610:(IUCN) stepped in to save the toad, running field studies, captive breeding plans and tests on the diseases may be causing mortality. Through field notes, researchers Withers and Corn (2005) discovered that Wyoming toads tend to mature earlier than do other amphibians in their surrounding habitat. The scientists discovered that the average Wyoming toad did not live past one or two years, and the fungus was identified as the causal factor. Although captive breeding seems to offer hope for reviving the Wyoming toad population, it has its own pitfalls. Scientists who have captured species in order for them to breed have found that most captive animals do not live longer than three years, and amphibian breeding is most successful at that age. Captive breeding has not caused a significant rise in the population of Wyoming toads. The most common infections among the toad are bacterial and fungal infections. Scientists believe that the leading cause for the Wyoming toad's endangerment is chytrid fungus, which is impossible for the toads to avoid in their natural habitat. Another major reason for the failure of reviving the Wyoming toad population is that it is not a high priority movement; since the toad's discovery, there have been only three studies done between 1992 and 2005. Today, thanks to a 30-year collaboration between the state, federal agencies, landowners, non-profits and the
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efforts to produce a healthy habitat for the existing toads and to establish a population in captivity. This captive population will enable researchers to understand the species' history and habitat needs. Wyoming's Game and Fish
Department has also implemented measures, along with local landowners, to protect the existing Wyoming toad population. Other plans, including one coordinated with the mosquito control district, have helped to safeguard the existing habitat from potential side effects from chemicals and pesticides. The Sybille Wildlife Research Unit has developed a captive-rearing program through the Wyoming Game and Fish Department, and 16 toads were in captivity as of June 1991. Representatives from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Wyoming Game and Fish Department form the Wyoming Toad Recovery Management Team, established to coordinate the implementation of recovery tasks. The service plans to establish five new toad populations, each consisting of 100 individuals, at a cost of $ 1.6 million (approximately $ 3,200 per toad).
606:. The toads were collected for reproduction and researchers canvased the area to collect any more toads that they could find. Researchers took the few surviving hatched eggs and reintroduced them back into Wyoming lakes. However, the lakes contain chytrid fungus, known for killing amphibians and a significant contributing factor in the high mortality of the Wyoming toad. The revival of these toads is dependent on annual supplementation and reproduction in captivity. However, Wyoming toads are becoming increasingly difficult to find in their habitat. In 1992, the governor of Wyoming created the Albany County Wyoming Toad Task Force to protect the Wyoming toad. The committee brought toads into captivity for reproduction, but only for a period of two years. After the group discontinued, the
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habitat variations and substrate conditions varying accordingly, adults are located in areas with slightly cooler temperatures. For the typical adult, substrate surface temperatures were seen to be 20.31 °C (68.56 °F) versus 23.05 °C (73.49 °F) for younger specimens. Adult
Wyoming toads demonstrate very little change in location. The measures of the toad's substrate surface temperature and distance from shorelines tend to be most accurate indicators of possible sightings. When surface temperatures exceed 20 °C (68 °F) and the shoreline is within one to two miles, optimal locating conditions are achieved.
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361:, the effort to save the Wyoming toad has been a cooperative effort among state and federal agencies and private landowners. The Wyoming toad was common from the 1950s through the early 1970s, but its distribution was limited to the Laramie Basin in Albany County. The population crashed around 1975 and was extremely low by 1980. The Wyoming toad was federally listed as endangered in January 1984. To prevent extinction, a captive-breeding program began in 1989 at the Thorne Williams Unit that produced enough offspring in its first few years to supply seven zoos, and in 1998 the
574:), which is perhaps the greatest threat to the species' survival. Research at Porter Lake in 2010 reported that chytrid infection among Wyoming toads affected about 41% of the population. A year later, the infection rate rose to 100%. This rate of infection is even seen with in captive breed populations. Surviving the chytrid infection is possible if toads manage to sufficiently dry themselves through frequent basking, thereby ridding themselves of the infection. Captive Wyoming toads have been placed in quarantine and monitored for signs of
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hibernation and reduce intraspecific competition. The mating call of the
Wyoming toad has a low frequency along with a slow pulse rate, but the duration is longer than that of other types of toads. Wyoming toads mature earlier, with males at only two years and females at three years, than other higher-elevation bufonids in their Wyoming habitat. Disease has played a major role in the decline of the Wyoming toad.
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530:, located southwest of Laramie. This lake, a high-plains lake situated at 7,256 feet (2,212 m) above sea level, had maintained a healthy and reproductive population of Wyoming toads. However, recent research shows that the toad has become less procreative, possibly as the result of a red leg bacteria that was discovered in 1990.
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yielding four egg masses that were found in 1998 at the
Mortenson Lake release site, and two additional egg masses later found in 1999. Captive toads that had been released continued reproducing at Mortenson Lake. By the spring of 1998, the toad's reproductive calls could be heard for first time in the wild since 1993.
415:. Researchers have noted that the species had been found to be abundant in the region since 1952. However, researchers noticed that the population of the Wyoming toad had decreased significantly beginning in 1975. The toad's extreme rarity, documented between 1976 and 1978, revealed no remaining wild populations.
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Weather: Changing weather conditions and water levels can affect the survival of tadpoles. For example, during the fall of 1988, 450 juvenile toads were observed at
Mortenson Lake. That winter, the basin was subject to extreme cold weather (Jennings et al. 2001). No yearlings were found in the spring
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Initially breeding captive
Wyoming toads in 1989, the Sybille Wildlife Research Center implemented a more intensive captive-breeding program in 1993, utilizing 12 wild-caught individuals (now believed to have been the last of the Wyoming toad population). The program's efforts were very promising,
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in 1998. The goal of this recovery group was to perform captive breeding and reintroduce tadpoles into the wild. However, the captive breeding program has seen low reproductive output because of low ovulation and fertilization rates. Female toads were given a dose of luteinizing hormone releasing
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The
Wyoming toad is dark brown, gray or green, with small dark markings on its underside. It carries small, rounded, blotchy warts on its dorsal surface as well as blurry light lines. The male toad has a dark throat. The individual toads can be identified by the variation in their skin colors and
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The
Wyoming toad, common until the 1950s, became significantly fewer in number in the late 1970s, especially between the years between 1975 and 1978. In 1980, experts estimated that there were approximately 25 individuals remaining in the wild. Before this sharp decline in population, the Wyoming
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The
Wyoming Toad Recovery Group, formed in 1987, was established to help initiate a plan for recovery efforts and extended research. The group has primarily focused on monitoring and protecting the Laramie population and searching for additional habitats or other populations. It also maintains
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in Albany County show that adult
Wyoming toads are attracted to habitats with greater vegetation while younger toads are more drawn to areas of lesser vegetation. Adults tend to drift further inland away from shorelines, while younger toads tend to settle closer to the shorelines. Though these
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Normal disease: Wyoming toads have a shorter life span than those of other toad species, and they are very vulnerable to infectious diseases, especially the chytrid fungus that was found at Mortenson Lake in 2000–2001. Their environment is conducive to the spread of other infectious fungi and
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became the first federal hatchery to participate in the breeding of endangered amphibians. From 1993 to 2003, the two Wyoming toad-breeding facilities produced tadpoles and toadlets, all of which were released into either Mortenson Lake, Lake George (located at the nearby Hutton Lake National
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Toads emerge from hibernation in early May to migrate to the north shore for mating. They return to the south shore by late September or early October for hibernation. The younger toads are active as long as one month later than are older toads, which gives them more time to store energy for
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Increased irrigation and water shortages: Increased irrigation has reduced the extent and quality of the floodplain wetlands where the toad has formerly resided. New wetland habitat has been created by flood irrigation and the construction of reservoirs. However, in dry years when
428:, a strong threat to the Wyoming toad. The toad cannot handle rapid climate change and cannot adapt to differing amounts of water irrigation or diverged irrigation. The toad is mainly active at night and has very poor eyesight; it relies on the movement of its prey to hunt.
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Wildlife Refuge) or a private release site. The typical method used for captive breeding is containment of six males and four females, housed in a 45-gallon aquarium. Inside the aquarium is a cork sponge mat for basking, a water tray and a variety of foods such as
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received captive-breeding stock. Nearly 46,000 offspring were produced at the Thorne Williams Unit from 1995 until 2006, when the remaining captive stock was moved to the Red Buttes Environmental Biology Laboratory south of
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wart patterns. The toad can grow up to 5.6 cm (2.2 in) in length, and females grow slightly larger than males. It also has sensitive skin that has low adaptability and is prone to permitting infection by
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Wyoming toads are found in western states such as Wyoming, and they are likely to be found in wet, damp areas and in or around lakes. In 1987, a single population of Wyoming toads was found in
558:. Hormonal induction of spermiation has been successfully used to increase overall production of eggs per individual and an increased survival rate of fertilized eggs to swimming stage.
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The Wyoming toad, common until its sharp decrease in population in the 1970s, was officially listed as endangered in January 1984. The toad's only known habitat was located within the
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are not met, less irrigation water flows through Pioneer Canal, and Mortenson Lake collects less seepage, causing reduced flooding in riparian areas and decreased wetland quality.
1405:
Packard, Gary C. (1971). "Inconsistency in Application of the Biological Species Concept to Disjunct Populations of Anurans in Southeastern Wyoming and North-Central Colorado".
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Jackson, C. (2013). "Wyoming Toad Conservation and Rescue." Reptiles: Snakes, Lizards, Turtles, Tortoises, Amphibians, and Crocodilians Resource Center – ReptileChannel.com.
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Natural predation: Toads are the prey of many avian and mammalian species at all life stages. demonstrated that in Colorado, salamanders prey on boreal toad eggs.
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578:. Because of the sudden appearance of the disease, there is no standard protocol for treatment, but methods include submerging infected toads in
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Perpiñán, David; Trupkiewicz, John G.; Armbrust, Amy L.; Geiser, David M.; Armstrong, Sarah; Garner, Michael M.; Armstrong, Douglas L. (2010).
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and an increased number of eggs per toad was observed, as well as a greater rate of survival from fertilization to the swim-up stage.
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The Wyoming toad frequents floodplains and the short grass edges of ponds, creeks and lakes. The species frequently uses abandoned
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technology may also assist in the species' long-term genetic management. Extended "priming" of the Wyoming toad yielded higher
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Lewis, Daniel L.; Baxter, George T.; Johnson, Kevin M.; Stone, Michael D. (1985). "Possible Extinction of the Wyoming Toad,
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628:). The cause of death in the majority of wild and captive toads from 1989 until 1996 appeared to be caused by the fungus
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There are believed to be 100 Wyoming toads still living in the wild, and as a result, a recovery group was formed by the
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370:, and then released back into the wild. Before the sharp declines occurred, this toad had been originally classified as
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toad was commonly found in the floodplains, ponds, shallow lakes and seepage pools within the Laramie Basin located in
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Taylor, Sharon K.; Williams, Elizabeth S.; Thorne, E. Tom; Mills, Ken W.; Withers, David I.; Pier, A. C. (1999).
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Recent surveys conducted at Crescent Lake, Wyoming in 2011 suggest that some breeding is occurring in the wild.
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Parker, Joshua M.; Anderson, Stanley H. (2003). "Habitat use and movements of repatriated Wyoming toads".
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1444:"The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (
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Habitat typical characteristics may be seen to vary along the Wyoming toad's age spectrum. Studies at
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1103:"Hormonal priming, induction of ovulation and in-vitro fertilization of the endangered Wyoming toad (
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has been used to control the mosquito population. The combination of malathion and bacterial (
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855:"Scientific and Common Names of the Reptiles and Amphibians of North America – Explained"
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Future conservation of the Wyoming toad in the wild is heavily dependent on eradicating
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of 1989, indicating that the cold snap had affected the survival rates of young toads.
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hormone (LHRHa), which induces spawning in fish, while male toads were treated with
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878:; Stromberg, Mark R.; Dodd, C. Kenneth (1982). "The status of the Wyoming toad (
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1264:"Wyoming Toads Begin to Recover as States Seek Endangered Species Act Overhaul"
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1189:"Wyoming Toad Monitoring on Safe Harbor Reintroduction Sites: 2011"
1034:"Issues in Species Recovery: An Example Based on the Wyoming Toad"
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AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation.
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Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0
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526:. The Wyoming toad was most often found along the shores of
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10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[765:IISRAE]2.0.CO;2
1101:; Seratt, Jessica; Vance, Carrie; Kouba, Andrew (2006).
1500:(1968). "Evolutionary Status of a Relict Population of
643:) infection could be causing increased mortality rates.
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Odum, R. Andrew; Corn, Paul Stephen (1 January 2002).
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Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, Wyoming toad breeding program
614:, there are about 1,500 Wyoming toads in existence.
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baths. Some toads survive longer but still succumb.
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1194:. Wyoming Natural Diversity Database. p. 4.
740:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T54583A118976576.en
688:. The stamp was dedicated at a ceremony at the
1377:"Postal Service Spotlights Endangered Species"
635:Malathion: Within the Wyoming toad's habitat,
608:International Union for Conservation of Nature
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8:
715:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2022).
667:In 2023 the Wyoming toad was featured on a
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1563:Western Soundscape Archive Audio Recording
1187:Estes-Zumpf, Wendy; Keinath, Doug (2012).
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1004:"The taxonomic status of the Wyoming toad
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1820:IUCN Red List extinct in the wild species
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1329:"Causes of mortality of the Wyoming toad"
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834:. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2015
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329:that exists only in captivity and within
1825:NatureServe critically imperiled species
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325:. The Wyoming toad is an extremely rare
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357:Wildlife Research Center at Sybille in
331:Mortenson Lake National Wildlife Refuge
1207:"Dermatitis in Captive Wyoming Toads (
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1111:Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology
402:who discovered the relict population.
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1568:Wyoming toad at Encyclopedia Of Life
398:, is in honor of American zoologist
341:. The Wyoming toad was listed as an
726:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
224:Geographic distribution in Wyoming
1845:Fauna of the Western United States
1467:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb00881.x
955:The Journal of Wildlife Management
803:American Museum of Natural History
690:National Grasslands Visitor Center
618:Other causes of population decline
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937:(US Geological Survey): 389–392.
678:set, based on a photograph from
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1840:Amphibians of the United States
1542:, new subspecies, p. 593).
1002:; van Breukelen, Frank (1998).
594:Wyoming toad being examined by
543:Saratoga National Fish Hatchery
495:Saratoga National Fish Hatchery
363:Saratoga National Fish Hatchery
935:University of Nebraska–Lincoln
571:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
491:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1:
1162:US Fish and Wildlife Service.
522:, 30 miles (48 km) from
1855:Amphibians described in 1968
1381:United States Postal Service
1333:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
1219:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
1032:Dreitz, Victoria J. (2006).
669:United States Postal Service
500:human chorionic gonadotropin
1553:Wyoming toad at AmphibiaWeb
1232:10.7589/0090-3558-46.4.1185
1160:Wyoming Toad Recovery Plan.
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1850:Natural history of Wyoming
1158:Stone, Michael D. (1991).
884:Environmental Conservation
762:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
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904:10.1017/S0376892900020920
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1835:Endemic fauna of Wyoming
1285:Bufo hemiophrys baxteri
1012:Contemporary Herpetology
766:explorer.natureserve.org
1540:Bufo hemiophrys baxteri
880:Bufo hemiophrys baxteri
372:Bufo hemiophrys baxteri
345:in 1984, and listed as
274:Bufo (Anaxyrus) baxteri
239:Bufo hemiophrys baxteri
1860:ESA endangered species
1407:Journal of Herpetology
1289:Journal of Herpetology
1262:McKim, Cooper (2017).
1124:10.1186/1477-7827-4-34
733:: e.T54583A118976576.
604:Albany County, Wyoming
599:
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413:Albany County, Wyoming
380:Kenneth Raymond Porter
374:, a subspecies of the
353:at the Tom Thorne and
853:Beltz, Ellin (2006).
612:University of Wyoming
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76:Critically Imperiled
641:Aeromonas hydrophila
630:Basidiobolus ranarum
626:Aeromonas hydrophila
485:Wyoming toad tadpole
351:black-footed ferrets
349:since 1991. As with
16:Species of amphibian
1435:, new combination).
896:1982EnvCo...9..348B
649:junior water rights
347:extinct in the wild
55:Extinct in the Wild
40:Conservation status
1498:Porter, Kenneth R.
1000:Collins, Joseph T.
694:Wall, South Dakota
676:Endangered Species
663:In popular culture
624:bacteria (such as
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586:Issues in recovery
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359:Wheatland, Wyoming
343:endangered species
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1792:Open Tree of Life
1579:Taxon identifiers
1461:(11): 2517–2535.
1099:Browne, Robert K.
876:Baxter, George T.
826:Anaxyrus baxteri
719:Anaxyrus baxteri
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1587:Anaxyrus baxteri
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1485:. Archived from
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1413:(3/4): 191–193.
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400:George T. Baxter
302:Anaxyrus baxteri
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1502:Bufo hemiophrys
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1399:Further reading
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927:"Wyoming Toad (
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795:(Porter, 1968)"
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1547:External links
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1512:(3): 583–594.
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1492:on 2016-08-22.
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1210:
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397:
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392:specific name
385:
383:
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376:Canadian toad
373:
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355:Beth Williams
352:
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339:United States
336:
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312:Baxter's toad
309:
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24:Wyoming toad
22:
19:
1586:
1539:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1487:the original
1458:
1454:
1445:
1433:Bufo baxteri
1432:
1410:
1406:
1385:. Retrieved
1380:
1371:
1339:(1): 49–57.
1336:
1332:
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1200:
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1114:
1110:
1105:Bufo baxteri
1104:
1073:the original
1044:
1040:
1015:
1011:
1006:Bufo baxteri
1005:
958:
954:
934:
929:Bufo baxteri
928:
920:
887:
883:
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848:
836:. Retrieved
831:
825:
818:
806:. Retrieved
798:
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769:. Retrieved
765:
756:
744:. Retrieved
730:
724:
718:
684:
680:Joel Sartore
675:
666:
640:
629:
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580:itraconazole
569:
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514:Conservation
488:
477:Reproduction
471:
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389:
371:
311:
301:
300:
297:Wyoming toad
296:
294:
273:
269:et al., 2006
260:
248:Bufo baxteri
247:
243:Porter, 1968
238:
198:
196:
180:
179:
167:
18:
1753:NatureServe
1714:iNaturalist
1639:AmphibiaWeb
1611:Wikispecies
838:23 December
808:23 December
446:hibernacula
444:burrows as
80:NatureServe
1814:Categories
1047:(9): 765.
1041:BioScience
890:(4): 348.
700:References
1602:Q14917274
1506:Evolution
1455:Evolution
1061:0006-3568
992:Smith, HM
685:Photo Ark
637:malathion
548:mealworms
508:fecundity
386:Etymology
382:in 1968.
327:amphibian
323:Bufonidae
280:Fouquette
175:Species:
157:Bufonidae
113:Kingdom:
107:Eukaryota
1830:Anaxyrus
1758:2.101600
1596:Wikidata
1534:28564765
1483:10281132
1475:15612295
1442:(2004).
1440:Pauly GB
1363:42916999
1355:10073345
1249:24219321
1241:20966269
1143:16790071
1069:11093321
1008:Porter""
912:85767094
789:(2015).
598:employee
556:crickets
552:waxworms
460:Behavior
308:commonly
230:Synonyms
168:Anaxyrus
153:Family:
137:Amphibia
127:Chordata
123:Phylum:
117:Animalia
103:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1706:2422894
1526:2406882
1504:Cope".
1427:1562747
1387:May 11,
1309:1564434
1134:1524778
975:3802784
892:Bibcode
771:4 April
502:(hCG).
432:Habitat
406:History
396:baxteri
368:Laramie
337:in the
335:Wyoming
316:species
314:, is a
254:Packard
209:, 1968)
163:Genus:
143:Order:
133:Class:
78: (
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746:21 May
320:family
286:, 2014
284:Dubois
282:&
256:, 1971
207:Porter
1745:54583
1719:64969
1522:JSTOR
1490:(PDF)
1479:S2CID
1451:(PDF)
1423:JSTOR
1359:S2CID
1305:JSTOR
1245:S2CID
1192:(PDF)
1076:(PDF)
1065:S2CID
1037:(PDF)
1018:: 22.
971:JSTOR
908:S2CID
378:, by
267:Frost
147:Anura
1766:NCBI
1740:IUCN
1727:ITIS
1701:GBIF
1680:D01R
1670:DK9V
1530:PMID
1471:PMID
1446:Bufo
1389:2023
1351:PMID
1237:PMID
1139:PMID
1057:ISSN
882:)".
840:2015
810:2015
773:2022
748:2023
731:2022
554:and
468:Eggs
440:and
390:The
295:The
1688:EoL
1665:CoL
1652:ASW
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1626:ADW
1514:doi
1463:doi
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1297:doi
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1269:NPR
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