142:
565:
584:
509:
635:
483:
604:
392:, and mud drapes show desiccation cracks. Wind activity also generates sedimentary structures, including large-scale cross-stratification and wedge-shaped cross-sets. A typical wadi sequence consists of alternating units of wind and water sediments; each unit ranging from about 10–30 cm (4–12 in). Sediment laid by water shows complete fining upward sequence. Gravels show imbrication. Wind deposits are cross-stratified and covered with mud-cracked deposits. Some horizontal
405:
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527:
45:
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370:
428:
by the action and prevalence of water. Wadis, as drainage courses, are formed by water, but are distinguished from river valleys or gullies in that surface water is intermittent or ephemeral. Wadis are generally dry year round, except after a rain. The desert environment is characterized by sudden
436:
Wadis tend to be associated with centers of human population because sub-surface water is sometimes available in them. Nomadic and pastoral desert peoples will rely on seasonal vegetation found in wadis, even in regions as dry as the
467:
Over time, wadi deposits may become "inverted wadis," where former underground water caused vegetation and sediment to fill in the eroded channel, turning previous washes into ridges running through desert regions.
482:
362:. Water percolates down into the stream bed, causing an abrupt loss of energy and resulting in vast deposition. Wadis may develop dams of sediment that change the stream patterns in the next
564:
377:
Wind also causes sediment deposition. When wadi sediments are underwater or moist, wind sediments are deposited over them. Thus, wadi sediments contain both wind and water sediments.
385:
Wadi sediments may contain a range of material, from gravel to mud, and the sedimentary structures vary widely. Thus, wadi sediments are the most diverse of all desert environments.
972:
583:
508:
388:
Flash floods result from severe energy conditions and can result in a wide range of sedimentary structures, including ripples and common plane beds. Gravels commonly display
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603:
448:
The centrality of wadis to water – and human life – in desert environments gave birth to the distinct sub-field of wadi hydrology in the 1990s.
460:
and seepage of water into the porous sediment. Wadi deposits are thus usually mixed gravels and sands. These sediments are often altered by
958:
934:
814:
Achite, Mohamed; Ouillon, Sylvain (September 2007). "Suspended sediment transport in a semiarid watershed, Wadi Abd, Algeria (1973–1995)".
802:
Review of
Wheater, Howard ; Al Weshah, Radwan, Hydrology of Wadi systems -IHP Regional Network on Wadi Hydrology in the Arab Region
354:, wadis trend along basin axes at the terminus of fans. Permanent channels do not exist, due to lack of continual water flow. They have
141:
2243:
128:
917:. United States Army Corps of Engineers. Desert Processes Working Group; Knowledge Sciences, Inc. (n.d), retrieved 2008-08-2onments
2223:
2197:
634:
1728:
492:
911:. United States Army Corps of Engineers. Desert Processes Working Group; Knowledge Sciences, Inc. (n.d), retrieved 2008-08-26.
2192:
66:
756:
944:
1894:
1844:
1738:
920:
Gelennie, K. W., 1970 Deserts sedimentary
Environments. Developments in Sedimentology, v.14. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 222p.
2228:
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526:
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1398:
351:
109:
619:
55:
2182:
2134:
2017:
879:
338:
Wadis are located on gently sloping, nearly flat parts of deserts; commonly they begin on the distal portions of
81:
2167:
1884:
1849:
1691:
782:
914:
908:
738:. Vol. 2: Jehova – Zuzim and Index. Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of New York. 1988. p. 1115.
2177:
1869:
1634:
413:
88:
2119:
1977:
1528:
1413:
201:
162:
744:... whereas others are torrents during the rainy season but dry up completely during the rainless season.
1957:
1804:
1766:
1215:
1154:
732:
549:
62:
31:
95:
2187:
1909:
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1300:
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664:
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425:
283:
238:
2083:
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1723:
1345:
1198:
1119:
1026:
801:
213:
2109:
2022:
1987:
1839:
1355:
1260:
1164:
1056:
989:
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299:
77:
1829:
404:
2088:
1927:
1919:
1859:
1819:
1708:
1523:
1285:
1275:
1061:
500:
271:
2238:
2002:
1904:
1809:
1408:
1403:
1320:
1149:
1021:
833:
488:
243:
27:
River valley, especially a dry riverbed that contains water only during times of heavy rain
2007:
1967:
1962:
1753:
1566:
1453:
1448:
1232:
1169:
1139:
1104:
1099:
1066:
1031:
1002:
789:
658:
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323:
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185:
177:
153:
829:
691: – Landform created by running water and/or mass movement eroding sharply into soil
2218:
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1952:
1932:
1814:
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1626:
1606:
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1703:
1698:
1458:
1330:
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1036:
1016:
2139:
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1713:
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1513:
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1335:
1210:
1109:
1071:
1046:
442:
339:
315:
223:
219:
837:
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102:
2048:
1972:
1676:
1639:
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1310:
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1144:
610:
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363:
44:
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2154:
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227:
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2012:
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1370:
1365:
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1188:
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461:
433:. Crossing wadis at certain times of the year can be dangerous as a result.
347:
369:
276:
260:
1794:
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1438:
1280:
1247:
804:, UNESCO – Technical documents in hydrology vol 55, SC.2002/WS/33,(2002).
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1899:
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1183:
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1086:
985:
938:
676:
670:
571:
541:
438:
343:
17:
740:
The term "wadi" (Arabic) is also used to designate a torrent valley
456:
Deposition in a wadi is rapid because of the sudden loss of stream
1997:
1982:
1937:
1681:
1654:
1601:
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981:
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140:
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patterns because of the deficiency of water and the abundance of
2027:
1992:
1508:
1473:
231:
218:'wadi') is the Arabic term traditionally referring to a
954:
1947:
1388:
38:
945:
Arab Center for
Studies of Arid Zones and Dry lands (ACSAD)
915:
Summary: Summary: Drainage
Courses, Wadis – Inverted
880:"Visiting Wadi Bani Khalid, Oman: A Desert Paradise"
206:
167:
2097:
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1918:
1780:
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1625:
1557:
1379:
1246:
1163:
1085:
996:
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
731:
429:but infrequent heavy rainfall, often resulting in
408:Triassic wadi deposit near Ogmore-By-Sea, Wales.
282:was used to mean a permanent river, for example:
420:Modern English usage differentiates wadis from
697: – River that periodically ceases to flow
685: – Deep V-shaped valley formed by erosion
966:
570:Dry fluvial channel cutting through columnar
8:
703: – Fertile area in a desert environment
667: – Dry watercourse with flow after rain
222:. In some instances, it may refer to a wet (
973:
959:
951:
373:Wadi Degla in Egypt during the dry season
270:. Some Spanish toponyms are derived from
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
711:in the Sinai peninsula, holy Muslim site
1572:International scale of river difficulty
722:
679: – Type of valley or drainage zone
478:
7:
935:International Hydrological Programme
661: – Type of desert earth surface
381:Sediments and sedimentary structures
230:that contains water only when heavy
145:Wadi Ghuweir Trail to Feynan, Jordan
67:adding citations to reliable sources
931:IHP REGIONAL WADI HYDROLOGY NETWORK
853:"Wadi Bani Khalid & Wadi Hawer"
517:, a tributary of Wadi Shah, in the
327:
311:
295:
196:
181:
157:
298:, "river of refreshment stalls"),
25:
673: – Deep chasm between cliffs
909:Summary: Drainage Courses, Wadis
633:
618:
602:
582:
563:
548:
525:
507:
481:
334:General morphology and processes
43:
1729:Flooded grasslands and savannas
783:Guadalajara tourist guide, p.5.
266:is very widely found in Arabic
54:needs additional citations for
1:
838:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.06.026
781:Ayuntamiento de Guadalajara,
759:. MSN Encarta. Archived from
1895:Universal Soil Loss Equation
1845:Hydrological transport model
1739:Storm Water Management Model
441:, as they travel in complex
947:: Water resources division.
851:Alimsk (20 December 2013).
613:in the United Arab Emirates
497:Ash-Sharqiyyah Region, Oman
277:
261:
207:
168:
2260:
1399:Antecedent drainage stream
878:Pedro (5 September 2014).
792:, retrieved 17 August 2013
352:basin and range topography
29:
2163:
2135:River valley civilization
2018:Riparian-zone restoration
734:Insight on the Scriptures
314:, "river of stones"), or
2244:Arabic words and phrases
2198:Countries without rivers
2173:Rivers by discharge rate
1885:Runoff model (reservoir)
1850:Infiltration (hydrology)
2224:Dry or seasonal streams
1870:River Continuum Concept
1635:Agricultural wastewater
414:Carboniferous Limestone
250:for similar landforms.
2193:River name etymologies
2120:Hydraulic civilization
1978:Floodplain restoration
1754:Point source pollution
1529:Sedimentary structures
625:Wadis in northeastern
597:, United Arab Emirates
417:
374:
330:, "the great river").
146:
1805:Discharge (hydrology)
1767:Industrial wastewater
1248:Sedimentary processes
407:
396:may also be present.
372:
342:and extend to inland
144:
32:Wadi (disambiguation)
1910:Volumetric flow rate
1494:Riffle-pool sequence
817:Journal of Hydrology
665:Arroyo (watercourse)
519:United Arab Emirates
493:Northern Governorate
328:اَلْوَادِي الْكَبِير
63:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
2084:Whitewater kayaking
2079:Whitewater canoeing
1880:Runoff curve number
1724:Flood pulse concept
886:. Travel With Pedro
884:travelwithpedro.com
830:2007JHyd..343..187A
788:1 July 2012 at the
757:"Arroyo Definition"
400:Hydrological action
2229:Canyons and gorges
2110:Aquatic toxicology
2023:Stream restoration
1988:Infiltration basin
1840:Hydrological model
1356:Sediment transport
1179:Estavelle/Inversac
1057:Subterranean river
730:"Torrent valley".
695:Intermittent river
418:
375:
312:وَادِي الْحِجَارَة
147:
2234:Fluvial landforms
2206:
2205:
2183:Whitewater rivers
2089:Whitewater slalom
1920:River engineering
1820:Groundwater model
1781:River measurement
1709:Flood forecasting
1524:Sedimentary basin
1381:Fluvial landforms
1286:Bed material load
1062:River bifurcation
501:Arabian Peninsula
272:Andalusian Arabic
246:) is used in the
217:
205:
172:), alternatively
166:
139:
138:
131:
113:
16:(Redirected from
2251:
2168:Rivers by length
2003:River morphology
1905:Wetted perimeter
1810:Drainage density
1321:Headward erosion
1150:Perennial stream
1022:Blackwater river
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824:(3–4): 187–202.
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489:Wadi Bani Khalid
485:
329:
320:al-wādī al-kabīr
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296:وَادِي الْقَنَال
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2178:Drainage basins
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2008:Retention basin
1968:Erosion control
1963:Detention basin
1914:
1830:Hjulström curve
1782:
1776:
1748:
1692:Non-water flood
1649:
1621:
1567:Helicoidal flow
1553:
1454:Fluvial terrace
1449:Floating island
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1250:
1242:
1233:Rhythmic spring
1167:
1159:
1140:Stream gradient
1081:
1067:River ecosystem
1032:Channel pattern
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992:
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857:omantripper.com
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790:Wayback Machine
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763:on 6 April 2009
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659:Alluvial desert
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591:Al Bithnah Fort
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304:wādī al-ḥijārah
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186:Maghrebi Arabic
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1953:Drop structure
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1933:Balancing lake
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1860:Playfair's law
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1815:Exner equation
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1800:Bradshaw model
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1687:Urban flooding
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1672:Crevasse splay
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1667:100-year flood
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1627:Surface runoff
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1607:Stream capture
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1519:Rock-cut basin
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1361:Suspended load
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1351:Secondary flow
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1341:Retrogradation
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1306:Dissolved load
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1204:list in the US
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1012:Alluvial river
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925:External links
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859:. Oman Tripper
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2130:Riparian zone
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2115:Body of water
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340:alluvial fans
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288:wādī al-qanāl
285:
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83:
80: –
79:
75:
74:Find sources:
68:
64:
58:
57:
52:This article
50:
46:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2188:Flash floods
2140:River cruise
2037:River sports
1890:Stream gauge
1875:Rouse number
1865:Relief ratio
1714:Flood-meadow
1645:Urban runoff
1559:Fluvial flow
1548:
1544:River valley
1514:River island
1479:Meander scar
1394:Alluvial fan
1336:Progradation
1211:Karst spring
1155:Winterbourne
1110:Chalk stream
1072:River source
1047:Distributary
903:Bibliography
888:. Retrieved
883:
873:
861:. Retrieved
856:
846:
821:
815:
809:
797:
777:
765:. Retrieved
761:the original
751:
739:
733:
725:
707:
611:Wadi Shawkah
466:
455:
447:
443:transhumance
435:
431:flash floods
419:
390:imbrications
387:
384:
376:
337:
319:
316:Guadalquivir
303:
287:
275:
259:
257:
237:
236:
220:river valley
188:
173:
149:
148:
125:
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
73:
61:Please help
56:verification
53:
36:
2049:Fly fishing
1973:Fish ladder
1958:Daylighting
1677:Flash flood
1640:First flush
1587:Plunge pool
1311:Downcutting
1296:Debris flow
1271:Aggradation
1145:Stream pool
534:Nahal Paran
464:processes.
364:flash flood
300:Guadalajara
284:Guadalcanal
2213:Categories
2155:Wild river
1835:Hydrograph
1825:Hack's law
1790:Baer's law
1734:Inundation
1719:Floodplain
1659:stormwater
1617:Whitewater
1489:Oxbow lake
1326:Knickpoint
1301:Deposition
1194:Hot spring
1135:Streamflow
1125:Stream bed
1042:Confluence
717:References
640:A wadi in
119:April 2018
89:newspapers
2125:Limnology
2074:Triathlon
2044:Canyoning
2013:Revetment
1943:Check dam
1855:Main stem
1612:Waterfall
1499:Point bar
1484:Mouth bar
1424:Billabong
1371:Water gap
1366:Wash load
1346:Saltation
1266:Anabranch
1189:Holy well
1077:Tributary
767:2 October
360:sediments
348:dry lakes
258:The term
254:Etymology
224:ephemeral
202:romanized
163:romanized
1928:Aqueduct
1795:Baseflow
1762:Effluent
1439:Cut bank
1404:Avulsion
1281:Bed load
1261:Abrasion
890:25 March
863:25 March
786:Archived
708:Wād Ṭuwā
652:See also
595:Wadi Ham
532:Wadi in
515:Wadi Jib
458:velocity
452:Deposits
445:routes.
268:toponyms
248:Americas
234:occurs.
228:riverbed
2239:Valleys
2105:Aquifer
2098:Related
2054:Rafting
1582:Meander
1577:Log jam
1539:Thalweg
1444:Estuary
1316:Erosion
1253:erosion
1165:Springs
1120:Current
1087:Streams
1027:Channel
990:springs
986:streams
826:Bibcode
642:Socotra
593:in the
576:Namibia
557:Morocco
491:in the
472:Gallery
422:canyons
344:sabkhas
318:, from
244:Spanish
216:
204::
165::
103:scholar
1900:WAFLEX
1772:Sewage
1655:Floods
1597:Riffle
1592:Rapids
1534:Strath
1504:Ravine
1429:Canyon
1184:Geyser
1115:Coulee
1100:Bourne
1095:Arroyo
998:Rivers
982:Rivers
939:UNESCO
742:
677:Coulee
671:Canyon
572:basalt
542:Israel
462:eolian
439:Sahara
426:washes
410:Clasts
324:Arabic
308:Arabic
292:Arabic
274:where
239:Arroyo
197:וָאדִי
193:Hebrew
178:Arabic
158:وَادِي
154:Arabic
105:
98:
91:
84:
78:"Wadi"
76:
2219:Wadis
1998:Levee
1983:Flume
1938:Canal
1682:Flood
1602:Shoal
1469:Gully
1464:Gulch
1434:Chine
1419:Bayou
1276:Armor
1228:Ponor
1003:lists
701:Oasis
689:Gully
683:Gulch
627:Egypt
538:Negev
394:loess
350:. In
302:from
286:from
110:JSTOR
96:books
18:Wadis
2028:Weir
1993:Leat
1657:and
1549:Wadi
1509:Rill
1474:Glen
1459:Gill
1409:Bank
1251:and
1216:list
1199:list
1170:list
1105:Burn
988:and
892:2018
865:2018
769:2009
609:The
589:The
412:are
278:wādī
262:wādī
232:rain
214:lit.
208:vadi
189:Oued
182:وَاد
169:wādī
150:Wadi
82:news
1948:Dam
1414:Bar
1389:Ait
834:doi
822:343
574:in
495:of
424:or
346:or
184:),
174:wād
65:by
2215::
984:,
937:,
933:,
882:.
855:.
832:.
820:.
540:,
536:,
499:,
366:.
326::
310::
294::
226:)
211:,
199:,
195::
191:,
180::
160:,
156::
1172:)
1168:(
1005:)
1001:(
974:e
967:t
960:v
941:.
894:.
867:.
840:.
836::
828::
771:.
416:.
322:(
306:(
290:(
242:(
176:(
152:(
132:)
126:(
121:)
117:(
107:·
100:·
93:·
86:·
59:.
34:.
20:)
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