232:
the natives' hatred of the white man or their greed for provisions, I am unable to tell. Pretending to have found gold, some of the blacks decoyed Harry
Houshield into the mountains. In the evening when he lay under his mosquito net the blacks sneaked up and half stunned him with a stick. Drawing his revolver he tried to get out of the net to fire, but his horse-boy Nammy, who had been with him for many years, drove a stone spear through his chest, killing him. In the meantime the others were working as usual in the mine, each in his own prospecting shaft. Suddenly the blacks rose to a man and speared their masters. As the white men did not drop at once, the blacks fled. Hellfirc Jack did not go far before he succumbed. Oxoll and Noltenius took refuge in the house, the one with a couple of spears through his stomach, the other with a spear through the lung. Jack Koberts had been digging in a hole when the black who was helping him struck him with a pick, hitting him a slanting blow on the side of the head. Jack fell and the black man ran away. The day wore on. The blacks hid in the forest, not daring to approach before their victims were dead. Night fell; Oxoll died, and Noltenius sat alone, the blood oozing from his spear wound. At last he stole out and began to crawl the 40 miles separating him from the old Daly cattle station which we had passed on our way out. At night-fall also Jack Koberts came to his senses again. Looking cautiously round for his fellows, he found the dead bodies, and weak and staggering started on the same trail as Noltenius, ignorant of course as to the latter's fate. Trudging on the next day he met some of the blacks who had murdered Houshield, and who were riding his horses to reach the copper mine and to share in the plunder. Not knowing what had befallen Houshield, Roberts only took the horses he required, and so reached the cattle station. On the following day the manager of this station. (Mr. Saxe) rode out to the mine, after sending a message to some people living on the telegraph Line. At the lagoon, later named after him, they found Noltenius dying, more than seven miles from the mine. (
130:
The sequel, which in the
Australian bush has always followed such murders, occurred in due course... Another gathering of white men, friends and fellows of the victims, also embarked upon a campaign of vengeance against the Wolwanga tribe, which had been responsible for the deed. The reports on this
231:
These five men lived there for some time, built a small house, worked the mine, and came gradually into contact with the natives, who finally for a small payment in tobacco and flour were employed in the mine. All went well at first. Whether it was over women the catastrophe occurred or simply from
157:
In 2014 there came to light a document indicating that one child of
Wulwulam/Woolwonga parentage had been registered in the census undertaken in 1889, and that by virtue of this fact, her descendants moved to assert native title rights to the old Wulwulam hunting grounds.
131:
campaign vary, but participants have told me that after a long search they finally found a great portion of the tribe gathered at the abandoned mine. They surrounded them, drove them into a lagoon, and shot them all, men, women and children.
153:
Charlie Yingi, known as Long Legged
Charlie, one of the four Aboriginal men charged for the killings, was cleared eventually and settled at the Jesuit Mission on the Daly River. He was later sentenced to death for the Coppermine killing.
122:. Francis Herbert Sachse who ran a cattle station and also managed the mine, led the massacre at Blackfellow Creek, where an estimated 150 natives were shot, leading to their effective extermination. The Norwegian ethnographer
601:
117:
soon afterwards, and members of the
Wulwulam tribe were drawn to the site and employed there. Starting on 3 September 1884, several Wulwulam murdered four European settlers and in a reprisal known as the
594:
34:
people of the
Northern Territory. They are reputed to have been almost completely exterminated in the 1880s in reprisal for an incident in which some members of the tribe speared 4 miners.
1644:
1586:
587:
93:
The
Wulwulam's numbers grew as a result of the rapid reduction of members of two tribes to their south and west as European colonization developed, namely the Agikwala,
1621:
1614:
1579:
146:
Four
Wulwulam men, Tommy, Jimmy, Daly, and Ajibbingwagne, were put on trial for the killings of 4 settlers, Johannes Lubrecht Noltenius, Jack Landers (known as
150:), Henry Houschildt and Schollert. The Jesuit mission diary records Sachse as still waging his campaign against the Wulwulam 4 years later, in 1888.
404:
1593:
1607:
1600:
477:
450:
386:
528:(December 1933). "Ceremonial Economics of the Mulluk Mulluk and Madngella Tribes of the Daly River, North Australia. A Preliminary Paper".
436:
114:
43:
571:
47:
525:
51:
976:
391:
1221:
469:
113:
Copper mining discovered near Mt. Haywood in 1882 led to the development of a settlement on tribal lands along the
78:
was referring to the
Wulwulam in those passages where he wrote of the Agigondin, a central tableland tribe and a
139:
continued for some years, enfeebling what had been the most powerful Daly river tribe, and also decimating the
568:
Aboriginal Tribes of
Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names
610:
504:
31:
406:
In Savage Australia: An Account of a Hunting and Collecting Expedition to Arnhem Land and Dampier Land
1046:
517:
508:
455:
675:
422:
418:
59:
1116:
614:
547:
563:
579:
42:
Wulwulam land extended over some 1,900 square miles (4,900 km) from the headwaters of the
1298:
1228:
990:
530:
473:
17:
1165:
1130:
1032:
1004:
913:
539:
55:
218:
Dahl put the Agigondin on the Central Tableland, and the Agoguila at the Katherine River. (
1446:
1432:
1018:
969:
920:
892:
689:
466:
A Picnic with the Natives: Aboriginal-European Relations in the Northern Territory to 1910
1516:
1418:
1327:
1172:
955:
927:
822:
766:
745:
559:
543:
71:
1638:
1404:
1207:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1158:
1144:
885:
829:
488:
140:
1544:
1530:
1467:
1270:
1137:
1102:
1095:
1074:
962:
864:
773:
668:
640:
633:
102:
79:
1509:
451:"'Forgotten' Woolwonga tribe demand recognition 130 years after 'extermination')"
431:
1551:
1453:
1411:
1362:
1284:
1109:
906:
759:
1481:
1355:
1348:
1334:
1200:
1081:
1067:
941:
850:
815:
731:
682:
661:
1474:
1460:
1439:
1425:
1390:
1249:
1214:
1039:
1025:
1011:
997:
878:
871:
843:
794:
717:
710:
647:
400:
123:
75:
489:"The Murders at the Daly River Copper Mine: Statement of the Sole Survivor"
126:, who lived in the area for over a year a decade later, wrote as follows:
1523:
1341:
1312:
1277:
1151:
1088:
857:
801:
724:
551:
1558:
1502:
1495:
1397:
1320:
1291:
1256:
1242:
1123:
1060:
1053:
899:
808:
787:
752:
703:
626:
94:
1537:
1383:
1376:
1263:
1235:
983:
948:
836:
780:
738:
696:
654:
136:
98:
101:. Remnants of the two were absorbed into the Wulwulam as subtribal
1369:
1305:
934:
496:
54:. On their eastern flank, their boundary lay at the source of the
583:
419:"German Missionaries in Australia: Daly River (1886-1899)"
290:
288:
286:
254:
252:
510:
Native tribes of the Northern Territory of Australia
437:
Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia
432:"Native tongues in the neighbourhood of Port Darwin"
305:
303:
273:
271:
269:
267:
193:Wolwongga, Wulwanga, Wolwanga, Wulwonga, Woolwonga
357:
412:. London: P. Allen & Sons. pp. 72–98.
595:
8:
1645:Aboriginal peoples of the Northern Territory
602:
588:
580:
392:The Northern Territory Times & Gazette
369:
345:
294:
258:
248:
211:
199:
173:Agikwala, Agiqwolla, Agoguila, Aquguila
277:
7:
449:Purtill, James (25 September 2014).
333:
321:
309:
233:
219:
487:Roberts, Henry (20 February 1886).
544:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1933.tb00098.x
14:
493:South Australian Weekly Chronicle
58:. They were also reported in the
572:Australian National University
1:
74:, the Norwegian ethnographer
50:, and southwards almost to
1661:
470:Melbourne University Press
15:
1568:
621:
430:Parkhouse, T. A. (1895).
168:Agigondin (eastern horde)
222:, pp. 15, 229, 239)
560:Tindale, Norman Barnett
417:Ganter, Regina (2015).
358:Court Proceedings 1884
183:Agrikondi, Aggraakúndi
133:
1574:By state or territory
464:Reid, Gordon (1990).
128:
56:South Alligator River
32:indigenous Australian
1047:Mantjintjarra Ngalia
518:Macmillan Publishers
120:Coppermine massacres
46:westwards as far as
26:, also known as the
423:Griffith University
395:. 27 December 1884.
387:"Court Proceedings"
1587:Northern Territory
615:Northern Territory
188:Oolwunga Oolawunga
89:History of contact
1632:
1631:
1622:Western Australia
526:Stanner, W. E. H.
479:978-0-522-84419-1
324:, pp. 99ff..
236:, pp. 32–33)
162:Alternative names
18:Wulwulam language
1652:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1356:Ritharngu/Diakui
1351:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1033:Makarrwanhalmirr
1028:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1000:
993:
986:
979:
972:
965:
958:
951:
944:
937:
930:
923:
916:
909:
902:
895:
888:
881:
874:
867:
860:
853:
846:
839:
832:
825:
818:
811:
804:
797:
790:
783:
776:
769:
762:
755:
748:
741:
734:
727:
720:
713:
706:
699:
692:
685:
678:
671:
664:
657:
650:
643:
636:
629:
604:
597:
590:
581:
575:
555:
521:
515:
505:Spencer, Baldwin
500:
483:
460:
445:
426:
413:
411:
396:
373:
367:
361:
355:
349:
343:
337:
331:
325:
319:
313:
307:
298:
292:
281:
275:
262:
256:
237:
229:
223:
216:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1601:South Australia
1599:
1592:
1585:
1580:New South Wales
1578:
1573:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1510:Yan-nhaŋu/Nango
1508:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1003:
996:
989:
982:
975:
968:
961:
954:
947:
940:
933:
926:
919:
912:
905:
898:
891:
884:
877:
870:
863:
856:
849:
842:
835:
828:
821:
814:
807:
800:
793:
786:
779:
772:
765:
758:
751:
744:
737:
730:
723:
716:
709:
702:
695:
688:
681:
674:
667:
660:
653:
646:
639:
632:
625:
617:
613:peoples in the
608:
578:
564:"Wulwulam (NT)"
558:
524:
513:
503:
486:
480:
463:
448:
429:
416:
409:
399:
385:
381:
376:
368:
364:
356:
352:
344:
340:
332:
328:
320:
316:
308:
301:
293:
284:
276:
265:
257:
250:
246:
241:
240:
230:
226:
217:
213:
208:
164:
111:
91:
68:
40:
20:
12:
11:
5:
1658:
1656:
1648:
1647:
1637:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1328:Pitjantjatjara
1324:
1317:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1173:Murngin=Yolgnu
1169:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1001:
994:
987:
980:
973:
966:
959:
952:
945:
938:
931:
924:
917:
910:
903:
896:
889:
882:
875:
868:
861:
854:
847:
840:
833:
826:
819:
812:
805:
798:
791:
784:
777:
770:
763:
756:
749:
742:
735:
728:
721:
714:
707:
700:
693:
686:
679:
672:
665:
658:
651:
644:
637:
630:
622:
619:
618:
609:
607:
606:
599:
592:
584:
577:
576:
556:
538:(2): 156–175.
522:
501:
484:
478:
461:
446:
427:
414:
397:
382:
380:
377:
375:
374:
370:Parkhouse 1895
362:
350:
338:
326:
314:
299:
297:, p. 238.
282:
263:
247:
245:
242:
239:
238:
224:
210:
209:
207:
204:
202:, p. 238
196:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
163:
160:
110:
107:
90:
87:
72:Norman Tindale
67:
64:
39:
36:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1657:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1208:Ngaanyatjarra
1205:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1194:Nanggikorongo
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1180:Murrinh-Patha
1177:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1159:Mulluk-Mulluk
1156:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1145:Menhdheyangal
1142:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1002:
999:
995:
992:
988:
985:
981:
978:
974:
971:
967:
964:
960:
957:
953:
950:
946:
943:
939:
936:
932:
929:
925:
922:
918:
915:
911:
908:
904:
901:
897:
894:
890:
887:
886:Garrwa/Karawa
883:
880:
876:
873:
869:
866:
862:
859:
855:
852:
848:
845:
841:
838:
834:
831:
827:
824:
820:
817:
813:
810:
806:
803:
799:
796:
792:
789:
785:
782:
778:
775:
771:
768:
764:
761:
757:
754:
750:
747:
743:
740:
736:
733:
729:
726:
722:
719:
715:
712:
708:
705:
701:
698:
694:
691:
687:
684:
680:
677:
673:
670:
666:
663:
659:
656:
652:
649:
645:
642:
638:
635:
631:
628:
624:
623:
620:
616:
612:
605:
600:
598:
593:
591:
586:
585:
582:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
532:
527:
523:
519:
512:
511:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
485:
481:
475:
471:
467:
462:
458:
457:
452:
447:
443:
439:
438:
433:
428:
424:
420:
415:
408:
407:
402:
398:
394:
393:
388:
384:
383:
378:
371:
366:
363:
359:
354:
351:
347:
342:
339:
336:, p. 32.
335:
330:
327:
323:
318:
315:
312:, p. 33.
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
270:
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
243:
235:
228:
225:
221:
215:
212:
205:
203:
201:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
161:
159:
155:
151:
149:
148:Hellfire Jack
144:
142:
141:Mulluk-Mulluk
138:
132:
127:
125:
121:
116:
108:
106:
104:
100:
96:
88:
86:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:According to
65:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
37:
35:
33:
29:
25:
19:
1531:Yindjilandji
1488:
1271:Ngolokwangga
1075:Marimanindji
963:Karrangpurru
676:Anindilyakwa
669:Andakerebina
567:
535:
529:
509:
495:– via
492:
465:
454:
441:
435:
405:
390:
372:, p. 2.
365:
353:
348:, p. 9.
346:Roberts 1886
341:
329:
317:
295:Tindale 1974
259:Purtill 2014
227:
214:
200:Tindale 1974
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
156:
152:
147:
145:
134:
129:
119:
112:
92:
83:
69:
41:
27:
23:
21:
1285:Norweilemil
1117:Marrithiyal
1110:Marranunggu
907:Gungorogone
278:Ganter 2015
82:called the
60:Mount Bundy
1594:Queensland
1482:Wongkamala
1454:Warndarang
1349:Rembarrnga
1335:Pongaponga
1299:Nunggubuyu
1229:Ngaliwurru
1201:Nangiomeri
1082:Marinunggo
1068:Maridjabin
991:Kungarakan
942:Jamindjung
851:Emmiyangal
816:Djerimanga
732:Bingongina
683:Anmatyerre
611:Aboriginal
516:. London:
401:Dahl, Knut
115:Daly River
48:Pine Creek
44:Mary River
28:Woolwonga,
16:See also:
1475:Wilingura
1461:Warumungu
1440:Warlmanpa
1391:Wadjiginy
1250:Ngarinman
1215:Ngalakgan
1166:Muringura
1131:Matuntara
1040:Mangarayi
1026:Madngella
1012:Kwarandji
1005:Kunwinjku
998:Kunibidji
914:Gunindiri
879:Gambalang
872:Gadjerong
844:Doolboong
795:Djalakuru
718:Bilingara
711:Beriguruk
662:Amijangal
648:Alyawarre
334:Dahl 1926
322:Reid 1990
310:Dahl 1926
244:Citations
234:Dahl 1926
220:Dahl 1926
178:Agiwallem
124:Knut Dahl
84:Agoguila.
76:Knut Dahl
52:Katherine
1639:Category
1615:Victoria
1608:Tasmania
1524:Yaroinga
1489:Wulwulam
1447:Warlpiri
1433:Wardaman
1426:Wandjira
1342:Puneitja
1313:Perrakee
1278:Ngormbur
1152:Mudburra
1089:Marijedi
1019:Larrakia
970:Kaytetye
921:Gurindji
893:Giimbiyu
858:Gaagudju
725:Binbinga
690:Arrernte
562:(1974).
552:40327457
507:(1914).
456:ABC News
403:(1926).
198:Source:
30:were an
24:Wulwulam
1559:Yunggor
1517:Yanyuwa
1503:Yangman
1496:Wurango
1419:Wambaya
1398:Wagoman
1321:Pintupi
1292:Nungali
1257:Ngarnka
1243:Ngardok
1124:Mati Ke
1061:Maridan
1054:Mariamo
977:Kukatja
956:Jingili
928:Iwaidja
900:Gudanji
823:Djinang
809:Djerait
788:Dhuwala
767:Dalabon
753:Dagoman
746:Burarra
704:Awinmul
627:Airiman
531:Oceania
444:: 1–18.
379:Sources
143:tribe.
109:History
95:Awinmul
38:Country
1538:Yolngu
1405:Wakaya
1384:Wadere
1377:Waanyi
1264:Ngarti
1236:Ngandi
1222:Ngalia
1187:Nagara
984:Kunapa
949:Jawoyn
837:Djowei
830:Djinba
781:Dhuwal
739:Bininj
697:Awarai
655:Amarak
550:
476:
137:pogrom
103:hordes
99:Awarai
66:People
62:area.
1545:Yukul
1468:Watta
1370:Tjial
1306:Oitbi
1138:Maung
1103:Marra
1096:Mariu
935:Jaako
865:Gaari
802:Djaŋu
774:Dangu
641:Alura
634:Alawa
548:JSTOR
514:(PDF)
497:Trove
410:(PDF)
206:Notes
80:horde
1552:Yumu
1412:Walu
1363:Tiwi
760:Daii
474:ISBN
135:The
97:and
22:The
540:doi
1641::
570:.
566:.
546:.
534:.
491:.
472:.
468:.
453:.
442:19
440:.
434:.
421:.
389:.
302:^
285:^
266:^
251:^
105:.
1315:?
603:e
596:t
589:v
574:.
554:.
542::
536:4
520:.
499:.
482:.
459:.
425:.
360:.
280:.
261:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.