White Anglo-Saxon Protestants

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cousins, still less as brothers; we are neither. Neither must you think of us as Anglo-Saxons, for that term can no longer be rightly applied to the people of the United States....There are only two things which can establish and maintain closer relations between your country and mine: they are community of ideals and of interests." The term remains in use in Ireland as a term for the British or English, and sometimes in

1230:, a Catholic school, made a systematic effort to place graduates in diplomatic career tracks. By the 1990s, there were "roughly the same proportion of WASPs, Catholics, and Jews at the elite levels of the federal civil service, and a greater proportion of Jewish and Catholic elites among corporate lawyers." The political scientist Theodore P. Wright Jr., argues that while the Anglo ethnicity of the U.S. presidents from 955: 1246:, but they started their own. The WASP dominance in law ended when a number of major Jewish law firms attained elite status in dealing with top-ranked corporations. Most white-shoe firms also excluded Roman Catholics. As late as 1950 there was not a single large Jewish law firm in New York City. However, by 1965 six of the 20 largest firms were Jewish; by 1980 four of the ten largest were Jewish. 1510: 1765:. Milton J. Coalter, John M. Mulder, Louis Weeks, Donald A. Luidens (1st ed.). Louisville, Ky.: Westminster/John Knox Press. 1990. pp. "Some would say the term 'mainstream' or 'mainline' is itself suspect and embodies ethnocentric and elitist assumptions. ... be dropped in favor of talking about 'liberal' Protestantism, but such a change presents additional problems". 6712: 1331:, once a WASP stronghold, has changed radically: only 30% of its undergraduates in 2007 were of European origin (including WASPs and all other Europeans), and 63% of undergraduates at the university were from immigrant families (where at least one parent was an immigrant), especially Asian. Once also a WASP bastion, as of 2010 Harvard University enrolled 9,289 931:, Episcopalians ranked as the third wealthiest religious group in the United States, with 35% of Episcopalians living in households with incomes of at least $ 100,000. Presbyterians ranked as the fourth most financially successful religious group in the United States, with 32% of Presbyterians living in households with incomes of at least $ 100,000. 255:. Baltzell stressed the closed or caste-like characteristic of the group by arguing that "There is a crisis in American leadership in the middle of the twentieth century that is partly due, I think, to the declining authority of an establishment which is now based on an increasingly castelike White-Anglo Saxon-Protestant (WASP) upper class." 113:, though the definition of WASP varies in this respect. It was seen to be in exclusionary contrast to Catholics, Jews, Irish, immigrants, southern or eastern Europeans, and the non-White. WASPs have dominated American society, culture, and politics for most of the history of the United States. Critics have disparaged them as " 3273:

Duke University has historical, formal, on-going, and symbolic ties with Methodism, but is an independent and non-sectarian institution ... Duke would not be the institution it is today without its ties to the Methodist Church. However, the Methodist Church does not own or direct the University. Duke

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WASPs do have a culture – traditions, idiosyncrasies, quirks, particular signals and totems we pass on to one another. But the WASP culture, or at least that aspect of the culture I talk about, is enough in the past so that we can now look at it with some objectivity, smile at it, and even appreciate

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reviewed the religion of the fifteen top national leaders: the presidential and vice-presidential nominees, the Supreme Court justices, the House Speaker, and the Senate majority leader. There were nine Catholics (six justices, both vice-presidential candidates, and the Speaker), three Jews (all from

623:

for the nation, much less turning it into a global melting pot. However, in the early 1900s, liberal progressives and modernists began promoting more inclusive ideals for what the national identity of the United States should be. While the more traditionalist segments of society continued to maintain

3125:

The original Trustees of Princeton University "were acting in behalf of the evangelical or New Light wing of the Presbyterian Church, but the college had no legal or constitutional identification with that denomination. Its doors were to be open to all students, 'any different sentiments in religion

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Once, the Social Register was a juggernaut in New York social circles... Nowadays, however, with the waning of the WASP elite as a social and political force, the register's role as an arbiter of who counts and who doesn't is almost an anachronism. In Manhattan, where charity galas are at the center

406:

repeatedly sought to "rid France of Anglo-Saxon influence". The term is used with more nuance in discussions by French writers on French decline, especially as an alternative model to which France should aspire, how France should adjust to its two most prominent global competitors, and how it should

3693:

The names of fashionable families who were already Episcopalian, like the Morgans, or those, like the Fricks, who now became so, goes on interminably: Aldrich, Astor, Biddle, Booth, Brown, Du Pont, Firestone, Ford, Gardner, Mellon, Morgan, Procter, the Vanderbilt, Whitney. Episcopalians branches of

1358:

Other analysts have argued that the extent of the decrease in WASP dominance has been overstated. In response to increasing claims of fading WASP dominance, Davidson, using data on American elites in political and economic spheres, concluded in 1994 that, while the WASP and Protestant establishment

1214:

brought higher education to new ethnic arrivals, who found middle class jobs in the postwar economic expansion. Nevertheless, white Protestants remain influential in the country's cultural, political, and economic elite. Scholars typically agree that the group's influence has waned since 1945, with

3532:

Protestants turn up among the American-reared laureates in slightly greater proportion to their numbers in the general population. Thus 72 percent of the seventy-one laureates but about two thirds of the American population were reared in one or another Protestant denomination mostly Presbyterian,

1319:

The reversal of WASP fortune was exemplified by the Supreme Court. Historically, the great majority of its justices were of WASP heritage. The exceptions included seven Catholics and two Jews. Since the 1960s, an increasing number of non-WASP justices have been appointed to the Court. From 2010 to

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who are perceived to be snobbish and exclusive, such as being members of restrictive private social clubs. Kevin M. Schultz stated in 2010 that WASP is "a much-maligned class identity....Today, it signifies an elitist snoot." A number of popular jokes ridicule those thought to fit the stereotype.

316:

Protestantism had not yet split into two mutually hostile camps – the liberals and fundamentalists. Of great importance, evangelical Protestantism still dominated the cultural scene. American values bore the stamp of this Anglo-Saxon Protestant ascendancy. The political, cultural, religious, and

624:

their Anglo-Protestant ethnocultural traditions, universalism and cosmopolitanism started gaining favor among the elites. These ideals became institutionalized after the Second World War, and ethnic minorities started moving towards institutional parity with the once dominant Anglo-Protestants.

1205:

A number of analysts have suggested that WASP dominance of the institutional order has become a thing of the past. The accepted wisdom is that after World War II, the selection of individuals for leadership positions was increasingly based on factors such as motivation and training rather than

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Like other sociological groups, WASPs tend to concentrate within close proximity of each other. These areas are often exclusive and associated with top schools, high incomes, well-established church communities, and high real-estate values. For example, in the Detroit area, WASPs predominantly

353:

of close diplomatic relations between the U.S. and the UK and complaints about perceived "Anglo-Saxon" cultural or political dominance. In December 1918, after victory in the World War, President Woodrow Wilson told a British official in London: "You must not speak of us who come over here as

1354:

during the latter part of the 20th century and an increasingly globalized economy have also contributed to the decline in power held by Northeastern WASPs. James D. Davidson et al. argued in 1995 that while WASPs were no longer solitary among the American elite, members of the Patrician class

470:

In the nineteenth century, Anglo-Saxons was often used as a synonym for all people of English descent and sometimes more generally, for all the English-speaking peoples of the world. It was often used in implying superiority, much to the annoyance of outsiders. For example, American clergyman

550:

has many meanings. In sociology it reflects that segment of the U.S. population that founded the nation and traced their heritages to...Northwestern Europe. The term...has become more inclusive. To many people, WASP now includes most 'white' people who are not ... members of any minority

1161:

The Signers came for the most part from an educated elite, were residents of older settlements, and belonged with a few exceptions to a moderately well-to-do class representing only a fraction of the population. Native or born overseas, they were of British stock and of the Protestant

1728:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. "the term 'Mainline' may be as unfortunate as the pejorative-sounding WASP, but it is no more likely to fall into disuse and may as well be … Mainline religion had meant simply white Protestant until well into the twentieth century.". 1238:

is evidence for the continued cultural dominance of WASPs, assimilation and social mobility, along with the ambiguity of the term, has led the WASP class to survive only by "incorporating other groups that it is no longer the same group" that existed in the mid-20th century.

1290:, although famous as the first Black president, exemplifies highly controlled "unemotional delivery" and "rational detachment" characteristic of WASP personality traits. Indeed, he attended upper class schools such as Columbia and Harvard, and was raised by his WASP mother 1273:

wing of the party being marginalized by the 1980s, overwhelmed by the dominance of Southern and Western conservatives. However, asking "Is the WASP leader a dying breed?", journalist Nina Strochlic in 2012 pointed to eleven WASP top politicians, ending with Republicans

749:

laureates have come from a Protestant background, mostly from Episcopalian, Presbyterian or Lutheran background, while Protestants made up roughly 67% of the US population during that period. Of Nobel prizes awarded to Americans between 1901 and 1972, 84.2% of those in

1407:

praised WASP history in 2013 and asked, "Are we really better off with a country run by the self-involved, over-schooled products of modern meritocracy?" He deplores how the WASP element lost its self-confidence and came under attack as "The Establishment".

579:

Historically, the early Anglo-Protestant settlers in the seventeenth century were the most successful group, culturally, economically, and politically, and they maintained their dominance until the late twentieth century at the earliest. Numbers of the most

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magazine study found one-in-five of the country's largest businesses and one-in-three of its largest banks was run by an Episcopalian. More recent studies indicate a still-disproportionate, though somewhat reduced, influence of WASPs among economic elites.

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colleges are particularly intertwined with the culture. Until roughly World War II, Ivy League universities were composed largely of white Protestants. While admission to these schools is generally based upon merit, many of these universities give a

1193:, argued that British origins were disproportionately represented in the higher echelons of Canadian class, income, political power, the clergy, the media, etc. However, more recently, Canadian scholars have traced the decline of the WASP elite. 1872:

By the 1950s, the emerging New Left was "thumbing their noses at the stuffy white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant establishment." W. J. Rorabaugh, "Challenging Authority, Seeking Community, and Empowerment in the New Left, Black Power, and Feminism,"

539:; less exacting analysts are willing to throw in Scandinavians, Netherlanders and Germans." The sociologist Charles H. Anderson writes, "Scandinavians are second-class WASPs" but know it is "better to be a second-class WASP than a non-WASP". 479:

In 1700 this race numbered less than 6,000,000 souls. In 1800, Anglo-Saxons (I use the term somewhat broadly to include all English-speaking peoples) had increased to about 20,500,000, and now, in 1890, they number more than

270:, Episcopalianism has the United Kingdom to thank for the ancestors of fully 49 percent of its members. ... The stereotype of the White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) finds its fullest expression in the Episcopal Church." 1141:

in the United States due to over-representation of WASPs in the upper echelons of society. Until the mid–20th century, industries such as banks, insurance, railroads, utilities, and manufacturing were dominated by WASPs.

1031:

who attended an Episcopal prep school, writes that WASPs took pride in "good posture, genteel manners, personal hygiene, pointless discipline, the ability to sit still for long periods of time." According to the essayist

1402:

did in 1991, when he said the "uptight, bland, and elitist" stereotype obscures the "classic WASP ideals of industry, public service, family duty, and conscience to revitalize the nation." Likewise, conservative writer

311:

The concept of Anglo-Saxonism, and especially Anglo-Saxon Protestantism, evolved in the late 19th century, especially among American Protestant missionaries eager to transform the world. Historian Richard Kyle says:

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Boston University has been historically affiliated with the United Methodist Church since 1839 when the Newbury Biblical Institute, the first Methodist seminary in the United States, was established in Newbury,

2955: 1061:

America's social elite was a small, closed group. The leadership was well-known to the readers of newspaper society pages, but in larger cities it was hard to remember everyone, or to keep track of the new

239:

In America, we find the WASPs (White Anglo-Saxon Protestants) ganging up to take their frustrations out on whatever minority group happens to be handy — whether Negro, Catholic, Jewish, Japanese or whatnot.

3915: 1467:(1988), a lead character tells her playwright son that theater critics "don't like us... They resent us. They think we're all Republicans, all superficial and all alcoholics. Only the latter is true." 3326: 719:

for the children of alumni in order to link elite families (and their wealth) with the school. These legacy admissions allowed for the continuation of WASP influence on important sectors of the US.

414:

and its translations are used to refer to the Anglophone peoples and societies of Britain, the United States, and countries such as Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. Variations include the German

3844:

By the late nineteenth century, one of the strongest bulwarks of Brahmin power was Harvard University. Statistics underscore the close relationship between Harvard and Boston's upper strata.

3608: 1072:, which listed the names and addresses of about 1 percent of the population. Most were WASPs, and they included families who mingled at the same private clubs, attended the right teas and 3333:

Note: Middlebury is considered the first "operating" college in Vermont as it was the first to hold classes in Nov 1800. It issued the first Vermont degree in 1802; UVM followed in 1804.

3216:

Of all these northern schools, only Columbia and the University of Pennsylvania were historically Anglican; the rest are associated with revivalist Presbyterianism or Congregationalism.

374:

was a counterpoint to WASP standards of rectitude. "The procession of rambunctious and feckless Celts through Ford's films, Irish and otherwise, was meant to cock a snoot at WASP or '

209:" or someone likely to make sharp, slightly cruel remarks. Describing the class of Americans that held "national power in its economic, political, and social aspects", Hacker wrote: 1210:

Many reasons have been given for the decline of WASP power, and books have been written detailing it. Self-imposed diversity incentives opened the country's most elite schools. The

837:

to thank for the ancestors of fully 49 percent of its members. ... The stereotype of the White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) finds its fullest expression in the Episcopal Church."

4446: 5968: 1076:, worshipped together at prestige churches, funded the proper charities, lived in exclusive neighborhoods, and sent their daughters to finishing schools and their sons away to 488:

Is it not reasonable to believe that this race is destined to dispossess many weaker ones, assimilate others, and mould the remainder until... it has Anglo-Saxonized mankind?

285: 4849: 4646: 4057: 1448:(1930–2017), himself of WASP heritage, has written a series of plays that have been called "penetratingly witty studies of the WASP ascendancy in retreat". Gurney told the 1484:

tells the story of a group of college-age Manhattan socialites during débutante season. A recurring theme of the film is the declining power of the old Protestant élite.

6763: 5388:

Farnum, Richard (1990). "Prestige in the Ivy League: Democratization and discrimination at Penn and Columbia, 1890-1970". In W. Kingston, Paul; S. Lewis, Lionel (eds.).

4158: 1306:, born in Massachusetts in 1640. Inderjeet Parmar and Mark Ledwidge argue that Obama pursued a typically WASP-inspired foreign policy of liberal internationalism. 6590: 5156: 1175: 846: 4341: 1093:

of the social season, the organizing committees are studded with luminaries from publishing, Hollywood and Wall Street and family lineage is almost irrelevant.

4420: 3075: 117:". Although the social influence of wealthy WASPs has declined since the 1960s, the group continues to play a central role in American finance, politics, and 4628: 3323: 4460: 3410: 317:

intellectual leaders of the nation were largely of a Northern European Protestant stock, and they propagated public morals compatible with their background.

6758: 3090: 3450: 3578: 4527: 3436: 3178: 217:

cocktail party jargon of the sociologists. That is, they are wealthy, they are Anglo-Saxon in origin, and they are Protestants (and disproportionately

4205: 1457:

some of its values. There was a closeness of family, a commitment to duty, to stoic responsibility, which I think we have to say weren't entirely bad.

3599: 6186: 3990: 337:

was used derisively by writers hostile to an informal alliance between Britain and the U.S. The negative connotation was especially common among

5221: 5926:

refers to countries, regions and territories in which the majority ethnic group is generally considered to be people of white European descent.

5903: 5774: 5713: 5489: 5460: 5406: 5273: 5128: 5032: 4586: 4502: 4394: 4239: 4015: 3965: 3812: 3778: 3554: 3525: 3354: 3256: 3029: 2933: 2644: 2586: 2491: 2436: 2411: 2371: 1825: 1146: 755: 5103: 3274:

is and has developed as a private nonprofit corporation which is owned and governed by an autonomous and self-perpetuating Board of Trustees

6753: 4821: 1567: 1478:, has made films dealing primarily with WASP characters and subjects. Stillman has been called the "WASP Woody Allen". His debut 1990 film 1039:

A common practice of WASP families is presenting their daughters of marriageable age (traditionally at the age of 17 or 18 years old) at a

865: 555:

Apart from Protestant English, British, German, Dutch, and Scandinavian Americans, other ethnic groups frequently included under the label

6716: 6667: 6388: 5945: 3286: 1265:

who had solid WASP credentials through his mother, but whose father was Jewish, and was seen by some as part of the Jewish community—to

6136: 1888: 1441:, ridiculed the old American elite. The play and film depict "old-stock British Americans" a decade before they were tagged as WASPS. 1328: 771: 465: 158: 141: 4923: 6743: 5743: 5626: 5433: 4611: 4404: 4364: 4107: 4040: 3938: 3890: 3865: 3837: 3748: 3686: 3485: 3382: 3237: 3209: 3002: 2904: 2877: 2852: 2802: 2774: 2740: 2705: 2671: 2556: 2516: 2461: 2304: 2202: 2181: 2038: 2006: 1976: 1770: 1733: 1703: 1633: 1223: 868:

are among the wealthiest religious groups and were formerly disproportionately represented in American business, law, and politics.

118: 4822:"The Immigrant University: Assessing the Dynamics of Race, Major and Socioeconomic Characteristics at the University of California" 6662: 4856: 4072: 3725: 3707: 3635:

Davidson, James D.; Pyle, Ralph E.; Reyes, David V. (1995). "Persistence and Change in the Protestant Establishment, 1930–1992".

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Davidson, James D.; Pyle, Ralph E.; Reyes, David V. (1995). "Persistence and Change in the Protestant Establishment, 1930–1992".

1262: 861: 850: 811: 727: 277: 218: 3112: 6276: 5118: 4887:

Davidson, James D. (December 1994). "Religion Among America's Elite: Persistence and Change in the Protestant Establishment".

6509: 6478: 6226: 6207: 6155: 5722:

Parmar, Inderjeet, and Mark Ledwidge. "...'a foundation-hatched black': Obama, the U.S. establishment, and foreign policy."

5057: 4149: 3153: 1110:, they stated that Salk "is serious about defending the virtues of WASP values, and their contribution to American culture." 177:

In the early Middle Ages Anglian and Saxon kingdoms were established over most of England, ('land of the Angles'). After the

939: 780: 366:

one. Roosevelt insisted he was Dutch. "To be genuinely Irish is to challenge WASP dominance", argues California politician

6738: 6259: 6160: 6149: 5359:

Davis, Donald F. (1982). "The Price of Conspicuous Production: The Detroit Elite and the Automobile Industry, 1900–1933".

4835: 4824:. Center for Studies in Higher Education; University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. 4768: 1249:

Two famous confrontations signifying a decline in WASP dominance were the 1952 Senate election in Massachusetts, in which

784: 375: 4561: 4447:"Italian Americans: The Progressive Tradition-Reflections on Gerald Meyer's Presentation at the New Haven Public Library" 6438: 6173: 4701:

Inderjeet Parmar and Mark Ledwidge, "...'a foundation-hatched black': Obama, the US establishment, and foreign policy."

1538: 1359:

had lost some of its earlier prominence, WASPs and Protestants were still vastly overrepresented among America's elite.

1044: 5507:

Ghent, Jocelyn Maynard; Jaher, Frederic Cople (1976). "The Chicago Business Elite: 1830–1930. A Collective Biography".

6700: 6180: 5641: 1657: 1600: 1438: 1433: 227: 5580:

Jensen, Richard (1973). "Family, Career, and Reform: Women Leaders of the Progressive Era". In Michael Gordon (ed.).

5148: 4332: 2098: 5593: 3071: 6091: 6078: 5896: 3095: 1794: 1594: 1303: 1077: 699: 668: 589: 244: 44: 4742: 6483: 6432: 6404: 3401: 1024: 993: 731: 601: 1913: 497:

The popular and sociological usage of the term WASP has sometimes expanded to include not just "Anglo-Saxon" or

39: 6768: 6748: 6116: 5963: 5835: 4690: 3459: 2842: 1480: 1118: 751: 711: 564: 5195: 4519: 4058:"Educating the Daughters of Savannah's Elite: The Pape School, the Girl Scouts, and the Progressive Movement" 3570: 3458:, The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, Pew Research Center, February 2008, p. 85, archived from 3424: 3170: 6705: 6514: 6312: 5705: 4197: 1944: 1404: 1189:

argues that "the 1920s marked the high tide of WASP control". In 1965, Canadian sociologist John Porter, in

1153:, and Protestants. According to a study of the biographies of signers of the Declaration of Independence by 1033: 1009: 391: 293: 289: 5222:"Whit Stillman's 'Metropolitan': An Oral History of the Preppiest, WASPiest, Wittiest Comedy of Heirs Ever" 5075: 4801: 2534:"The Rise of the Anglo-Saxon: French Perceptions of the Anglo-American World in the Long Twentieth Century" 1379:

Sociologist John W. Dykstra in 1958 described the "white Anglo-Saxon Protestant" as "Mr. Bigot". Historian

1371:) and one African-American Protestant (incumbent President Barack Obama). There were no white Protestants. 6398: 6306: 6167: 6131: 6067: 6008: 5792:

Schatz, Ronald W. "The Barons of Middletown and the Decline of the North-Eastern Anglo-Protestant Elite."

5095: 2921: 2894: 1299: 1270: 759: 526: 522: 5022: 4661:

Charles M Marsteller & William Addams Reitwiesner & Linda Davis Reno & Mike Marshall (2015).

3287:"Boston University Names University Professor Herbert Mason United Methodist Scholar/Teacher of the Year" 2764: 2693: 432: 6622: 6217: 5973: 5889: 3907: 1529: 1295: 1254: 1227: 1048: 997: 620: 445: 31: 5843:

Religion, Art, and Money: Episcopalians and American Culture from the Civil War to the Great Depression

3982: 3679:

Religion, Art, and Money: Episcopalians and American Culture from the Civil War to the Great Depression

1936: 542:

Sociologists William Thompson and Joseph Hickey described the further expansion of the term's meaning:

276:

is also used in Australia and Canada for similar elites. WASPs traditionally have been associated with

4873: 2821: 2247: 567:

European descent in general, and established Protestant American families of a "mix" of or of "vague"

213:

These 'old' Americans possess, for the most part, some common characteristics. First of all, they are

6473: 6295: 6286: 5998: 4089: 1648: 1501: 1001: 973: 656: 612: 355: 350: 99: 83: 5318: 3375:

The Inner Circle: Large Corporations and the Rise of Business Political Activity in the U.S. and U.K

872:

in the United States was typically associated with WASP status, particularly with the Episcopal and

6640: 6635: 6627: 6468: 6393: 6200: 6029: 5934: 3711: 3492:

For instance, concerning the religious origins of American laureates, 72 percent are Protestant ...

3432: 2575:

Die Weltherrschaft der Angelsachsen : Aufstieg und Niedergang des anglo-amerikanischen Systems

1621: 1515: 943: 928: 921: 799: 775: 660: 502: 297: 162: 103: 91: 5876: 4564:

from the original on August 19, 2018 – via Southwest Jewish Archives, University of Arizona.

3260: 2722: 1612: – Class of the rich, who have been able to maintain their wealth across multiple generations 1383:

said in 1991 that WASPs "are the one ethnoreligioracial group that all can demean with impunity."

722:

Members of Protestant denominations associated with WASPs have some of the highest proportions of

6612: 6607: 6383: 6061: 6003: 5983: 5668: 5636: 5532: 5524: 5376: 5311:

The monied metropolis: New York City and the consolidation of the American bourgeoisie, 1850–1896

4904: 4299: 4264: 3654: 2975: 2342: 2227: 2219: 2149: 2141: 1788: 1615: 1399: 1332: 1311: 1266: 1106:

reported that there was a rising interest in the WASP culture. In their review of Susanna Salk's

1005: 977: 889: 830: 688: 648: 597: 593: 510: 363: 359: 349:, remains a term favored by the French, used disapprovingly in contexts such as criticism of the 300:

denominations; however, the term has expanded to include other Protestant denominations as well.

267: 5546:

In Pursuit of Privilege: A History of New York City's Upper Class and the Making of a Metropolis

5024:

Writing Between Cultures: A Study of Hybrid Narratives in Ethnic Literature of the United States

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The Urban Establishment: Upper Strata in Boston, New York, Chicago, Charleston, and Los Angeles

3741:

The Urban Establishment: Upper Strata in Boston, New York, Charleston, Chicago, and Los Angeles

972:, who were regarded as the nation's social and cultural elites, were often associated with the 437: 6677: 6617: 6582: 6463: 6373: 6254: 6194: 6013: 5824:

The half-opened door: Discrimination and admissions at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, 1900–1970

5770: 5749: 5739: 5709: 5651:

McConachie, Bruce A. (1988). "New York operagoing, 1825–50: creating an elite social ritual".

5622: 5495: 5485: 5466: 5456: 5439: 5429: 5412: 5402: 5340: 5279: 5269: 5124: 5053: 5028: 5003: 4829: 4762: 4724: 4668: 4607: 4582: 4576: 4553: 4498: 4400: 4360: 4235: 4113: 4103: 4036: 4011: 3961: 3934: 3886: 3861: 3833: 3808: 3774: 3744: 3682: 3550: 3521: 3511: 3481: 3378: 3350: 3233: 3205: 3149: 3145: 3025: 2998: 2929: 2900: 2873: 2848: 2798: 2770: 2736: 2701: 2667: 2640: 2634: 2582: 2512: 2487: 2457: 2432: 2407: 2401: 2367: 2300: 2177: 2171: 2133: 2034: 2002: 1996: 1972: 1855: 1821: 1776: 1766: 1739: 1729: 1699: 1588: 1573: 1561: 1475: 1463: 1428:, have used the conflicts between WASP families and urban Jewish families for comedic effect. 1275: 985: 881: 815: 795: 742: 723: 716: 676: 664: 632: 568: 403: 248: 150: 114: 110: 5850: 4645:

Mary Kenny, "Obama shaped more by his WASP heritage than the passion of Martin Luther King,"

4492: 4005: 3955: 3768: 3344: 3019: 2661: 2481: 2361: 2028: 1964: 450: 6556: 6264: 6249: 6237: 6096: 6072: 6055: 6050: 5660: 5516: 5368: 4995: 4896: 4331: 4291: 4227: 4176: 4148: 4129: 3646: 3598: 3400: 3290: 3137: 2967: 2728: 2548: 2334: 2246: 2211: 2125: 1813: 1424: 1391: 1344: 1154: 1150: 897: 822: 788: 680: 518: 498: 259: 95: 6687: 6493: 6458: 6378: 6232: 6142: 6121: 5988: 5978: 4177: 4121: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3330: 2826: 2621: 1921: 1666: 1639: 1543: 1258: 1250: 1243: 1171: 1068: 959: 692: 684: 672: 652: 636: 581: 560: 531: 514: 506: 338: 232: 178: 166: 80: 3021:

The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton

2533: 2271: 1166:

Catholics in the Northeast and the Midwest—mostly immigrants and their descendants from

206: 6672: 6524: 6488: 6443: 6365: 6344: 6126: 6111: 6045: 5958: 5763: 4928: 3798: 3202:

Standing Against the Whirlwind: Evangelical Episcopalians in Nineteenth-Century America

1624: – Americans who are descended from the original settlers of the Thirteen Colonies 1555: 1336: 1235: 1167: 968: 947: 913: 893: 834: 585: 87: 5868: 4494:

Modern American Political Dynasties: A Study of Power, Family, and Political Influence

4282:

Brown, Richard D. (1976). "The Founding Fathers of 1776 and 1787: A collective view".

3049: 2614: 6732: 6595: 6566: 6561: 6551: 5536: 4461:"Raise a St. Patrick's Day glass to 'Wild Bill' Donovan, the greatest Irish American" 4093: 3637: 3370: 3138: 3108: 2477: 2325: 2231: 2153: 2129: 1471: 1231: 1219: 1186: 989: 917: 909: 901: 616: 536: 472: 186: 64: 56: 3694:

the Baptist Rockefellers and Jewish Guggenheims even appeared on these family trees.

2030:

The Strange Demise of British Canada: The Liberals and Canadian Nationalism, 1964–68

1817: 1242:

Very few Jewish lawyers were hired by White Anglo-Saxon Protestant ("WASP") upscale

702:

and universities have historically been associated with WASPs. Colleges such as the

402:

refers to the combined impact of Britain and the United States on European affairs.

6657: 6571: 6448: 6428: 6358: 5912: 5727: 5268:. New York: Bergin & Garvey Distributed to the trade by National Book Network. 4784: 4782:

Paulson, Michael (May 26, 2009). "Catholicism: Sotomayor would be sixth Catholic".

4706: 1445: 1380: 1321: 1287: 954: 885: 873: 807: 803: 746: 707: 644: 198: 106: 5682:

Brahmin Capitalism: Frontiers of Wealth and Populism in America's First Gilded Age

1218:

After 1945, Catholics and Jews made strong inroads in getting jobs in the federal

5479: 3802: 3515: 6682: 6544: 6453: 6106: 6101: 5953: 5332: 4099: 4007:

Power Failure: Politics, Patronage, And the Economic Future of Buffalo, New York

1579: 1549: 1398:

Occasionally, a writer praises the WASP contribution, as conservative historian

1368: 1279: 1222:, which was once dominated by those from Protestant backgrounds, especially the 1179: 1138: 905: 346: 132: 52: 2795:

French Huguenots: From Mediterranean Catholics to White Anglo-Saxon Protestants

1367:

the Supreme Court), two Mormons (including the Republican presidential nominee

6645: 6529: 6410: 6338: 6270: 5815:

The forging of an aristocracy: Harvard & the Boston upper class, 1800–1870

5564:

The Rich, the Well Born, and the Powerful: Elites and Upper Classes in History

5096:"'Meet the Parents' Finds Success by Marrying Classic Themes to Modern Tastes" 4982: 4541: 4421:"President Trump's reference to 'paddy wagon' insults Irish Americans like me" 3244:

Princeton was Presbyterian, while Columbia and Pennsylvania were Episcopalian.

1491: 1418: 1291: 1283: 703: 367: 5470: 5443: 5416: 5007: 4999: 4728: 4672: 4629:"George Washington to George W. Bush: 11 WASPs Who Have Led America (PHOTOS)" 2552: 2137: 1859: 6602: 6519: 6333: 5993: 5753: 5499: 5283: 5050:

The Way of the WASP: How It Made America and How It Can Save It, So to Speak

4557: 4255:

Robbins, Caroline (1977). "Decision in '76: Reflections on the 56 Signers".

4133: 4125: 4117: 2579:

Anglo-Saxon world domination: the rise and fall of the Anglo-American system

1780: 1609: 1509: 1073: 1063: 1040: 1013: 877: 869: 825:

polling data from 1976, Kit and Frederica Konolige wrote in their 1978 book

608: 484:

In 1893, Strong envisioned a future "new era" of triumphant Anglo-Saxonism:

371: 262:

polling data from 1976, Kit and Frederica Konolige wrote in their 1978 book

128: 76: 48: 5173:"A.R. Gurney, playwright who portrayed the fading WASP culture, dies at 86" 3858:

Boston's Wayward Children: Social Services for Homeless Children, 1830–1930

1743: 984:

possessed the wealth that came from the new automotive industry. After the

849:. More recently, the group is split more evenly between the Republican and 5372: 4983:"The Waspish Hetero-Patriarchy: Locating Power in Recent American History" 4662: 3650: 2732: 2338: 2090: 1182:. Catholic politicians were often the target of WASP political hostility. 6301: 6243: 4604:

The Decline and Fall of the Liberal Republicans: From 1952 to the Present

3830:

Visions of Belonging: New England Art and the Making of American Identity

3600:"The Episcopalians: an American Elite with Roots Going Back to Jamestown" 3140:

Stand, Columbia: A History of Columbia University in the City of New York

1846:

Allen, Irving Lewis (1975). "WASP—From Sociological Concept to Epithet".

1760: 1351: 1340: 1278:, elected in 1988, his son George W. Bush, elected in 2000 and 2004, and 281: 5877:

35 Social Registers from major US cities early 20th century; online free

5797: 5555:

The Iron Barons: A Social Analysis of an American Urban Elite, 1874–1965

4820:

Douglass, John Aubrey; Roebken, Heinke; Thomson, Gregg (November 2007).

4268: 1723: 6539: 5693: 5672: 5528: 5453:

Cheerful money : me, my family, and the last days of WASP splendor

5380: 4922:

Leonhart, David; Parlapiano, Alicia; Waananen, Lisa (August 14, 2012).

4908: 4303: 3658: 2979: 2483:

The Imaginary Australian: Anglo-Celts and Identity, 1788 to the Present

2346: 2223: 1211: 1114: 5120:

Brooklyn Heights: The Rise, Fall and Rebirth of America's First Suburb

3931:

Privilege, Power, and Place: The geography of the American upper class

3883:

Brahmin Prophet: Phillips Brooks and the Path of Liberal Protestantism

2170:

Glassman, Ronald; Swatos, William H. Jr.; Denison, Barbara J. (2004).

6534: 6085: 1672: 1627: 1122: 1016:

has been dominated by wealthy White Anglo-Saxon Protestant families.

604: 535:

article stated, "purists like to confine Wasps to descendants of the

136: 5736:

Wealth and democracy : a political history of the American rich

5664: 5520: 5352:

The Perennial Philadelphians: The Anatomy of an American Aristocracy

4900: 4481:

60 (2007): 1803–1866; discrimination p. 1838 and statistics p. 1805.

4295: 2971: 2844:

White Protestant Americans: From National Origins to Religious Group

2215: 1810:

The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism

1576: – Minority group that holds a disproportionate amount of power 1320:

2017, the Court had no Protestant members, until the appointment of

17: 5688:

Marty, Martin E. "Ethnicity: The Skeleton of Religion in America."

5619:

The Power of Their Glory: America's Ruling Class: The Episcopalians

2297:

The Power of Their Glory: America's Ruling Class: The Episcopalians

1762:

The Mainstream Protestant "decline" : the Presbyterian pattern

1269:

and the Eastern Republican establishment, which led to the liberal

615:

meant that they sought to assimilate newcomers from outside of the

362:

popularized the ridicule of "Anglo-Saxons", even calling President

6351: 5590:

America for Americans a history of xenophobia in the United States

5426:

Ruling America : a history of wealth and power in a democracy

5390:

The high-status track: Studies of elite schools and stratification

3770:

New York 2015 Petit Futé (avec cartes, photos + avis des lecteurs)

3621:

Irving Lewis Allen, "WASP—From Sociological Concept to Epithet",

3230:

Protestant Missionaries in the Levant: Ungodly Puritans, 1820–1860

1808:

Zhang, Mobei (2015). "WASPs". In Stone, John; et al. (eds.).

1603: – People with the highest levels of wealth and social status 953: 938: 779: 730:, with 76% of those polled having some college education, and the 631: 38: 5830:

Wald, Eli. "The rise and fall of the WASP and Jewish law firms."

845:

From 1854 until about 1964, white Protestants were predominantly

5302:

The Protestant Establishment: Aristocracy & caste in America

4477:

Eli Wald, "The rise and fall of the WASP and Jewish law firms."

3533:

Episcopalian, or Lutheran rather than Baptist or Fundamentalist.

3478:

The Psychology of Science and the Origins of the Scientific Mind

3257:"Duke University's Relation to the Methodist Church: the basics" 1355:

remained markedly prevalent within the current power structure.

185:

refers to the pre-invasion English people. Political scientist

5885: 5881: 4542:"The Goldwaters: An Arizona Story And a Jewish History As Well" 2200:

Hacker, Andrew (1957). "Liberal Democracy and Social Control".

1618: – Pennsylvanians who claim descent from historic families 55:

has been seen as embodying the prominence of White Anglo-Saxon

4664:

St. Mary's Co, MD: ancestry of President Barak Obama (b. 1961)

1898: 1893: 1335:

students (44%, of which approximately 30% were Jewish), 2,658

1012:

in the western suburbs. Traditionally, the Upper East Side in

794:

The White Anglo-Saxon Protestant upper class has largely held

253:

The Protestant Establishment: Aristocracy and Caste in America

4357:

Diversity in the power elite: how it happened, why it matters

2822:"Essay: Are the WASPS Coming Back? Have They Ever Been Away?" 2698:

Rethinking Ethnicity: Majority Groups and Dominant Minorities

2694:"The identity and changing status of former elite minorities" 2114:"What Do We Mean By Anglo-Saxon? Pre-Conquest to the Present" 1969:

Rethinking Ethnicity: Majority Groups and Dominant Minorities

1350:

A significant shift of American economic activity toward the

5329:

WASPS: The Splendors and Miseries of an American Aristocracy

4874:"Hillel's Guide to Jewish Life at Colleges and Universities" 3046:"The Harvard Guide: The Early History of Harvard University" 2995:

Philadelphia Gentlemen: The Making of a National Upper Class

1698:. University of Philadelphia University Press. p. 744. 225:

An earlier usage appeared in the African-American newspaper

4687:

A singular woman: the untold story of Barack Obama's mother

3957:

The Paradise Suite: Bobos in Paradise and On Paradise Drive

2429:

Irish on the Inside: In Search of the Soul of Irish America

2022: 2020: 2018: 1636: – Grouping Americans by some measure of social status 1036:, WASPs developed a style of understated quiet leadership. 2165: 2163: 1630: – Modern, widespread subculture in the United States 962:, which has traditionally been dominated by WASP families. 5800:

loss of control of Middletown, Connecticut in late 1930s.

4359:. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 242–3. 3144:. New York, New York: Columbia University Press. p. 2452:

Gibbons, Luke; Hopper, Keith; Humphreys, Gráinne (2002).

1965:"The decline of the WASP in the United States and Canada" 695:, all were founded by mainline Protestant denominations. 639:

was primarily white and Protestant into the 20th century.

145:

says the term is "sometimes disparaging and offensive".

5399:

High society : the history of America's upper class

1597: – Socially prominent families in colonial Virginia 1174:

as well as southern and eastern Europe—came to dominate

5293:

Philadelphia Gentlemen: The Making of a New Upper Class

4396:

Sharing the Dream: White Males in Multicultural America

2922:"Ethnic Family Differences in Adolescent Substance Use" 2636:

Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis

2075:

Ludowyk, Frederick; Moore, Bruce, eds. (2007). "WASP".

1662: