630:, and captured Dengzhou on February 22, 1632 when Geng Zhongming defected to the mutineers and handed over the city. Sun Yuanhua was captured but managed to convince Kong to surrender peacefully, however the amnesty decree was suppressed by censorial inspector Wang Daochun, who held a hardline approach to the rebels. Growing impatient, Kong resumed his rebellion, but released Sun out of their friendship. However, the failure to defend Dengzhou led to the impeachment of Sun Yuanhua by his political enemies. He was accused of treason, which led to torture in prison and eventually his execution in 1633.
542:, many of his old subordinates in Dongjiang was alienated by the new command and lost faith in the Ming cause. Geng Zhongming started raiding Joseon (which was previously defended by Mao) for supplies, but was found out and jailed by his newly appointed superior Huang Long. Zhongming's brother Zhongyu revolted against Huang and imprisoned him. Although Huang was eventually released, he was impeached by
605:
through the camp with an arrow impaled through the face. This enraged the other soldiers, who rioted and killed Wang's servant. This escalation prompted Wang's son to personally intervene and demand that all the perpetrators be harshly punished.
2031:
2095:
221:
609:
At the same time, Kong's subordinate Li
Jiucheng had spent all the funds provided by Sun Yuanhua and feared getting into trouble, so he coerced Kong to mutiny. The mutineers sacked the Wang household, raided
593:, the regiment was bogged down by bad weather, and the local magistrate deliberately allowed the merchants to close the markets and refused to sell the troops provisions. One of the starving soldiers stole a
1929:
2690:
2651:
214:
2024:
2695:
2531:
1192:
919:
207:
2370:
645:
with 12,000 men to relieve
Laizhou. The rebel forces were eventually smashed and forced to retreat to Dengzhou, where the poorly provisioned survivors were reduced to
2110:
1726:
2515:
2486:
2105:
1561:
1399:
1172:
801:
2187:
1051:
589:
region) were under supplied and underpaid, and had difficulties obtaining provisions due to conflicts with the
Shandong locals. While passing the town of
527:
2175:
2160:
1204:
1862:
2960:
854:
2898:
2237:
1350:
1257:
1155:
2929:
2170:
1245:
1093:
452:
1787:
2399:
2150:
2063:
1802:
1295:
1150:
2068:
1972:
965:
859:
2615:
1984:
1857:
1681:
1262:
2904:
2745:
2620:
1977:
1554:
794:
2715:
1430:
894:
2832:
2075:
1762:
1648:
985:
447:
1797:
1736:
1696:
945:
2965:
2416:
2282:
2050:
1706:
1897:
1837:
2850:
2625:
2481:
2165:
2155:
2140:
2135:
1967:
1917:
1671:
1477:
1199:
522:). The revolt was eventually crushed by Ming government forces, although many surviving rebels managed to flee across the
2609:
2387:
2254:
2120:
2014:
1624:
1614:
1547:
1457:
1235:
1103:
1073:
787:
432:
280:
231:
36:
2526:
2509:
2019:
1994:
1957:
1867:
1827:
1579:
1467:
1452:
1187:
819:
2909:
2355:
1278:
1000:
899:
1817:
1604:
650:
515:
273:
77:
2919:
2638:
2567:
2360:
1892:
1686:
1447:
1283:
1209:
980:
970:
570:
422:
1288:
889:
2840:
2660:
2394:
2365:
2115:
1510:
1389:
975:
349:
2436:
1902:
1887:
1721:
1619:
1420:
1329:
995:
849:
638:
437:
161:
2817:
2705:
2586:
2411:
1629:
1357:
1305:
1113:
1005:
405:
2710:
1772:
1676:
2891:
2750:
2377:
2339:
2227:
2207:
2125:
1924:
1907:
1741:
1462:
1440:
1425:
1066:
1046:
924:
884:
874:
297:
2822:
2789:
2755:
2700:
2580:
2562:
2272:
2202:
2009:
1792:
1493:
1061:
960:
839:
615:
2875:
2725:
2665:
2597:
2277:
2130:
2085:
1832:
1711:
1691:
1599:
1343:
1182:
1125:
1078:
1036:
1010:
914:
864:
427:
354:
344:
261:
909:
177:
2760:
2471:
2466:
2292:
2232:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2036:
1882:
1701:
955:
869:
602:
582:
550:
army funds. Conflicts between officers led to Kong Youde and Geng
Zhongming being transferred to
395:
375:
365:
360:
339:
128:
116:
1088:
385:
319:
173:
169:
157:
145:
2970:
2770:
2765:
2740:
2685:
2680:
2603:
2551:
2456:
2287:
2192:
2090:
1989:
1952:
1877:
1807:
1777:
1731:
1167:
904:
844:
763:
A Dragon's Head and a
Serpent's Tail: Ming China and the First Great East Asian War, 1592-1598
696:
646:
551:
334:
329:
324:
59:
2924:
2807:
2730:
2670:
2476:
2197:
2058:
2004:
1847:
1812:
1716:
1641:
1609:
1336:
1145:
1108:
1098:
1083:
1056:
1041:
879:
442:
410:
400:
314:
309:
149:
132:
120:
2939:
2885:
2735:
2720:
2544:
1999:
1962:
1912:
1872:
1822:
1767:
1636:
1527:
1379:
1322:
1240:
1015:
990:
662:
457:
2802:
2675:
2441:
2404:
1852:
1842:
1782:
1503:
1498:
1374:
627:
539:
487:
112:
637:
in March and began a 6-month siege. The Ming central government mobilized Gao Qiqian,
2954:
2914:
2880:
2845:
2461:
2451:
2267:
1658:
1384:
1177:
1120:
676:
649:
before Kong and Geng escaped by sea with their remaining followers, defecting to the
390:
370:
256:
2934:
2631:
2573:
2262:
2244:
2100:
1570:
1160:
810:
680:
666:
519:
507:
479:
285:
268:
251:
96:
2870:
2591:
2312:
2307:
1472:
1415:
950:
619:
543:
491:
141:
2538:
2382:
2332:
2302:
2145:
1394:
1250:
684:
559:
547:
499:
483:
290:
108:
17:
2327:
2317:
1435:
671:
642:
567:
523:
495:
165:
683:
to attack Ming fortifications. Both Kong and Geng were appointed lords by
2812:
2557:
2504:
2446:
2322:
2297:
586:
555:
2797:
687:, who rejoiced at the defection of these high-profile Ming commanders.
634:
623:
594:
563:
199:
63:
1539:
779:
598:
590:
511:
503:
475:
2521:
2080:
1300:
1219:
611:
581:
In late 1631, Kong was called in to reinforce Ming forces at the
2180:
1214:
1543:
783:
203:
679:
capability of the
Jurchens, who previously could only rely on
2691:
Convention
Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
526:
and surrendered to the Manchu, significantly upsetting the
601:
named Wang
Xiangchun, and Wang's servant had the soldier
490:. Both men were lieutenants under the command of general
716:
714:
712:
633:
After more victories, Kong's rebel forces arrived at
2863:
2831:
2788:
2781:
2696:
Convention for the
Extension of Hong Kong Territory
2650:
2495:
2427:
2348:
2253:
2049:
1940:
1750:
1657:
1587:
1578:
1519:
1486:
1408:
1367:
1314:
1271:
1228:
1138:
1024:
933:
827:
818:
498:(Dongjiang), a strategically crucial island in the
558:under the command of Sun Yuanhua (a protégé of
478:from 1631 to 1633 during the late years of the
29:
2096:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
2516:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
2487:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
1555:
1400:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
795:
773:The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty
215:
8:
502:that guarded the coastal land corridor into
585:, but his soldiers (mostly conscripts from
2785:
1584:
1562:
1548:
1540:
824:
802:
788:
780:
222:
208:
200:
26:
2176:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
2025:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
2632:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
708:
675:cannons, which was a huge boost to the
1351:Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty
2930:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
2171:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
744:
732:
720:
7:
2151:Ministry of Posts and Communications
562:), where they were put in charge of
530:between the Ming and the Later Jin.
2899:History of Qing (People's Republic)
661:The surviving rebels included many
2616:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
1985:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
1978:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
1858:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
1682:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
538:After Mao was executed in 1629 by
25:
2905:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
2746:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
2621:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
1773:DograâTibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
597:from the household of a powerful
2716:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
2032:Articles of Favourable Treatment
1788:Red Turban Rebellion (1854â1856)
1763:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
1649:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
986:Japanese missions to Ming China
448:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
2961:Rebellions in the Ming dynasty
2417:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
1707:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
860:Campaign against the Uriankhai
765:, University of Oklahoma Press
669:, as well as large numbers of
1:
2851:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
2626:Islam during the Qing dynasty
2482:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
2166:Provincial military commander
2156:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
2141:Imperial Household Department
1968:Preparative Constitutionalism
1672:Sino-Russian border conflicts
920:Campaigns against the Mongols
2610:Researches on Manchu Origins
2015:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
1625:Transition from Ming to Qing
1615:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
1458:Covered jar with carp design
1074:Transition from Ming to Qing
573:for newly recruited troops.
2510:Changzhou School of Thought
2020:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
1995:Railway Protection Movement
1973:1909 Parliamentary election
1958:British expedition to Tibet
1868:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
1828:Self-Strengthening Movement
1803:NepalâTibet War (1855â1856)
1453:Ming presentation porcelain
1052:Japanese invasions of Korea
2987:
2910:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
1798:Miao Rebellion (1854â1873)
1737:Miao Rebellion (1795â1806)
1727:Battle of Ngá»c Há»i-Äá»ng Äa
1697:Miao Rebellion (1735â1736)
1315:Compilations and Documents
946:LuchuanâPingmian campaigns
761:Swope, Kenneth M. (2009),
76:Some rebels defect to the
2920:Names of the Qing dynasty
2568:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
1898:Dungan Revolt (1895â1896)
1893:Gongche Shangshu movement
1838:Dungan Revolt (1862â1877)
1687:Chinese Rites controversy
1448:Chinese lacquerware table
1210:Embroidered Uniform Guard
971:Prince of Anhua rebellion
423:Manchuria under Ming rule
241:
183:
102:
87:
42:
34:
2841:Great Qing Treasure Note
2661:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
2371:Administrative divisions
2188:Administrative divisions
2116:Flag of the Qing dynasty
1511:Great Ming Treasure Note
1390:Ming Ancestors Mausoleum
1173:Administrative divisions
976:Prince of Ning rebellion
518:(which later became the
2437:Chengde Mountain Resort
2238:Three Eastern Provinces
1888:First Sino-Japanese War
1863:Northern Chinese Famine
1722:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
1620:Qing invasion of Joseon
1330:The Hundred-word Eulogy
996:Great Rites Controversy
850:Ming conquest of Yunnan
771:Swope, Kenneth (2014),
653:in the spring of 1633.
614:and fanned out to take
2818:Great Qing Copper Coin
2706:Convention of Tientsin
2639:Annotated Bibliography
2587:Qing official headwear
1630:Battle of Shanhai Pass
1368:Palaces and Mausoleums
1358:Ming Veritable Records
1006:Luso-Chinese agreement
603:paraded and humiliated
438:2nd invasion of Joseon
433:1st invasion of Joseon
103:Commanders and leaders
2966:17th century in China
2892:Draft History of Qing
2751:Treaty of Shimonoseki
2532:performance criticism
2136:Imperial Commissioner
2126:Great Qing Legal Code
1925:Eight-Nation Alliance
1908:Third plague pandemic
1818:PuntiâHakka Clan Wars
1742:White Lotus Rebellion
1463:Yongning Temple Stele
1200:Imperial Commissioner
925:Reign of Ren and Xuan
885:Ming treasure voyages
875:Dao Ganmeng rebellion
2823:Great Qing Gold Coin
2756:Treaty of Tarbagatai
2701:Convention of Peking
2581:Pentaglot Dictionary
2563:Literary inquisition
2273:Ever Victorious Army
2106:Deliberative Council
2010:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
1963:1905 Batang uprising
1903:Hundred Days' Reform
1793:Small Swords Society
1062:Sino-Dutch conflicts
961:Rebellion of Cao Qin
890:MingâTurpan conflict
840:Red Turban Rebellion
510:at the flank of the
233:MingâQing transition
37:Ming-Qing transition
2876:Anti-Qing sentiment
2726:Treaty of the Bogue
2666:Treaty of Nerchinsk
2598:Complete Tang Poems
2278:Green Standard Army
2161:Provincial governor
2131:Imperial Clan Court
2111:Diplomatic missions
2086:Consultative Bureau
1833:Tongzhi Restoration
1712:Afaqi Khoja revolts
1692:Ten Great Campaigns
1600:Jurchen unification
1409:Society and Culture
1344:Yongle Encyclopedia
1183:Imperial Clan Court
1126:Kingdom of Tungning
1079:Jurchen unification
1011:Jiajing wokou raids
900:Battle of Palembang
865:Battle of Buir Lake
428:Jurchen unification
2761:Treaty of Tientsin
2472:Western Qing tombs
2467:Eastern Qing tombs
2293:Peking Field Force
2037:Manchu Restoration
1930:Declaration of war
1883:Jindandao incident
1702:Lhasa riot of 1750
1258:Military conquests
1104:Peasant rebellions
981:Capture of Malacca
956:Defense of Beijing
870:Lin Kuan rebellion
583:Battle of Dalinghe
494:, the defender of
281:Peasant rebellions
2948:
2947:
2859:
2858:
2771:Treaty of Whampoa
2766:Treaty of Wanghia
2741:Treaty of Nanking
2711:LiâLobanov Treaty
2686:Chefoo Convention
2681:Burlingame Treaty
2552:Kangxi Dictionary
2457:Old Summer Palace
2288:Firearm Battalion
2091:Cup of Solid Gold
2045:
2044:
1990:Manchurian plague
1953:Late Qing reforms
1944:(1901–1912)
1878:Sikkim expedition
1808:Panthay Rebellion
1778:Taiping Rebellion
1754:(1801–1900)
1732:Sino-Nepalese War
1677:DzungarâQing Wars
1663:(1683–1799)
1591:(1616–1683)
1537:
1536:
1246:Gunpowder weapons
1205:Grand coordinator
1168:Grand Secretariat
1134:
1133:
1028:(1572–1683)
937:(1435–1572)
905:Battle of Kherlen
855:MingâMong Mao War
845:Wu Mian rebellion
831:(1368–1435)
697:Three Feudatories
467:
466:
198:
197:
83:
82:
16:(Redirected from
2978:
2925:New Qing History
2808:Qianlong Tongbao
2786:
2731:Treaty of Canton
2671:Unequal treaties
2477:Fuling Mausoleum
2076:Advisory Council
2005:Wuchang Uprising
1945:
1848:Tianjin Massacre
1813:Second Opium War
1755:
1717:Sino-Burmese War
1664:
1642:Battle of Penghu
1610:Seven Grievances
1592:
1585:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1541:
1337:Huang-Ming Zuxun
1109:Jiashen Incident
1099:She-An Rebellion
1084:Seven Grievances
1057:Donglin movement
1042:Bozhou rebellion
1029:
938:
915:Lam SÆĄn uprising
895:MingâÄáșĄi Ngu War
880:Jingnan campaign
832:
825:
804:
797:
790:
781:
776:
766:
748:
742:
736:
735:, p. 96-97.
730:
724:
718:
663:skilled laborers
528:balance of power
443:Seven Grievances
298:SheâAn Rebellion
236:
234:
224:
217:
210:
201:
189:100,000 infantry
154:
137:
125:
44:
43:
27:
21:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2940:Willow Palisade
2886:Chuang Guandong
2855:
2827:
2777:
2736:Treaty of Kulja
2721:Treaty of Aigun
2654:
2646:
2545:History of Ming
2497:
2491:
2429:
2423:
2349:Special regions
2344:
2283:Imperial Guards
2249:
2041:
2000:1911 Revolution
1946:
1943:
1936:
1913:Boxer Rebellion
1873:Sino-French War
1823:Amur Annexation
1768:First Opium War
1756:
1753:
1746:
1665:
1662:
1653:
1637:Great Clearance
1593:
1590:
1574:
1568:
1538:
1533:
1528:History of Ming
1515:
1482:
1404:
1380:Chaotian Palace
1363:
1323:History of Yuan
1310:
1267:
1224:
1130:
1030:
1027:
1020:
1016:Single whip law
991:Ningbo incident
966:Miao rebellions
939:
936:
929:
833:
830:
814:
808:
770:
760:
757:
752:
751:
743:
739:
731:
727:
719:
710:
705:
693:
659:
579:
536:
476:military revolt
468:
463:
462:
458:Great Clearance
359:
237:
232:
230:
228:
190:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
150:
144:
133:
127:
121:
115:
111:
75:
66:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2984:
2982:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2953:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2803:Kangxi Tongbao
2800:
2794:
2792:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2676:Boxer Protocol
2668:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2606:
2601:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2524:
2519:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2442:Forbidden City
2439:
2433:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2405:General of Ili
2402:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2388:List of ambans
2385:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2055:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1853:Margary Affair
1850:
1845:
1843:Mudan incident
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1783:Nian Rebellion
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1589:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1544:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1504:Yongle Tongbao
1501:
1499:Hongwu Tongbao
1490:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1375:Forbidden City
1371:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1263:Nine Garrisons
1260:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1243:
1238:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1047:Ordos campaign
1044:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
942:
940:
935:
931:
930:
928:
927:
922:
917:
912:
910:MingâKotte War
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
836:
834:
829:
822:
816:
815:
809:
807:
806:
799:
792:
784:
778:
777:
768:
756:
753:
750:
749:
747:, p. 101.
737:
725:
723:, p. 100.
707:
706:
704:
701:
700:
699:
692:
689:
658:
655:
578:
575:
540:Yuan Chonghuan
535:
532:
488:Geng Zhongming
465:
464:
461:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
419:
418:
414:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
306:
305:
301:
300:
295:
294:
293:
288:
278:
277:
276:
266:
265:
264:
259:
248:
247:
243:
242:
239:
238:
229:
227:
226:
219:
212:
204:
196:
195:
192:
191:10,000 cavalry
186:
185:
181:
180:
139:
113:Geng Zhongming
105:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
85:
84:
81:
80:
72:
68:
67:
58:
56:
52:
51:
48:
40:
39:
32:
31:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2983:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2915:Manchu people
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2881:Canton System
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2846:Hubu Guanpiao
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2496:Society &
2494:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2462:Summer Palace
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2452:Mukden Palace
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2428:Palaces &
2426:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2268:Eight Banners
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2121:Grand Council
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1941:20th century
1939:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1751:19th century
1749:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1385:Ming Xiaoling
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1193:Vassal prince
1191:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1178:Eastern Depot
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1121:Southern Ming
1119:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
943:
941:
932:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
837:
835:
826:
823:
821:
817:
812:
805:
800:
798:
793:
791:
786:
785:
782:
774:
769:
764:
759:
758:
754:
746:
741:
738:
734:
729:
726:
722:
717:
715:
713:
709:
702:
698:
695:
694:
690:
688:
686:
682:
681:foot soldiers
678:
677:siege warfare
674:
673:
668:
664:
656:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
607:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
576:
574:
572:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
533:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
474:(ćłæ©ć
”èź) was a
473:
472:Wuqiao mutiny
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
420:
416:
415:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
307:
303:
302:
299:
296:
292:
289:
287:
284:
283:
282:
279:
275:
272:
271:
270:
267:
263:
260:
258:
257:Southern Ming
255:
254:
253:
250:
249:
245:
244:
240:
235:
225:
220:
218:
213:
211:
206:
205:
202:
193:
188:
187:
182:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
153:
147:
143:
140:
138:
136:
130:
126:
124:
118:
114:
110:
107:
106:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
86:
79:
73:
70:
69:
65:
61:
57:
54:
53:
49:
46:
45:
41:
38:
33:
30:Wuqiao mutiny
28:
19:
18:Wuqiao Mutiny
2935:Treaty ports
2897:
2890:
2864:Other topics
2637:
2630:
2608:
2596:
2579:
2574:Peiwen Yunfu
2572:
2550:
2543:
2514:
2263:Beiyang Army
2245:Zongli Yamen
2101:Da-Qing Bank
1918:Red Lanterns
1571:Qing dynasty
1526:
1520:Other topics
1431:Four Masters
1356:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1161:House of Zhu
1114:Shanhai Pass
1094:Great Plague
1037:Jianzhou war
811:Ming dynasty
772:
762:
755:Bibliography
740:
728:
670:
667:artillerymen
665:and veteran
660:
632:
608:
580:
537:
520:Qing dynasty
508:vassal state
480:Ming dynasty
471:
469:
453:Great Plague
406:Shanhai Pass
380:
246:Belligerents
178:Chen Hongfan
151:
134:
122:
97:Ming dynasty
88:Belligerents
74:Ming victory
35:Part of the
2871:Aisin Gioro
2833:Paper money
2592:Qing poetry
2313:Wuwei Corps
2308:Shuishiying
2069:Family tree
1473:Tai history
1156:Family tree
1067:Liaoluo Bay
1001:Renyin plot
951:Tumu Crisis
775:, Routledge
647:cannibalism
620:Ling County
544:Sun Yuanhua
492:Mao Wenlong
142:Sun Yuanhua
129:Mao Chenglu
117:Li Jiucheng
2955:Categories
2539:Four Wangs
2430:mausoleums
2383:Golden Urn
2356:Inner Asia
2333:Xiang Army
2303:Hushenying
2228:Liangguang
2208:Liangjiang
2146:Lifan Yuan
2051:Government
1441:Zhe School
1395:Ming tombs
1279:Inner Asia
1251:Shenjiying
1241:Great Wall
1139:Government
745:Swope 2014
733:Swope 2014
721:Swope 2014
703:References
685:Hong Taiji
560:Xu Guangqi
548:embezzling
534:Background
500:Yellow Sea
484:Kong Youde
174:Liu Zeqing
170:Zhu Dadian
158:Gao Qiqian
146:Xu Congzhi
109:Kong Youde
2361:Manchuria
2328:Huai Army
2318:Yong Ying
2203:Shaan-Gan
1659:High Qing
1605:Later Jin
1436:Wu School
1421:Musicians
1284:Manchuria
1272:Frontiers
672:Hongyipao
657:Aftermath
651:Later Jin
643:Wu Sangui
628:Qingcheng
568:artillery
524:Bohai Sea
516:Later Jin
506:, a Ming
496:Pi Island
482:, led by
355:Guangning
350:Zhenjiang
345:Shen-Liao
274:Later Jin
166:Wu Sangui
78:Later Jin
50:1632-1633
2971:Mutinies
2813:Hongqian
2782:Currency
2652:Treaties
2558:Kaozheng
2505:Booi Aha
2447:Hetu Ala
2400:Timeline
2395:Xinjiang
2366:Mongolia
2323:Chu Army
2298:New Army
2255:Military
2193:Viceroys
1487:Currency
1426:Painting
1236:Military
1229:Military
691:Sea also
639:Wu Xiang
587:Liaodong
571:training
556:Shandong
552:Dengzhou
396:Song-Jin
376:Dalinghe
366:Ning-Jin
361:Ningyuan
262:Tungning
184:Strength
162:Wu Xiang
60:Dengzhou
55:Location
2798:Zhiqian
2790:Coinage
2527:Economy
2498:culture
2233:Yun-Gui
2223:Min-Zhe
2218:Sichuan
2213:Huguang
2059:Emperor
1580:History
1494:Coinage
1468:Economy
1296:Vietnam
1188:Princes
1146:Emperor
934:Middle
820:History
635:Laizhou
624:Shanghe
595:chicken
564:firearm
417:Related
401:Beijing
335:Xicheng
330:Tieling
325:Kaiyuan
304:Battles
152:†
135:†
123:†
64:Laizhou
2412:Taiwan
1588:Early
1573:topics
1416:Poetry
1306:Yunnan
828:Early
813:topics
641:, and
599:gentry
591:Wuqiao
577:Mutiny
512:Manchu
504:Joseon
411:Penghu
386:LĂŒshun
381:Wuqiao
340:Chahar
315:Qinghe
310:Fushun
194:12,000
148:
131:
119:
93:Rebels
71:Result
2604:Queue
2522:Dibao
2378:Tibet
2198:Zhili
2081:Amban
1478:Islam
1301:Wokou
1289:Tibet
1220:Fotou
1089:Sarhƫ
1025:Late
616:Linyi
612:Jinan
514:-led
320:Sarhƫ
2340:Navy
2181:Ejen
2064:List
1215:Tusi
1151:List
626:and
566:and
546:for
486:and
470:The
391:Amur
371:Jisi
286:Shun
269:Qing
252:Ming
62:and
47:Date
554:in
2957::
711:^
622:,
618:,
291:Xi
1563:e
1556:t
1549:v
803:e
796:t
789:v
767:.
223:e
216:t
209:v
20:)
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