Wa (name of Japan)

2088: 3081:

the additional title was granted of Peacekeeper-General of the East; Overseer of All Military Affairs in the Six Countries of Wa, Silla, Imna, Gaya, Jin-han and Mok-han. ... Sai died, his crown prince Kou sends tribute... In Kou dies, his younger brother Bu comes to power, self-proclaiming himself as Peacekeeper-General of the East; Overser of All Military Affairs in the Seven Countries of Wa, Baekje, Silla, Imna, Gaya, Jin-han and Mok-han. ... In offered a letter saying, "Our landed country is far, forming a vassalage far away, we have had no comfort since we had to arm ourselves with helmet and armor and trek across mountains and streams. ... "

4767: 2638: 3588:, an embassy came to the Court to offer congratulations on the conquest of Koguryŏ. Around this time, the Japanese who had studied Chinese came to dislike the name Wa and changed it to Nippon. According to the words of the envoy himself, that name was chosen because the country was so close to where the sun rises. Some say, that Japan was a small country which had been subjugated by the Wa, and that the latter took over its name. As this envoy was not truthful, doubt still remains. was, besides, boastful, and he said that the domains of his country were many thousands of square 2380: 2031:倭 "Japanese" means "little person; dwarf", while most Chinese-Chinese definitions overlook the graphic slur with Δ type "ancient name for Japan" definitions. This demeaning A "dwarf" description is found more often in Occidental language dictionaries than in Oriental ones. The historically more accurate, and ethnically less insulting, "subservient; compliant" B type is limited to Chinese-Japanese and Chinese-German dictionaries. The Γ type " 2392: 2114: 2153: 51: 3418: 3072:里. The fact that he is loyal, though so far away, deserves appreciation. Let him, therefore, be granted rank and title." … In Ts'an died and his brother, Chen , came to power, the latter sent an envoy to the Court with tribute. Self-proclaiming as King of Wa, Overseer of All Military Affairs in the Six Countries of Wa, Baekje, Silla, Imna, Jin-han and Mok-han; and 1805:倭 to illustrate lexicographical problems with defining ethnically offensive words. In modern dictionaries, this corpus of monolingual and bilingual Chinese dictionaries includes 29 Chinese-Chinese, 17 Chinese-English, 13 Chinese to other Western Languages, and 33 Chinese-Japanese dictionaries. To analyze how Chinese dictionaries deal with the belittling origins of 989: 161: 3413:"Wono no Imoko, the Envoy who visited China, (proposed to) alter this term into Nippon, but the Sui Emperor ignored his reasons and would not allow it. The term Nippon was first used in the period 618–626." Another Chinese authority gives 670 as the date when Nippon began to be officially used in China. 3109:

Wang Jianqun (王健群), pointed out that Wa's frequent requests for recognition undermine credence to their claim; many of their self-proclaimed titles were rejected and they were given a lower grade title. Noh Jungkuk (노중국) further pointed out many of the Wa requests seem to originate from a monarch who

3100:

kings were desperate for their political legitimization from the Chinese emperors, asking for confirmation of titles every time the throne was succeeded. Liu Song itself has not recognized Japan's exaggerated claims over Baekje, as it had already had diplomatic ties with and in 420 already recognized

3080:

requesting that these titles be formally confirmed. An imperial edict was issued King of Wa and Peacekeeper-General of the East. … In the twentieth year , Sai , King of Wa, sent an envoy with tribute and was reaffirmed as King of Wa; and Peacekeeper-General of the East. In the twenty-eighth year ,

3672:

If Kokuryo could not destroy Baekje itself, it wished for someone else to do so. Thus, in another sense, the inscription may have been wishful thinking. At any rate, Wae denoted both the southern Koreans and people who lived on the southwest Japanese islands, the same Kaya people who had ruled both

3331:

in the land where the sun rises addresses a letter to the Son of Heaven in the land where the sun sets. We hope you are in good health." When the Emperor saw this letter, he was displeased and told the chief official of foreign affairs that this letter from the barbarians was discourteous, and that

3105:

as the Grand Suppressor-General of the East (鎮東大將軍). Liu Song recognized the emperors as the self-proclaimed title Kings of Wa but refused to recognize them by their likewise self-proclaimed title of 安東大將軍, which is a position in Grade 2 (二品) in the Liu Song hierarchy, but instead as a grade lower,

2826:

Men great and small, all tattoo their faces and decorate their bodies with designs. From olden times envoys who visited the Chinese Court called themselves "grandees". A son of the ruler Shao-k'ang of Hsia, when he was enfeoffed as lord of K'uai-chi, cut his hair and decorated his body with designs

2237:

Wo diplomats never called on China on a regular basis. A chronology of Japan–China relations from the first to the ninth centuries reveals this irregularity in the visits of Japanese ambassadors to China. There were periods of frequent contacts as well as of lengthy intervals between contacts. This

1883:

From a theoretical standpoint, A "dwarf" or B "submissive" type definitions are preferable for providing accurate etymological information, even though it may be deemed offensive. It is no transgression for an abridged Chinese dictionary to give a short Δ "Japan" definition, but adding "an old name

2983:

away to the south of the queen's land, the dwarf's country is reached; its inhabitants are three to four feet in height. After a year's voyage by ship to the southeast of the dwarf's country, one comes to the land of naked men and also to the country of black-teethed people; here our communication

3388:

The Emperor of the East respectfully addresses the Emperor of the West. Your Envoy, P'ei Shih-ch'ing, Official Entertainer of the Department of foreign receptions, and his suite, having arrived here, my long-harbored cares were dissolved. This last month of autumn is somewhat chilly. How is Your

2266:

court (502–557) in 502. When these ambassadors arrived in China, they acquired official titles, bronze mirrors, and military banners, which their masters could use to bolster their claims to political supremacy, to build a military system, and to attempt to expand its influence towards southern

2958:

The Wa dwell on mountainous islands southeast of Tai-fang in the middle of the ocean, forming more than one hundred communities. From the time of the overthrow of Chao-hsien by Emperor Wu (B.C. 140-87), nearly thirty of these communities have held intercourse with the Han court by envoys or

2686:

The people of Wa dwell in the middle of the ocean on the mountainous islands southeast of of Tai-fang. They formerly comprised more than one hundred communities. During the Han dynasty, appeared at the Court; today, thirty of their communities maintain intercourse through envoys and

3345:

also records these imperial envoys of 607 and 608, but with a differing Sino-Japanese historical perspective. It records more details, such as naming the envoy Imoko Wono no Omi and translator Kuratsukuri no Fukuri, but not the offensive Chinese translation. According to the

2547:

During the Zhou time there was universal peace. The offered white pheasants to the court, the odoriferous plants. Since by eating these white pheasants or odoriferous plants one cannot keep free from evil influences, why should vessels like bronze tripods have such a

2035:" notation occurs most often among Japanese and European language dictionaries. The least edifying Δ "(old name for) Japan" type definitions are found twice more often in Chinese-Chinese than in Chinese-Japanese dictionaries, and three times more than in Western ones. 2234:, a Chinese commandery established in northern Korea in 108 B.C. by the Western Han court, they sought to benefit themselves by initiating contact. In A.D. 57, the first Wo ambassador arrived at the capital of the Eastern Han court (25–220); the second came in 107. 2253:, the female successor to Himiko, contacted the Wei court only once. The fourth century was another quiet period in China–Wo relations except for the Wo delegation dispatched to the Western Jin court (265–316) in 306. With the arrival of a Wo ambassador at the 3004:. This country is located in the southern extremity of the Wa country. Kuang-wu bestowed on him a seal. In ... , during the reign of An-ti (107-125), the King of Wa presented one hundred sixty slaves, making at the same time a request for an imperial audience. 2827:

in order to avoid the attack of serpents and dragons. The Wa, who are fond of diving into the water to get fish and shells, also decorated their bodies in order to keep away large fish and waterfowl. Later, the designs became merely ornamental.

3291:

away by water and land. The people dwell on mountainous islands. During the Wei dynasty, over thirty countries , each of which boasted a king, held intercourse with China. These barbarians do not know how to measure distance by

816:

semantically analyzes as: "bend down, bent, tortuous, crooked; fall down, throw down, throw away, send away, reject; send out, delegate – to bend like a 女 woman working with the 禾 grain." The oldest written forms of 倭 are in

2795: 2770:

to the east of the Queen's land, there are more countries of the same race as the people of Wa. To the south, also there is the island of the dwarfs where the people are three or four feet tall. This is over four thousand

2350:, which originated from a power struggle or political situation in the mid-2nd century CE. There were over 100 chiefdoms before the civil war. Afterward there were around 30 chiefdoms left that were ruled by shaman queen 3141:

would give out titles without being prompted, such as voluntarily entitling the King of Wa to what Baekje was already entitled by Liu Song in 420, the Grand Suppressor-General of the East (鎮東大將軍). In 502, the newborn

3350:, when Imoko returned from China, he apologized to Suiko for losing Yang's letter because Korean men "searched me and took it from me." When the Empress received Pei, he presented a proclamation contrasting Chinese 2257:

court (317–420) in 413, a new age of frequent diplomatic contact with China began. Over the next sixty years, ten Wo ambassadors called on the Southern Song court (420–479), and a Wo delegation also visited the

3296:

and estimate it by days. Their domain is five months' journey from east to west, and three months' from north to south; and the sea lies on all sides. The land is high in the east and low in the west.

2300:

The Kingdom of Wa is also Japan . Its original name was Wa , but became ashamed of that name. They claim themselves Japan because they are in the extremity of the East. Now they are vassal to Goryeo.

2604:

Beyond Lo-lang in the sea, there are the people of Wo. They comprise more than one hundred communities. It is reported that they have maintained intercourse with China through tributaries and envoys.

3576:

distant from our capital, situated to the southeast of Silla in the middle of the ocean. It is five months' journey to cross Japan from east to west, and a three-month journey from south to north.

1840: 1047:'Japan', they realized its 'dwarf; bent back' connotation. In a sense, they had been tricked by Chinese logography; the only written name for 'Japan' was deprecating. The chosen replacement 3239:

speculates, "The present-day Japan is also said to be posterity of Tàibó of Wu; perhaps when Wu was destroyed, a collateral branch of the royal family disappeared at sea and became Wo.".

3068:. From generation to generation, carry out their duty of bringing tribute. the first Emperor said in a rescript: "Ts'an of Wa sends tribute from a distance of tens of thousands of 2775:

distant from the Queen's land. Then there is the land of the naked men, as well of the black-teethed people. These places can be reached by boat if one travels southeast for a year.

2979:, the country of Kunu ("Country of Dog-slaves") is reached, the people of which are of the same race as that of the Wa. They are not the queen's subjects, however. Four thousand 2674:(220–265 CE). The "Encounters with Eastern Barbarians" section describes the Wa people based upon detailed reports from Chinese envoys to Japan. It contains the first records of 694:

Since early Chinese information about Wo/Wa peoples was based largely on hearsay, Wang Zhenping says, "Little is certain about the Wo except they were obedient and complaisant."

644:'bent back' signifying 'compliant' bowing/obeisance. Bowing is noted in early historical references to Japan." Examples include "Respect is shown by squatting", and "they either 2241:

No Wo ambassador, for example, came to China during the second century. This interval continued well past the third century. Then within merely nine years, the female Wo ruler

1012:倭 "Japan", which they used to write "Wa" or "Yamato", was graphically pejorative in denoting 委 "bent down" 亻 "people". Around 757 CE, Japan officially changed its endonym from 1884:

for" or "archaic" takes no more space than adding a Γ "derogatory" note. A Δ definition avoids offending the Japanese, but misleads the dictionary user in the same way as the

701:

states that “Chinhan men and women are close to Wa (男女近倭)” the ethnonym for the contemporary inhabitants of the Japanese archipelago and like the Wa tattoo their bodies. The

1793:

In modern dictionaries, an article by Michael Carr "compares how Oriental and Occidental lexicographers have treated the fact that Japan's first written name was a Chinese

3592:

and extended to the ocean on the south and on the west. In the northeast, he said, the country was bordered by mountain ranges beyond which lay the land of the hairy men.

3992: 5130: 746:

Chinese character that had some offensive connotation, possibly "submissive, docile, obedient", "bowing; bent over", or "short person; dwarf" in modern times.

2888: 2971:

clearly reveals that the latter is derivative. Their respective accounts of the dwarf, naked, and black-teethed peoples provide another example of copying.

3016:, usually translated "Han King of the Wa country Nu". Although the name of the King of Wa in 107 CE does not appear in the above translation, his name is 2954:

dynasty (25–220 CE), but was not compiled until two centuries later. The 'Wa people' are included under the "Encounters with Eastern Barbarians" section.

2435:

The State of Gai is south of Great Yan and north of Wo. Wo belongs to Yan. Chaoxian is east of Lieyang, south of Haibei Mountain. Lieyang belongs to Yan.

3089:

and fiercely competing for legitimacy themselves, and so were eager to accept as many foreign countries and land as many foreign monarchs as possible.

2119: 2087: 4703: 1864:

1964) include usage labels such as "derogatory," "disparaging," "offensive," or "contemptuous". Some Γ notations are restricted to subentries like "

4670: 2238:

irregularity clearly indicated that, in its diplomacy with China, Japan set its own agenda and acted on self-interest to satisfy its own needs.

5145: 743: 4687: 4533: 4483: 4693: 3190:

The Wa say of themselves that they are posterity of Tàibó. According to custom, the people are all tattooed. Their territory is over 12,000

3146:

would make similar celebratory gestures, giving out titles such as Conqueror-General of the East (征東將軍) to the King of Wa, while entitling

2413:. The actual date of this collection of geography and mythological legends is uncertain, but estimates range from 300 BCE to 250 CE. The 454: 5135: 2627:, "probably to refer to the inhabitants of Kyushu and the Korean peninsula. Thereafter to the inhabitants of the Japanese archipelago." 2170: 709:, stating that “their country is close to Wa, therefore they frequently have tattoos.” Wa like toponyms have been found in Byeonhan and 68: 5140: 1039:

Graphic replacement of the 倭 "dwarf Japanese" Chinese logograph became inevitable. Not long after the Japanese began using 倭 to write

691:

as "submissive people" and the "Country of Dwarfs" legend as evidence that the "little people" etymology was a secondary development.

4017: 4800: 4594: 4576: 4559: 2192: 2101:, depicting envoys visiting the Tang emperor. From left to right, ambassadors from Wa, Silla, and Baekje. Wa is represented here by 1055:

pronunciation as 倭 'dwarf', and - most importantly - it was semantically flattering. The notion that Japanese culture is based upon

134: 3086: 115: 2916:. Researchers have noted cultural similarities between the ancient Wu state and Wō Japan including ritual tooth-pulling, back 2909: 2174: 1404: 1292: 356: 286: 87: 72: 2959:

scribes. Each community has its king, whose office is hereditary. The King of Great Wa resides in the country of Yamadai .

2666: 2249:

court (220–265) in 238, 243, 245, and 247, respectively. After the death of Himiko, diplomatic contact with China slowed.

1344: 3681:

were from the archipelago," write Lewis and Sesay, "but we as yet have no conclusive evidence concerning their origins."

3133:

In 479, as a celebratory gesture and to establish legitimacy through the diplomatic position as granter of titles in the

1900:

The table below (Carr 1992:31, "Table 8. Overall Comparison of Definitions") summarizes how Chinese dictionaries define

94: 3127: 2637: 2329: 780: 1872:最新實用和英辭典 1971). Delta (Δ) "Japanese" is the least informative type of gloss; for instance, "an old name for Japan" ( 1838:劉氏漢英辭典 1978) and more sophisticated semantic distinctions like "(1) A dwarf. (2) Formerly, used to refer to Japan" ( 3110:

does not even know the situation of the places he claims to rule. He asks for redundant recognition of command over

1559:倭 "Japan; Japanese" is more productive than the first two, as evident in Chinese names for "Japanese" things (e.g., 558:

remain uncertain, Chinese historical texts recorded an ancient people residing in the Japanese archipelago (perhaps

1250: 3213: 101: 3231: 2317: 1068: 2464:), and that Wa ("Japan was first known by this name.") maintained a "possible tributary relationship" with Yan. 3714: 3496: 2070:倭奴 "(used in ancient times) the Japanese; (in modern usage, derogatively) the Japs". The latter lists Japanese 1100: 758: 83: 30:

This article is about the ancient name of Japan. For the Japanese concept usually translated as harmony, see

5120: 4507: 3280: 2163: 636: – 249 BCE). "Conceivably, when Chinese first met Japanese," Carr suggests "they transcribed 512:; 'submissive'', ' 'distant'', ' 'dwarf' to refer to the various inhabitants of the 61: 5125: 5089: 4933: 2384: 2076: 1271: 1103: 517: 293: 270: 1418: 370: 4957: 4952: 4793: 2211: 2206: 2131: 702: 31: 2309: 4071:

Whitman, J. Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan.

3118:

which probably describe the same area; he proclaims rulership of Mok-han, which had been annexed into

4772: 3631: 3336:

In 608, the Emperor dispatched Pei Ching as envoy to Wa, and he returned with a Japanese delegation.

2811: 2803: 2563: 1746: 1571: 1478: 1091: 706: 513: 430: 3182:

without a 'people' or 'country' suffix, under the "Eastern Barbarians" section, and begins with the

4978: 3722: 3309: 3147: 2951: 2305: 598:"Japanese" into variations on two etymologies: "behaviorally 'submissive' or physically 'short' ". 575: 4653: 3287:

Wa-kuo is situated in the middle of the great ocean southeast of Baekje and Silla, three thousand

1879:

Carr evaluates these four typologies for defining the Chinese 倭 "bent people" graphic pejoration.

1330: 966:) "beautiful" (In this word's case, the phonemic segments are identical, but the tonemes differ.) 4674: 3446: 3130:. This is also redundant alongside laying claim to Silla (traditionally a bitter enemy with Wa). 3123: 2730: 2616: 1762: 1599: 826: 718: 710: 2050:) segment of Unicode largely draws definitions from two online dictionary projects, the Chinese 2042:

universal character standard reflects inherent lexicographic problems with this ancient Chinese

3150:

to Grand Conqueror-General of the East (征東大將軍) the same year, unaware that both have deceased.

5115: 4683: 4590: 4572: 4555: 4529: 4479: 3702: 3487: 3199: 2783:

passage records that in 238 CE the Queen of Wa sent officials with tribute to the Wei emperor

2759: 2695:

context describes sailing from Korea to Wa and around the Japanese archipelago. For instance:

2612: 2608: 2231: 1834:

For example, Alpha (A) type includes both overt definitions like "The land of dwarfs; Japan" (

1777: 1514: 1119: 822: 813: 714: 626: 525: 506: 476: 165: 108: 2596:

dynasty (206 BCE – 24 CE) period. Near the conclusion of the Yan entry in the

5067: 4829: 4786: 4724: 3698: 3665: 3661: 3627: 3554: 3514: 3115: 3102: 3037: 2901: 2529: 2428: 2379: 2321: 2223: 1194: 1171: 1111: 1076: 841: 235: 204: 39: 3128:

whose constituents had been individually annexed into Silla between 200 and 400 years prior

675:臥 "lie down; crouch; sit (animals and birds)". Early Chinese dynastic histories refer to a 546:, 'harmony', 'peace', 'balance' instead due to the offensive nature of the former. 4928: 4913: 4897: 2975:

Leaving the queen's land and crossing the sea to the east, after a voyage of one thousand

2346: 1750: 495: 472: 4752: 4604: 2912:

has a section titled "Wu Taibo's Noble Family", and his shrine is located in present-day

1229: 3230:"say; speak; call", "They call themselves the posterity of Tàibó ". The 1084 CE Chinese 3008:

Tsunoda notes support for the Hakata location of Nu/Na country in the 1784 discovery at

2863:, '5th-rank courtier', 'head of administrative department', 'grand tutor'. (The 2841:; 'great man'', ' 'senior official'', ' 'statesman' (cf. modern 2262:

court (479–502) in 479. The sixth century saw only one Wo ambassador pay respect to the

4918: 4633:

Ambassadors from the Islands of Immortals: China-Japan Relations in the Han-Tang Period

3737: 3436: 3235: 3077: 2788: 2679: 2325: 2313: 2047: 1810: 1801:倭 'short/submissive people' insult." It evaluates 92 dictionary definitions of Chinese 1641: 1583: 684: 680: 487: 468: 263: 256: 753:

and appears to have been the Korean word for "Japanese" and was attested as 예〯 yěy in

5109: 5060: 5023: 4993: 4659: 4337: 3758: 3395: 3328: 3305: 3167: 3143: 3041: 2917: 2755: 2537: 2409: 2263: 1525:倭遲 "winding; sinuous; circuitous; meandering", which has numerous variants including 1264: 1130: 754: 629:(倭又人名魯宣公名倭), 倭 was the name of King Tuyen (魯宣公) of Lu (Chinese: 魯國; pinyin: Lǔ Guó, 603: 2851:; 'physician'', ' 'doctor''), which mistranslates Japanese imperial 2484:; 'Discourses Weighed in the Balance') is a compendium of essays written by 2391: 5094: 4983: 4866: 4525:

Himiko and Japan's elusive chiefdom of Yamatai: archaeology, history, and mythology

3465: 2533: 2106: 1320: 1201: 242: 4624: 3548:; 'inelegant'', ' 'coarse', or Japan was once a small part of old 3365:, Suiko gave Pei a different version of the imperial letter, contrasting Japanese 761:

quality is unknown along with the differing phonetic value of the first syllable.

559: 4715: 4584: 4566: 4549: 4523: 4473: 3660:. Some scholars interpret these references to mean not only 'Japanese' but also ' 2600:地理志 ("Treatise on Geography") section, it records that " encompassed over 100 ". 2566:(r. 51–7 BCE) was presented tributes of Vietnamese pheasants and Japanese herbs. 2304:

This could be referring to the numerous tributary missions sent to Goryeo by the

5013: 4876: 3673:

regions in ancient times. Wae did not denote Japan alone, as was the case later.

3512:. This linguistic change is recorded in two official Tang histories. The 945 CE 3369: 3354: 3316: 3256: 3138: 2942: 2893: 2819: 2450: 2259: 2254: 2152: 2113: 1725: 1664: 1619: 1552: 1005: 981: 950: 924: 911: 898: 885: 872: 859: 855: 818: 698: 279: 50: 3417: 2222:

The historian Wang Zhenping summarizes Wa contacts from the Han dynasty to the

617:"obedient/submissive", graphically explains the "person; human' radical with a 582:

s etymology ranging from a transcription of the Japanese first-person pronouns

453: 5084: 5038: 5008: 4839: 4762: 3134: 3009: 2905: 2593: 2494:–80 CE, on subjects including philosophy, religion, and the natural sciences. 2485: 1691: 1243: 1032: 963: 750: 4709: 2703:

to the south, one reaches the country of Nu, the official of which is called

17: 5033: 5028: 4923: 4859: 4844: 4834: 4671:"Queen Himiko as Recorded in the Wei Chronicle. A Protohistoric Yayoi Ruler" 3162: 2900:, that " people call themselves posterity of Tàibó". Taibo was the uncle of 2815: 2525: 1609: 1285: 1059:和 'harmony' has become an article of faith among Japanese and Japanologists. 777: 529: 521: 35: 4778: 4743:, Chinese text and Japanese translations of Chinese historical accounts of 3122:

100 years prior, rendering the Wa claim redundant; and proclaims rule over

3017: 2882: 888:) "wilt; wither; atrophy; tire, grow weary; (metaphorically) decline, fade" 679:侏儒國 "pygmy/dwarf country" located south of Japan, associated with possibly 3399:

history that this 607 Japanese mission to China first objected to writing

2514:; '"Exaggerations of the Literati"' mentions both 'Wa people' and 2316:, which originally had the better claim to legitimacy as it possessed the 970:

A third pronunciation is found in the reading of the following character:

532:

connotation. In the 8th century, the Japanese started using the character

4988: 4881: 4854: 4849: 4814: 4625:

Japan in the Chinese dynastic histories: Later Han through Ming dynasties

3635: 3171: 3065: 3053: 3044:

period. Under the "Eastern and Southern Barbarians" section, right after

3032: 2135: 1862:

A Beginner's Chinese-English Dictionary of the National Language (Gwoyeu)

1742: 1531: 1306: 1215: 1124: 791: 491: 3206:

Later texts repeat this myth of Japanese descent from Taibo. The 648 CE

2369:. Himiko restored peace and gained control of the region around 180 CE. 5003: 4998: 4809: 3568:

heading for Japan under the "Eastern Barbarians", gives more details.

3341: 3251: 3208: 3195: 2784: 2675: 2671: 2584: 2476: 2356: 2246: 2177: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2039: 1327: 729: 722: 578:. In modern Chinese dictionaries, Carr surveys prevalent proposals for 4628:. Goodrich, Carrington C., ed. South Pasadena: P. D. and Ione Perkins. 3227: 3220: 1020: 977: 959: 946: 920: 907: 894: 881: 868: 851: 809: 802: 787: 774: 770: 614: 611: 594:

as 倭 implying "dwarf barbarians", and summarizes interpretations for *

535: 5043: 5018: 4871: 4740: 3754: 3706: 3653: 3432: 3422: 3276: 3268: 3267:

is entered under "Eastern Barbarians", and said to be located off of

3175: 3119: 3045: 2921: 2799: 2751: 2726: 2423:; 'Classic of Regions Within the North Sea' chapter includes 2351: 2341: 2332:

to gain legitimacy over their rivals, even into the Joseon dynasty.)

2278:

In the section on the Goryeo kingdom, within the sixth volume of his

2250: 2242: 2216: 2102: 2051: 1629: 1367: 736: 645: 601:

The first "submissive; obedient" explanation began with the (121 CE)

311: 3638:(r. 391–413 CE). This memorial stele, which has the oldest usage of 3361:倭王 'Wa king', "The Emperor greets the King of Wa." According to the 2288:; 'Depicted Records of Things Seen and Heard'—also known as 988: 160: 4704:

The Relatedness between the Origin of Japanese and Korean Ethnicity

3064:

The country of Wa is in the midst of the great ocean, southeast of

3000:, the Wa country Nu sent an envoy with tribute who called himself 2992:

account of Japan contains some historical details not found in the

2794: 2427:

among foreign places both real (such as Korea) and legendary (e.g.

2312:

to gain international recognition to establish legitimacy over the

2027:

Today, half of the Western language dictionaries note that Chinese

3657: 3640: 3416: 3272: 3183: 2793: 2636: 2390: 2378: 2112: 2086: 2055: 1578: 1441: 1381: 1142: 1136: 1081: 987: 452: 393: 325: 4466:

Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697.

3096:

gives details Japan visiting Liu Song often, indicating that the

2383:

The golden seal said to have been granted to the 'King of Wa' by

1023:"harmony; peace; sum; total". This replacement Chinese character 268: 3320: 3111: 3060:

as a 'people', this Song history describes them as a "country".

2913: 2886:

is no longer extant, but some sections are quoted in the 429 CE

1455: 648:. This is the way they show respect.". Koji Nakayama interprets 407: 40:

Japanese grammar § Topic, theme, and subject: は wa and が ga

4782: 717:

speaking populations who were albeit grouped together with the

3761:

are mythological or legendary, and as such are not considered.

2230:

When chieftains of various Wo tribes contacted authorities at

2146: 652:逶 "winding" as "very far away" and euphemistically translates 44: 3536:, giving three explanations: Nippon is an alternate name for 2904:, who ceded the throne to his nephew and founded the ancient 2750:; 'dog slave country' , which is identified with the 2543:

possessed magical power to ward off evil spirits, Wang says:

1809:, Carr divides definitions into four types, abbreviated with 1349: 1335: 3085:

It should be noted, this period in Chinese history was when

1539:倭遲 "winding; serpentine; tortuous" road; compare (18) using 4078:, 149–158 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0 3332:

such a letter should not again be brought to his attention.

3056:. In contrast with the earlier histories that describe the 4642:, revised and enlarged ed. Harvard University Asia Center. 2562:; '"Restoring the Nation"' similarly records that 3731: 3725: 2066:倭寇 "(in ancient usage) the dwarf-pirates; the Japs", and 1844:

1972). Beta (B) "compliant; Japanese" is illustrated by "

1780: 1771: 1765: 1311: 1297: 663:倭 meaning "dwarf; short person" has possible cognates in 291: 4568:

Korea and Globalization: Politics, Economics and Culture

3076:

Peacekeeper-General of the East (安東大將軍). He presented a

2920:, and tattooing (represented with red paint on Japanese 2399:; 'King of the Na state of the Wa vassal of Han' 1563:倭寇 "Japanese pirates" above) or "dwarf; pygmy" animals. 1551:倭墮髻 "a woman's hairstyle with a bun, popular during the 1513:"Japan". The first two pronunciations are restricted to 1255: 3740: 2791:

with the official title "Queen of Wa Friendly to Wei".

1854:

Praktisches zeichenlexikon chinesisch-deutsch-japanisch

1841:

Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage

4234:

28B, tr. Otake Takeo (小竹武夫), cited by Nakagawa 2003:50

3501: 3425:) is depicted below the island of "Japanese country" ( 2858: 2787:, who reciprocated with lavish gifts including a gold 2711:. Here there are more than twenty thousand households. 1483: 1008:

Japanese scholars believed that Chinese character for

541: 435: 183: 4508:

Lun-hêng, Part 1, Philosophical Essays of Wang Ch'ung

4269: 4267: 3572:

Japan in former times was called Wa-nu. It is 14,000

1234: 1220: 1206: 1075:和 "Japan", excepting a few historical terms like the 687:. Carr cites the historical precedence of construing 247: 177: 2205:

The earliest textual references to Japan are in the

1423: 1409: 566:, transcribed with Chinese character 倭, pronounced * 375: 361: 5077: 5052: 4968: 4942: 4906: 4890: 4822: 3389:

Majesty? We trust well. We are in our usual health.

2536:. While disputing legends that ancient Zhou bronze 1477: 1472: 1454: 1440: 1435: 1417: 1403: 1398: 1380: 1366: 1361: 1343: 1326: 1319: 1305: 1291: 1284: 1276: 1270: 1263: 1249: 1242: 1228: 1214: 1200: 1193: 1188: 1170: 1165: 1156: 429: 424: 406: 392: 387: 369: 355: 350: 338: 324: 310: 305: 285: 278: 262: 255: 241: 234: 229: 217: 203: 198: 149: 75:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3785:Thirty is the number of chiefdoms ruled by Himiko. 3106:as Grade 3 (三品) Peacekeeper-General of the East. 3036:("Book of Song") covers the brief history of the 1689:In Japanese, the Chinese character 倭 has Sinitic 1529:逶迤 and 委蛇. The oldest recorded usage of 倭 is the 713:confederacies, hinting at a possible presence of 38:. For the noun particle in Japanese grammar, see 4516:Analytic Dictionary of Chinese and Sino-Japanese 4131: 4129: 3312:. Her official message is quoted using the word 3308:) sent an envoy, Buddhist monks, and tribute to 3166:梁書 "Book of Liang", which covers history of the 2963:Comparing the opening descriptions of Wa in the 4727:, Chinese text and Japanese translation of the 4716:Japan in Chinese and Japanese Historic Accounts 4676:Paekche of Korea and the Origin of Yamato Japan 4589:. Mythological Essays. Vol. 2. iUniverse. 4498:Carr, Michael. 1992. "Wa 倭 Wa 和 Lexicography," 3596:Subsequent Chinese histories refer to Japan as 3304:records that "King Tarishihoko" (a mistake for 3528:. The "Eastern Barbarians" section lists both 3440: 3426: 2852: 2362: 1868:倭奴 (in modern usage, derogatively) the Japs" ( 1501:In Chinese, the character 倭 can be pronounced 1460: 1446: 995: 533: 412: 398: 4794: 4475:The Cambridge History of Japan: Ancient Japan 4472:Brown, Delmer M.; Hall, John Whitney (1993). 3776:"Over a hundred" could mean uncountably many. 3404: 2664:; 'Records of Wei', the first of the 1856:(1983). Gamma (Γ) "type definitions such as " 1176: 646:squat or kneel, with both hands on the ground 209: 188: 8: 3087:China was split roughly into North and South 2889:Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms 1592:倭瓜 (lit. "Japanese melon") "pumpkin; squash" 1543:委佗 "compliant; bending, pliable; graceful". 1386: 1372: 1031:禾 "grain" phonetic (also seen in 倭) and the 667:矮 "short (of stature); midget, dwarf; low", 330: 316: 4551:Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix 3518:(199A) has the oldest Chinese reference to 3255:("Book of Sui") records the history of the 3216:(266–420 CE) uses a different "call" verb, 1663:(Edwin G. Pulleyblank). Reconstructions in 516:, although it might have been just used to 4801: 4787: 4779: 3618:The earliest Korean reference to Japanese 2395:Transcription of the seal. The seal reads 2215:, Japan is mentioned among the so-called ' 1469: 1395: 1185: 984:) "dwarf, short of stature; low; inferior" 421: 347: 226: 159: 4171: 4159: 4135: 2461: 2193:Learn how and when to remove this message 2120:Portraits of Periodical Offering of Liang 1051:和 'harmony; peace' had the same Japanese 135:Learn how and when to remove this message 3993:“The Search for the Language of Yamatai” 3202:, though at an extremely great distance. 3052:country", and is said to be located off 2682:, and other Japanese historical topics. 2532:frontier, presenting tribute during the 1906: 621:委 "bent" phonetic, and quotes the above 176:, formed by the "person" radical 亻and a 4565:Lewis, James B. and Amadu Sesay. 2002. 3984: 3793: 3769: 3690: 3012:of a gold seal bearing the inscription 2209:. Within the official Chinese dynastic 2080:倭人 "(an old word for) a Japanese", and 2046:倭 "Japan" affront. The Unihan (Unified 939:委 phonetic element is also present in: 528:ethnonym with a respectively differing 4522:Kidder, Jonathan Edward (March 2007). 4338:"宋書 : 卷九十七列傳第五十七夷蠻 - 中國哲學書電子化計劃" 4195: 4183: 4147: 3580:Regarding the change in autonyms, the 3198:. It is located approximately east of 1153: 146: 4500:International Journal of Lexicography 3170:(502–557), records the Buddhist monk 3020:(帥升) according to the original text. 769:The Chinese character 倭 combines the 656:倭 as "separated from the continent." 554:Although the etymological origins of 7: 5131:Former countries in Japanese history 3801:倭國乃日本國也，本名倭旣恥其名。又自以在極東因號日本也。今則臣屬高麗也。 3677:"It is generally thought that these 3421:The island of "Wa" (probably modern 3384:) instead of using "Son of Heaven". 3259:(581–618) when China was reunified. 2725:; 'slave country', Japanese 2175:adding citations to reliable sources 953:) "strain; sprain (sinew or muscle)" 914:) "shirk; shift blame (onto others)" 821:, and it has not been identified in 505:Chinese and Korean scribes used the 73:adding citations to reliable sources 3845:倭人在帯方東南大海之中依山爲國邑舊百餘國漢時有朝見者今使早譯所通三十國 3656:in their battles with Goguryeo and 3468:. Japanese scribes coined the name 2867:records that the envoy Imoko was a 2524:, a people in the southern part of 735:倭 "Japan" derives from the Chinese 671:踒 "strain; sprain; bent legs", and 3944:日本古倭奴也去京師萬四千里直新羅東南在海中島而居東西五月行南北三月行 3449:, a 16th-century Chinese world map 832:Most characters written with this 34:. For the Japanese character, see 25: 3460:The custom of writing "Japan" as 2762:in southern Kyushu. Beyond that: 1140:和紙 "traditional Japanese paper", 875:) "serpentine; winding, curving" 4765: 3997:Japanese Language and Literature 3445:) on the right-hand side of the 3174:'s trip to Wa and the legendary 2151: 1723:"winding; obedient", and native 1636:Reconstructed pronunciations of 1095:dictionary. In marked contrast, 705:identifies this as a feature of 49: 4682:. Seoul: Kudara International. 4468:Charles E. Tuttle reprint 1972. 3911:倭者自云太伯之後俗皆文身去帶方萬二千餘里大抵在會稽之東相去絶遠 3630:that was erected to honor King 2729:, was located near present-day 2162:needs additional citations for 1741:倭 "an old name for Japan" is a 1350: 1336: 1312: 1298: 1277: 1256: 935:倭 "Japan" pronunciation of the 292: 269: 60:needs additional citations for 4635:. University of Hawai'i Press. 4554:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 4528:. University of Hawaii Press. 4478:. Cambridge University Press. 3965: 3954: 3943: 3932: 3921: 3910: 3899: 3888: 3877: 3866: 3855: 3844: 3833: 3822: 3811: 3800: 3668:. For instance, Lee suggests: 3602: 3564: 3524: 3013: 2910:Records of the Grand Historian 2847: 2837: 2831:'Grandees' translates Chinese 2746: 2741: 2721: 2716: 2715:Tsunoda suggests this ancient 2660: 2655: 2558: 2553: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2481: 2445: 2440: 2439:Nakagawa notes that the label 2419: 2414: 2396: 2293: 2284: 2279: 2117:11th century Song copy of the 2097: 2092: 1870:Zuixin shiyong Han-Ying cidian 1484: 1424: 1410: 1235: 1221: 1207: 1177: 463: 436: 376: 362: 248: 210: 1: 5146:Tributaries of Imperial China 4656:, Unihan Database entry for 倭 3506: 3476: 3223:"say; call; name" instead of 3040:(420–479) during the chaotic 2935: 2875: 2707:, his assistant being termed 2667:Records of the Three Kingdoms 2649: 2577: 2488: 2454: 2403:Possibly the earliest use of 2330:would send tributes to Goryeo 2245:sent four ambassadors to the 2124: 1813:letters Alpha through Delta. 1668: 1645: 630: 499: 27:Oldest recorded name of Japan 4583:Metevelis, Peter J. (2002). 3741: 3732: 3726: 1781: 1772: 1766: 1672: 6th–3rd centuries BCE 1649: 6th–10th centuries CE 1134:和歌 "Japanese-style poetry", 1089:倭寇 "Japanese pirates"), and 1067:倭 "old name for Japan" is a 625:poem. According to the 1716 607:dictionary. It defines 倭 as 4660:English translation of the 4638:Wilkinson, Endymion. 2000. 4622:Tsunoda Ryusaku, tr. 1951. 4020:人部: 倭：順皃。从人委聲。《詩》曰：「周道倭遟。」 3540:, or the Japanese disliked 3502: 3403:with the Chinese character 2859: 2810:Another passage relates Wa 2623:was used originally in the 2123:, depicting Wa tributaries 2058:. The former lists Chinese 1711:"an ancient hairstyle", or 1555:". The third pronunciation 1509:"an ancient hairstyle", or 1099:和 is a common adjective in 1063:In current Japanese usage, 542: 184: 178: 5162: 5136:Historical Chinese exonyms 4514:Karlgren, Bernhard. 1923. 4379:22, tr. Aston 1972 2:136–9 3999:(42.1), p. 10 of pp. 1-43. 3812:蓋國在鉅燕南倭北倭屬燕朝鮮在列陽東海北山南列陽屬燕 3212:("Book of Jin") about the 3126:, which was a confederacy 2874:A second Wei history, the 1737:"obey, obedient". Chinese 1128:和室 "Japanese-style room", 836:委 phonetic are pronounced 221:submissive, distant, dwarf 29: 5141:Chinese words and phrases 4759:from 15 Chinese histories 4640:Chinese History: a manual 4505:Forke, Alfred, tr. 1907. 3664:peoples' in the southern 3644:(倭寇, "Japanese pirates", 3626:in Korean) is the 414 CE 3597: 3559: 3545: 3519: 3491: 3441: 3427: 3405: 2853: 2842: 2832: 2802:statue, Kamiyasaku Tomb, 2449:refers to the kingdom of 2363: 2324:. (In the later war-torn 2318:imperial regalia of Japan 2285:Táng yánlìběn wáng huì tú 2098:Táng yánlìběn wáng huì tú 1820:Β = "compliant; Japanese" 1495: 1468: 1461: 1447: 1394: 1387: 1373: 1184: 1161: 1069:variant Chinese character 996: 798:phonetic element depicts 697:According to Whitman the 562:), named something like * 534: 509: 503: the 2nd century AD 458: 447: 420: 413: 399: 346: 331: 317: 225: 189: 158: 154: 4464:Aston, William G. 1924. 4433:145, tr. Tsunoda 1951:40 4424:145, tr. Tsunoda 1951:38 4207:12, tr. Nakagawa 2003:49 3955:後稍習夏音惡倭名更號日本使者自言國近日所出以為名 3933:倭國在百濟新羅東南水陸三千里於大海之中依山島而居 3393:Aston quotes the 797 CE 3178:. It refers to Japan as 2754:tribe that lived around 2670:, covers the history of 2611:established this Korean 1944:Β "compliant; Japanese" 901:) "paralysis; impotence" 659:The second etymology of 590:我 "I; oneself; thou" to 4969:Sites mentioned in the 4613:: A Japanese Connection 4603:Nakagawa Masako. 2003. 4579:OCLC 46908525 50074837. 3966:或雲日本乃小國為倭所並故冒其號使者不以情故疑焉 3486:with a more flattering 3372:'Japanese emperor' and 3281:Three Kingdoms of Korea 2552:Another chapter titled 2497:The chapter within the 2344:were documented in the 2290:Experiences in Painting 2138:, with explanatory text 1535:(162) description of a 749:倭理 is read as *YEli in 742:倭 "Japan, Japanese", a 486:is the oldest attested 84:"Wa" name of Japan 4934:Furuichi Kofun Cluster 4669:Hong, Wontack (1994). 4654:Unihan data for U+502D 4548:Lee, Kenneth B. 1997. 4388:tr. Aston 1972 2:137–8 4216:26, tr. Forke 1907:505 3675: 3652:as a military ally of 3594: 3578: 3450: 3415: 3391: 3376:皇帝 'emperor' (Chinese 3334: 3298: 3204: 3083: 3048:, Japan is listed as " 3006: 2986: 2961: 2829: 2807: 2777: 2740:to the south of Wa is 2713: 2689: 2645: 2615:in 108 BCE. Historian 2606: 2550: 2437: 2400: 2388: 2385:Emperor Guangwu of Han 2302: 2269: 2139: 2110: 2084:倭寇 "Japanese pirates." 1898: 1836:Liushi Han-Ying cidian 1146:和牛 "Japanese cattle". 1061: 1002: 480: 4958:Yamatai Kyushu Theory 4953:Yamatai Honshu Theory 4631:Wang Zhenping. 2005. 4617:Sino-Japanese Studies 4518:. Dover Reprint 1974. 4344:(in Chinese (Taiwan)) 4172:Brown & Hall 1993 4160:Brown & Hall 1993 4053:, tr. Tsunoda 1951:13 3670: 3586: 3570: 3420: 3411: 3386: 3325: 3285: 3188: 3062: 2998: 2973: 2956: 2824: 2797: 2764: 2697: 2684: 2640: 2602: 2545: 2433: 2394: 2382: 2298: 2228: 2212:Twenty-Four Histories 2207:Chinese classic texts 2143:Historical references 2132:Emperor Yuan of Liang 2116: 2090: 2062:倭 "Japanese; dwarf", 1896:without usage labels. 1881: 1817:Α = "dwarf; Japanese" 1655:(Bernhard Karlgren), 1037: 991: 456: 32:Wa (Japanese culture) 4773:Ancient Japan portal 4710:The Chronicles of Wa 4511:. Otto Harrassowitz. 4397:tr. Aston 1972 2:139 4041:, tr. Tsunoda 1951:2 3922:今日本又云吳太伯之後蓋吳亡其支庶入海為倭 3878:倭人在帯方東南大海之中依山爲國邑舊百餘國 3648:in Korean), records 3632:Gwanggaeto the Great 2814:with legendary King 2804:Fukushima Prefecture 2564:Emperor Cheng of Han 2171:improve this article 2038:Even the modern-day 1927:Α "dwarf; Japanese" 1747:East Asian languages 1682:(Dong Tonghe), and * 1572:Japanese lacquerware 1405:Revised Romanization 514:Japanese archipelago 357:Revised Romanization 69:improve this article 4979:Black tooth country 4361:tr. Tsunoda 1951:28 4300:tr. Tsunoda 1951:10 4291:tr. Tsunoda 1951:14 4252:tr. Tsunoda 1951:8) 3823:周時天下太平，越裳獻白雉，倭人貢鬯草。 3723:Eastern Han Chinese 3148:Dongseong of Baekje 3139:Southern Qi dynasty 2908:(585–473 BCE). The 2528:province, near the 2340:The Wa kingdoms on 2306:Muromachi shogunate 2074:倭 "ancient Japan", 1874:Xin Han-Ying cidian 576:Eastern Han Chinese 4949:Yamatai locations 4725:「三国志・魏志」巻３０　東夷伝・倭人 4327:tr. Tsunoda 1951:2 4318:tr. Tsunoda 1951:3 4309:tr. Tsunoda 1951:1 4273:tr. Tsunoda 1951:5 4261:tr. Tsunoda 1951:0 4243:Wilkinson 2000:726 4225:tr. Forke 1907:208 4162:, pp. 287–288 4123:Wang 2005:221–222. 3451: 3447:Sihai Huayi Zongtu 3431:, probably modern 2808: 2766:Over one thousand 2646: 2617:Endymion Wilkinson 2401: 2389: 2310:Nanboku-chō period 2217:Eastern barbarians 2140: 2111: 2109:settlers of Kyushu 2000:Total Dictionaries 1729:pronunciations of 1695:pronunciations of 1659:(Zhou Fagao), and 1600:pygmy hippopotamus 1517:bisyllabic words. 1003: 927:) "feed (animals)" 899:"sickness" radical 827:Oracle bone script 765:倭 and 和 characters 744:graphic pejorative 481: 5103: 5102: 4689:978-89-85567-02-2 4535:978-0-8248-3035-9 4485:978-0-521-22352-2 3606:and only mention 3510: 756–757 CE 3500: 3464:ended during the 3232:universal history 2948:Book of Later Han 2929:Book of Later Han 2879: 239–265 CE 2806:, 4th–6th century 2613:Lelang Commandery 2609:Emperor Wu of Han 2328:, various daimyo 2320:and the original 2273:Tuhua jianwen zhi 2203: 2202: 2195: 2128: 516–520 CE 2025: 2024: 1922:Chinese–Japanese 1860:Japanese" (e.g., 1778:Taiwanese Hokkien 1515:Classical Chinese 1499: 1498: 1491: 1490: 1431: 1430: 1419:McCune–Reischauer 1357: 1356: 1293:Yale Romanization 1195:Standard Mandarin 1120:Japanese clothing 1035:. Carr explains: 1033:"mouth" radical 口 823:Bronzeware script 814:Bernhard Karlgren 627:Kangxi Dictionary 586:我が "my; our" and 507:Chinese character 451: 450: 443: 442: 383: 382: 371:McCune–Reischauer 301: 300: 236:Standard Mandarin 166:Chinese character 145: 144: 137: 119: 16:(Redirected from 5153: 5068:Legend of Himiko 4830:Five kings of Wa 4803: 4796: 4789: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4751: 4739: 4723: 4718:, John A. Tucker 4700: 4698: 4692:. Archived from 4681: 4600: 4545: 4543: 4542: 4495: 4493: 4492: 4452: 4449: 4443: 4440: 4434: 4431: 4425: 4422: 4416: 4413: 4407: 4404: 4398: 4395: 4389: 4386: 4380: 4377: 4371: 4368: 4362: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4349: 4334: 4328: 4325: 4319: 4316: 4310: 4307: 4301: 4298: 4292: 4289: 4283: 4280: 4274: 4271: 4262: 4259: 4253: 4250: 4244: 4241: 4235: 4232: 4226: 4223: 4217: 4214: 4208: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4124: 4121: 4115: 4112: 4106: 4103: 4097: 4094: 4088: 4085: 4079: 4069: 4063: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4009: 4006: 4000: 3989: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3786: 3783: 3777: 3774: 3762: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3735: 3729: 3695: 3666:Korean Peninsula 3628:Gwanggaeto Stele 3614:Gwanggaeto Stele 3610:as an old name. 3604: 3599: 3566: 3561: 3555:New Book of Tang 3547: 3526: 3521: 3515:Old Book of Tang 3511: 3508: 3505: 3495: 3493: 3481: 3478: 3455:Old Book of Tang 3444: 3443: 3435:) and above the 3430: 3429: 3408: 3407: 3038:Liu Song dynasty 3015: 2940: 2937: 2902:King Wen of Zhou 2896:. He quotes the 2880: 2877: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2748: 2743: 2723: 2718: 2662: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2582: 2579: 2560: 2555: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2493: 2490: 2483: 2463: 2459: 2456: 2447: 2442: 2429:Penglai Mountain 2421: 2416: 2398: 2368: 2366: 2365: 2322:Emperor Go-daigo 2295: 2286: 2281: 2224:Sixteen Kingdoms 2198: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2178: 2155: 2147: 2130:at the court of 2129: 2126: 2099: 2094: 2091:The 6th century 1916:Chinese–English 1913:Chinese–Chinese 1910:Definition Type 1907: 1784: 1775: 1769: 1673: 1670: 1650: 1647: 1630:pygmy chimpanzee 1487: 1486: 1470: 1464: 1463: 1450: 1449: 1427: 1426: 1413: 1412: 1396: 1390: 1389: 1376: 1375: 1353: 1352: 1339: 1338: 1315: 1314: 1301: 1300: 1280: 1279: 1259: 1258: 1238: 1237: 1224: 1223: 1210: 1209: 1186: 1180: 1179: 1154: 1112:Japanese cuisine 1077:Five kings of Wa 1001: 999: 998: 912:"speech" radical 873:"motion" radical 842:Standard Chinese 635: 632: 545: 539: 538: 511: 504: 501: 465: 460: 439: 438: 422: 416: 415: 402: 401: 379: 378: 365: 364: 348: 334: 333: 320: 319: 297: 296: 295: 274: 273: 272: 251: 250: 227: 213: 212: 193:phonetic element 192: 191: 187: 181: 163: 147: 140: 133: 129: 126: 120: 118: 77: 53: 45: 21: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5151: 5150: 5106: 5105: 5104: 5099: 5073: 5048: 4964: 4938: 4929:Inariyama Kofun 4914:Hashihaka Kofun 4902: 4898:Civil War of Wa 4886: 4818: 4807: 4771: 4766: 4764: 4749: 4737: 4721: 4712:, Wesley Injerd 4696: 4690: 4679: 4668: 4665:, Koji Nakayama 4650: 4645: 4597: 4586:Myth in History 4582: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4521: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4471: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4432: 4428: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4370:Tsunoda 1951:32 4369: 4365: 4360: 4356: 4347: 4345: 4336: 4335: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4282:Tsunoda 1951:13 4281: 4277: 4272: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4206: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4182: 4178: 4170: 4166: 4158: 4154: 4146: 4142: 4134: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4057: 4049: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4028: 4024: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3991:Bentley, John. 3990: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3971: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3949: 3942: 3938: 3931: 3927: 3920: 3916: 3909: 3905: 3898: 3894: 3887: 3883: 3876: 3872: 3865: 3861: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3828: 3821: 3817: 3810: 3806: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3789: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3765: 3752: 3748: 3705:: 倭; 3696: 3692: 3687: 3616: 3544:because it was 3509: 3479: 3458: 3357:'emperor' with 3300:In 607 CE, the 3247: 3158: 3028: 2938: 2932: 2878: 2760:Ōsumi Provinces 2678:, shaman-queen 2652: 2635: 2580: 2574: 2501: 2491: 2472: 2457: 2377: 2360: 2347:Civil war of Wa 2338: 2276: 2199: 2188: 2182: 2179: 2168: 2156: 2145: 2134:in the capital 2127: 1791: 1671: 1648: 1479:Revised Hepburn 1152: 993: 982:"arrow" radical 964:"woman" radical 886:"plant" radical 856:"ghost" radical 812:"woman", which 778:"human, person" 767: 633: 552: 502: 496:Japanese people 457:Top to bottom: 431:Revised Hepburn 339:Literal meaning 218:Literal meaning 194: 141: 130: 124: 121: 78: 76: 66: 54: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5159: 5157: 5149: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5121:Names of Japan 5118: 5108: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5081: 5079: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5064: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4975: 4973: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4962: 4961: 4960: 4955: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4919:Makimuku ruins 4916: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4900: 4894: 4892: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4819: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4798: 4791: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4761: 4760: 4755:, Accounts of 4747: 4735: 4731:魏志 account of 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4699:on 2007-02-05. 4688: 4666: 4657: 4649: 4648:External links 4646: 4644: 4643: 4636: 4629: 4620: 4607:Shan-hai ching 4601: 4595: 4580: 4563: 4562:OCLC 35637112. 4546: 4534: 4519: 4512: 4503: 4496: 4484: 4469: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4453: 4444: 4435: 4426: 4417: 4408: 4399: 4390: 4381: 4372: 4363: 4354: 4329: 4320: 4311: 4302: 4293: 4284: 4275: 4263: 4254: 4245: 4236: 4227: 4218: 4209: 4200: 4188: 4176: 4164: 4152: 4140: 4136:Metevelis 2002 4125: 4116: 4107: 4098: 4089: 4080: 4064: 4055: 4043: 4031: 4022: 4010: 4001: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3958: 3947: 3936: 3925: 3914: 3903: 3900:倭國在高驪東南大海中世修貢職 3892: 3881: 3870: 3859: 3848: 3837: 3826: 3815: 3804: 3792: 3791: 3788: 3787: 3778: 3768: 3767: 3764: 3763: 3753:Names such as 3746: 3738:Middle Chinese 3689: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3615: 3612: 3552:. The 1050 CE 3480: 608–645 3457: 3452: 3437:Ryukyu islands 3323:', 'emperor'. 3279:), two of the 3246: 3241: 3236:Zizhi Tongjian 3157: 3152: 3137:, the newborn 3027: 3022: 2931: 2926: 2918:child carriers 2634: 2632:Records of Wei 2629: 2573: 2568: 2471: 2466: 2420:Haineibei jing 2407:occurs in the 2376: 2371: 2337: 2334: 2326:Sengoku period 2314:southern court 2275: 2270: 2264:Southern Liang 2201: 2200: 2159: 2157: 2150: 2144: 2141: 2048:CJK characters 2023: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1996: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1958: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1919:Chinese–Other 1917: 1914: 1911: 1876:新漢英詞典 1979). 1858:depreciatingly 1832: 1831: 1830:Δ = "Japanese" 1828: 1821: 1818: 1811:Greek alphabet 1790: 1787: 1642:Middle Chinese 1634: 1633: 1623: 1613: 1603: 1593: 1587: 1584:Japanese sword 1575: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1481: 1475: 1474: 1473:Transcriptions 1466: 1465: 1458: 1452: 1451: 1444: 1438: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1421: 1415: 1414: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1399:Transcriptions 1392: 1391: 1384: 1378: 1377: 1370: 1364: 1363: 1359: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1347: 1341: 1340: 1333: 1324: 1323: 1317: 1316: 1309: 1303: 1302: 1295: 1289: 1288: 1286:Yue: Cantonese 1282: 1281: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1261: 1260: 1253: 1247: 1246: 1240: 1239: 1232: 1226: 1225: 1218: 1212: 1211: 1204: 1198: 1197: 1191: 1190: 1189:Transcriptions 1182: 1181: 1174: 1168: 1167: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1157:Pronunciations 1151: 1150:Pronunciations 1148: 1092:Wamyō Ruijushō 986: 985: 968: 967: 954: 951:"foot" radical 929: 928: 925:"food" radical 915: 902: 889: 876: 863: 766: 763: 685:Ryukyu Islands 681:Okinawa Island 551: 548: 522:phonetic value 449: 448: 445: 444: 441: 440: 433: 427: 426: 425:Transcriptions 418: 417: 410: 404: 403: 396: 390: 389: 385: 384: 381: 380: 373: 367: 366: 359: 353: 352: 351:Transcriptions 344: 343: 340: 336: 335: 328: 322: 321: 314: 308: 307: 303: 302: 299: 298: 289: 283: 282: 276: 275: 266: 264:Middle Chinese 260: 259: 257:Middle Chinese 253: 252: 245: 239: 238: 232: 231: 230:Transcriptions 223: 222: 219: 215: 214: 207: 201: 200: 196: 195: 164: 156: 155: 152: 151: 143: 142: 57: 55: 48: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5158: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5126:Ancient Japan 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5065: 5063: 5062: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4994:Geumgwan Gaya 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4967: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4905: 4899: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4804: 4799: 4797: 4792: 4790: 4785: 4784: 4781: 4774: 4763: 4758: 4754: 4750:(in Japanese) 4748: 4746: 4742: 4738:(in Japanese) 4736: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722:(in Japanese) 4720: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4706:, Jaehoon Lee 4705: 4702: 4695: 4691: 4685: 4678: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4651: 4647: 4641: 4637: 4634: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4621: 4618: 4614: 4612: 4608: 4602: 4598: 4596:0-595-22950-6 4592: 4588: 4587: 4581: 4578: 4577:0-7007-1512-6 4574: 4571:. Routledge. 4570: 4569: 4564: 4561: 4560:0-275-95823-X 4557: 4553: 4552: 4547: 4537: 4531: 4527: 4526: 4520: 4517: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4487: 4481: 4477: 4476: 4470: 4467: 4463: 4462: 4457: 4448: 4445: 4439: 4436: 4430: 4427: 4421: 4418: 4415:Carr 1992:6–7 4412: 4409: 4403: 4400: 4394: 4391: 4385: 4382: 4376: 4373: 4367: 4364: 4358: 4355: 4343: 4339: 4333: 4330: 4324: 4321: 4315: 4312: 4306: 4303: 4297: 4294: 4288: 4285: 4279: 4276: 4270: 4268: 4264: 4258: 4255: 4249: 4246: 4240: 4237: 4231: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4213: 4210: 4204: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4177: 4174:, p. xxi 4173: 4168: 4165: 4161: 4156: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4117: 4111: 4108: 4102: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4084: 4081: 4077: 4074: 4068: 4065: 4059: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4032: 4026: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4011: 4005: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3988: 3985: 3979: 3974: 3962: 3959: 3951: 3948: 3940: 3937: 3929: 3926: 3918: 3915: 3907: 3904: 3896: 3893: 3885: 3882: 3874: 3871: 3863: 3860: 3852: 3849: 3841: 3838: 3830: 3827: 3819: 3816: 3808: 3805: 3797: 3794: 3782: 3779: 3773: 3770: 3760: 3756: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3694: 3691: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3674: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3593: 3591: 3585: 3583: 3577: 3575: 3569: 3567: 3557: 3556: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3517: 3516: 3504: 3498: 3489: 3485: 3482:and replaced 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3456: 3453: 3448: 3438: 3434: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3397: 3396:Shoku Nihongi 3390: 3385: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3343: 3339:The Japanese 3337: 3333: 3330: 3329:Son of Heaven 3324: 3322: 3318: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3306:Empress Suiko 3303: 3297: 3295: 3290: 3284: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3253: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3226: 3222: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3210: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3168:Liang dynasty 3165: 3164: 3156: 3155:Book of Liang 3153: 3151: 3149: 3145: 3144:Liang dynasty 3140: 3136: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3107: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3088: 3082: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3042:Six Dynasties 3039: 3035: 3034: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3011: 3005: 3003: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2984:service ends. 2982: 2978: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2950:) covers the 2949: 2945: 2944: 2939: 432 CE 2930: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2890: 2885: 2884: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2850: 2840: 2828: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2776: 2774: 2769: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2739: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2696: 2694: 2688: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2663: 2653: 297 CE 2644: 2639: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2592:) covers the 2591: 2587: 2586: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2549: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2513: 2500: 2495: 2487: 2479: 2478: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2452: 2448: 2436: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2412: 2411: 2410:Shan Hai Jing 2406: 2393: 2386: 2381: 2375: 2374:Shan Hai Jing 2372: 2370: 2359: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2348: 2343: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2301: 2297: 2291: 2287: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2233: 2227: 2225: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2208: 2197: 2194: 2186: 2183:November 2020 2176: 2172: 2166: 2165: 2160:This section 2158: 2154: 2149: 2148: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2122: 2121: 2115: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2089: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2078: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2054:and Japanese 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1982:Δ "Japanese" 1981: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1842: 1837: 1829: 1826: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1703:from Chinese 1702: 1698: 1694: 1693: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1678:(Karlgren), * 1677: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1643: 1639: 1631: 1627: 1626:wōheixingxing 1624: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1580: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1494: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1467: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1436:Japanese name 1434: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1322: 1318: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1287: 1283: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1241: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1149: 1147: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1138: 1133: 1132: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1102: 1101:Sino-Japanese 1098: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1027:和 combines a 1026: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 990: 983: 979: 976: 973: 972: 971: 965: 961: 958: 955: 952: 948: 945: 942: 941: 940: 938: 934: 926: 922: 919: 916: 913: 909: 906: 903: 900: 896: 893: 890: 887: 883: 880: 877: 874: 870: 867: 864: 861: 857: 853: 850: 847: 846: 845: 843: 839: 835: 830: 828: 824: 820: 815: 811: 808: 805:"grain" over 804: 801: 797: 793: 789: 786: 782: 779: 776: 772: 764: 762: 760: 759:morphological 756: 755:Middle Korean 752: 747: 745: 741: 738: 734: 731: 728:The Japanese 726: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 695: 692: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 657: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 628: 624: 620: 616: 613: 610: 606: 605: 604:Shuowen Jiezi 599: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 549: 547: 544: 537: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 508: 497: 493: 489: 488:name of Japan 485: 478: 474: 470: 466: 455: 446: 434: 432: 428: 423: 419: 411: 409: 405: 397: 395: 391: 388:Japanese name 386: 374: 372: 368: 360: 358: 354: 349: 345: 341: 337: 329: 327: 323: 315: 313: 309: 304: 290: 288: 284: 281: 277: 267: 265: 261: 258: 254: 246: 244: 240: 237: 233: 228: 224: 220: 216: 208: 206: 202: 197: 186: 180: 175: 171: 167: 162: 157: 153: 148: 139: 136: 128: 125:November 2020 117: 114: 110: 107: 103: 100: 96: 93: 89: 86: – 85: 81: 80:Find sources: 74: 70: 64: 63: 58:This article 56: 52: 47: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 18:Wa (Japanese) 5066: 5059: 4984:Chikushikoku 4970: 4813: 4756: 4744: 4732: 4728: 4694:the original 4675: 4661: 4639: 4632: 4623: 4616: 4610: 4606: 4585: 4567: 4550: 4539:. 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1824: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1792: 1789:Lexicography 1758: 1754: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1707:"Japan" and 1704: 1700: 1696: 1690: 1688: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1637: 1635: 1625: 1615: 1605: 1595: 1589: 1577: 1567: 1560: 1556: 1548: 1547:倭 occurs in 1544: 1540: 1536: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1521:倭 occurs in 1518: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1500: 1321:Southern Min 1272:Romanization 1251:Romanization 1202:Hanyu Pinyin 1166:Chinese name 1141: 1135: 1129: 1123: 1115: 1107: 1096: 1090: 1086: 1080: 1072: 1064: 1062: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1038: 1028: 1024: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1004: 974: 969: 956: 943: 936: 932: 931:The unusual 930: 917: 904: 891: 878: 865: 860:state of Wei 848: 837: 833: 831: 806: 799: 795: 784: 768: 748: 739: 732: 727: 696: 693: 688: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 658: 653: 649: 641: 637: 622: 618: 608: 602: 600: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 571: 567: 563: 555: 553: 483: 482: 462: 243:Hanyu Pinyin 199:Chinese name 173: 169: 131: 122: 112: 105: 98: 91: 79: 67:Please help 62:verification 59: 5014:Matsurokoku 4877:Kukochihiko 4753:日本古代史参考史料漢籍 4196:Kidder 2007 4186:, p. 9 4184:Kidder 2007 4148:Kidder 2007 4039:Hou Han Shu 3257:Sui dynasty 3249:The 636 CE 3244:Book of Sui 3214:Jin dynasty 3160:The 635 CE 3030:The 488 CE 2990:Hou Han Shu 2969:Hou Han Shu 2943:Hou Han Shu 2906:state of Wu 2894:Pei Songzhi 2820:Xia dynasty 2798:A tattooed 2733:in Kyushu. 2590:Book of Han 2571:Book of Han 2458: 1000 2336:Wa kingdoms 2308:during the 2260:Southern Qi 2255:Eastern Jin 1894:white trash 1733:"Japan" or 1674:) include * 1665:Old Chinese 1620:dwarf lemur 1553:Han dynasty 1505:"winding", 1362:Korean name 1006:Nara period 819:Seal script 721:speaking 韓 703:Hou Han Shu 634: 1042 306:Korean name 280:Old Chinese 5110:Categories 5095:Sea People 5039:Tsukaikoku 5024:Shin'okoku 5009:Kununokuni 4541:2011-06-17 4491:2011-03-24 4348:2023-08-26 3975:References 3534:Nipponkoku 3135:sinosphere 3010:Hakata Bay 2924:statues). 2699:A hundred 2594:Former Han 2486:Wang 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