Wytheville Raid - Knowledge (XXG)

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lieutenants were wounded—one of them (First Lieutenant William E. Guseman) mortally. Leaders were definitely targets. Major Hoffman, leading the remaining portion of the cavalry, was thrown over his horse after it was shot. The horse was killed and the hard fall left Hoffman temporarily stunned. Although Hoffman was not killed, one newspaper report mentioned a major among the Union dead. Hoffman's portion of the cavalry, along with the many casualties from the first three companies, was effectively stopped—with many of the men injured after being thrown from their horses, wounded, or killed. They were mostly caught in an open space and surrounded by a high fence and dead horses—and being shot by an enemy protected by the cover of buildings. One historian wrote that the trapped cavalry men were "sitting ducks". Some of the men took cover behind dead horses while others fled back up the road. Approximately 80 horses lay dead in the street. Assuming the 80 horses all belonged to the cavalry, about one fifth of the cavalry became horseless. Of the 79 men in the detachment from the 1st West Virginia Cavalry, 26 were killed, missing, or wounded during the expedition. Most of those casualties occurred in Wytheville. Confederate General Sam Jones claimed that the Union force "lost every one of their

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return where he evaded "superior numbers of the enemy" who he "defeated with heavy loss when assailed". The report of infantry Lieutenant Colonel Freeman E. Franklin says "I regret to state that the Second West Virginia Cavalry did not behave so well, but were thrown into considerable confusion, many of them dismounting and leaving their horses while they sought their own safety." Men from the cavalry thought Toland did not have an advance guard at the beginning of the expedition that was large enough. One former cavalry leader, writing about the beginning of the expedition, said the brigade "suffered some loss at Raleigh C. H. through lack of proper precaution, evidencing the worthlessness of temporarily mounted infantry as cavalrymen." The men from the cavalry, including Colonel Powell, were also unhappy with the order to charge in column down the main street into Wytheville, especially when they were not sure what was waiting for them in the town. After the fighting began, Toland joined the dismounted portion of the cavalry but remained on his horse in the street. The cavalry believed that if Toland had followed their advice to get out of the street, he would not have been killed.

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buildings, and many dismounted either for their own safety or because their horse had been shot. At that time, Colonel Toland hurried forward to run the leaderless dismounted cavalry. Freeman and the infantry were already further south in town. The cavalry believed their behavior was appropriate for the situation, and advised Colonel Toland to act in a similar manner. Toland, still on his horse, became an easy target for shooters from a nearby two-story brick house. Despite warnings from the cavalry's Company H that he should take cover, Toland refused to dismount—saying "the bullet that can kill me has not been made". He was shot through the heart immediately after his exclamation. This happened early in the fighting, and men from the 2nd West Virginia's Company H were close enough to hear the bullet strike him. Thus, both colonels were eliminated from the fighting during the first 10 minutes.

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volley, fired after a signal by Major Kent, found many in Captain Delaney's Company A. His group was fired upon by a company of Confederate soldiers in the street and from locals in the houses. One local, recalling this volley many years later, said "The colonel commanding the raiding party was killed, and the head of the column went down, men and horses in a confused mass." He also said "The momentum of the column of cavalry carried many who were near the front over the dead and wounded men and horses. It was death to them to remain or hesitate. They spurred their horses forward over their dead and dying comrades and passed between our ranks as we opened out to the sidewalks. While they dashed by us firing their pistols, we continued the use of the musket. The bugle sounded the retreat, and the column of cavalrymen faced about and retired, only to re-form and come at us again."

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500, only 300 of whom were mounted. The commander (Colonel Toland) and several other officers were killed, the second in command, Colonel Powell, and other officers wounded and captured. They admit a loss of more than 60 killed and wounded; it was probably much greater. Their dead bodies were scattered along the roads and mountain paths. Our loss, as reported to me, was 1 captain and 5 men killed, and about double that number wounded." The Reverend J. M. Wharey, who fought as a citizen of Wytheville during the raid, wrote "... there was no telling what damage they would have done. Had Colonel Toland lived, the lead mines, the salt works, and the railroad bridges near Wytheville would have been at their mercy. So our little battle disconcerted their plans and the raid was a complete failure."

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The infantry's portion of the casualties was 4 killed, 11 wounded, 17 taken prisoner, and 10 missing. Captain Gilmore's two-company cavalry detachment had the most severe losses (about one third of the men were killed or wounded), especially Company A. Companies B and I from the 2nd West Virginia Cavalry had fatalities in Wytheville, while Company C lost two men early in the excursion in the ambush near Piney Creek. An estimated 300 horses died or were left to die. Infantry leaders were critical of the 2nd West Virginia Cavalry, and members of the cavalry were critical of the infantry leadership. Despite the losses, Union General Scammon wrote an order saying "The general commanding congratulates the troops of his command on the brilliant achievements ..."

589:, and some houses and weapons were burned. At the foot of Walker Mountain, about 8 mi (12.9 km) from Wytheville, the brigade's rear guard was attacked by Major Andrew Jackson May's cavalry of about 150 men. The rear guard at that time was Company C from the 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and it had also been assigned the task of guarding prisoners. The opposing forces had not expected a confrontation at this location, and May's force outnumbered the small group of surprised men from Ohio. May was able to free the rebel prisoners (many were from the company that had been captured in Abb's Valley) and capture Union soldiers. According to the report of Confederate General John S. Williams, Toland's brigade lost 8 men killed and 20 taken prisoner. 289:

injured) by the brigade during the raid and retreat—including an estimated 80 killed on the streets of Wytheville. Despite significant losses, the Union brigade was eventually able to secure the town. However, the victory was costly, and the northerners retreated less than 24 hours after entering the small community. A group of soldiers and civilians, less than one third the size of the Union force they opposed, prevented a brigade from destroying vital assets of the Confederacy—a railroad line, telegraph line along the railroad, a lead mine, and possibly a salt mine. After the conflict, Union infantry leaders were critical of the Union cavalry's performance, and men from the cavalry were critical of the infantry leadership's

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the artillery threat, while a small group of Confederate soldiers under the command of Lieutenant Henry Bozang rushed to protect the artillery and its crew. A combined force of cavalry and infantry, led by Lieutenant Abraham from Gillmore's Company, charged through Bozang's men while the artillery crew hurriedly tried to load their weapons. The Confederate artillerists were able to fire one shot, but its main effect was to cause the horses still attached to the other piece of artillery to panic and pull it over. Before the remaining artillery piece could be reloaded, Abraham's men captured it while killing Oliver and two gunners. The remaining artillery crew fled. Lieutenant Bozang was wounded and his command surrendered.

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Company I of the 2nd West Virginia Cavalry. A second group consisting of Company B and Company H from the 2nd West Virginia, led by Major John J. Hoffman, entered the town next. Company E served as the cavalry's rear guard. The riders expected a battle line with Confederate soldiers further down the street. Instead, they discovered that the road was lined with a high stake fence, and the houses on both sides of the road were full of armed citizens of the community. Private Joseph Sutton, a member of the 2nd West Virginia Cavalry and participant in the raid, described the street that led into Wytheville as "an avenue of death".

729:(also known as First Manassas) before resigning and returning home. Kent was called "Major Joseph F. Kent" in Bowyer's after action report. Because of his military experience, Kent was asked to lead the community's defense. He held a meeting at the courthouse, and sent volunteers to Walker Mountain to serve as lookouts. Many in the community panicked and fled south to the mountains (not Walker Mountain). Valuables were removed from the banks and the post office, and also moved to the mountains south of town. The citizens that were willing to fight were asked to gather their weapons and reassemble at the courthouse. 645:. The information was passed by couriers and telegraph, and Confederate military posts throughout the region became aware of a Union army force near Tazewell Court House that was estimated to be 1,300 men. By sunrise on July 18, Williams had a cavalry unit of 250 men report for duty. This cavalry unit, which had been retrieved from adjacent counties west of Saltville, was led by Major May and Major John D. Morris. Rebel scouts were now reporting the movements of the Union army. Major May's cavalry was sent to harass the Union force until a planned junction with Confederate infantry led by Colonel William E. Peters. 846:

not reform and act as a regiment. It had only four companies in the town, and one was serving as the rear guard. Instead, individual companies were led by their captains (or lieutenants), and some of these leaders performed well. Captain Gilmore led the portion of cavalry that was still mounted, including what was left of his two-company detachment from the 1st West Virginia Cavalry. Gilmore's detachment, which "suffered most severely", was complemented in the after action report made by Lieutenant Colonel Franklin. The 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, led by Franklin and Major John W. Shaw, also performed well.

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with other wounded soldiers that could not be moved. These men became prisoners of the Confederacy. The citizens of Wytheville blamed Powell for the burning of many of the community's homes. General Jones wanted Powell held accountable for the burning of two buildings from an earlier raid, and added that Powell was "... one of the most dangerous officers we have had to contend with ..." For his own safety, Powell was hidden. Several local women were instrumental in preventing retaliation on the blue-coated prisoners. Powell unexpectedly healed, and was eventually moved to Richmond's

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capture additional horses, so only about 100 men returned to home camp dismounted. The rear guard was attacked on July 19 and 20, but repulsed its pursuers. The Union brigade reached the safety of Union lines at Fayetteville on July 23, having received no rations for four days. Confederate Colonel McCausland believed that the retreating Union brigade should have been captured. His report said "I am also of the opinion that the cavalry force that was in Tazewell, under General Williams and Colonel May, was sufficient to have captured the enemy, if it had been properly managed."

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picket before one of them had time to get outside the tent." He says the remaining (much larger) portion of the Confederate force was in a house, which was "surrounded and all the inmates captured while they were enjoying an old Virginia hoe-down." Moore says "the rebel pickets and entire camp were captured ... but one escaped who was then on horse." Franklin's report says "Colonel Powell effected, capturing all but 1 man, who made his escape and gave intelligence to the enemy of our approach, the first intelligence of the kind that had preceded us."

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local militia, distributed his extra small arms to the local citizens. A small line of rebels had already formed on the north side of town. By 5:30, Bowyer's men began moving from the depot toward town. Bowyer wanted to bring all armed citizens to the railroad depot, where he believed he could use his artillery. Kent rejected that idea, believing they would have no chance against a quick strike from the horsemen. Kent moved his citizen volunteers into houses and buildings, while most of Bowyer's men stayed near the courthouse or at the south end of town.

39: 269:. It approached the small town of Wytheville on the evening of July 18. The community had been warned that a large force of Union horsemen was heading in its direction, and hastily made preparations before the brigade's arrival. While many in the community fled south or hid in their homes, a force of about 120 civilians (including home guard) volunteered to defend their town. The Union cavalry entered the town first, charging in column down the main road that led into town. The men from the cavalry were ambushed by Confederate soldiers, 1113:, discussed the exchange between Toland and Powell—saying Toland's orders resulted in a loss that was "heavy and totally unjustified". The author of a book published more recently discussed the exchange between the two colonels, and said Powell's suggestion "... would have been the correct strategy for the situation." The 2nd West Virginia Cavalry had already seen the result of a cavalry charge into a town without knowing what was waiting for them. This experience was earned in the hostile (then Virginia) town of 302: 569:

stand of arms, intended for arming a regiment in that vicinity." Food was also captured, and redistributed among the brigade. The weapons were destroyed. Up until this point, the brigade captured all rebels confronted in an effort to keep its location secret. However, one rebel in the Tug Ridge-Abb's Valley region either was not captured or was captured and escaped—and warned his superiors that a large Union force was approaching. A newspaper article about the raid, published a week later in

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gunpowder marks on their clothing gave them away). Toland's acting Adjutant-General, Lieutenant Ezra W. Clark, ordered more buildings burned. The Union soldiers began burning all buildings that had contained rebel marksmen (and markswomen), and prisoners were taken. Around this time, Captain Millard's cavalry detachment arrived in Wytheville. He reported that the Mount Airy Depot was occupied by a strong Confederate Army force. It was close to 8:00

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the 2nd West Virginia "sought safety". Lieutenant Colonel Franklin wisely brought his infantry forward on the sides of the street—dismounted (as Powell preferred earlier). A company of infantry occupied one side of the pike that led into town. Portions of the trapped 2nd West Virginia, now dismounted, pushed down the fence and occupied the other side. These two groups moved forward as skirmishers to dislodge its enemy from houses and buildings.

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to inflict far greater loss upon the enemy than we sustained ..." Although the original shooters from the town's buildings were citizens and home guard, they were eventually joined by some of the soldiers from the Confederate army. A newspaper described the beginning as a "desperate fight", with the locals in the houses "shooting them down like sheep, and producing great consternation amongst them."

5915: 771: 422:, were to disable the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad. Telegraph line strung along the railroad line was also a target. If circumstances allowed, nearby lead and salt mines would also be objectives. Although the railroad, lead mine, and salt mine were obvious targets, communications sent by General Scammon were in code. Thus, exact details of the plan were known by few. 517: 685: 762:

have the infantry dismount and drive the rebel skirmishers toward town before the charge, because he was unable to see what was behind the rebels. Powell also suggested that if the cavalry were to charge, the men should be deployed "to right and left" instead of a straight ahead charge. Toland "characteristically disregarded" and strongly rejected Powell's suggestions.

543:.) The brigade became separated into two groups during this time (early morning before sunrise on July 15) because the portion led by Lieutenant Colonel Franklin had not received the order to fall back. Both groups were required to operate on bad roads and in extreme darkness. They were reunited about 10 mi (16.1 km) from Raleigh Court House around noon. 551:

unfit to continue the expedition were sent back to their home camp with the empty supply wagons. The group returning to home camp was escorted by one company from the 2nd West Virginia Cavalry. Thus, the brigade continued with 441 mounted infantry men, 298 men from the 2nd West Virginia Cavalry, and 79 men from the 1st West Virginia Cavalry.

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brigade to its camp near Charleston. Franklin's regimental commanders, provided they were healthy enough, were Major Shaw for the infantry and Major Hoffman for the cavalry. Franklin wrote in his report that after "consultation with the regimental commanders, it was thought inadvisable to make any further demonstrations against the enemy."

1140:, who was not at Wytheville, Delaney's "... horse had been killed and he stood by her firing his revolver. He re-loaded after firing all his shots." Hayes also said, in a July 26 letter to Mrs. Delaney, that Delaney was shot in the head by a shooter from a second story window—possibly the same citizen that later shot Colonel Toland. 827: 818: 460:" or the "1st Ohio Zouaves", and typically served as a mounted infantry, including in this expedition. As mounted infantry, Piatt's Zouaves used horses for transportation, but (unlike cavalry) fought dismounted. Their infantry weapons were heavier and had longer range than the light weapons used by cavalry. Colonel 593:

side of Wytheville, which would prevent Confederate troops located in the Saltville region from arriving by train and reinforcing Wytheville. It was determined that the target was too strongly guarded, so the two companies rode east to rejoin the brigade. They arrived in Wytheville near the end of the fighting.

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Using the after action report of Major John J. Hoffman, and eliminating companies that were listed in the report over the next few days, it can be determined that Company C escorted the empty supply wagons back to base camp. This is the company that was ambushed at Piney Creek. Since the original 870

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Colonel Powell's wound to his back was judged to be fatal by surgeons for both the Union and Confederate armies. One historian believed that Powell also lost an eye in this battle, but his eye was permanently injured before the war. When the Union army departed from Wytheville, Powell was left behind

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Franklin's report said that Union losses for the entire excursion were 11 killed, 32 wounded, 17 taken prisoner, and 26 missing. This includes 2 officers killed, 5 wounded, and 1 missing. More men would eventually die from their wounds, including Lieutenant Guseman from the 1st West Virginia Cavalry.

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Without the Confederate soldiers, the remaining fighters (home guard and citizens of the town) were vastly outnumbered by the invading force. Many of them dropped their weapons and fled south. The disorganized Union soldiers had trouble differentiating between innocent bystanders and fighters (unless

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With Toland dead, the severely–wounded Powell was in command of the brigade—but Powell was thought to be dying, and could not be moved. This left the infantry's Lieutenant Colonel Franklin in command, although he did not know this until the fighting was mostly over. The 2nd West Virginia Cavalry did

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During the early part of the fighting, Colonel Powell was accidentally shot in the back from friendly fire. The 2nd West Virginia Cavalry, without its two highest-ranking officers (Powell and Hoffman), became disorganized. A portion of the cavalry was trapped in the open against shooters protected by

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The cavalry obeyed Colonel Toland's order and charged forward in column, four abreast. The small group of rebels quickly fled into town with the Union cavalry following. The charge was led by Captain Gilmore's two-company detachment from the First West Virginia Cavalry, followed by Colonel Powell and

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pm, and the train was used to haul soldiers and equipment to Wytheville. He sent two small newly organized companies, employees from his headquarters, and some local citizens who volunteered to help. This group totaled to about 130, and was led by Major Thomas M. Bowyer. Bowyer's men were well armed,

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On the south side of town, a Confederate artillery crew led by Captain John M. Oliver struggled to find horses to move their two artillery pieces. Finally securing horses, they moved toward Main Street with their two large weapons. Captain Gilmore, from the 1st West Virginia Cavalry, became aware of

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The main portion of Toland's brigade arrived in Wytheville around 6:00 p.m. on July 18. The rear of the brigade was still skirmishing with Major May's men at that time. After its successful clash with the rear guard, May's cavalry had pressed forward until it came upon the main body of Toland's

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surprised the rebels, capturing them without firing a shot. About 3 mi (4.8 km) beyond the ridge, near Abbs Valley, Powell and the three companies "... dashed into Camp Pemberton, at the head of Abb's Valley, and captured 25 prisoners belonging to a home-guard company ... and 700

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joined the brigade and brought supplies. The detachment's leader, Captain George Washington Gilmore, also brought orders from General Scammon that clarified the brigade's mission. The men were issued four days of rations plus three days of rations for their horses. Any men or horses determined to be

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listed a total of 86 men killed, wounded, missing, or taken prisoner during the entire expedition—although Confederate leadership believed the Union casualties were much higher. (The entire expedition includes the trips to and from Wytheville.) Approximately 300 horses were lost (killed, wounded, or

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Two Union leaders were critical of the cavalry. General E. Parker Scammon, commanding the U.S. Army 3rd Division, 8th Army Corps, mentioned "the discredit which attaches to the Second Virginia Cavalry", and praised Lieutenant Colonel Franklin (commander of the infantry) for his skill in leading the

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Private Joseph Sutton, from the cavalry, wrote that Franklin sent Lieutenant Clark to the wounded Colonel Powell for instructions around 10:00 p.m. Powell's opinion was that it was "impractical to attempt to continue the raid as planned" and that Franklin should use his best judgement to return the

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The Confederate point of view for the battle was much different from the reports of the Union officers. Confederate General Jones reported "The information I have is that the expedition started from Kanawha 1,200 or 1,300 strong, and that when it reached Fayetteville, on the return, it numbered but

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Despite the casualties of men and horses, portions of the first three companies "began to work in earnest, flashing from one end of town to the other." A request was made for reinforcements from the infantry. The infantry had been held in reserve, but "immediately dismounted" and moved forward when

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Major Kent's idea to fight from the cover of buildings was considered "an irregular but most successful combat". Major Bowyer, leader of the Confederate force, said "Owing to the great advantage we secured in fighting from houses and other shelter against mounted men in the streets, we were enabled

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that obscured the view into town. Colonel Powell and the cavalry were ordered from the rear to the front to charge into town. Toland's order was for the charge to be made in columns down the town's main pike that was blocked by the small group of rebels. Colonel Powell requested that Colonel Toland

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Captain Gilmore's detachment of two companies had 26 of 79 men killed or wounded. From Captain Delaney's Company A, Delaney and First Lieutenant William E. Guseman were killed. Second Lieutenant Charles H. Livingstone was wounded and taken prisoner along with two other enlisted men. Among Company

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Private Sutton of the cavalry's Company H, who participated in the raid, discusses the disagreement between Toland and Powell in his book—including Toland's strong rejection of Powell's preference. The cavalry felt that it was a mistake to charge "in column, when there was plenty of open ground on

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Because of the difficult situation, the Union brigade paroled its prisoners, and continued its retreat north by obscure and winding mountain paths. Many horses "gave out" and were left on the mountain paths. Some of the worn animals fell to their deaths on the steep trails. The brigade was able to

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The 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, with its superiority in weapons and size, soon drove back all resistance. They attacked the courthouse (Major Bowyer's command post) and surrounding buildings. After some very intense and close fighting, the Confederate soldiers—understanding that they were vastly

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As the Union cavalry approached, about half of the 120 local civilians fled south toward the railroad depot, and took positions closer to the men from the Confederate army. The initial volley fired by the remaining (and nervous) locals was ineffective because it had been fired too soon. The second

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pm, when the Union brigade was about 1 mi (1.6 km) north of town. The depot was about 0.75 miles (1.2 km) south of the center of town. The artillery was unloaded from the train, but horses could not be found to move it. Bowyer, with assistance from Kent and Abraham Umbarger from the

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About 5 mi (8.0 km) outside of Wytheville, Colonel Toland sent two companies (D and F) of cavalry west to strike the Mount Airy railroad depot. The two-company detachment was led by Captain George Millard. Its purpose was to destroy railroad infrastructure and telegraph lines on the west

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railroad depot, which was a regional headquarters for the Confederate Army. The Dublin Depot was originally named Newbern Depot, although the town of Newbern is 2 mi (3.2 km) south of the railroad line. A short time before the Civil War, the depot was renamed Dublin Depot in honor of the

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One historian said "Powell received a pistol wound in his shoulder and lost an eye during Toland's Raid and was later taken to Libby Prison in Richmond." However, Powell was involved with iron mills before the Civil War, and he lost the vision in his right eye after an accident at an iron mill in

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Molly Tynes' ride was described in a 1951 Charleston newspaper article. There is some doubt if she really made her ride, but a young woman named Molly Tynes was living in the area during the 1860s. The after action reports filed by Confederate leaders General Samuel Jones, Major Thomas M. Bowyer,

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Franklin's brigade departed on the same road it used to enter Wytheville, the road that leads to Tazewell Courthouse (Jeffersonville). It was a good decision to leave, because the Confederate army had already begun an attempt to block their return home. One of the two main roads available for the

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Eight to ten houses were set on fire by the Union army. A small amount of damage was inflicted on the railroad line, but it was later repaired in less than an hour. Later in the evening, Lieutenant Colonel Franklin began planning the brigade's next move. After consulting with Colonel Powell and

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Companies A, G, and K from the 2nd West Virginia Cavalry were not on the Wytheville expedition. Company C, which had been ambushed early in the expedition, escorted the empty supply wagons back to camp. Companies D and F had been detached by Colonel Toland, and sent to the Mount Airy depot. The

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A letter written by Captain William Fortescue, of the 2nd West Virginia Cavalry's Company I, has a different version of the events surrounding the two colonels. Fortescue wrote that he was the senior officer of the advance, and Captain Delaney was his junior. He said Colonel Toland gave Colonel

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Sources are not in complete agreement on if the escapee was captured and escaped, or evaded capture. Johnson says only "... a Confederate soldier escaped to give vital information on the location of the Union Army." Sutton says that, in the rain, a small cavalry group "captured the entire

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Private Joseph Sutton wrote that the brigade left around midnight. Lieutenant Colonel Franklin reported two times of departure. In one report, he said "At daylight Sunday morning , we commenced our return march." In another report, he wrote "... at 3 a.m., of July 19, commenced the return

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where he survived for a portion of that time in a dungeon on a bread and water diet. He was exchanged for Colonel Richard H. Lee in early February 1864, and returned to the 2nd West Virginia Cavalry during March 1864. Years after the fighting, the 2nd West Virginia Cavalry's Captain Fortescue

564:, near the Virginia border with West Virginia. During the war, Abb's Valley was an important mountain pass monitored by rebel troops. It was raining as Powell's men advanced, and they encountered a picket of six rebels who were inside a tent. A portion of the three companies led by Lieutenant 790:

The three Union cavalry companies leading the charge advanced into the town, but suffered casualties almost immediately. Captain Delaney of Company A of the 1st West Virginia Cavalry (not a colonel) was the leader of the charge. Delaney was one of the first officers killed. Both of Delaney's

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The two-company detachment from the 1st West Virginia Cavalry was commanded by Captain George Washington Gilmore. Company A was led by Captain Dennis Delaney and the other company was led by Lieutenant James Abraham. Abraham's company had been attached to the 1st West Virginia, but formed

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General John S. Williams, and Colonel John McCausland do not mention Molly Tynes. Molly Tynes Davidson is discussed (and pictured) in a 1910 journal, which says she is buried "in the old cemetery at Tazewell." She is credited as the one who warned the community of the impending invasion.

528:, moving upriver about 50 mi (80.5 km) without significant incidents. Traveling along the river required numerous river crossings. On the evening of July 14, the advance guard (the cavalry's Company C) was about 4 mi (6.4 km) east of Raleigh Court House (also known as 1202:

Having no rations for four days does not mean the men had no food for four days, although they had very little. There was little food in the region for foraging. Private Sutton described a portion of the command obtaining four small steers plus a small quantity of corn meal on July

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The Confederate report contradicts the Union report. The deaths of Colonel Toland and various members of the cavalry, added to Williams' report, would exceed Franklin's Union report—which states totals of 11 men killed, 32 wounded, 17 taken prisoner, and 26 missing for the entire

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used a small group of skirmishers to lure a Confederate cavalry charge into Lewisburg, and ambushed the Confederates after they chased the skirmishers to the other side of town. Confederate losses in Lewisburg were considerable—over 170 casualties and about 150 taken prisoner. A

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regimental commanders, he determined that a return to the safety of base camp was the best alternative—especially without good intelligence on the strength of the enemy forces assumed to be moving toward Wytheville. The brigade left town less than 12 hours after it arrived.

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mine that was important to the Confederacy. Salt is essential for the diet of humans and livestock, and was also used (at the time) to preserve meat. Salt was not widely available during the Civil War, and eight states used salt from this mine. More fighting would occur

532:) when it was ambushed while crossing Piney Creek. A sergeant was killed, and a private mortally wounded. Three additional men were wounded. Colonel Toland sent forward two companies of infantry as skirmishers, which soon drove the Confederate force away. 507:

to not return from the Sinking Creek Raid without good results, received a letter from Crook in 1889 that said "... I have always regarded the part you took in that expedition as one of the most daring, brilliant and successful of the whole war."

656:. For this reason, the infantry force led by Colonel Peters was moved back toward Saltville—and Major May did not receive support. On the early afternoon of July 18, the situation changed: the Union expedition was moving closer to Wytheville and the 371:

located about 0.75 mi (1.2 km) south of the center of Wytheville. Ammunition and weapons for the Confederate Army were often stored there. Thus, the town had a strategic significance during the American Civil War, and was often a target.

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wires along the railroad line were vital for communications. In addition to logistics of moving the lead to bullet manufacturing facilities, this rail line also connected an important salt works of an adjacent county with the wider Confederacy.

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The brigade passed Oceana Court House in Wyoming County on July 16. On the next day, the advance guard (cavalry companies D, E, and F with Colonel Powell) was sent forward to the top of Tug Ridge. Tug Ridge is located on the north side of

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Wythe County had two resources that caught the attention of the Union army during the Civil War—a lead mine and a railroad. The lead mine was located about 10 miles (16.1 km) southeast of Wytheville in the unincorporated community of

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Because of the railroad, Wytheville was connected to two more points of military significance. A small headquarters for the Confederate army was located about 44 mi (70.8 km) west of Wytheville at the western edge the adjacent

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each side of the road". Describing the immediate aftermath of the charge, Sutton wrote "Colonel Toland hurried forward, evidently seeing the mistake he made by charging in column ..." Another author, and former officer in the

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An 1864 account of the raid said "One volley killed Captain Delaney and his First Lieutenant, and severely wounded his Second Lieutenant ..." Another source has a different description of Delaney's death. According to Colonel

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pm, and the fighting was over. The report of Lieutenant Colonel Freeman Franklin said that "The loss of the enemy in killed was estimated at 75; the number of wounded unknown. We took 86 prisoners, besides 35 at Abb's Valley."

664:. The lead mine was a major source of lead for bullets used by the Confederate army. (Ironically, the company that ran the mine was named Union Lead Mining Company.) Lead was shipped on the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad to 1035:

One of the men from the cavalry wrote about the ambush, saying "This was understood to have been caused by a blunder of the commander in not providing a sufficient advance guard, thus allowing the column to be drawn into a

464:, who retired in 1862 after injuries, was their original commander. Piatt's Zouaves wore distinctive caps and uniforms trimmed in red, but did not always have the Asian-style baggy pants with open jackets typical of 721:, rode 41 mi (66.0 km) through mountain ranges and a forest to warn the small town. Joseph Kent, who was working on his farm east of the town, was summoned by the town leaders. Kent was a veteran of the 897:, and the other road was blocked by the command of Brigadier-General John S. Williams. Two cavalry units were in pursuit, including Major May's cavalry that had harassed the brigade as it approached Wytheville. 1004:

The western portion of the state of Virginia became the state of West Virginia on June 20, 1863—and the 2nd Regiment of Loyal Virginia Volunteer Cavalry became known as the 2nd West Virginia Volunteer Cavalry

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outnumbered, their artillery had been captured, and some of the buildings were on fire—were ordered to withdraw from the town. They were to meet about 1 mi (1.6 km) south of the railroad depot at the

5954: 863:, where the train had been moved for safety. When they arrived at the rendezvous point, they discovered that the railroad conductor had panicked—and left without them. They were forced to walk back to Dublin. 5563: 5882: 5709: 3424: 284:, was left to die and became a prisoner of the Confederates. (Powell was also second in command of the entire brigade.) Additional officers and enlisted men were killed, wounded, or missing. The Union 468:

units. Regiments that dressed as zouaves during the Civil War were copying the look (and hopefully the discipline) of elite French troops that fought successfully during the 1850s in northern Africa.

757:

with Confederate cavalry following them. About 1 mi (1.6 km) outside of Wytheville, rebels were encountered in the front. This small group of rebels was positioned along the crest of a low

597:

men, about 3 mi (4.8 km) from Wytheville. May was eventually forced to retreat to the mountains, since he was now outnumbered and had no advantage in the open terrain. After a small rebel

359:, which ran roughly east–west through the county, served the lead mine. Telegraph lines strung along the railroad were vital for communications in the region, and enabled communications between the 495:

Valley would have been surrounded and prevented from retreating to safety. During November 1862, Powell led a group of 22 men that captured an entire rebel camp in what became known as the

652:

for much of the Confederate nation. As the Union brigade moved in Tazewell County, the Confederate Army command became concerned about the salt works, which is located on the west side of

705:

and brought two pieces of artillery plus additional small weapons for the locals. The train carrying Bowyer and his men was delayed because it had to wait for an eastbound train to pass.

3186: 986:

As of 1862, the following states were involved with the Saltville, Virginia, salt mine: Virginia, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, and South Carolina.

5392: 4847: 4842: 4852: 977:

led 4,000 cavalry troops into the area. His men attacked Wytheville (among several communities), disabled the nearby lead mine, and destroyed much of the railroad infrastructure.

5613: 5502: 5487: 3331: 573:, described the Union brigade while it was in Abb's Valley as having "a Colonel along acting as a Brigadier, but mainly commanded by a one-eyed Colonel by the name of Powell". 5279: 5199: 3727: 749:

Confederate Army approaches Wytheville from east by train, while Union Army approaches from north on horseback. Lead mine is southeast of Wytheville, while salt mine is west.

5944: 3461: 1069:

A second account of the Abb's Valley confrontation says the J. E. Stollings infantry company of 45 men, all inside a house, was captured along with horses and 500 weapons.

5307: 277:

from inside their homes and businesses. This type of warfare was considered unconventional at the time. One Union soldier described the road as an "avenue of death".

5949: 3722: 1150:

Powell an order for a saber charge, and Toland was shot while Powell was giving Fortescue the order. Powell was shot shortly afterwards. Fortescue did not mention any

1193:

Among the pursuers was Company E of the 8th Virginia Cavalry, known as the Border Rangers. The main pursuing forces were led by Major May and Colonel John D. Morris.

621:

escaped Toland's brigade near Tug Mountain. The rebel, who either evaded capture or was captured and escaped, fled on horseback and warned Confederate headquarters.

245:

in southwestern Virginia, had strategic importance because of a nearby lead mine and the railroad that served it. This mine supplied lead for about one third of the

5497: 5472: 5274: 5182: 3732: 3466: 5324: 4967: 4356: 4235: 696:, commander of the Confederate Armies in southwest Virginia, was informed of the Union Army's movements beginning midday July 18. Jones' headquarters was at the 5851: 5209: 4962: 4957: 4383: 441:. This combined force is considered undersized for a Civil War brigade, which usually consisted of about 2,600 soldiers. Colonel John T. Toland was the acting 3169:

The Story of American heroism : Thrilling Narratives of Personal Adventures During the Great Civil War, as Told by the Medal Winners and Roll of Honor Men

4215: 3285: 2944: 1110: 1060:

men were joined by 79 men from the 1st West Virginia Cavalry, and 818 men continued on the expedition, 131 men (including dead and wounded) returned to camp.

547: 476: 434: 352:. The mine was the source for a significant portion, estimated to be about one third, of the lead used by the Confederacy to produce bullets for its armies. 164: 159: 5772: 5302: 4351: 4110: 3234: 5866: 5729: 5714: 4145: 3761: 613:

Key points in the 1863 Wytheville Raid including Saltville, Burke's Garden, Tug Mountain/Abb's Valley, Wytheville, Austin lead mines, and Newbern/Dublin.

1669:"Campaign in the Kanawha Valley, W. Va. (September 23, 1862, report of Col. Edward Siber; and September 24, 1862, report of Colonel J. A. J. Lightburn)" 3081: 5719: 5482: 5452: 5090: 5019: 3717: 3712: 329: 5633: 5568: 4270: 4245: 3481: 3456: 3406: 3386: 535:

After the incident, the men were ordered to fall back to the pike that was located between the West Virginia communities of Raleigh Court House and

717:(located north of Wytheville) sent his daughter on a night ride to warn the town of Wytheville of the approaching Union horsemen. The young woman, 5836: 5811: 5527: 5224: 5120: 4972: 4305: 4185: 3396: 445:, and therefore commanded the brigade. He was from the 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Toland had performed with "utmost bravery and valor" in the 5777: 5522: 4265: 4260: 3935: 1126:

of the 2nd West Virginia Cavalry, including Major John J. Hoffman and (then) Captain William H. Powell, was used to pursue the fleeing rebels.

280:

The Union force suffered significant losses. The Union commander, Colonel Toland, was killed. The severely wounded cavalry commander, Colonel

5349: 4341: 4336: 4200: 4100: 3351: 3213: 3062: 3035: 2853: 1502: 931:(Company I), wrote "... though I was afterwards on many hotly contested fields, I was never upon any that was more so than Wytheville." 472: 5608: 5312: 5284: 4523: 4331: 4300: 4230: 4090: 3664: 940: 693: 402:

New Dublin Presbyterian Church, which was located nearby. Thus, some maps from the early 1860s still used New Bern to identify the depot.

2386:

The result of this fight was, that the Yankees lost a Colonel, (Toland) Major, and had another Colonel (Powell) severely wounded ...

1725: 1399: 995:

The entire 2nd West Virginia Cavalry regiment did not participate in the raid. Companies initially present were B, C, D, E, F, H, and I.

5598: 5588: 5239: 4947: 4310: 4275: 4170: 3748: 601:

was discovered in front of the brigade near the entrance to the town, Colonel Powell and the cavalry were called forward from the rear.

5939: 5749: 5739: 5724: 5492: 5317: 4346: 4295: 4240: 4205: 4190: 4180: 4165: 4140: 4095: 4080: 4015: 3892: 3341: 360: 344:, the county's population was 12,305, and Wytheville's population was 1,111. Wytheville was said to have 1,800 "inhabitants" in 1863. 262: 2911:

Loyal West Virginia from 1861 to 1865 : With an Introductory Chapter on the Status of Virginia for Thirty Years Prior to the War

2746: 700:—east of Wytheville along the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad. Jones intercepted a passenger train on the railroad line around 3:00 581:

On the evening of July 17, the brigade (and its prisoners) camped on a farm about 6 mi (9.7 km) from Tazewell Court House (

5861: 5744: 5734: 5462: 5058: 4952: 4829: 4326: 4290: 4210: 4150: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4075: 3506: 3498: 3376: 3320: 488: 442: 266: 2989:

The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies Series I Volume XXVIII Part II

1022:) is identified in some maps as "Beckley", but in others as "Raleigh C.H." or Raleigh Court House. Beckley is the county seat of 4255: 4220: 4160: 3278: 3108: 3086:

The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies Series I Volume XXVII Part II

2946:

The Rebellion Record : A Diary of American Events, with Documents, Narratives, Illustrative Incidents, Poetry, Etc. Volume 6

475:

was commander of the 2nd West Virginia Cavalry regiment, and second in command of the brigade. Powell also performed well in the

226: 3856: 5821: 5806: 5688: 5648: 5547: 5532: 5517: 5512: 5344: 5249: 4280: 4175: 4135: 3692: 449:, which occurred during September 1862. During the campaign, Toland twice escaped serious injury while his horses were killed. 356: 250: 3009:

The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies Series I Volume XIX Part 1

753:

As the Union soldiers approached Wytheville in the early evening of July 18, the rear portion of the command was having small

713:

The citizens of Wytheville eventually became aware of the invading Union Army. Local legend says that on July 17, a farmer in

5846: 5165: 4929: 4285: 4250: 4155: 3391: 945: 649: 385: 281: 138: 3861: 5964: 5204: 5125: 4942: 4408: 3866: 3674: 1023: 540: 116: 111: 5477: 5219: 5009: 4984: 4696: 3771: 3476: 3416: 3082:"The Miscellaneous Documents of the House of Representatives for the First Session of the Fifty-First Congress 1889-'90" 3361: 5908: 5656: 5407: 5244: 5234: 5229: 5187: 4611: 3271: 446: 3910: 586: 1184:

march." Another source says that a train whistle alarmed the Union brigade, which feared Confederate reinforcements.

648:

In addition to the headquarters of General Williams, Saltville was the home of an important salt mine that provided

5799: 5387: 5214: 5097: 5075: 5004: 4919: 3980: 3781: 3659: 3641: 770: 525: 222: 103: 3188:

Annual Report of the Adjutant General's Office of the State of West Virginia for the year ending December 31, 1865

456:

commander was Lieutenant Colonel Freeman E. Franklin. The 34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry was also known as "Piatt's

5959: 5918: 5831: 5787: 5593: 5375: 5177: 5150: 5130: 5031: 4837: 4742: 4040: 3955: 3871: 3521: 3446: 714: 642: 415: 390: 341: 722: 38: 5794: 5678: 5603: 5578: 5573: 5537: 5457: 5155: 5140: 4721: 4225: 4005: 3970: 3905: 3846: 3841: 3571: 1800: 1114: 726: 394: 75: 609: 491:

and drove it away. If the rebel cavalry had not been removed from its position, the entire Union army in the

5782: 5402: 5370: 5365: 5063: 5036: 4428: 3925: 3915: 3687: 3682: 3536: 364: 246: 5767: 5467: 5041: 4631: 4468: 4443: 3975: 3876: 3791: 3531: 3440: 1019: 673: 653: 618: 529: 377: 309: 270: 242: 4877: 5683: 5583: 5046: 4999: 4909: 4584: 4574: 4020: 4010: 3995: 3945: 3900: 3556: 3541: 3434: 1466: 1300: 950: 661: 561: 536: 349: 207:

Union troops captured town but retreated hours later. Union losses included two colonels and a captain.

5397: 909: 1018:

were identified with the county name followed by "Court House". For example, Beckley, Virginia (later

5841: 5693: 5666: 5135: 4914: 4897: 4554: 4195: 4050: 4035: 4030: 4000: 3985: 3965: 3583: 3487: 3371: 669: 630: 337: 317: 238: 237:

of over 800 men against a Confederate force of about 130 soldiers and 120 civilians. The location of

64: 4979: 5826: 5618: 5507: 5381: 5026: 4726: 4686: 4671: 4564: 4413: 4115: 4085: 4045: 3920: 3881: 3851: 3806: 3766: 3366: 3356: 1779: 1668: 1137: 1047: 1026:. Some of these smaller communities consisted of not much more than a courthouse during the 1860s. 634: 381: 333: 285: 5914: 5672: 5542: 5068: 5053: 4934: 4892: 4864: 4701: 4666: 4513: 4473: 3990: 3960: 3950: 3826: 3821: 3801: 3796: 3776: 3526: 3429: 3346: 3294: 3028:

History of the Second Regiment, West Virginia Cavalry Volunteers, During the War of the Rebellion

1509: 1406: 718: 665: 582: 570: 565: 546:

At a farm 6 mi (9.7 km) west of Raleigh Court House, a two-company detachment from the

496: 438: 419: 230: 155: 30: 4646: 880: 745: 1617: 516: 5170: 4772: 4706: 4641: 4544: 4463: 4423: 4025: 3831: 3786: 3401: 3219: 3209: 3192: 3173: 3167: 3154: 3137: 3120: 3089: 3068: 3058: 3041: 3031: 3014: 2993: 2987: 2974: 2950: 2931: 2914: 2897: 2876: 2859: 2849: 2832: 2618:"War-Time Reminiscences of James D. Sedinger Company E, 8th Virginia Cavalry (Border Rangers)" 1729: 1213:

A's wounded, Franklin Funk died August 31 in a hospital, and John Gilmore's arm was amputated.

363:

and points as far west as Tennessee. In addition, the railroad was important for transporting

301: 4782: 4651: 4621: 4616: 4549: 4488: 4483: 4438: 4105: 3940: 3930: 3836: 3816: 3811: 3561: 3551: 3511: 3007: 2617: 2428: 697: 453: 398: 325: 290: 129: 617:

The Confederate Army became aware of the Union horsemen on July 17, after one man from the

5856: 5145: 4994: 4887: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4747: 4716: 4626: 4569: 4559: 4518: 3546: 3516: 3336: 2750: 974: 894: 2187: 585:) and 45 mi (72.4 km) from Wytheville. On the morning of July 18, they passed 4924: 4872: 4711: 4676: 4636: 4528: 4508: 4503: 4458: 3737: 3578: 3566: 1508:. Commonwealth of Virginia, Division of Mineral Resources (August 1996). Archived from 792: 500: 461: 2701: 5933: 5192: 4792: 4787: 4777: 4752: 4661: 4656: 4498: 4493: 4478: 4448: 4418: 3756: 3381: 1151: 492: 414:

of 870 Union soldiers departed their base camp located a few miles upriver (east) of

368: 274: 99: 94: 1405:. Commonwealth of Virginia, Division of Mineral Resources (May 1996). Archived from 973:

The region suffered another major attack during the war in April 1865, when General

5661: 5638: 5628: 5623: 5160: 5102: 5014: 4989: 4902: 4882: 4681: 4579: 1164:

remaining companies were B, E, H, and I—but Toland placed Company E on picket duty.

1118: 927: 504: 487:

of the 2nd Loyal (West) Virginia Cavalry that successfully attacked a larger rebel

480: 321: 3206:

Arming the Confederacy : How Virginia's Minerals Forged the Rebel War Machine

1343: 1321: 1279: 340:

was the county seat during the Civil War, and remains so today. According to the

4433: 3471: 3451: 1015: 425: 5816: 4691: 4453: 3654: 3649: 2873:

Lead, Salt, and the Railroad : Toland's Raid on Wytheville, July 18, 1863

1503:"Geology and the Civil War in Southwest Virginia: The Smyth County Salt Works" 860: 754: 598: 273:, and local citizens. Most of the local men, and women, fired their one–shot 254: 3249: 3236: 3223: 3093: 3045: 2997: 2863: 5080: 3177: 3158: 3141: 3072: 3055:

Don Troiani's Civil War Zouaves, Chasseurs, Special Branches, & Officers

2880: 1123: 3196: 3124: 2978: 2954: 2935: 2901: 2836: 732:

Bowyer and his men arrived at the train station south of Wytheville at 5:10

3018: 2918: 1919: 1550: 5085: 2846:

Across a Deadly Field : Regimental Rules for Large Civil War Battles

1469:. Virginia Center for Civil War Studies, Virginia Tech History Department 1400:"Geology and the Civil War in Southwest Virginia: The Wythe County Mines" 484: 313: 411: 305:

Mt. Airy, Wytheville, and the Virginia & Tennessee Railroad in 1856

234: 2562: 2550: 2520: 2360: 2231: 2102: 1570: 1486: 1453: 1429: 1383: 684: 3263: 2175:

Wytheville Saved by Woman's Night Ride to Warn of Approach of Yankees

465: 457: 1804: 826: 817: 2429:"Diaries of Rutherford B. Hayes, Volume II, Chapter XXII, page 423" 3005:

Scott, Robert Nicholson; Lazelle, H. M.; Davis, George B. (1887).

913:

Beginning of a July 31 newspaper article about the Wytheville Raid

908: 879: 769: 758: 744: 683: 608: 515: 300: 2749:. Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from 893:

return trip was occupied by troops under the command of Colonel

657: 261:

Toland's entire brigade was mounted, and consisted of a mounted

5883:

List of films and television shows about the American Civil War

5428: 4817: 4381: 3604: 3305: 3267: 2888:

Johnson, V. M. (1909). "Recollections of the Wytheville Raid".

1728:. West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Archived from 393:

in 1864. About 25 mi (40.2 km) east of Wytheville in

200:

USA Report: 75 killed, unknown wounded, 125 prisoners (paroled)

2207: 2169:"Raid in Virginia by Union Men Recalled in Civil War Report". 2823:

Andrew, T. C. (1910). "The Wytheville Raid—Another Account".

2971:

History of Tazewell County and Southwest Virginia, 1748–1920

1803:. Beckley Raleigh County Chamber of Commerce. Archived from 1046:

independently by Captain Gilmore at the request of General

3053:

Troiani, Don; Coates, Earl J.; McAfee, Michael J. (2006).

2871:

Johnson, John M.; Wythe County Historical Society (2003).

1780:"Report of Major John J. Hoffman, Second Virginia Cavalry" 660:

mine located in Wythe County, just south of Wytheville in

524:

After departing from camp, the brigade traveled along the

5955:

Military operations of the American Civil War in Virginia

1014:

At the time of the American Civil War, some of the small

3208:. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. 2484: 2060: 1858: 2928:

A History of Jasper County, Missouri, and its People

676:, to be made into bullets for the Confederate Army. 5875: 5760: 5702: 5647: 5556: 5445: 5358: 5337: 5295: 5267: 5258: 5111: 4863: 4828: 4735: 4604: 4597: 4537: 4401: 4394: 4319: 4066: 4059: 3890: 3746: 3705: 3673: 3640: 3633: 3497: 3415: 3316: 2875:. Wytheville, VA: Wythe County Historical Society. 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 1712: 1700: 835:

Union colonels John T. Toland and William H. Powell

3006: 2563:Johnson & Wythe County Historical Society 2003 2551:Johnson & Wythe County Historical Society 2003 2521:Johnson & Wythe County Historical Society 2003 2361:Johnson & Wythe County Historical Society 2003 2232:Johnson & Wythe County Historical Society 2003 2103:Johnson & Wythe County Historical Society 2003 1920:West Virginia & Adjutant General's Office 1866 1663: 1661: 1571:Johnson & Wythe County Historical Society 2003 1487:Johnson & Wythe County Historical Society 2003 1454:Johnson & Wythe County Historical Society 2003 1430:Johnson & Wythe County Historical Society 2003 1384:Johnson & Wythe County Historical Society 2003 637:, was notified of the invading Union Army at 11:00 253:transported Confederate troops and supplies; plus 3185:West Virginia; Adjutant General's Office (1866). 3136:. Roanoke, VA: Gurtner Graphics & Print. Co. 1652: 5569:Confederate States presidential election of 1861 1903: 1901: 499:. For this action, Powell was later awarded the 433:The Union brigade consisted of 365 men from the 2620:. West Virginia Division of Culture and History 2480: 2478: 2476: 2411: 2409: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1782:. West Virginia Division of Culture and History 1671:. West Virginia Division of Culture and History 641:am (July 17) while he was visiting outposts in 221:(July 18, 1863) was an attack by an undersized 197:11 killed, 32 wounded, 17 prisoners, 26 missing 23: 5393:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. 3013:. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. 2992:. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. 2546: 2544: 2531: 2529: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2254: 2252: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2071: 2069: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1533: 1531: 1529: 539:. (At the time, Oceana was the county seat of 380:. The army outpost was at the community named 3279: 1835: 1833: 1774: 1772: 1770: 8: 2648: 2646: 2600: 2598: 2356: 2354: 1801:"Beckley Raleigh County Chamber of Commerce" 435:2nd West Virginia Volunteer Cavalry Regiment 2585: 2583: 2396: 2394: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2098: 2096: 1998: 1996: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1954: 1952: 1888: 1886: 1636: 1634: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1581: 1579: 520:Union brigade route to Wytheville, Virginia 5442: 5425: 5264: 4825: 4814: 4601: 4398: 4391: 4378: 4063: 3637: 3630: 3601: 3313: 3302: 3286: 3272: 3264: 2310: 2308: 1907: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1250: 1248: 320:. It was created in 1790, and named after 37: 20: 5945:Union victories of the American Civil War 2431:. Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center 2415: 2015:"The Recent Raid - Further Particulars". 1537: 1497: 1495: 1441: 3482:Treatment of slaves in the United States 2973:. Richmond, VA: W. C. Hill Printing Co. 2913:. Baltimore, MD: Deutsch Publishing Co. 1394: 1392: 424: 418:. Their orders, which came from General 5950:Cavalry raids of the American Civil War 5225:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War 3397:South Carolina Declaration of Secession 3107:Unlisted (Confederate Veteran) (1910). 2733: 2345: 1749: 1244: 966: 503:. Powell, who had been told by General 5210:Modern display of the Confederate flag 3134:The War in Southwest Virginia, 1861–65 3119:(8). Nashville, TN: S. A. Cunningham. 3057:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. 2896:(7). Nashville, TN: S. A. Cunningham. 2831:(1). Nashville, TN: S. A. Cunningham. 2806: 2794: 2770: 2721: 2676: 2664: 2652: 2589: 2535: 2508: 2496: 2455: 2326: 2299: 2270: 2258: 2243: 2219: 2156: 2139: 2087: 2075: 2029: 1987: 1958: 1943: 1931: 1839: 1824: 1640: 1266: 3407:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 3153:. Roanoke, VA: A & W Enterprise. 3109:"Girl Saved Wytheville—Toland's Raid" 2747:"William H. Powell Papers, 1825–1899" 2688: 2637: 2604: 2574: 2467: 2400: 2127: 2041: 2002: 1975: 1892: 1877: 1604: 1585: 1371: 429:Unidentified soldier from 34th O.V.I. 410:On the afternoon of July 13, 1863, a 7: 3030:. Huntington, WV: Blue Acorn Press. 2782: 2702:"1st Regiment West Virginia Cavalry" 2314: 2188:"The Thrilling Ride of Mollie Tynes" 1761: 1688: 941:West Virginia Units in the Civil War 5564:Committee on the Conduct of the War 5240:United Daughters of the Confederacy 3088:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 2208:Unlisted (Confederate Veteran) 1910 1280:"Welcome to Wythe County, Virginia" 5634:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 4973:impeachment managers investigation 3352:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 3172:. Springfield, Ohio: J. W. Jones. 1344:"Census of Population and Housing" 367:and supplies. The railroad had a 233:. Union Colonel John Toland led a 14: 5059:Reconstruction military districts 3507:Abolitionism in the United States 3462:Plantations in the American South 3377:Origins of the American Civil War 2190:. Blue Ridge Institute and Museum 1713:Troiani, Coates & McAfee 2006 1701:Troiani, Coates & McAfee 2006 1303:. The Thomas Jefferson Foundation 328:during the 1760s, and signed the 265:regiment plus eight companies of 251:Virginia & Tennessee Railroad 5913: 5904: 5903: 5042:Enforcement Act of February 1871 5015:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 2930:. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Co. 2926:Livingston, Joel Thomas (1912). 1726:"The New State of West Virginia" 825: 816: 110: 93: 16:Attack of the American Civil War 5827:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 5689:When Johnny Comes Marching Home 5250:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 3080:United States Congress (1891). 2380:"Yankee Raid Upon Wytheville". 1653:Scott, Lazelle & Davis 1887 361:Confederate capitol of Richmond 357:Virginia and Tennessee Railroad 324:. Wythe was a legal mentor to 4930:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 2969:Pendleton, William C. (1920). 946:West Virginia in the Civil War 631:John S. "Cerro Gordo" Williams 1: 5345:Ladies' Memorial Associations 5047:Enforcement Act of April 1871 4943:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 3204:Whisonant, Robert C. (2015). 2848:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 1618:"Civil War Army Organization" 1467:"Stoneman's Raid in Virginia" 1324:. United States Census Bureau 1154:accident connected to Powell. 884:Mountains north of Wytheville 202:CSA Report: 3 soldiers killed 5478:Confederate revolving cannon 5220:Sons of Confederate Veterans 5091:South Carolina riots of 1876 5069:Indian Council at Fort Smith 5020:South Carolina riots of 1876 4985:Knights of the White Camelia 3477:Slavery in the United States 439:34th Ohio Volunteer Infantry 5832:New York City riots of 1863 5657:Battle Hymn of the Republic 5408:United Confederate Veterans 5245:Children of the Confederacy 5235:United Confederate Veterans 5230:Southern Historical Society 3862:Price's Missouri Expedition 3332:Timeline leading to the War 3026:Sutton, Joseph J. (2001) . 2485:United States Congress 1891 2061:United States Congress 1891 1859:United States Congress 1891 330:Declaration of Independence 312:is located in southwestern 5981: 5800:Confederate Secret Service 5388:Grand Army of the Republic 5280:Grand Army of the Republic 5098:Southern Claims Commission 2173:. 1951-11-04. p. 27. 384:, which was the home of a 5940:1863 in the United States 5899: 5788:Confederate States dollar 5599:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 5594:Emancipation Proclamation 5488:Medal of Honor recipients 5441: 5424: 5376:Confederate Memorial Hall 5178:Confederate Memorial Hall 5151:Confederate History Month 5131:Civil War Discovery Trail 5032:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 4838:Reconstruction Amendments 4824: 4813: 4390: 4377: 3629: 3600: 3447:Emancipation Proclamation 3312: 3301: 2986:Scott, Robert N. (1889). 2949:. New York: G.P. Putnam. 2384:. 1863-07-28. p. 2. 1111:6th West Virginia Cavalry 548:1st West Virginia Cavalry 416:Charleston, West Virginia 206: 191: 178: 149: 122: 86: 47: 36: 28: 5862:U.S. Sanitary Commission 5773:Battlefield preservation 5679:Marching Through Georgia 5604:Hampton Roads Conference 5579:Confiscation Act of 1862 5574:Confiscation Act of 1861 5350:U.S. national cemeteries 5156:Confederate Memorial Day 5141:Civil War Trails Program 5010:New Orleans riot of 1866 3149:Walker, Gary C. (1992). 3132:Walker, Gary C. (1985). 2909:Lang, Joseph J. (1895). 2704:. Ohio Civil War Central 2019:. 1863-07-24. p. 2. 1282:. Wythe County, Virginia 1117:. In 1862, Union leader 727:First Battle of Bull Run 249:'s munitions, while the 43:Wythe County in Virginia 5783:Confederate war finance 5403:Southern Cross of Honor 5371:1938 Gettysburg reunion 5366:1913 Gettysburg reunion 5064:Reconstruction Treaties 5037:Enforcement Act of 1870 4920:Freedman's Savings Bank 3537:Lane Debates on Slavery 3362:Lincoln–Douglas debates 3250:36.947778°N 81.086944°W 3191:. Wheeling: John Grew. 1322:"U.S. Decennial Census" 477:Kanawha Valley Campaign 447:Kanawha Valley Campaign 128:Col. John Toland 5842:Richmond riots of 1863 5768:Baltimore riot of 1861 5548:U.S. Military Railroad 5468:Confederate Home Guard 5200:Historiographic issues 5166:Historical reenactment 3665:Revenue Cutter Service 3532:William Lloyd Garrison 3441:Dred Scott v. Sandford 1020:Beckley, West Virginia 914: 885: 775: 750: 725:who had fought at the 689: 688:General Sam Jones, CSA 619:45th Virginia Infantry 614: 530:Beckley, West Virginia 521: 430: 306: 123:Commanders and leaders 5807:Great Revival of 1863 5684:Maryland, My Maryland 5473:Confederate railroads 5136:Civil War Roundtables 5005:Meridian riot of 1871 5000:Memphis riots of 1866 3557:George Luther Stearns 3542:Elijah Parish Lovejoy 3435:Crittenden Compromise 3255:36.947778; -81.086944 3166:Wallace, Lew (1897). 2943:Moore, Frank (1864). 951:Ohio in the Civil War 912: 883: 773: 748: 698:Dublin railroad depot 687: 662:Austinville, Virginia 612: 519: 437:and 505 men from the 428: 304: 241:, the county seat of 192:Casualties and losses 172:Wytheville Home Guard 143:Maj. Thomas M. Bowyer 5965:Wytheville, Virginia 5694:Daar kom die Alibama 5609:National Union Party 5285:memorials to Lincoln 5205:Lost Cause mythology 4910:Eufaula riot of 1874 4898:Confederate refugees 4111:District of Columbia 3738:Union naval blockade 3584:Underground Railroad 3372:Nullification crisis 723:Mexican–American War 629:Confederate General 318:Blue Ridge Mountains 65:Wytheville, Virginia 5852:Supreme Court cases 5619:Radical Republicans 5398:Old soldiers' homes 5382:Confederate Veteran 5308:artworks in Capitol 5027:Reconstruction acts 4888:Colfax riot of 1873 3852:Richmond-Petersburg 3457:Fugitive slave laws 3387:Popular sovereignty 3367:Missouri Compromise 3357:Kansas-Nebraska Act 3246: / 3113:Confederate Veteran 2890:Confederate Veteran 2844:Hill, John (2014). 2825:Confederate Veteran 1138:Rutherford B. Hayes 1048:George B. McClellan 861:railroad water tank 635:Saltville, Virginia 633:, headquartered in 286:after action report 5673:A Lincoln Portrait 5614:Politicians killed 5538:U.S. Balloon Corps 5533:Union corps badges 5313:memorials to Davis 5183:Disenfranchisement 5054:Reconstruction era 4935:Timber Culture Act 4893:Compromise of 1877 3857:Franklin–Nashville 3527:Frederick Douglass 3430:Cornerstone Speech 3347:Compromise of 1850 3295:American Civil War 2724:, pp. 245–250 2640:, pp. 950–953 2382:Staunton Spectator 2210:, pp. 428–429 2171:Charleston Gazette 2130:, pp. 945–962 2017:Abingdon Virginian 1880:, pp. 943–945 1553:. New River VA.com 975:George B. Stoneman 915: 886: 776: 751: 690: 615: 571:Abingdon, Virginia 522: 497:Sinking Creek Raid 431: 420:Eliakim P. Scammon 365:Confederate troops 307: 231:American Civil War 156:34th Ohio Infantry 31:American Civil War 5927: 5926: 5895: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5725:Italian Americans 5710:African Americans 5667:John Brown's Body 5420: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5333: 5332: 5171:Robert E. Lee Day 4915:Freedmen's Bureau 4878:Brooks–Baxter War 4809: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4801: 4800: 4593: 4592: 4373: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4365: 4364: 3782:Northern Virginia 3728:Trans-Mississippi 3701: 3700: 3596: 3595: 3592: 3591: 3488:Uncle Tom's Cabin 3425:African Americans 3215:978-3-319-14508-2 3064:978-0-8117-3320-5 3037:978-0-9628866-5-2 2855:978-1-4728-0259-0 1620:. Civil War Trust 566:Jeremiah Davidson 473:William H. Powell 443:brigadier general 282:William H. Powell 211: 210: 170:Virginia Infantry 139:William H. Powell 117:CSA (Confederacy) 82: 81: 5972: 5960:July 1863 events 5917: 5907: 5906: 5730:Native Americans 5715:German Americans 5508:Partisan rangers 5503:Official Records 5443: 5426: 5318:memorials to Lee 5265: 4826: 4815: 4602: 4399: 4392: 4379: 4352:Washington, D.C. 4146:Indian Territory 4106:Dakota Territory 4064: 3981:Chancellorsville 3772:Jackson's Valley 3762:Blockade runners 3638: 3631: 3602: 3562:Thaddeus Stevens 3552:Lysander Spooner 3512:Susan B. Anthony 3314: 3303: 3288: 3281: 3274: 3265: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3257: 3256: 3251: 3247: 3244: 3243: 3242: 3239: 3227: 3200: 3181: 3162: 3145: 3128: 3103: 3101: 3100: 3076: 3049: 3022: 3012: 3001: 2982: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2939: 2922: 2905: 2884: 2867: 2840: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2759: 2758: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2709: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2679:, pp. 94–95 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2626: 2625: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2593: 2587: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2553:, pp. 20–21 2548: 2539: 2533: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2440: 2439: 2437: 2436: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2404: 2398: 2389: 2388: 2377: 2364: 2358: 2349: 2343: 2330: 2329:, pp. 52–54 2324: 2318: 2312: 2303: 2297: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2196: 2195: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2106: 2100: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2064: 2058: 2045: 2039: 2033: 2027: 2021: 2020: 2012: 2006: 2000: 1991: 1990:, pp. 90–91 1985: 1979: 1973: 1962: 1956: 1947: 1941: 1935: 1929: 1923: 1917: 1911: 1905: 1896: 1890: 1881: 1875: 1862: 1856: 1843: 1842:, pp. 88–89 1837: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1815: 1813: 1812: 1797: 1791: 1790: 1788: 1787: 1776: 1765: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1740: 1738: 1737: 1722: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1691:, pp. 84–85 1686: 1680: 1679: 1677: 1676: 1665: 1656: 1650: 1644: 1638: 1629: 1628: 1626: 1625: 1614: 1608: 1602: 1589: 1583: 1574: 1568: 1562: 1561: 1559: 1558: 1547: 1541: 1535: 1524: 1523: 1521: 1520: 1514: 1507: 1499: 1490: 1484: 1478: 1477: 1475: 1474: 1463: 1457: 1456:, pp. 25–26 1451: 1445: 1439: 1433: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1418: 1417: 1411: 1404: 1396: 1387: 1381: 1375: 1369: 1356: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1340: 1334: 1333: 1331: 1329: 1318: 1312: 1311: 1309: 1308: 1297: 1291: 1290: 1288: 1287: 1276: 1270: 1264: 1234: 1230: 1224: 1220: 1214: 1210: 1204: 1200: 1194: 1191: 1185: 1181: 1175: 1171: 1165: 1161: 1155: 1147: 1141: 1133: 1127: 1106: 1100: 1096: 1090: 1086: 1080: 1076: 1070: 1067: 1061: 1057: 1051: 1043: 1037: 1033: 1027: 1012: 1006: 1002: 996: 993: 987: 984: 978: 971: 870: 829: 820: 735: 703: 640: 479:, leading (as a 326:Thomas Jefferson 247:Confederate Army 229:town during the 145:Maj. Joseph Kent 134: 115: 114: 98: 97: 49: 48: 41: 21: 5980: 5979: 5975: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5970: 5969: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5923: 5887: 5871: 5756: 5720:Irish Americans 5698: 5643: 5552: 5543:U.S. Home Guard 5483:Field artillery 5437: 5436: 5412: 5354: 5329: 5291: 5260: 5254: 5146:Civil War Trust 5113: 5107: 4995:Ethnic violence 4980:Kirk–Holden war 4859: 4820: 4797: 4731: 4589: 4533: 4386: 4361: 4315: 4068: 4055: 3886: 3867:Sherman's March 3847:Bermuda Hundred 3742: 3697: 3669: 3625: 3624: 3588: 3547:J. Sella Martin 3517:James G. Birney 3493: 3411: 3337:Bleeding Kansas 3325: 3308: 3297: 3292: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3245: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3216: 3203: 3184: 3165: 3151:Civil War Tales 3148: 3131: 3106: 3098: 3096: 3079: 3065: 3052: 3038: 3025: 3004: 2985: 2968: 2959: 2957: 2942: 2925: 2908: 2887: 2870: 2856: 2843: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2805: 2801: 2793: 2789: 2781: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2756: 2754: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2707: 2705: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2675: 2671: 2663: 2659: 2651: 2644: 2636: 2632: 2623: 2621: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2603: 2596: 2588: 2581: 2573: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2549: 2542: 2534: 2527: 2519: 2515: 2507: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2483: 2474: 2466: 2462: 2454: 2443: 2434: 2432: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2414: 2407: 2399: 2392: 2379: 2378: 2367: 2359: 2352: 2344: 2333: 2325: 2321: 2313: 2306: 2298: 2277: 2269: 2265: 2257: 2250: 2242: 2238: 2230: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2206: 2202: 2193: 2191: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2168: 2167: 2163: 2155: 2146: 2138: 2134: 2126: 2109: 2101: 2094: 2086: 2082: 2074: 2067: 2059: 2048: 2040: 2036: 2028: 2024: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2001: 1994: 1986: 1982: 1974: 1965: 1957: 1950: 1942: 1938: 1930: 1926: 1918: 1914: 1908:Livingston 1912 1906: 1899: 1891: 1884: 1876: 1865: 1857: 1846: 1838: 1831: 1823: 1819: 1810: 1808: 1799: 1798: 1794: 1785: 1783: 1778: 1777: 1768: 1760: 1756: 1748: 1744: 1735: 1733: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1711: 1707: 1699: 1695: 1687: 1683: 1674: 1672: 1667: 1666: 1659: 1651: 1647: 1639: 1632: 1623: 1621: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1603: 1592: 1584: 1577: 1569: 1565: 1556: 1554: 1549: 1548: 1544: 1536: 1527: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1505: 1501: 1500: 1493: 1485: 1481: 1472: 1470: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1452: 1448: 1440: 1436: 1428: 1424: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1390: 1382: 1378: 1370: 1359: 1349: 1347: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1327: 1325: 1320: 1319: 1315: 1306: 1304: 1299: 1298: 1294: 1285: 1283: 1278: 1277: 1273: 1265: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1231: 1227: 1221: 1217: 1211: 1207: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1182: 1178: 1172: 1168: 1162: 1158: 1148: 1144: 1134: 1130: 1107: 1103: 1097: 1093: 1087: 1083: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1064: 1058: 1054: 1044: 1040: 1034: 1030: 1013: 1009: 1003: 999: 994: 990: 985: 981: 972: 968: 964: 959: 937: 907: 895:John McCausland 878: 868: 852: 839: 838: 837: 836: 832: 831: 830: 822: 821: 810: 801: 774:John J. Hoffman 768: 743: 733: 715:Tazewell County 711: 701: 682: 643:Tazewell County 638: 627: 607: 579: 577:Walker Mountain 557: 514: 408: 299: 215:Wytheville Raid 201: 173: 171: 163: 158: 144: 136: 130: 109: 92: 67: 42: 24:Wytheville Raid 17: 12: 11: 5: 5978: 5976: 5968: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5932: 5931: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5921: 5911: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5885: 5879: 5877: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5869: 5867:Women soldiers 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5822:Naming the war 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5803: 5802: 5792: 5791: 5790: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5706: 5704: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5653: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5458:Campaign Medal 5455: 5449: 5447: 5439: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5433:Related topics 5430: 5429: 5422: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5347: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5271: 5269: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5180: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5161:Decoration Day 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5117: 5115: 5114:Reconstruction 5109: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5024: 5023: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4976: 4975: 4970: 4968:second inquiry 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4940: 4939: 4938: 4932: 4925:Homestead Acts 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4873:Alabama Claims 4869: 4867: 4865:Reconstruction 4861: 4860: 4858: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4853:15th Amendment 4850: 4848:14th Amendment 4845: 4843:13th Amendment 4834: 4832: 4822: 4821: 4818: 4811: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4739: 4737: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4608: 4606: 4599: 4595: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4474:J. E. Johnston 4471: 4469:A. S. Johnston 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4409:R. H. Anderson 4405: 4403: 4396: 4388: 4387: 4382: 4375: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4271:South Carolina 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4246:North Carolina 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4072: 4070: 4061: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3971:Fredericksburg 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3911:Wilson's Creek 3908: 3903: 3897: 3895: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3753: 3751: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3723:Lower Seaboard 3720: 3715: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3679: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3646: 3644: 3635: 3627: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3598: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3586: 3581: 3579:Harriet Tubman 3576: 3575: 3574: 3567:Charles Sumner 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3503: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3491: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3421: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3409: 3404: 3402:States' rights 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3323: 3317: 3310: 3309: 3306: 3299: 3298: 3293: 3291: 3290: 3283: 3276: 3268: 3229: 3228: 3214: 3201: 3182: 3163: 3146: 3129: 3104: 3077: 3063: 3050: 3036: 3023: 3002: 2983: 2966: 2940: 2923: 2906: 2885: 2868: 2854: 2841: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2811: 2799: 2787: 2775: 2763: 2738: 2726: 2714: 2693: 2681: 2669: 2657: 2642: 2630: 2609: 2594: 2579: 2567: 2555: 2540: 2525: 2513: 2501: 2489: 2487:, p. 1003 2472: 2460: 2441: 2420: 2416:Pendleton 1920 2405: 2390: 2365: 2350: 2331: 2319: 2304: 2275: 2263: 2248: 2236: 2224: 2212: 2200: 2179: 2161: 2144: 2132: 2107: 2092: 2080: 2065: 2063:, p. 1005 2046: 2034: 2022: 2007: 1992: 1980: 1963: 1948: 1936: 1924: 1912: 1897: 1882: 1863: 1861:, p. 1002 1844: 1829: 1817: 1792: 1766: 1754: 1742: 1717: 1715:, pp. 1–2 1705: 1693: 1681: 1657: 1655:, p. 1061 1645: 1630: 1609: 1590: 1575: 1563: 1542: 1538:Whisonant 2015 1525: 1491: 1479: 1458: 1446: 1442:Whisonant 2015 1434: 1422: 1388: 1376: 1357: 1335: 1313: 1301:"George Wythe" 1292: 1271: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1235: 1225: 1215: 1205: 1195: 1186: 1176: 1166: 1156: 1142: 1128: 1101: 1091: 1081: 1071: 1062: 1052: 1038: 1028: 1024:Raleigh County 1007: 997: 988: 979: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 954: 953: 948: 943: 936: 933: 906: 903: 877: 874: 851: 848: 834: 833: 824: 823: 815: 814: 813: 812: 811: 809: 806: 800: 799:Reinforcements 797: 793:field officers 767: 764: 742: 739: 710: 707: 681: 678: 626: 623: 606: 603: 583:Jeffersonville 578: 575: 556: 553: 541:Wyoming County 513: 510: 501:Medal of Honor 462:Abram S. Piatt 407: 404: 395:Pulaski County 298: 295: 209: 208: 204: 203: 198: 194: 193: 189: 188: 185: 181: 180: 176: 175: 168: 165:1st WV Cavalry 160:2nd WV Cavalry 152: 151: 150:Units involved 147: 146: 141: 125: 124: 120: 119: 107: 89: 88: 84: 83: 80: 79: 73: 69: 68: 63: 61: 57: 56: 53: 45: 44: 34: 33: 26: 25: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5977: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5910: 5902: 5901: 5898: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5874: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5837:Photographers 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5812:Gender issues 5810: 5808: 5805: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5796: 5793: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5759: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5701: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5674: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5646: 5640: 5639:War Democrats 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5629:Union Leagues 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5555: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5528:Turning point 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5498:Naval battles 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5432: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5326: 5323: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5266: 5263: 5261:and memorials 5257: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5122: 5121:Commemoration 5119: 5118: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5025: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4963:first inquiry 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4945: 4944: 4941: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4927: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4883:Carpetbaggers 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4862: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4816: 4812: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4600: 4596: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4400: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4318: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4306:West Virginia 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4226:New Hampshire 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4186:Massachusetts 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4065: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3926:Hampton Roads 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3916:Fort Donelson 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3889: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3812:Morgan's Raid 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3757:Anaconda Plan 3755: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3745: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3733:Pacific Coast 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3639: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3573: 3570: 3569: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3467:Positive good 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3382:Panic of 1857 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3342:Border states 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3322: 3319: 3318: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3284: 3282: 3277: 3275: 3270: 3269: 3266: 3262: 3259: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3189: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3170: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3010: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2990: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2947: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2808: 2803: 2800: 2797:, p. 112 2796: 2791: 2788: 2785:, p. 188 2784: 2779: 2776: 2773:, p. 103 2772: 2767: 2764: 2753:on 2015-04-17 2752: 2748: 2742: 2739: 2736:, p. 337 2735: 2730: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2715: 2703: 2697: 2694: 2691:, p. 962 2690: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2631: 2619: 2613: 2610: 2607:, p. 947 2606: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2577:, p. 950 2576: 2571: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2470:, p. 945 2469: 2464: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2430: 2424: 2421: 2418:, p. 619 2417: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2403:, p. 949 2402: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2348:, p. 336 2347: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2320: 2317:, p. 187 2316: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2228: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2201: 2189: 2183: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2165: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2044:, p. 951 2043: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2023: 2018: 2011: 2008: 2005:, p. 942 2004: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1981: 1978:, p. 944 1977: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1913: 1910:, p. 766 1909: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1895:, p. 941 1894: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1827:, p. 246 1826: 1821: 1818: 1807:on 2016-11-14 1806: 1802: 1796: 1793: 1781: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1764:, p. 186 1763: 1758: 1755: 1752:, p. 189 1751: 1746: 1743: 1732:on 2014-11-08 1731: 1727: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1682: 1670: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1619: 1613: 1610: 1607:, p. 943 1606: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1588:, p. 446 1587: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1564: 1552: 1546: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1515:on 2016-03-07 1511: 1504: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1480: 1468: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1447: 1444:, p. 157 1443: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1423: 1412:on 2017-08-08 1408: 1401: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1377: 1374:, p. 447 1373: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1345: 1339: 1336: 1323: 1317: 1314: 1302: 1296: 1293: 1281: 1275: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1257: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1239: 1229: 1226: 1219: 1216: 1209: 1206: 1199: 1196: 1190: 1187: 1180: 1177: 1170: 1167: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1152:friendly fire 1146: 1143: 1139: 1132: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1105: 1102: 1095: 1092: 1085: 1082: 1075: 1072: 1066: 1063: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1042: 1039: 1032: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1011: 1008: 1001: 998: 992: 989: 983: 980: 976: 970: 967: 961: 956: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 938: 934: 932: 929: 923: 919: 911: 904: 902: 898: 896: 890: 882: 875: 873: 864: 862: 856: 849: 847: 843: 828: 819: 808:Colonels shot 807: 805: 798: 796: 794: 788: 784: 780: 772: 765: 763: 760: 756: 747: 740: 738: 730: 728: 724: 720: 716: 708: 706: 699: 695: 686: 679: 677: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 646: 644: 636: 632: 624: 622: 620: 611: 604: 602: 600: 599:skirmish line 594: 590: 588: 587:Burk's Garden 584: 576: 574: 572: 567: 563: 554: 552: 549: 544: 542: 538: 533: 531: 527: 518: 511: 509: 506: 502: 498: 494: 493:Kanawha River 490: 486: 485:advance guard 482: 478: 474: 469: 467: 463: 459: 455: 450: 448: 444: 440: 436: 427: 423: 421: 417: 413: 406:Union brigade 405: 403: 400: 396: 392: 387: 383: 379: 373: 370: 366: 362: 358: 353: 351: 345: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 303: 296: 294: 292: 287: 283: 278: 276: 272: 268: 264: 259: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 225:brigade on a 224: 220: 219:Toland's Raid 216: 205: 199: 196: 195: 190: 186: 183: 182: 177: 169: 166: 161: 157: 154: 153: 148: 142: 140: 135: 133: 127: 126: 121: 118: 113: 108: 105: 101: 100:United States 96: 91: 90: 85: 77: 74: 71: 70: 66: 62: 59: 58: 55:July 18, 1863 54: 51: 50: 46: 40: 35: 32: 27: 22: 19: 5778:Bibliography 5761:Other topics 5703:By ethnicity 5671: 5624:Trent Affair 5523:Signal Corps 5380: 5103:White League 4990:Ku Klux Klan 4903:Confederados 4830:Constitution 4702:D. D. Porter 4555:Breckinridge 4266:Rhode Island 4261:Pennsylvania 4016:Spotsylvania 3976:Stones River 3956:2nd Bull Run 3906:1st Bull Run 3792:Stones River 3693:Marine Corps 3660:Marine Corps 3499:Abolitionism 3486: 3439: 3231: 3205: 3187: 3168: 3150: 3133: 3116: 3112: 3097:. Retrieved 3085: 3054: 3027: 3008: 2988: 2970: 2958:. Retrieved 2945: 2927: 2910: 2893: 2889: 2872: 2845: 2828: 2824: 2809:, p. 60 2802: 2790: 2778: 2766: 2755:. Retrieved 2751:the original 2741: 2734:Johnson 1909 2729: 2717: 2706:. Retrieved 2696: 2684: 2672: 2667:, p. 94 2660: 2655:, p. 95 2633: 2622:. Retrieved 2612: 2592:, p. 93 2570: 2565:, p. 23 2558: 2538:, p. 48 2523:, p. 12 2516: 2511:, p. 24 2504: 2499:, p. 22 2492: 2463: 2458:, p. 47 2433:. Retrieved 2423: 2385: 2381: 2363:, p. 18 2346:Johnson 1909 2322: 2302:, p. 92 2273:, p. 31 2266: 2261:, p. 46 2246:, p. 20 2239: 2234:, p. 11 2227: 2222:, p. 21 2215: 2203: 2192:. Retrieved 2182: 2174: 2170: 2164: 2159:, p. 44 2142:, p. 19 2135: 2090:, p. 51 2083: 2078:, p. 45 2037: 2032:, p. 50 2025: 2016: 2010: 1983: 1961:, p. 90 1946:, p. 40 1939: 1934:, p. 89 1927: 1922:, p. 70 1915: 1820: 1809:. Retrieved 1805:the original 1795: 1784:. Retrieved 1757: 1750:Wallace 1897 1745: 1734:. Retrieved 1730:the original 1720: 1708: 1703:, p. 16 1696: 1684: 1673:. Retrieved 1648: 1643:, p. 88 1622:. Retrieved 1612: 1566: 1555:. Retrieved 1551:"Dublin, VA" 1545: 1540:, p. 80 1517:. Retrieved 1510:the original 1482: 1471:. Retrieved 1461: 1449: 1437: 1425: 1414:. Retrieved 1407:the original 1379: 1348:. Retrieved 1346:. Census.gov 1338: 1326:. Retrieved 1316: 1305:. Retrieved 1295: 1284:. Retrieved 1274: 1269:, p. 91 1228: 1218: 1208: 1198: 1189: 1179: 1169: 1159: 1145: 1131: 1119:George Crook 1104: 1094: 1084: 1074: 1065: 1055: 1041: 1031: 1016:county seats 1010: 1000: 991: 982: 969: 928:Libby Prison 924: 920: 916: 899: 891: 887: 876:Return march 865: 857: 853: 844: 840: 802: 789: 785: 781: 777: 752: 731: 712: 694:Samuel Jones 691: 654:Smyth County 647: 628: 616: 605:Confederates 595: 591: 580: 562:Abb's Valley 558: 545: 534: 523: 505:George Crook 470: 451: 432: 409: 391:at Saltville 378:Smyth County 374: 354: 346: 322:George Wythe 310:Wythe County 308: 297:Wythe County 279: 260: 243:Wythe County 218: 214: 212: 131: 87:Belligerents 29:Part of the 18: 5584:Copperheads 5296:Confederate 5188:Black Codes 4514:E. K. Smith 4395:Confederate 4342:New Orleans 4337:Chattanooga 4201:Mississippi 4101:Connecticut 4069:territories 4060:Involvement 4021:Cold Harbor 4011:Fort Pillow 4001:Chattanooga 3996:Chickamauga 3946:Seven Pines 3936:New Orleans 3901:Fort Sumter 3842:Valley 1864 3675:Confederacy 3472:Slave Power 3452:Fire-Eaters 3253: / 2807:Walker 1985 2795:Sutton 2001 2771:Sutton 2001 2722:Sutton 2001 2677:Sutton 2001 2665:Sutton 2001 2653:Sutton 2001 2590:Sutton 2001 2536:Walker 1985 2509:Walker 1992 2497:Walker 1992 2456:Walker 1985 2327:Sutton 2001 2300:Sutton 2001 2271:Andrew 1910 2259:Walker 1985 2244:Walker 1992 2220:Walker 1992 2157:Walker 1985 2140:Walker 1992 2105:, p. 6 2088:Walker 1985 2076:Walker 1985 2030:Walker 1985 1988:Sutton 2001 1959:Sutton 2001 1944:Walker 1985 1932:Sutton 2001 1840:Sutton 2001 1825:Sutton 2001 1641:Sutton 2001 1573:, p. 5 1489:, p. 4 1432:, p. 1 1386:, p. 3 1267:Sutton 2001 1079:expedition. 850:Overwhelmed 719:Molly Tynes 674:Chattanooga 350:Austinville 342:1860 census 227:Confederate 5934:Categories 5817:Juneteenth 5338:Cemeteries 5215:Red Shirts 5126:Centennial 5076:Red Shirts 4484:Longstreet 4414:Beauregard 4357:Winchester 4332:Charleston 4301:Washington 4236:New Mexico 4231:New Jersey 4091:California 4067:States and 4051:Five Forks 4036:Mobile Bay 4006:Wilderness 3986:Gettysburg 3966:Perryville 3951:Seven Days 3882:Appomattox 3807:Gettysburg 3767:New Mexico 3634:Combatants 3609:Combatants 3522:John Brown 3241:81°05′13″W 3238:36°56′52″N 3099:2016-02-23 2816:References 2757:2016-04-09 2708:2016-07-19 2689:Scott 1889 2638:Scott 1889 2624:2016-06-01 2605:Scott 1889 2575:Scott 1889 2468:Scott 1889 2435:2016-03-20 2401:Scott 1889 2194:2016-03-15 2128:Scott 1889 2042:Scott 1889 2003:Scott 1889 1976:Scott 1889 1893:Scott 1889 1878:Scott 1889 1811:2016-11-13 1786:2015-03-14 1736:2017-01-01 1675:2015-07-22 1624:2016-08-10 1605:Scott 1889 1586:Moore 1864 1557:2016-07-08 1519:2015-03-16 1473:2016-06-05 1416:2015-03-14 1372:Moore 1864 1328:January 5, 1307:2016-07-04 1286:2016-07-04 755:skirmishes 709:Wytheville 526:Coal River 338:Wytheville 334:crossroads 271:Home Guard 239:Wytheville 5795:Espionage 5589:Diplomacy 5557:Political 5513:POW camps 5259:Monuments 5086:Scalawags 5081:Redeemers 4819:Aftermath 4768:Pinkerton 4707:Rosecrans 4672:McClellan 4575:Memminger 4311:Wisconsin 4276:Tennessee 4196:Minnesota 4171:Louisiana 4046:Nashville 3991:Vicksburg 3921:Pea Ridge 3872:Carolinas 3827:Red River 3822:Knoxville 3802:Tullahoma 3797:Vicksburg 3777:Peninsula 3749:campaigns 3615:Campaigns 3392:Secession 3224:903929889 3094:191710879 3046:263148491 2998:318422190 2864:889525171 2783:Lang 1895 2315:Lang 1895 1762:Lang 1895 1689:Hill 2014 1240:Citations 1124:battalion 1115:Lewisburg 1005:Regiment. 962:Footnotes 905:Aftermath 670:Knoxville 625:Saltville 555:Tug Ridge 382:Saltville 316:near the 255:telegraph 174:Civilians 5909:Category 5750:Seminole 5740:Cherokee 5493:Medicine 5446:Military 5359:Veterans 5193:Jim Crow 4958:timeline 4753:Ericsson 4736:Civilian 4717:Sheridan 4677:McDowell 4637:Farragut 4622:Burnside 4612:Anderson 4605:Military 4585:Stephens 4545:Benjamin 4538:Civilian 4424:Buchanan 4402:Military 4347:Richmond 4296:Virginia 4241:New York 4216:Nebraska 4206:Missouri 4191:Michigan 4181:Maryland 4166:Kentucky 4141:Illinois 4116:Delaware 4096:Colorado 4081:Arkansas 4041:Franklin 3961:Antietam 3832:Overland 3787:Maryland 3706:Theaters 3612:Theaters 3178:11816985 3159:27975601 3142:12703870 3073:61859726 2960:July 12, 2881:53012023 935:See also 692:General 666:Richmond 471:Colonel 454:infantry 336:town of 314:Virginia 263:infantry 179:Strength 60:Location 5876:Related 5745:Choctaw 5735:Catawba 5518:Rations 5463:Cavalry 5325:Removal 4953:efforts 4937:of 1873 4783:Stevens 4778:Stanton 4763:Lincoln 4722:Sherman 4657:Halleck 4647:Frémont 4632:Du Pont 4570:Mallory 4529:Wheeler 4464:Jackson 4444:Forrest 4384:Leaders 4327:Atlanta 4291:Vermont 4211:Montana 4151:Indiana 4126:Georgia 4121:Florida 4086:Arizona 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