfstan's immediate predecessor at York was 813:, though it has most recently been edited as 454:This type of heavy-handed, though effective, 8: 4752:Ecclesiastical History of the English People 2061:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 1723:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1042: 1040: 507:recognised as particularly Scandinavian are 4645: 4626: 4612: 4604: 3997: 3983: 3975: 3273: 3259: 3251: 2560: 2546: 2538: 2452: 2317:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2291:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2265:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2149:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 649:'s raids on England, in a national act of 619:York, he established a small monastery in 38: 958:Keynes, 'Archbishops and Bishops', p. 563 346:, the authority of codified or canonical 1551:Oxford University Press 1958 xxxii–xxxiv 1282:"Saint of the Day Quote: Saint Wulfstan" 2347:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1146:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 980:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 951: 848: 2310: 2284: 2258: 2176: 2165: 2142: 1521:Lerer "Old English and its Afterlife" 1508:Lerer "Old English and its Afterlife" 641:from a medieval illuminated manuscript 523:"husband, householder" (cf. Old Norse 30:For other people called Wulfstan, see 1845:. Turnhout: Brepols. pp. 93–139. 1694: 1692: 1059:Whitelock "Archbishop Wulfstan" p. 35 974: 972: 970: 968: 966: 964: 7: 5008:Interrogationes Sigewulfi in Genesim 3742:, Bishop of Worcester and Gloucester 3684:("Bishop of Worcester and Westbury") 2435:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England 2378:Wulfstan; Bethurum, Dorothy (1957). 1989:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. 1686:Wormald "Archbishop Wulfstan:" p. 10 1181:Wormald "Archbishop Wulfstan" p. 193 4669:On the Resting-Places of the Saints 2279:Anglo-Saxon History: Basic Readings 2223:The English and the Norman Conquest 1782:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1392:Whitelock "Wulfstan at York" p. 226 1034:Wormald "Archbishop Wulfstan" p. 12 1003:Wormald "Archbishop Wulfstan" p. 13 165:; died 28 May 1023) was an English 2440:Wulfstan's Eschatological Homilies 2195:. London: Hambledon & London. 1549:The Old English Apollonius of Tyre 757:Sermon of the Wolf to the English. 25: 2387:Wulfstan; Napier, Arthur (1883). 2042:Medieval England: An Encyclopedia 1780:The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society 1012:Wilcox "Wolf on Shepherds" p. 397 891:still persists: see, e.g., Fryde 498:. He may have helped incorporate 350:, and stressed the importance of 209:Sermon of the Wolf to the English 2130:(3rd ed.). London: Methuen. 2044:. New York: Garland Publishers. 1762:10.1093/ehr/LXXXIV.CCCXXXIII.673 1207:Orchard "Wulfstan the Homilist" 868:For these letters see Whitelock 751:Wulfstan's best-known homily is 555:"close kinsfolk" (cf. Old Norse 511:"slave, servant" (cf. Old Norse 287:name, which means "wolf-stone." 4510:Edward Venables-Vernon-Harcourt 2400:Wulfstan's Canon Law Collection 1663:Wulfstan's Canon Law Collection 1484:English and the Norman Conquest 1345:Hall "Wulfstan's Latin Sermons" 1234:Lionarons, Joyce Tally (2010). 1222:English and the Norman Conquest 1193:Wormald "Æthelred the Lawmaker" 815:Wulfstan's Canon Law Collection 600:Church reform and royal service 62: 3202:Henry Montgomery Campbell 1807:Handbook of British Chronology 1495:Bethell "English Black Monks" 1158:Handbook of British Chronology 893:Handbook of British Chronology 819:Collectio canonum Wigorniensis 1: 5171:11th-century writers in Latin 2807:William of Sainte-Mère-Église 2281:. New York. pp. 191–224. 2139:. New York. pp. 214–231. 2107:The English Historical Review 2033:Dictionary of the Middle Ages 1749:The English Historical Review 1240:. D. S. Brewer. p. 107. 1144:Quoted in Wormald "Wulfstan" 811:Excerptiones pseudo-Ecgberhti 803:The Law of Edward and Guthrum 795:The Law of Edward and Guthrum 675:as "the law of King Edward". 408:& aa singal heof; þær is 325:, he is one of the two major 5166:11th-century English writers 5161:10th-century English writers 5126:10th-century English bishops 4792:The Prose Solomon and Saturn 3644:Robert Tideman of Winchcombe 2008:. New York: Bloomsbury USA. 1430:Szarmach "Wulfstan of York" 1306:Szarmach "Wulfstan of York" 797:which date before 1008. The 392:gemencged, & ðær is ece 2349:. Oxford University Press. 2126:Whitelock, Dorothy (1963). 2096:Whitelock, Dorothy (1981). 1832:Gatch, Milton McC. (1977). 436:ære þæt he man nære æfre ge 275:and by a Pope John (either 5192: 2382:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2307:. Turnhout. pp. 9–27. 2225:. Ipswich: Boydell Press. 2100:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1773:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1769:Bethurum, Dorothy (1957). 1471:Queen Emma and the Vikings 1458:Queen Emma and the Vikings 1445:Queen Emma and the Vikings 740: 716:Soul's Address to the Body 29: 2526: 2517: 2507: 2498: 2490: 2480: 2471: 2463: 2455: 2255:. Oxford. pp. 47–80. 2119:10.1093/ehr/LII.CCVII.460 2004:O'Brien, Harriet (2005). 1497:English Historical Review 743:Works of Wulfstan of York 48: 32:Wulfstan (disambiguation) 4970:Handbook for a Confessor 3187:Arthur Winnington-Ingram 2380:The Homilies of Wulfstan 1771:The Homilies of Wulfstan 1651:The Homilies of Wulfstan 4658:Old English Martyrology 3167:Archibald Campbell Tait 3162:Charles James Blomfield 2035:. Vol. 1 & 12. 990:Mack "Changing Thegns" 189:and the archdiocese of 5156:English sermon writers 4441:Episcopacy abolished ( 4353:Christopher Bainbridge 4193:Roger de Pont L'Évêque 3944:Mervyn Charles-Edwards 3804:Episcopacy abolished ( 3085:Episcopacy abolished ( 2981:During the Reformation 2355:10.1093/ref:odnb/30098 2175:Cite journal requires 1601:Preaching and Theology 1588:Preaching and Theology 1575:Preaching and Theology 1334:Preaching and Theology 768:and the coming of the 697:Peterborough Chronicle 642: 615: 384:ite. Ðær is ece bryne 317: 5001:Old English Hexateuch 4953:Old English Herbarium 4759:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 2812:Eustace of Fauconberg 2792:Richard de Belmeis II 1675:Making of English Law 1286:The American Catholic 1069:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 712:William the Conqueror 703:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 637: 613:Chronicle of Abingdon 607: 563:"law" (cf. Old Norse 309: 259:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 237:Wulfstan of Worcester 5176:11th-century jurists 5151:Bishops of Worcester 5050:Old English Lapidary 5027:Kentish Royal Legend 4962:Ecclesiastical texts 4745:History of the World 4711:Sermo Lupi ad Anglos 4530:William Connor Magee 4475:Sir William Dawes Bt 4198:Geoffrey Plantagenet 3924:Huyshe Yeatman-Biggs 3848:Edward Stillingfleet 3562:William Gainsborough 3282:Bishops of Worcester 2877:Richard de Wentworth 2769:Richard de Belmeis I 2446:Sermo Lupi ad Anglos 2343:"Wulfstan (d. 1023)" 2333:. Oxford: Blackwell. 2160:Sermo Lupi ad Anglos 2128:Sermo Lupi Ad Anglos 1778:Blair, John (2005). 1721:Edward the Confessor 1700:Homilies of Wulfstan 1639:Sermo Lupi ad Anglos 1614:Æthelred the Unready 1536:Edward the Confessor 1416:Æthelred the Unready 1369:Homilies of Wulfstan 1321:Æthelred the Unready 1269:Homilies of Wulfstan 1023:Æthelred the Unready 753:Sermo Lupi ad Anglos 720:Edward the Confessor 671:laws referred to in 611:of England from the 483:Institutes of Polity 478:Sermo Lupi ad Anglos 420:lra deofla geþring. 313:Sermo Lupi ad Anglos 216:Æthelred the Unready 204:Sermo Lupi ad Anglos 5141:Archbishops of York 5136:Anglo-Saxon writers 5056:Wonders of the East 4994:Vindicta Salvatoris 4987:Gospel of Nicodemus 4948:Byrhtferth's Manual 4806:The Durham Proverbs 4500:Robert Hay Drummond 4480:Lancelot Blackburne 4253:Thomas of Corbridge 4238:William de Wickwane 4188:William FitzHerbert 4178:William FitzHerbert 4007:Archbishops of York 3939:William Wilson Cash 3759:Nicholas Bullingham 3715:Silvestro de' Gigli 3556:John St German 3529:Walter de Cantilupe 3482:William of Northall 3132:Richard Osbaldeston 2774:Gilbert Universalis 2501:Bishop of Worcester 2415:Pons-Sanz, Sara M. 2393:. Berlin: Weidmann. 1881:. Bern: A. Francke. 1877:Jost, Karl (1950). 1850:Hill, Paul (2005). 1319:Quoted in Williams 1271:p. 126, lines 65–70 978:Wormald "Wulfstan" 870:Councils and Synods 700:, a version of the 424:a þam þe þær sceal 416:rmða gehwylc & 256:. According to the 171:Bishop of Worcester 104:Bishop of Worcester 5044:Apollonius of Tyre 4799:Adrian and Ritheus 4695:Blickling Homilies 4258:William Greenfield 3894:Folliott Cornewall 3699:Giovanni de' Gigli 3622:William Whittlesey 3508:Randulf of Evesham 2887:Michael Northburgh 2754:William the Norman 2733:Robert of Jumièges 2520:Archbishop of York 1854:. Stroud: Tempus. 731:Apollonius of Tyre 724:Henry I of England 708:Peterborough Abbey 643: 616: 567:; cp. Old English 539:; cp. Old English 527:; cp. Old English 515:; cp. Old English 336:Carolingian Empire 318: 197:, on the topic of 175:Archbishop of York 50:Archbishop of York 5146:Bishops of London 5105: 5104: 5065: 5064: 4783:Wisdom literature 4765:Winchcombe Annals 4705:Vercelli Homilies 4635:Old English prose 4601: 4600: 4588:(acting diocesan) 4293:Richard le Scrope 4278:Alexander Neville 3972: 3971: 3794:John Thornborough 3784:Gervase Babington 3720:Girolamo Ghinucci 3603:Wulstan Bransford 3583:Wulstan Bransford 3497:John of Coutances 3248: 3247: 3182:Mandell Creighton 3102:Humphrey Henchman 2972:Cuthbert Tunstall 2967:Richard FitzJames 2902:Robert Braybrooke 2897:William Courtenay 2872:Stephen Gravesend 2852:Richard Gravesend 2837:Henry of Sandwich 2787:Robert de Sigello 2569:Bishops of London 2536: 2535: 2527:Succeeded by 2508:Succeeded by 2481:Succeeded by 2369:Wulfstan (1959). 2313:cite encyclopedia 2287:cite encyclopedia 2261:cite encyclopedia 2145:cite encyclopedia 2063:. Fourth Series. 2051:978-0-8240-5786-2 1996:978-0-631-22492-1 1897:978-0-470-65632-7 1288:. 19 January 2020 857:Historia Eliensis 807:Commonplace Book. 440:orden þonne he ge 323:Ælfric of Eynsham 152: 151: 16:(Redirected from 5183: 4920:Scientific texts 4892:Textus Roffensis 4700:Lambeth Homilies 4646: 4628: 4621: 4614: 4605: 4593:Stephen Cottrell 4535:William Maclagan 4421:George Montaigne 4367:Post-Reformation 4343:Thomas Rotherham 4273:John of Thoresby 4158:Thomas of Bayeux 4045:John of Beverley 3999: 3992: 3985: 3976: 3833:Walter Blandford 3774:Richard Fletcher 3676:Thomas Bourchier 3649:Richard Clifford 3607:John of Thoresby 3599:Thomas Hemenhale 3572:Walter Maidstone 3524:William de Blois 3487:Robert FitzRalph 3477:Baldwin of Forde 3306:Egwin of Evesham 3275: 3268: 3261: 3252: 3227:Richard Chartres 3177:Frederick Temple 3070:George Montaigne 3045:Richard Bancroft 3040:Richard Fletcher 3018:Post-Reformation 2917:Richard Clifford 2912:Nicholas Bubwith 2802:Richard FitzNeal 2562: 2555: 2548: 2539: 2491:Preceded by 2474:Bishop of London 2464:Preceded by 2453: 2403: 2394: 2383: 2374: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2339:Wormald, Patrick 2334: 2327:Wormald, Patrick 2322: 2316: 2308: 2301:Wormald, Patrick 2296: 2290: 2282: 2275:Wormald, Patrick 2270: 2264: 2256: 2249:Wormald, Patrick 2244: 2214: 2184: 2178: 2173: 2171: 2163: 2154: 2148: 2140: 2131: 2122: 2101: 2092: 2055: 2036: 2027: 2000: 1981: 1950: 1931: 1901: 1882: 1873: 1846: 1837: 1828: 1801: 1774: 1765: 1756:(333): 673–694. 1742: 1703: 1696: 1687: 1684: 1678: 1671: 1665: 1659: 1653: 1647: 1641: 1635: 1629: 1623: 1617: 1610: 1604: 1597: 1591: 1584: 1578: 1571: 1565: 1562:Road to Hastings 1558: 1552: 1545: 1539: 1532: 1526: 1519: 1513: 1506: 1500: 1493: 1487: 1480: 1474: 1467: 1461: 1454: 1448: 1441: 1435: 1432:Medieval England 1428: 1419: 1412: 1406: 1399: 1393: 1390: 1384: 1377: 1371: 1365: 1359: 1352: 1346: 1343: 1337: 1330: 1324: 1317: 1311: 1308:Medieval England 1304: 1298: 1297: 1295: 1293: 1278: 1272: 1265: 1259: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1231: 1225: 1218: 1212: 1205: 1194: 1191: 1182: 1179: 1170: 1167: 1161: 1154: 1148: 1142: 1136: 1133: 1124: 1123: 1121: 1119: 1105: 1099: 1098: 1096: 1094: 1078: 1072: 1066: 1060: 1057: 1051: 1044: 1035: 1032: 1026: 1019: 1013: 1010: 1004: 1001: 995: 988: 982: 976: 959: 956: 941: 934: 928: 924: 918: 915: 909: 902: 896: 888: 882: 879: 873: 866: 860: 853: 679:Death and legacy 432:ite. Betere him 167:Bishop of London 126:Personal details 99:Bishop of London 39: 21: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5180: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5101: 5061: 5031: 5013: 4957: 4915: 4911:Fonthill Letter 4905:Canons of Edgar 4866: 4819: 4777: 4730: 4681: 4663:Lives of Saints 4637: 4632: 4602: 4597: 4525:William Thomson 4520:Charles Longley 4515:Thomas Musgrave 4505:William Markham 4465:Thomas Lamplugh 4450:Accepted Frewen 4426:Samuel Harsnett 4368: 4362: 4318:Richard Fleming 4248:Henry of Newark 4223:William Langton 4060: 4059:Pre-Reformation 4054: 4009: 4003: 3973: 3968: 3954:Philip Goodrich 3882: 3838:James Fleetwood 3703: 3639:Henry Wakefield 3594:Simon Montacute 3567:Walter Reynolds 3543: 3539:Godfrey Giffard 3534:Nicholas of Ely 3462:John de Pageham 3391: 3284: 3279: 3249: 3244: 3207:Robert Stopford 3192:Geoffrey Fisher 3137:Richard Terrick 3122:Thomas Sherlock 3097:Gilbert Sheldon 3050:Richard Vaughan 3013: 3001:Nicholas Ridley 2976: 2932:Robert FitzHugh 2882:Ralph Stratford 2867:Richard Newport 2862:Gilbert Segrave 2759:Hugh d'Orevalle 2742: 2571: 2566: 2532: 2523: 2513: 2504: 2496: 2486: 2477: 2469: 2427: 2422: 2411: 2409:Further reading 2406: 2397: 2386: 2377: 2368: 2359: 2357: 2337: 2325: 2309: 2299: 2283: 2273: 2257: 2247: 2233: 2217: 2203: 2187: 2174: 2164: 2157: 2141: 2134: 2125: 2104: 2095: 2073:10.2307/3678467 2058: 2052: 2039: 2030: 2016: 2003: 1997: 1984: 1970:10.2307/4049386 1953: 1947: 1934: 1920: 1904: 1898: 1885: 1879:Wulfstanstudien 1876: 1862: 1849: 1840: 1831: 1817: 1804: 1790: 1777: 1768: 1745: 1731: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1697: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1672: 1668: 1660: 1656: 1648: 1644: 1636: 1632: 1624: 1620: 1611: 1607: 1598: 1594: 1585: 1581: 1572: 1568: 1559: 1555: 1547:Goolden, Peter 1546: 1542: 1533: 1529: 1520: 1516: 1507: 1503: 1494: 1490: 1481: 1477: 1468: 1464: 1455: 1451: 1442: 1438: 1429: 1422: 1413: 1409: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1378: 1374: 1366: 1362: 1356:Wulfstanstudien 1353: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1331: 1327: 1318: 1314: 1305: 1301: 1291: 1289: 1280: 1279: 1275: 1266: 1262: 1252: 1250: 1248: 1233: 1232: 1228: 1219: 1215: 1206: 1197: 1192: 1185: 1180: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1155: 1151: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1127: 1117: 1115: 1113:Behind the Name 1107: 1106: 1102: 1092: 1090: 1080: 1079: 1075: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1054: 1045: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1002: 998: 989: 985: 977: 962: 957: 953: 949: 944: 935: 931: 925: 921: 916: 912: 903: 899: 889: 885: 880: 876: 867: 863: 854: 850: 846: 833: 791:Canons of Edgar 778:Secundum Marcum 745: 739: 681: 602: 491: 372:a þam þonne þe 364:Secundum Lucam, 304: 281:Pope John XVIII 229: 135: 108: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5189: 5187: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5113: 5112: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5059: 5052: 5047: 5039: 5037: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5029: 5023: 5021: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5011: 5004: 4997: 4990: 4983: 4981:Wessex Gospels 4978: 4976:Hatton Gospels 4973: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4938: 4931: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4913: 4908: 4901: 4896: 4882: 4876: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4864: 4857: 4851: 4844: 4837: 4829: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4809: 4802: 4795: 4787: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4767: 4762: 4755: 4748: 4740: 4738: 4736:Historiography 4732: 4731: 4729: 4728: 4721: 4718:De falsis diis 4714: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4691: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4679: 4676:Visio Leofrici 4672: 4665: 4660: 4654: 4652: 4643: 4639: 4638: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4623: 4616: 4608: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4595: 4590: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4555:Michael Ramsey 4552: 4547: 4545:William Temple 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4490:Matthew Hutton 4487: 4485:Thomas Herring 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4455:Richard Sterne 4452: 4447: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4416:Tobias Matthew 4413: 4411:Matthew Hutton 4408: 4403: 4398: 4396:Edmund Grindal 4393: 4388: 4386:Nicholas Heath 4383: 4381:Robert Holgate 4378: 4372: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4338:Lawrence Booth 4335: 4333:George Neville 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4298:Thomas Langley 4295: 4290: 4285: 4283:Thomas Arundel 4280: 4275: 4270: 4268:William Zouche 4265: 4263:William Melton 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4243:John le Romeyn 4240: 4235: 4233:Walter Giffard 4230: 4225: 4220: 4218:Godfrey Ludham 4215: 4213:Sewal de Bovil 4210: 4208:Walter de Gray 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4064: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4021: 4019: 4011: 4010: 4004: 4002: 4001: 3994: 3987: 3979: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3934:Arthur Perowne 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3909:Henry Philpott 3906: 3901: 3896: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3880: 3875: 3873:Brownlow North 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3843:William Thomas 3840: 3835: 3830: 3828:Robert Skinner 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3745:Nicholas Heath 3743: 3737: 3735:Nicholas Heath 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3711: 3709: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681:John Carpenter 3678: 3673: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3654:Thomas Peverel 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3612:Reginald Brian 3609: 3604: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3514:Walter de Gray 3511: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3492:Henry de Sully 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3436: 3431: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3292: 3290: 3289:Early medieval 3286: 3285: 3280: 3278: 3277: 3270: 3263: 3255: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3242: 3240:Sarah Mullally 3237: 3233:Pete Broadbent 3229: 3224: 3219: 3217:Graham Leonard 3214: 3212:Gerald Ellison 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3157:William Howley 3154: 3149: 3147:Beilby Porteus 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3091: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3025:Edmund Grindal 3021: 3019: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3011: 3003: 2998: 2990: 2988:John Stokesley 2984: 2982: 2978: 2977: 2975: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2962:William Barons 2959: 2957:William Warham 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2937:Robert Gilbert 2934: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2832:Richard Talbot 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2797:Gilbert Foliot 2794: 2789: 2784: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2579: 2577: 2576:Post-Augustine 2573: 2572: 2567: 2565: 2564: 2557: 2550: 2542: 2534: 2533: 2528: 2525: 2515: 2514: 2509: 2506: 2497: 2492: 2488: 2487: 2482: 2479: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2451: 2450: 2442: 2437: 2426: 2425:External links 2423: 2421: 2420: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2404: 2395: 2384: 2375: 2366: 2335: 2323: 2297: 2271: 2245: 2231: 2215: 2201: 2185: 2177:|journal= 2155: 2132: 2123: 2113:(52): 460–65. 2102: 2093: 2056: 2050: 2037: 2028: 2014: 2001: 1995: 1982: 1964:(4): 375–387. 1951: 1945: 1932: 1918: 1906:Knowles, David 1902: 1896: 1883: 1874: 1860: 1847: 1838: 1829: 1815: 1802: 1788: 1775: 1766: 1743: 1729: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1704: 1688: 1679: 1666: 1654: 1642: 1630: 1618: 1605: 1592: 1579: 1566: 1553: 1540: 1527: 1514: 1501: 1488: 1475: 1462: 1449: 1436: 1420: 1418:pp. 14, 82, 94 1407: 1403:Monastic Order 1394: 1385: 1372: 1360: 1347: 1338: 1325: 1312: 1299: 1273: 1260: 1246: 1226: 1213: 1195: 1183: 1171: 1162: 1156:Fryde, et al. 1149: 1137: 1125: 1100: 1073: 1061: 1052: 1048:Monastic Order 1036: 1027: 1014: 1005: 996: 983: 960: 950: 948: 945: 943: 942: 929: 919: 910: 897: 883: 874: 861: 847: 845: 842: 832: 829: 786:De Antichristo 782:De Falsis Deis 741:Main article: 738: 735: 689:Liber Eliensis 680: 677: 601: 598: 490: 487: 452: 451: 303: 300: 277:Pope John XVII 273:Pope Gregory V 228: 225: 220:Cnut the Great 150: 149: 144: 140: 139: 132: 128: 127: 123: 122: 119: 115: 114: 110: 109: 107: 106: 101: 95: 93: 89: 88: 83: 79: 78: 73: 69: 68: 65: 61: 60: 57: 53: 52: 46: 45: 42: 26: 24: 18:Wulfstan Lupus 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5188: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5109: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5058: 5057: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5045: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5016: 5010: 5009: 5005: 5003: 5002: 4998: 4996: 4995: 4991: 4989: 4988: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4943: 4942:Leechbook III 4939: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4888: 4887: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4858: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4849: 4845: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4814:Dicts of Cato 4810: 4808: 4807: 4803: 4801: 4800: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4747: 4746: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4722: 4720: 4719: 4715: 4713: 4712: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4629: 4624: 4622: 4617: 4615: 4610: 4609: 4606: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4586:Paul Ferguson 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4565:Stuart Blanch 4563: 4561: 4560:Donald Coggan 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4550:Cyril Garbett 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4439: 4437: 4436:John Williams 4434: 4432: 4431:Richard Neile 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4358:Thomas Wolsey 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4348:Thomas Savage 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4328:William Booth 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4313:Philip Morgan 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4303:Robert Hallam 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4288:Robert Waldby 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4203:Simon Langton 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4143:Ælfric Puttoc 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4012: 4008: 4000: 3995: 3993: 3988: 3986: 3981: 3980: 3977: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3929:Ernest Pearce 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3885: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3868:James Johnson 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3853:William Lloyd 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3813:George Morley 3811: 3809: 3807: 3802: 3800: 3799:John Prideaux 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3779:Thomas Bilson 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3764:John Whitgift 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3706: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3694:Robert Morton 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3671: 3670:Thomas Brunce 3667: 3665: 3664:Thomas Polton 3662: 3660: 3659:Philip Morgan 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3578: 3577:Thomas Cobham 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3548:Late medieval 3546: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3426:Ælfric Puttoc 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3396:High medieval 3394: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3276: 3271: 3269: 3264: 3262: 3257: 3256: 3253: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3152:John Randolph 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3127:Thomas Hayter 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3117:Edmund Gibson 3115: 3113: 3112:John Robinson 3110: 3108: 3107:Henry Compton 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093:William Juxon 3092: 3090: 3088: 3083: 3081: 3080:William Juxon 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3010: 3007: 3006:Edmund Bonner 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2993:Edmund Bonner 2991: 2989: 2986: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2952:Thomas Savage 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2892:Simon Sudbury 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2857:Ralph Baldock 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2842:John Chishull 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2827:Henry Wingham 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2747:Post-Conquest 2745: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2563: 2558: 2556: 2551: 2549: 2544: 2543: 2540: 2531: 2530:Ælfric Puttoc 2522: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2503: 2502: 2495: 2489: 2485: 2476: 2475: 2468: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2429: 2428: 2424: 2418: 2414: 2413: 2408: 2401: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2314: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2288: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2262: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2232:0-85115-708-4 2228: 2224: 2220: 2219:Williams, Ann 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2202:1-85285-382-4 2198: 2194: 2190: 2189:Williams, Ann 2186: 2182: 2169: 2161: 2156: 2152: 2146: 2138: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2067:(24): 25–45. 2066: 2062: 2057: 2053: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2015:1-58234-596-1 2011: 2007: 2002: 1998: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1958: 1952: 1948: 1946:0-521-44420-9 1942: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1919:0-521-05479-6 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1861:0-7524-3308-3 1857: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1816:0-521-56350-X 1812: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1789:0-19-822695-0 1785: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1750: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1730:0-520-01671-8 1726: 1722: 1718: 1717:Barlow, Frank 1714: 1713: 1708: 1701: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1570: 1567: 1563: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1398: 1395: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1364: 1361: 1357: 1351: 1348: 1342: 1339: 1335: 1329: 1326: 1322: 1316: 1313: 1309: 1303: 1300: 1287: 1283: 1277: 1274: 1270: 1264: 1261: 1249: 1247:9781843842569 1243: 1239: 1238: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1204: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1166: 1163: 1159: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1141: 1138: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1114: 1110: 1104: 1101: 1088: 1087:History Extra 1084: 1081:Ashe, Laura. 1077: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1062: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1018: 1015: 1009: 1006: 1000: 997: 993: 987: 984: 981: 975: 973: 971: 969: 967: 965: 961: 955: 952: 946: 939: 933: 930: 923: 920: 914: 911: 907: 901: 898: 894: 887: 884: 878: 875: 871: 865: 862: 858: 852: 849: 843: 841: 837: 830: 828: 826: 825: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 762: 758: 754: 749: 744: 736: 734: 732: 727: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 704: 699: 698: 692: 690: 686: 678: 676: 674: 673:Domesday Book 669: 665: 660: 656: 652: 648: 640: 636: 632: 630: 626: 622: 614: 610: 606: 599: 597: 596: 592: 589: 585: 581: 578:"were-wolf," 577: 572: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 505: 501: 497: 488: 486: 484: 480: 479: 473: 468: 465: 459: 457: 450: 447: 446: 445: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 365: 359: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 328: 324: 316: 314: 308: 301: 299: 295: 293: 288: 286: 282: 278: 274: 269: 265: 261: 260: 255: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 226: 224: 221: 217: 212: 210: 206: 205: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 148: 145: 141: 138: 133: 129: 124: 120: 116: 111: 105: 102: 100: 97: 96: 94: 92:Other post(s) 90: 87: 86:Ælfric Puttoc 84: 80: 77: 74: 70: 66: 58: 54: 51: 47: 40: 37: 33: 19: 5107: 5096: 5054: 5042: 5006: 4999: 4992: 4985: 4968: 4940: 4933: 4926: 4903: 4890: 4884: 4859: 4853: 4846: 4839: 4832: 4813: 4812:Old English 4804: 4797: 4790: 4770: 4769:Old English 4757: 4750: 4743: 4724: 4716: 4709: 4674: 4667: 4662: 4584: 4580:John Sentamu 4570:John Habgood 4495:John Gilbert 4443:Commonwealth 4440: 4401:Edwin Sandys 4391:Thomas Young 4183:Henry Murdac 4137: 4005:Bishops and 3919:Charles Gore 3914:John Perowne 3878:Richard Hurd 3863:Isaac Maddox 3806:Commonwealth 3803: 3769:Edmund Freke 3754:Edwin Sandys 3749:Richard Pate 3725:Hugh Latimer 3708:Early modern 3683: 3668: 3633:Walter Lyghe 3631: 3627:William Lenn 3589:Adam Orleton 3581: 3554: 3506: 3441: 3405: 3402: 3366: 3313: 3231: 3197:William Wand 3172:John Jackson 3142:Robert Lowth 3087:Commonwealth 3084: 3075:William Laud 3060:George Abbot 3055:Thomas Ravis 3030:Edwin Sandys 3008: 2995: 2947:Richard Hill 2942:Thomas Kempe 2927:William Grey 2907:Roger Walden 2847:Fulke Lovell 2781: 2712: 2518: 2499: 2472: 2444: 2416: 2399: 2389: 2379: 2370: 2358:. 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