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and prevailing climatic conditions stands the test of time and provides adequate thermal comfort for the occupants. These climate-responsive design features are inherently low maintenance and relevant to achieving energy efficiency even today. Wada houses are generally built on flat grounds, and the main structural challenges are precipitation and floods. Built with a massive envelope and high foundation, most have survived the climatic conditions and are structurally resilient. Towns planning aids communal bonding with ample public spaces for celebration and gathering. This evokes a sense of identity and belonging. Although cast-based (outdoors) and gender-based (indoors) restrictions were prevalent, they must be abandoned.
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light to the spaces around them. Horizontal cross ventilation is through the open court and the doors and windows of the rooms around the courtyard. Vertical circulation is through the narrow staircases. The front courtyard and entry usually face north to minimize direct solar absorption. Courtyards are wide enough to shade during summer and daylight during winter. The fountains and ponds in the first courtyard provide evaporative cooling when the air is drawn over them into the rooms.
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husk or brick. The floors are finished in stone slabs. The upper floor, regardless of the lower, remains a timber frame structure with wall panels varying from timber planks, husk boards or a continuation of brick coursing. A filigree timber railing, the most visibly ornamental component in the facade, wraps around the balcony slab and is intercepted with leaner timber posts rising to the roof level.
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While vernacular architecture is sustainable by definition and practice, achieving that level of sustainability in today's time with scarce natural resources, dying knowledge and modern lifestyle demands is complex. Fortunately, the wada architecture style is not that ancient, and overall most design
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Vernacular styles go extinct due to the breaking up of joint families, inheritance divisions, lack of appreciation and scarcity of materials and craftsmanship. It also occurs due to fall of the ruling dynasty, that once might have paid patronage to them, in this case the fall of
Marathas and Peshwas.
603:
The roof form is typically pitched with bamboo purlins and rafters on trusses supporting terracotta tiles. Arched alcoves for lighting lamps or for storage were seen on facades and internal walls. The staircases were narrow straight flight wooden stairs within thick mud mortared brick walls connected
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For the upper superstructure, horizontal load distribution ensues through timber beams on the columns or walls, and a secondary timber beam grid is used for bracing. Layered above this is a composite slab with a base tray of timber planks or stone slabs, onto which is filled a dry mixture of sand and
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within a group of smaller wadas which are spaces for social activities in the community. These spaces don not have a particular function, most activities just spilled out here. It is this outdoor usage of space, from a climatological and social point of view, that necessitated the courtyard getting
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The construction uses locally available materials not too far from the site; hence, it is time and resource-efficient. The building materials have a relatively low environmental impact and in some cases, are naturally biodegradable or can be reused. The indoor layout designed according to function
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in a wada house functions as a convective thermostat, giving protection from extremes of weather and averaging out the diurnal temperature differences. In other words, they serve as micro-climatic moderators and are also the primary source of light and ventilation. They provide indirect diffused
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Vernacular architecture maximizes utility from limited resources using locally sourced construction materials and passive design strategies. They emerge as a result of geographical, economic and socio-political factors, which combine in various ways not only to provide for shelter, but are also
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and roof offer longer time lag and prevent the heat build up indoors with thermal reversal and acts as sound and dust insulator. The outer walls are painted a light color to minimize solar absorption. The paint has a distinctive light blue tint since it is made by mixing indigo in lime mortar.
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are built, sloping north and south to prevent direct solar radiation and to drain off the rainwater. The pitch covered with terracotta tiles brings in a lot of heat during the daytime. But the uppermost empty floor acts as a thermal cavity between the roof and the living areas downstairs.
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were fortified wadas with bastions and ramparts in the village's focus. The village or town grew around the Garhi with peripheral clusters of wada houses all around. They are introverted structures built in brick and stone with a series of courtyards inside. Examples are
461:
Since the wada is an introverted house, the courtyard becomes the focus of the house and is the principal organizer of all the spaces and functions oriented towards it. A definite spatial hierarchy is maintained, the thresholds of which may be physical or sensory.
554:) overlooking the courtyard. The uppermost second floor is one large space with no divisions. It is left empty and is not used for any daily activity. It is primarily used as an extra storage space, except during the festivals, it houses the guests.
649:, which is the transition space between two courtyards acts as a buffer space between the public and private spaces. It is a dark space and is intentionally left that way, inhibiting any outsider from venturing into private spaces.
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and construction features can be adopted with minor adjustments. Wada architecture is gaining popularity in India, primarily as a holiday home, because such an open layout cannot be achieved in a dense urban setting.
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Basalt or granite stone is used for plinth. Apart from the abundance of basalt all over the state, it is also rich in granite found in the coastal areas. The eastern parts are rich in limestone.
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were isolated buildings built on larger areas, these houses were narrow buildings built along the streets with their narrow side facing the street and sharing walls with adjacent buildings.
636:, a semi-open pillared vestibule around the courtyard, is well-lit and ventilated by the court, forming the perfect space for spillover and casual activities of the day. The
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or Palace wada houses were also the central focus of the town but with the absence of bastions and ramparts. Examples are the Bhor
Rajwada, with a single courtyard, and the
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The entry ground floor is for public and semi-private daytime activities. The first floor is more private, housing the bedrooms, living spaces, and entertainment halls (
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576:(teak wood) and sandstone and lime mortar for the framework. The bricks were kiln-burnt and made of a combination of clay, sand, cow dung and lime and were called
473:(platforms) at the plinth level on either side of the entrance staircase were the first stage of interactive public spaces. On either side of the entrance were
326:
Integrated open courtyard wada are the most popular ones with a courtyard in the center, semi-open spaces around it and then enclosed spaces. These are mostly
996:
180:
The courtyard houses developed in medieval India and were prevalent all over the sub-continent, varying regionally, under different names. They were called
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318:, with an extroverted structure with temporary boundaries merely existing to mark the boundary. The central space is not defined as in the other houses.
380:. They were built with elaborate wooden carvings, three or four courtyards, four to five floors and a more diverse style, borrowing elements from the
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around the open courtyards. It forms a connecting space between the rooms and the courtyard. At the center of the court is a sacred potted herb
604:
floors. The roofs varied depending on the location, from sloped roofs in the hot and humid coastal regions to the hot and dry eastern regions.
562:
The spacing in the structural grid depended on the length of timber available. The spaces inside were multiples of a unit length of bay called
879:
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Front and rear yard type are the one with open courts in the front and back. These are the comman man's houses around the periphery of the
536:). If present, a third courtyard would be dedicated for a cowshed and water wells. The arrangement of spaces went from public to private.
420:
Wada houses typically have an introverted blueprint with a courtyard at its core. Several wada houses formed residential clusters called
247:
and their successors. The latter were responsible for the sitewide spread and its expansion to the adjoining regions of Malwa, parts of
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indicative of the owner’s image and aspirations. These built forms are climate responsive with inbuilt passive-cooling techniques.
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are narrow and tall, with a small glass opening at the top. The tall windows provide for circulation even at the foot level.
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in north India. These clusters enclosed within a perimeter wall would have sufficient wells (for drinking water), worship and
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Alapure, G. M.; George, Abraham; Bhattacharya, S. P. (2017). Seta, Fumihiko; Biswas, Arindam; Khare, Ajay; Sen, Joy (eds.).
580:(book bricks). These bricks were the size of a book (10 x 6 x 2 inches). Mortar made of varying proportions of lime, sand,
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in stone or brick, in the inner courtyard, if more than one existed. The outer courtyard would have a fountain or a pond.
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was used. The gum from these trees, cactus juice, of cactus, jaggery, black gram and bananas were used for plastering.
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164:, an extended meaning of wada, denotes a cluster of huts. Typically, wada refers to a house with courtyards found in
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Wada without an open inegrated courtyard are a special type built in places with heavy rainfall like in the coastal
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68:
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160:, meaning a plot or a piece of land meant for a house. Over time it came to denote the house built on that plot.
445:) around it. This facilitated the coglomeration of people for relegious congregation and an open air sit out.
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The walls are thick load-bearing brick masonry or a combination of brick and timer framed structure using
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formally integrated into the built form. The chowk of the village usually has a tree with a low platform (
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500:). The innermost spaces (around the second courtyard if present) were for the women, maternity room (
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region, home to administrative noblemen, also had large wada but with little to no ornamentation.
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within them. Just like a house has a chowk (courtyard), mirrored at the cluster level is also a
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is extended to form a dado above which ground floor is raised for protection against floods.
584:, wheat chaff and water was used to bond the construction. Other locally available wood from
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866:. Springer Transactions in Civil and Environmental Engineering. Singapore: Springer: 29–35.
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Smaller wada houses formed clusters around the nucleus of the town, which is either a
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word for denoting a large mansion. The term, in all probability, is derived from the
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There was another class of buildings, usually, poor rural dwellings called the
773:
796:"Contemporary Explorations of Traditional Material Systems, Wai, Maharashtra"
477:(small room-like vestibules). On entering the wada, one arrived at the first
831:"Anushree k, dissertation, wadas of maharshtra by anushree kulkarni - Issuu"
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regions, home to mercantile noblemen, had smaller houses with shared walls.
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The outermost rooms, closer to the entrance were used for storing weapons (
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had a mix of
Gujarati architecture, since it bordered the Gujarat state.
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surrounding the inner courtyard also doubles as the dining room.
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All these rooms opened into a pillared semi-open area (
524:). Towards the rear entry were gain storage spaces (
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
775:Wada of Maharashta, an Indian courtyard house form
659:The locally produced high thermal mass of the
243:rulers in the 17th century and later from the
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965:This article about the culture of India is a
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860:"Climate Responsiveness of Wada Architecture"
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608:Climate responsive architectural features
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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282:, Holkar Wada in Chandwad, and Vafgaon.
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1021:Buildings and structures in Maharashtra
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376:regions, the center of power of the
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558:Building materials and construction
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794:Madan, Prof Amrita; Jain, Nitish.
208:(southernmost coastal India), and
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778:(phd thesis). Cardiff University.
223:Regional map of Maharashtra state
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16:Type of mansion in Western India
864:Understanding Built Environment
184:in Maharastra (western India),
134:is a type of dwelling found in
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292:Rajwada, with two courtyards.
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457:Typical wada plan and section
689:Sustainability and relevance
388:styles of architecture. The
872:10.1007/978-981-10-2138-1_3
200:(southern Indian plateau),
168:and surrounding regions in
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552:diwarkhana
512:),dining (
398:Marathwada
265:Size based
138:, western
69:newspapers
835:issuu.com
720:Phadnavis
716:in Nagpur
626:courtyard
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253:Karnataka
202:Nalukettu
198:Hyderabad
190:Rajasthan
574:saangwan
394:Khandesh
384:and the
374:Vidharba
352:region.
303:. While
278:Wada in
276:Shaniwar
153:Sanskrit
708:Chitnis
666:Windows
646:majghar
582:jaggery
530:goshala
518:deoghar
430:mohalla
386:Islamic
378:Peshwas
366:Rajwada
343:Rajwada
334:types.
332:Rajwada
309:Rajwada
301:Rajwada
286:Rajwada
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245:Peshwas
241:Maratha
210:Rajbadi
148:Marathi
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586:Khejri
526:kothar
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475:devdis
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350:Konkan
290:Satara
271:Garhis
214:Bengal
206:Kerala
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297:Garhi
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156:word
146:is a
140:India
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