877:
893:
91:
862:
819:
905:
850:
838:
75:
378:
deepest point reaches 24 meters below sea level. The depression is the smallest depression in the
Egyptian Western Desert, with an area of about 500 km2. Therefore, it is true that it is a depression and not a valley, because the region is a closed depression that has a beginning and an end, and it has no source, estuary or tributaries, so the launch of the word "Wadi" on the depression is not topographically correct.
924:
98:
702:, remarked in 410 that, "The world has lost Rome and the monks have lost Scetis." As the Jesuit historian and Professor Willian J. Harmless said, "Scetis’s destruction marked a turning point in the history of early Christian monasticism. The site would be resettled a few years later, and in fact would suffer other raids, notably in 434, 444, and 570."
546:
fought many battles there. And this ended up with the
Egyptians overcoming them and annexed the eastern side of the desert, which still belongs to Egypt. Then, Wadi al-Natrun became an administrative part of the country in the Pharaonic era, but there is no information about its history during their
649:
who settled nearby in individual cells. Many of them came from nearby Nitria and Kellia where they had previous experience in solitary desert living; thus the earliest cenobitic communities were a loose consolidation of like-minded monks. By the end of the fourth century, four distinct communities
377:
on the Cairo-Alexandria Desert Road, and about 50 km from
Khattabah on the Nile (Rashid Branch), and it falls below the level of the plateau surface surrounding it about 50 meters. The length of this depression ranges between 5, 55 and 60 km, while its average width is 10 km, and its
705:
Nitria and Kellia were eventually abandoned in the 7th and 9th centuries respectively, but Scetis continued throughout the
Medieval period. Although some of the individual monasteries were eventually abandoned or destroyed, four have remained in use to the present day:
558:
As for the religious significance of Wadi al-Natrun, there are many discoveries that indicate that this area was considered sacred as early as year 2000 BC at the very least. Among these discoveries is a bust of black granite dating back to the era of the
341:. Scetis, now called Wadi El Natrun, is best known today because its ancient monasteries remain in use, unlike Nitria and Kellia which have only archaeological remains. The desertified valley around Scetis in particular may be called the
658:
and facilities, but enclosed walls and watchtowers developed over time and in response to raids from desert nomads. Nitria, Kellia, and
Scellis also experienced internal fractures related to doctrinal disputes in
794:
crashed on
December 30, 1935. After miraculously surviving the crash, he and his plane's mechanic nearly died of thirst before being rescued by a nomad. Saint-Exupéry documented his experience in his book
381:
The Wadi contains 12 lakes, the total surface area of which is 10 km square and their average depth is only 2 m. The color of these lakes is reddish blue because its water is saturated with the
1426:
602:
was built at the end of the 19th century as a 33 miles (54 km) long narrow gauge railway with a gauge of 750 mm, which attracted the first tourists to the wadi.
2829:
892:
876:
373:
Wadi al-Natrun is the common name for a desert valley located west of the Nile Delta, along the El Tahrir markaz, which is about 10 km west of the entrance to
2844:
2859:
861:
1419:
599:
867:
710:
637:
first came to Scetis (Wadi El Natrun) around 330 AD where he established a solitary monastic site. His reputation attracted a loose band of
122:
1207:.7, Part 2: The Egyptian Expedition 1916–1919 p 34; Evelyn White's article gives a brief overview of Wadi Natrun from literary sources.
1075:
818:
1412:
464:
90:
849:
837:
1435:
1335:
1291:
1091:
626:'s call. Between the 4th and 7th century AD, hundreds of thousands of people from the world over joined the hundreds of Christian
437:
429:
409:
74:
432:
414:
417:
420:
1195:"The first monk to settle in Wadi Natrun was Macarius the Egyptian, whose retirement to the desert took place in 330 A.D.." (
1001:
434:
426:
423:
412:
904:
756:
560:
744:
2834:
975:
791:
1875:
772:
2839:
824:
720:
2869:
2849:
664:
2431:
2864:
2854:
2231:
2195:
752:
2507:
2259:
2043:
1587:
1543:
1503:
790:
The environs of Wadi Natrun have been identified as the likely site of where the plane of French aviator
497:
334:
622:). Hermit monks believed that desert life would teach them to eschew the things of this world and follow
2279:
2123:
1847:
1471:
952:
760:
650:
had developed: Baramus, Macarius, Bishoi and John
Kolobos. At first these communities were groupings of
219:
164:
2355:
2055:
2803:
2143:
2083:
1927:
1787:
1731:
1523:
1196:
797:
748:
453:
282:
259:
1999:
1815:
563:, and there is also a granite gate and stones from the lintel of a door bearing cartridges for King
2695:
2543:
2303:
2087:
2031:
1979:
1947:
1935:
1859:
1687:
1671:
1611:
530:
169:
2779:
2627:
2323:
1667:
1259:
1251:
942:
740:
715:
699:
584:
2099:
2059:
1923:
690:
who "came sweeping off the Libyan desert" in 407-408 AD and was decimated, causing many notable
2715:
2219:
1659:
2755:
2727:
2703:
2615:
2583:
2439:
2363:
2295:
1571:
1475:
1443:
1331:
1297:
1287:
1243:
1087:
1062:
947:
803:
634:
493:
298:
2795:
2791:
2675:
266:
that is located 23 m (75 ft) below sea level and 38 m (125 ft) below the
2647:
2459:
2179:
2111:
2075:
1603:
1539:
1459:
1323:
1283:
The desert
Christian : sayings of the Desert Fathers : the alphabetical collection
1235:
1079:
1023:
883:
725:
592:
485:
460:
2243:
1863:
1835:
1819:
1771:
1177:نيفين عبد الجواد، أديرة وادي النطرون، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب، القاهرة، 2007، صـ: 27.
655:
521:
509:
246:
663:. At its peak the place contained 700 monasteries. The monasteries flourished during the
2527:
2023:
1951:
1882:
1779:
1647:
1635:
1623:
1162:
1106:
732:
691:
611:
489:
326:
2823:
2671:
2427:
2339:
2299:
2291:
2238:
2207:
2163:
2103:
2047:
2015:
1986:
1775:
1655:
1547:
1515:
1483:
1263:
651:
580:
539:
271:
1147:
1059:
Egypt from
Alexander to the early Christians: An Archaeological and Historical Guide
551:
and the
Egyptians indicate that the last of them was in 1170 BC during the reign of
2619:
2531:
2519:
2499:
2391:
2370:
2211:
2155:
1991:
1963:
1743:
1715:
1694:
1679:
1651:
1599:
1479:
1358:, Geschichte Ägyptens – Von der Spätantike bis zur Gegenwart, C.H. Beck, 2014 p. 20
1224:"Remembering Poemen Remembering: The Desert Fathers and the Spirituality of Memory"
1143:
Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 5
929:
764:
552:
358:
976:"Wadi an-Natrun (Markaz, Egypt) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location"
1398:
1355:
2667:
2635:
2483:
2479:
2419:
2407:
2307:
2255:
2091:
2019:
1839:
1663:
1643:
1014:
Taher, A. G. (1999). "Inland saline lakes of Wadi el Natrun depression, Egypt".
779:
627:
564:
322:
1315:
630:
in the Nitrian Desert, centered on Nitria, Kellia and Scetis (Wadi El Natrun).
2719:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2567:
2555:
2535:
2523:
2467:
2387:
2335:
2267:
2263:
2215:
2159:
2063:
1971:
1915:
1855:
1831:
1827:
1811:
1747:
1723:
1711:
1703:
1639:
1594:
1563:
1551:
1327:
1199:, "The Egyptian Expedition 1916–1919: IV. The Monasteries of the Wadi Natrun"
919:
736:
619:
374:
330:
267:
1247:
1109:, The First Fossil Hunters - Paleontology in the Greek and Roman Times, 2000.
137:
124:
2767:
2663:
2595:
2571:
2563:
2514:
2487:
2451:
2411:
2403:
2375:
2286:
2171:
2167:
2135:
2130:
2095:
2067:
2007:
1903:
1803:
1755:
1579:
1404:
638:
615:
576:
538:
The importance of the Natrun valley dates back to the Pharaonic era, as the
365:, and was known for this in the first century AD and probably much earlier.
210:
17:
1301:
1141:
325:). It is one of the three early Christian monastic centers located in the
2783:
2775:
2659:
2631:
2550:
2495:
2463:
2383:
2351:
2343:
2315:
2271:
2150:
1959:
1911:
1895:
1823:
1807:
1794:
1759:
1751:
1738:
1707:
1699:
1618:
1575:
1495:
668:
610:
The desolate region became one of Christianity's most sacred areas. The
2799:
2747:
2723:
2691:
2575:
2475:
2399:
2395:
2379:
2311:
2251:
2051:
2038:
2003:
1967:
1867:
1843:
1767:
1627:
1511:
1487:
1255:
1027:
778:
To this day Wadi El Natrun remains the most important center of Coptic
687:
618:
used the desert's solitude and privations to develop self-discipline (
2739:
2735:
2683:
2599:
2559:
2455:
2330:
2223:
2115:
2079:
2011:
1995:
1919:
1907:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1851:
1799:
1763:
1719:
1567:
1535:
1499:
1223:
828:
768:
683:
672:
642:
543:
382:
354:
338:
275:
242:
232:
215:
1239:
353:
The area is one of the best known sites containing large numbers of
1281:
731:
Some of the most renowned saints of the region include the various
2771:
2762:
2731:
2710:
2639:
2623:
2590:
2491:
2471:
2446:
2415:
2247:
2202:
2107:
2071:
1955:
1942:
1555:
1530:
1507:
1491:
1450:
937:
695:
660:
588:
362:
263:
157:
2787:
2743:
2679:
2654:
2423:
2347:
2186:
1631:
1559:
1466:
646:
548:
1408:
1167:. University of Michigan. Oxford, Clarendon press. p. 288.
2687:
801:. The event is thought to have inspired his most famous work,
623:
314:
306:
290:
488:, and it is mentioned among the list of seven oases in the
278:-rich salt deposits, salt marshes and freshwater marshes.
547:
reign, and the latest writings on the wars between the
671:
and administration concerns led to conflicts with the
595:, and later by the Romans as a flux for glass making.
1322:, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014-01-31,
484:
Natron valley is first attested in the story of the
401:
253:
2754:
2702:
2646:
2582:
2542:
2506:
2438:
2362:
2322:
2278:
2230:
2194:
2178:
2142:
2122:
2030:
1978:
1934:
1874:
1786:
1730:
1686:
1610:
1586:
1522:
1458:
1442:
209:
201:
193:
188:
180:
175:
163:
153:
35:
1399:The monasteries of the Arab Desert and Wadi Natrun
667:(639–642), but in the eighth and ninth centuries
970:
968:
1186:Meinardus, (Otto F.A), Monks and Moasteries of
898:Frescos at the Syrian Monastery, Scetes, Egypt
1420:
1371:(English title: Wind, Sand and Stars). Paris.
8:
1135:
1133:
236:
55:
44:
1016:International Journal of Salt Lake Research
1427:
1413:
1405:
535:'the one (place) on the natron').
405:
79:Monastery of the Syriacs in Wadi el Natrun
32:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
496:it constituted part of the Nitrite nome (
855:Monastery of Saint Pishoy, Scetes, Egypt
843:Monastery of Saint Pishoy, Scetes, Egypt
2830:Populated places in Beheira Governorate
1201:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin
964:
814:
208:
187:
174:
152:
117:
83:
71:
27:Geographic depression in Beheira, Egypt
1401:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 1992–2012
600:Egyptian Salt and Soda Company Railway
97:
1275:
1273:
1217:
1215:
1213:
868:Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great
711:Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great
333:. The other two monastic centers are
200:
192:
184:265.7 sq mi (688.2 km)
179:
162:
7:
2845:Coptic Orthodox monasteries in Egypt
1222:Harmless, William (September 2000).
1164:The ancient Coptic churches of Egypt
561:Seventeenth Dynasty of the Pharaohs
270:level. The valley contains several
237:
56:
579:of the Natron Valley provided the
567:, in a place called the backbone.
504:). It was also known in Coptic as
25:
2860:Places associated with hesychasm
2812:Capital cities are in bold font.
1386:I monasteri del deserto di Scete
922:
903:
891:
875:
860:
848:
836:
817:
258:, "measure of the hearts") is a
96:
89:
73:
1127:جمال حمدان، مرجع سابق، صـ: 420.
1118:جمال حمدان، مرجع سابق، صـ: 416.
1084:Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages
1161:Butler, Alfred Joshua (1884).
1002:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
616:cenobitic monastic communities
1:
1074:René-Georges Coquin (2005) ,
767:, Sts. Maximos and Domatios,
694:to leave the region, such as
1367:Saint-Exupéry, A. de. 1939.
1061:, Getty Publications, 2004.
757:Saint Macarius of Alexandria
254:
786:Saint-Exupéry's plane crash
785:
2886:
1876:Kafr El Sheikh Governorate
1388:, Todi 2009 (Tau Editore).
773:Saint Samuel the Confessor
525:
513:
501:
315:
307:
291:
250:
45:
2810:
1436:Cities and towns in Egypt
1328:10.3138/9781442622791-toc
1086:, James Clarke & Co,
825:Monastery of Saint Pishoy
721:Monastery of Saint Pishoy
118:
84:
72:
1280:Ward, Benedicta (1980).
1140:Gauthier, Henri (1928).
792:Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
698:. One of the survivors,
665:Muslim conquest of Egypt
2432:Al Madinah Al Fikriyyah
2232:South Sinai Governorate
2196:North Sinai Governorate
1057:Roger S. Bagnall, etc.
753:Saint Macarius of Egypt
654:centered on a communal
465:1st Intermediate Period
285:it is usually known as
205:330/sq mi (130/km)
30:Place in Beheira, Egypt
2508:New Valley Governorate
2044:10th of Ramadan (city)
1588:Alexandria Governorate
1544:El Qanater El Khayreya
769:Saint Poimen The Great
745:Saint Isidore of Scété
700:St. Arsenius the Great
2280:Beni Suef Governorate
2124:Port Said Governorate
1848:El Matareya, Dakahlia
953:Pachomian monasteries
761:Saint Moses the Black
2144:Ismailia Governorate
2084:El Salheya El Gedida
1788:Dakahlia Governorate
1732:Damietta Governorate
1524:Qalyubia Governorate
1504:Manshiyat al Qanater
1197:Hugh G. Evelyn-White
798:Wind, Sand and Stars
749:Saint John the Dwarf
686:was attacked by the
329:of the northwestern
323:ecclesiastical Greek
283:Christian literature
202: • Density
2544:Red Sea Governorate
2304:Heracleopolis Magna
2032:Sharqia Governorate
1980:Monufia Governorate
1948:El Mahalla El Kubra
1936:Gharbia Governorate
1688:Matrouh Governorate
1612:Beheira Governorate
1472:6th of October City
1076:"Scetis, Desert of"
910:Naba' El-Hamra Lake
469:(2181–2055 BC)
134: /
2835:Coptic settlements
2324:Faiyum Governorate
1028:10.1007/BF02442128
943:Door of Prophecies
716:Paromeos Monastery
679:Invasion of Scetis
585:sodium bicarbonate
349:Fossil discoveries
194: • Total
181: • Total
2817:
2816:
2756:Aswan Governorate
2704:Luxor Governorate
2616:Ptolemais Hermiou
2584:Sohag Governorate
2440:Asyut Governorate
2364:Minya Governorate
1572:Shibin El Qanater
1476:Sheikh Zayed City
1444:Cairo Governorate
980:citypopulation.de
948:Pikrolimni (lake)
804:The Little Prince
635:Macarius of Egypt
581:Ancient Egyptians
540:ancient Egyptians
534:
482:
481:
470:
445:
444:
441:
440:
299:Hellenistic Greek
226:
225:
138:30.583°N 30.333°E
110:Location in Egypt
16:(Redirected from
2877:
2840:Deserts of Egypt
2648:Qena Governorate
2460:Dayrut al-Sharif
2356:Yousef El Seddik
2180:Suez Governorate
2112:Minshat Abu Omar
2056:Mashtool El Souk
1604:New Borg El Arab
1540:Shubra El Kheima
1460:Giza Governorate
1429:
1422:
1415:
1406:
1372:
1369:Terre des hommes
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1219:
1208:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1137:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1071:
1065:
1055:
1032:
1031:
1011:
1005:
999:WĀDĪ NAṬRŪN in:
997:
991:
990:
988:
986:
972:
932:
927:
926:
925:
907:
895:
884:Syrian Monastery
879:
864:
852:
840:
821:
726:Syrian Monastery
606:Monastic history
593:Egyptian faience
571:Economic history
529:
527:
515:
506:Mountain of Salt
503:
486:Eloquent Peasant
468:
406:
402:
398:
397:
343:Desert of Scetis
320:
319:
318:
312:
311:
310:
296:
295:
294:
257:
252:
240:
239:
149:
148:
146:
145:
144:
139:
135:
132:
131:
130:
127:
100:
99:
93:
77:
67:
63:
59:
58:
52:
48:
47:
33:
21:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2870:Cities in Egypt
2850:Rivers of Egypt
2820:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2806:
2750:
2698:
2642:
2578:
2538:
2502:
2434:
2358:
2318:
2274:
2260:Saint Catherine
2244:Sharm El Sheikh
2226:
2190:
2174:
2138:
2118:
2026:
1974:
1930:
1928:Borg El Burulus
1870:
1864:Mahallat Damana
1836:Temay El Amdeed
1820:El Senbellawein
1782:
1772:Kafr El Battikh
1726:
1682:
1606:
1582:
1518:
1454:
1438:
1433:
1395:
1381:
1379:Further reading
1376:
1375:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1294:
1279:
1278:
1271:
1240:10.2307/3169395
1221:
1220:
1211:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1056:
1035:
1013:
1012:
1008:
998:
994:
984:
982:
974:
973:
966:
961:
928:
923:
921:
918:
911:
908:
899:
896:
887:
886:, Scetes, Egypt
882:Frescos at the
880:
871:
870:, Scetes, Egypt
865:
856:
853:
844:
841:
832:
822:
813:
788:
681:
608:
573:
502:Νιτριώτης νομός
494:Ptolemaic times
467:
451:
433:
413:
396:
394:Ancient history
391:
371:
351:
316:
308:
292:
142:
140:
136:
133:
128:
125:
123:
121:
120:
114:
113:
112:
111:
108:
107:
106:
105:
101:
80:
68:
66:
61:
50:
40:
38:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2883:
2881:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2865:Desert Fathers
2862:
2857:
2855:Wadis of Egypt
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2822:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2760:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2708:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2652:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2588:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2548:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2512:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2444:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2368:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2328:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2284:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2236:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2200:
2198:
2192:
2191:
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1337:9781442622791
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1320:Apophthegmata
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119:Coordinates:
92:
76:
54:
43:
42:
34:
19:
2780:Nasr Al-Nuba
2761:
2709:
2653:
2628:West Juhayna
2620:Dar El Salam
2589:
2549:
2513:
2445:
2369:
2329:
2285:
2237:
2201:
2185:
2149:
2129:
2037:
1992:Sadat (city)
1985:
1941:
1881:
1793:
1744:New Damietta
1737:
1716:Sidi Barrani
1695:Mersa Matruh
1693:
1680:New Nubariya
1675:
1652:El Rahmaniya
1617:
1600:Borg El Arab
1593:
1529:
1480:El Hawamdeya
1465:
1449:
1385:
1368:
1363:
1356:Johanna Pink
1351:
1341:, retrieved
1319:
1310:
1282:
1231:
1227:
1204:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1163:
1156:
1142:
1123:
1114:
1102:
1083:
1069:
1058:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1000:
995:
983:. Retrieved
979:
930:Egypt portal
802:
796:
789:
777:
765:Saint Pishoy
735:, including
730:
704:
682:
675:government.
632:
609:
597:
577:alkali lakes
574:
557:
553:Ramesses III
537:
517:
514:ⲡⲧⲱⲟⲩ ⲙⲡϩⲙⲟⲩ
505:
483:
380:
372:
359:pre-historic
352:
342:
302:
286:
280:
262:in northern
238:وادي النطرون
228:
227:
57:وادي النطرون
18:Wadi Natroun
2668:Nag Hammadi
2484:Sahel Selim
2480:El Ghanayem
2408:Aba al-Waqf
2092:Diyarb Negm
1840:El Gammalia
1668:Koum Hamada
1664:Shubra Khit
1644:El Delengat
1063:pp. 108–112
780:monasticism
628:monasteries
565:Amenemhat I
454:hieroglyphs
361:animals in
241:"Valley of
165:Governorate
141: /
2824:Categories
2804:Abu Simbel
2720:New Thebes
2612:El Maragha
2608:El Balyana
2604:New Akhmim
2568:Marsa Alam
2556:Ras Ghareb
2536:Abu Minqar
2468:El Quseyya
2388:Beni Mazar
2336:New Faiyum
2268:Abu Zenima
2264:Abou Redis
2216:Bir al-Abd
2160:El Qantara
2100:Awlad Saqr
2064:Abu Hammad
2060:Al-Qinayat
1972:Sebennytos
1924:Sidi Ghazi
1916:Sidi Salem
1856:Mit Salsil
1832:El Manzala
1828:Bani Ebaid
1748:Ras El Bar
1724:Siwa Oasis
1712:El Negaila
1704:El Alamein
1640:Abu Hummus
1595:Alexandria
1564:Obour City
1552:Kafr Shukr
1343:2022-03-27
1316:"Contents"
1146:. p.
959:References
737:Saint Amun
696:Abba Anoub
639:anchorites
620:asceticism
518:Phanihosem
375:Sadat City
331:Nile Delta
268:Nile River
260:depression
189:Population
2768:New Aswan
2716:New Luxor
2664:Abu Tesht
2596:New Sohag
2572:Shalateen
2564:El Qoseir
2515:El Kharga
2488:El Badari
2452:New Asyut
2412:Dir Mawas
2404:Dir Mawas
2376:New Minya
2287:Beni Suef
2220:El Hasana
2172:Kassassin
2168:Abu Suwir
2136:Port Fuad
2131:Port Said
2096:Kafr Saqr
2076:Abu Kebir
2068:El Qurein
2008:El Bagour
1904:El Hamool
1804:Mit Ghamr
1756:Kafr Saad
1660:Hosh Issa
1580:El Kulzom
1264:162955580
1248:0009-6407
583:with the
526:ⲫⲁⲛⲓϩⲟⲥⲉⲙ
450:sḫt ḥmꜣwt
369:Geography
357:of large
313:, plural
211:Time zone
2784:Kalabsha
2776:Kom Ombo
2728:Bayadiya
2696:Shaarani
2660:New Qena
2632:Saqultah
2551:Hurghada
2496:Manqabad
2464:Manfalut
2384:Maghagha
2352:Ibsheway
2344:Sinnuris
2316:El Fashn
2296:Al Wasta
2272:Ras Sedr
2151:Ismailia
1960:El Santa
1912:El Reyad
1896:Metoubes
1824:El Kurdi
1808:Dekernes
1795:Mansoura
1760:El Zarqa
1752:Faraskur
1739:Damietta
1708:El Dabaa
1700:El Hamam
1619:Damanhur
1576:Saryaqos
1496:El Ayyat
985:18 March
916:See also
669:taxation
587:used in
542:and the
62:(Arabic)
51:(Coptic)
2800:Sebaiya
2796:Busylia
2792:Radisia
2748:Medamud
2724:Zainiya
2692:Farshut
2676:El Waqf
2576:Halayeb
2528:Farafra
2476:Abu Tig
2420:Bahnasa
2400:Mallawi
2396:Samalut
2380:El Idwa
2312:Sumusta
2252:Nuweiba
2052:Bilbeis
2039:Zagazig
2024:Shuhada
2004:Ashmoun
1968:Basyoun
1868:Nabaruh
1844:Sherbin
1768:Arrawda
1628:Rosetta
1512:Kerdasa
1488:El Saff
1302:5170172
1256:3169395
1082:(ed.),
831:, Egypt
811:Gallery
688:Mazices
643:hermits
591:and in
544:Libyans
533:
389:History
355:fossils
170:Beheira
154:Country
129:30°20′E
126:30°35′N
2740:El-Tod
2736:Armant
2684:Naqada
2672:Dishna
2600:Akhmim
2560:Safaga
2456:Dairut
2340:Tamiya
2331:Faiyum
2300:Nasser
2239:El Tor
2224:Nekhel
2116:Qantir
2080:Faqous
2012:Quesna
1996:Menouf
1920:Qallin
1908:Biyala
1900:Baltim
1892:Fuwwah
1888:Desouk
1860:Gamasa
1852:Belqas
1800:Talkha
1764:Assarw
1720:Sallum
1568:Khusus
1548:Khanka
1536:Qalyub
1500:Bawiti
1334:
1300:
1290:
1262:
1254:
1246:
1090:
829:Scetes
684:Scetis
673:Muslim
656:church
633:Saint
522:Coptic
510:Coptic
385:salt.
383:Natron
339:Kellia
335:Nitria
317:Σκήτες
301:) or
293:Σκήτις
287:Scetis
276:natron
247:Coptic
243:Natron
233:Arabic
197:88,380
60:
49:
2772:Daraw
2763:Aswan
2732:Kurna
2711:Luxor
2640:Tahta
2624:Girga
2591:Sohag
2532:Balat
2520:Baris
2500:Musha
2492:Sidfa
2472:Abnub
2447:Asyut
2416:Dalga
2392:Matai
2371:Minya
2248:Dahab
2212:Rafah
2203:Arish
2156:Fayed
2108:Tanis
2072:Hihya
1964:Qutur
1956:Zefta
1943:Tanta
1556:Toukh
1531:Benha
1508:Awsim
1492:Atfih
1451:Cairo
1260:S2CID
1252:JSTOR
1078:, in
938:Skete
661:Egypt
652:cells
647:monks
516:) or
492:. In
363:Egypt
309:Σκήτη
303:Skete
264:Egypt
255:Šihēt
251:Ϣⲓϩⲏⲧ
216:UTC+2
158:Egypt
46:ϣⲓϩⲏⲧ
2788:Edfu
2744:Esna
2680:Qift
2655:Qena
2636:Tima
2424:Idmo
2348:Itsa
2308:Biba
2256:Taba
2187:Suez
2020:Tala
1672:Badr
1632:Edku
1560:Qaha
1467:Giza
1332:ISBN
1298:OCLC
1288:ISBN
1244:ISSN
1088:ISBN
987:2023
771:and
645:and
614:and
598:The
575:The
549:libu
531:lit.
337:and
176:Area
2688:Qus
2524:Mut
1812:Aga
1324:doi
1236:doi
1024:doi
624:God
461:Era
452:in
321:in
297:in
281:In
245:";
220:EET
2826::
2802:,
2798:,
2794:,
2790:,
2786:,
2782:,
2778:,
2774:,
2770:,
2766:,
2746:,
2742:,
2738:,
2734:,
2730:,
2726:,
2722:,
2718:,
2714:,
2694:,
2690:,
2686:,
2682:,
2678:,
2674:,
2670:,
2666:,
2662:,
2658:,
2638:,
2634:,
2630:,
2626:,
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