660:
607:
829:
162:
762:
133:
409:
543:
periods, camels apparently underwent swift evolutionary change, resulting in several genera with different anatomical structures, ranging from those with short limbs, those with gazelle-like bodies, and giraffe-like camels with long legs and long necks. This rich diversity decreased until only a few
812:
species were in fact hunted and butchered by early humans in North
America because of these reasons: the fragmenting of bones into shapes that look like tools, damage or weathering of the âworkingâ edge of said tools, having attributes that were similar to the making of chopping tools, and scarred
527:
in a thick layer of coarse gravel known as the Tauna
Gravels. Above this layer of gravel is another layer of fine river channel sands, where the skull was found. The age of this fossil is as young as 2 million years old and perhaps even younger, which can be inferred because it is younger than the
633:). One-humped camels are now known to have evolved from two-humped camels, but two-humps, as an evolutionary outcome, likely associated with arctic climates and two-humped camels presumably evolved into one-humped camels in warmer regions in Eurasia, while
796:
specimens recovered in North
America, only a small number demonstrate modification through human actions. Some specimens have been interpreted as having been killed by humans based on the presence of spirally fractured bone fragments. None of the reported
792:, disappeared as new cultures of experienced and efficient hunters moved southeastward across the continent. The result of this migration and expansion of human populations was a significant reduction in range for the megafauna. Of the many
591:, who were prolific hunters with distinct fluted stone tools, which allowed for a spear shaft to be attached to the stone tool. Biochemical analyses have shown that Clovis tools were used in butchering camels.
1355:
MarĂn-Leyva, Alejandro Hiram; Delgado-GarcĂa, Sabrina; GarcĂa-Zepeda, MarĂa Luisa; Arroyo-Cabrales, JoaquĂn; LĂłpez-GarcĂa, J. RamĂłn; Plata-RamĂrez, RamĂłn AdriĂĄn; MelĂ©ndez-Herrera, Esperanza (3 June 2023).
753:
could survive for long periods without water, as with extant camels, is still unknown; this may have been an adaptation that occurred much later, after camelids migrated to Asia and Africa.
717:
fossils further reveal that rather than being limited to grazing, this species likely ate mixed species of plants, including coarse shrubs growing in coastal southern
California. Paired
1140:
587:
include global climate change and hunting pressure from human beings. The mass extinction coincided roughly with the appearance of people belonging to the big game-hunting
1496:
1088:
813:
fragments from possible chopping tools. Further examination showed, though, that these assumptions were misguided, and that while humans did coexist and associate with
808:
sites, no fossils have been found of carcasses that were evidently processed, but rather small fragments and pieces of remains. Researchers originally thought that
1632:
1734:
1645:
659:
496:. These specimens date to around 50â45 thousand years ago, and seem to have been extirpated from the area after this time, similar to the contemporaneous
1729:
1251:
1704:
1619:
1744:
529:
1719:
548:, remained in North America, before going extinct entirely around 11,000 years ago. By the end of the Pleistocene, with the extinction of
1416:
1739:
1333:
1714:
1305:
1152:
1148:
431:(around 13,000 years ago). Despite the fact that camels are popularly associated with the deserts of Asia and Africa, the family
1118:
1709:
1535:
1080:
927:
Heintzman, Peter D.; Zazula, Grant D.; Cahill, James A.; Reyes, Alberto V.; MacPhee, Ross D.E.; Shapiro, Beth (2 June 2015).
770:
1058:
1724:
1699:
986:
1358:"Environmental inferences based on the dietary ecology of camelids from west-central Mexico during the Late Pleistocene"
1036:
1003:
651:, and was about 2.3 m (7 ft 7 in) tall at the shoulder and weighed about 1,000 kg (2,200 lb).
1593:
1284:
584:
1019:
637:
first appeared in southern North
America and lived among both warmer and colder regions of the continent until early
1650:
1031:
998:
742:
684:
664:
161:
1259:
1437:
Beck, Michael W. (10 November 1996). "On
Discerning the Cause of Late Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinctions".
1561:
520:
1598:
699:
in the east, and a notable number of fossils have been excavated among central North
America such as at
1671:
897:
801:
sites has been associated with stone tools, however, which would be an indicator of possible human use.
781:
427:(about 4.0â3.2 million years ago (Mya) in southern North America and last being known around the latest
594:
Some scientific publications have used the informal names "Western Camel" and "Yesterday's Camel" for
1606:
1511:
1446:
1371:
1357:
1225:
1186:
902:
606:
834:
1412:
1527:
1470:
1462:
1362:
1213:
1174:
722:
462:
156:
1676:
1658:
1637:
1387:
1325:
1301:
950:
625:
possessed hump(s), like modern camels, or lacked ones, like modern camelids of South
America (
478:
1663:
1519:
1454:
1379:
1233:
1194:
940:
737:
s diet. Although no living ungulate in the area consumes it, it was readily consumed by the
145:
1041:
1008:
370:
323:
1515:
1450:
1375:
1229:
1190:
761:
132:
711:
588:
1237:
749:
probably could travel long distances, similar to modern camel species. Whether or not
1693:
1531:
1523:
1110:
1027:
994:
929:"Genomic Data from Extinct North American Camelops Revise Camel Evolutionary History"
864:
738:
730:
618:
556:
452:
444:
374:
319:
83:
1474:
1198:
1173:
Zazula, Grant D.; Turner, Derek G.; Ward, Brent C.; Bond, Jeffrey (September 2011).
465:
into
Eurasia in the Late Miocene, about 6 million years ago. The divergence between
894:, an extinct species that reached at least 9 feet (2.7 m) tall at the shoulder
891:
572:
501:
435:, which comprises camels and llamas, originated in North America during the middle
289:
263:
1383:
408:
1062:
857:
843:
550:
511:
457:
428:
339:
213:
149:
58:
45:
1298:
Hunting for
Fossils: A Guide to Finding and Collecting Fossils in All 50 States
564:
was the only true camel remaining in North America and possibly both Americas.
1458:
1326:"San Diego Natural History Museum Fossil Mysteries Field Guide: Extinct Camel"
885:
878:
871:
824:
704:
680:
103:
68:
17:
1584:
1391:
817:, human use has yet to be completely proven as the sole cause of extinction.
1175:"Last interglacial western camel (Camelops hesternus) from eastern Beringia"
945:
928:
850:
789:
696:
692:
648:
536:
505:
233:
223:
173:
108:
52:
954:
630:
359:
571:
extinction was part of a larger North American extinction in which native
1578:
700:
638:
576:
497:
424:
367:
335:
331:
315:
243:
193:
98:
93:
78:
73:
63:
41:
1624:
1497:"On the possible utilization of Camelops by early man in North America"
1466:
718:
626:
580:
540:
448:
440:
432:
363:
343:
113:
88:
1061:. Anza-Borrego Desert State Park Paleontology Society. Archived from
729:
had a browsing diet at the Mexican fossil sites LC-PT and LP-SA. The
688:
676:
489:
436:
395:
383:
355:
347:
327:
203:
183:
1555:
968:
Saitou, Naruya; Shokat, Shayire (2017). "DNA Analyses of Camels".
760:
658:
605:
524:
493:
407:
351:
311:
1611:
1559:
1020:
987:
733:
from the US-Mexican border has been speculated to be part of
389:
377:
780:
are hypothesized to have disappeared as a result of the
617:
Because soft tissues are generally not preserved in the
1283:, "6.17 Yesterday's Camel: Camelops Hesternus", p.99,
922:
920:
918:
675:
The species ranged widely from Alaska in the north to
455:. Modern camels are descended from the extinct genus
484:
During Pleistocene warm periods, a smaller morph of
1568:
1212:Grayson, Donald K.; Meltzer, David J. (May 2003).
1081:"Camel Country: Where have all our camelops gone?"
1495:Haynes, Gary; Stanford, Dennis (September 1984).
583:also died out. Possible causal factors for this
1141:"Camel-butchering in Boulder, 13,000 years ago"
477:would continue to live in North America as the
1281:Vanished Giants: The Lost World of the Ice Age
1413:"The US Army's Camel Corps by C. F. Eckhardt"
1053:
1051:
1049:
8:
439:period, at least 44 Mya. Both the camel and
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1556:
784:. This model presents the hypothesis that
131:
31:
944:
1319:
1317:
710:Plant remains found in the teeth of the
1214:"A requiem for North American overkill"
1074:
1072:
914:
342:. It is more closely related to living
1401:– via Taylor and Francis Online.
530:Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument
647:had legs 20% longer than that of the
7:
1735:Pleistocene mammals of North America
1324:Museum, San Diego Natural History.
1145:Colorado Arts and Sciences Magazine
1117:. U.S. Department of the Interior.
788:, along with other North American
25:
1730:Pliocene mammals of North America
1218:Journal of Archaeological Science
1149:University of Colorado at Boulder
423:first appeared during the Middle
366:), making it a true camel of the
1336:from the original on 6 July 2014
827:
473:lineages occurred about 10 Mya.
160:
1705:Prehistoric Artiodactyla genera
1419:from the original on 2022-01-20
1252:"Evolutionary History | Camels"
1199:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.06.010
1121:from the original on 2014-07-11
1091:from the original on 2019-07-07
933:Molecular Biology and Evolution
373:. Its name is derived from the
1300:. Collier Books. p. 262.
1079:Hutchinson, Jon (2012-08-14).
771:Waco Mammoth National Monument
481:until the middle Pleistocene.
400:, "face"), i.e. "camel-face".
1:
1745:Fossil taxa described in 1854
1384:10.1080/08912963.2022.2073822
1238:10.1016/S0305-4403(02)00205-4
519:specimen was found above the
1720:Piacenzian first appearances
1524:10.1016/0033-5894(84)90041-3
970:Journal of Arid Land Studies
396:
384:
1285:University of Chicago Press
663:Environment of what is now
528:other fossils found at the
1761:
1740:Taxa named by Joseph Leidy
1179:Quaternary Science Reviews
1021:
988:
683:in the west, southernmost
390:
378:
1459:10.1017/s0094837300016043
1279:Anthony J. Stuart, 2021,
745:in the mid-19th century.
743:United States Camel Corps
685:Baja California Peninsula
665:White Sands National Park
276:
271:
157:Scientific classification
155:
139:
130:
34:
1715:Pleistocene Artiodactyla
1139:Scott, J. (2009-02-26).
725:analysis indicates that
27:Extinct genus of mammals
1296:Murray, Marian (1974).
1109:National Park Service.
1037:A GreekâEnglish Lexicon
1004:A GreekâEnglish Lexicon
671:in the right background
621:, it is not certain if
509:, and the giant beaver
443:families originated in
40:Temporal range: Middle
773:
672:
614:
521:Glenns Ferry Formation
416:
404:Taxonomy and evolution
1710:Pliocene Artiodactyla
1672:Paleobiology Database
1028:Liddell, Henry George
995:Liddell, Henry George
946:10.1093/molbev/msv128
898:Pleistocene megafauna
764:
662:
609:
585:megafaunal extinction
411:
146:George C. Page Museum
1725:Holocene extinctions
1700:Prehistoric camelids
1185:(19â20): 2355â2360.
1115:Hagerman Fossil Beds
903:Snowmastodon Project
776:The last species of
741:of the experimental
461:, which crossed the
140:Mounted skeleton of
1516:1984QuRes..22..216H
1504:Quaternary Research
1451:1996Pbio...22...91B
1376:2023HBio...35.1011M
1230:2003JArSc..30..585G
1191:2011QSRv...30.2355Z
835:Paleontology portal
1363:Historical Biology
774:
765:A 68,000-year-old
695:in the south, and
673:
615:
610:Reconstruction of
546:Camelops hesternus
463:Bering land bridge
447:and migrated into
417:
338:to the end of the
334:, from the middle
142:Camelops hesternus
1687:
1686:
1659:Open Tree of Life
1562:Taxon identifiers
1085:Verde Independent
804:At many of these
544:species, such as
515:. The skull of a
479:High Arctic camel
303:
302:
267:
16:(Redirected from
1752:
1680:
1679:
1667:
1666:
1654:
1653:
1641:
1640:
1628:
1627:
1615:
1614:
1602:
1601:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1557:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1540:
1534:. Archived from
1501:
1492:
1479:
1478:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1370:(6): 1011â1027.
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1321:
1312:
1311:
1293:
1287:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1258:. Archived from
1248:
1242:
1241:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1151:. Archived from
1136:
1130:
1129:
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1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1076:
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1017:
1011:
991:
990:
984:
978:
977:
965:
959:
958:
948:
939:(9): 2433â2440.
924:
837:
832:
831:
830:
782:Blitzkrieg model
769:skeleton at the
570:
535:During the late
399:
393:
392:
387:
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380:
262:
255:
165:
164:
135:
125:
55:
32:
21:
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1295:
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1265:
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1256:blogs.lt.vt.edu
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1108:
1107:
1103:
1094:
1092:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1057:
1056:
1047:
1042:Perseus Project
1018:
1014:
1009:Perseus Project
985:
981:
967:
966:
962:
926:
925:
916:
911:
833:
828:
826:
823:
759:
657:
604:
568:
523:in present-day
406:
388:, "camel") and
326:, ranging from
324:Central America
293:
283:
261:
253:
159:
126:
124:
123:
122:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
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76:
71:
66:
61:
51:3.2â0.013
50:
49:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1758:
1756:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1692:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1668:
1655:
1642:
1629:
1616:
1603:
1590:
1574:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1552:
1551:
1510:(2): 216â230.
1480:
1429:
1404:
1347:
1313:
1306:
1288:
1272:
1243:
1224:(5): 585â593.
1204:
1165:
1131:
1101:
1068:
1065:on 2011-09-04.
1045:
1012:
979:
960:
913:
912:
910:
907:
906:
905:
900:
895:
889:
882:
875:
868:
861:
854:
847:
839:
838:
822:
819:
758:
755:
739:Arabian camels
712:Rancho La Brea
656:
653:
603:
600:
589:Clovis culture
405:
402:
318:that lived in
310:is an extinct
301:
300:
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62:
57:
56:
39:
26:
24:
18:Wal-Mart camel
14:
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4:
3:
2:
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1600:
1595:
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1576:
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1573:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1541:on 2014-03-09
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
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1505:
1498:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1445:(1): 91â103.
1444:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1351:
1348:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1307:9780020935506
1303:
1299:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1262:on 2019-04-30
1261:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1155:on 2010-06-10
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1132:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1105:
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1090:
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1073:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1032:Scott, Robert
1029:
1025:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1000:
999:Scott, Robert
996:
992:
983:
980:
976:(4): 223â226.
975:
971:
964:
961:
956:
952:
947:
942:
938:
934:
930:
923:
921:
919:
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893:
890:
888:
887:
883:
881:
880:
876:
874:
873:
869:
867:
866:
865:Poebrotherium
862:
860:
859:
855:
853:
852:
848:
846:
845:
841:
840:
836:
825:
820:
818:
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795:
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783:
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772:
768:
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748:
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736:
732:
731:creosote bush
728:
724:
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713:
708:
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666:
661:
654:
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636:
632:
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624:
620:
619:fossil record
613:
608:
601:
599:
597:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
567:
563:
559:
558:
557:Titanotylopus
553:
552:
547:
542:
538:
533:
531:
526:
522:
518:
514:
513:
508:
507:
503:
499:
495:
492:and northern
491:
487:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
459:
454:
453:Bering Strait
450:
446:
445:North America
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
414:
410:
403:
401:
398:
386:
376:
375:Ancient Greek
372:
369:
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353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
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321:
317:
313:
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299:
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288:Leidy, 1873 (
287:
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1438:
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655:Paleobiology
645:C. hesternus
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611:
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579:, and other
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502:ground sloth
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413:C. minidokae
412:
306:
305:
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296:C. minidokae
295:
286:C. hesternus
285:
282:Leidy, 1854
279:
277:
257:
256:
214:Artiodactyla
141:
35:
29:
1340:10 November
858:Oxydactylus
844:Aepycamelus
602:Description
551:Paracamelus
512:Castoroides
475:Paracamelus
467:Paracamelus
458:Paracamelus
429:Pleistocene
340:Pleistocene
280:C. kansanus
230:Subfamily:
150:Los Angeles
46:Pleistocene
1694:Categories
1545:2012-10-26
1423:2021-12-03
1266:2018-05-29
1159:2009-05-01
1125:2012-10-26
1111:"Camelops"
1095:2017-06-02
1059:"Camelops"
909:References
886:Stenomylus
879:Protylopus
872:Procamelus
757:Extinction
705:California
681:California
539:and early
488:inhabited
419:The genus
298:Hay, 1927
1532:129762421
1392:0891-2963
1330:Sdnhm.org
851:Eulamaops
790:megafauna
735:Camelops'
723:microwear
697:Tennessee
693:Guatemala
649:dromedary
577:mastodons
537:Oligocene
506:Megalonyx
433:Camelidae
234:Camelinae
224:Camelidae
180:Kingdom:
174:Eukaryota
1579:Wikidata
1570:Camelops
1475:85102271
1417:Archived
1334:Archived
1119:Archived
1089:Archived
955:26037535
821:See also
815:Camelops
810:Camelops
806:Camelops
799:Camelops
794:Camelops
786:Camelops
778:Camelops
751:Camelops
747:Camelops
701:Colorado
669:Camelops
639:Holocene
635:Camelops
627:guanacos
623:Camelops
596:Camelops
581:camelids
566:Camelops
562:Camelops
517:Camelops
498:mastodon
486:Camelops
471:Camelops
451:via the
425:Pliocene
421:Camelops
368:Camelini
364:guanacos
346:than to
336:Pliocene
332:Honduras
307:Camelops
272:Species
258:Camelops
244:Camelini
220:Family:
204:Mammalia
194:Chordata
190:Phylum:
184:Animalia
170:Domain:
44:to Late
42:Pliocene
36:Camelops
1638:1330238
1625:4835773
1612:4446726
1585:Q133439
1512:Bibcode
1467:2401044
1447:Bibcode
1372:Bibcode
1226:Bibcode
1187:Bibcode
1040:at the
1007:at the
989:ÎșÎŹÎŒÎ·Î»ÎżÏ
667:, with
631:vicuñas
541:Miocene
449:Eurasia
385:cĂĄmÄlos
379:ÎșÎŹÎŒÎ·Î»ÎżÏ
360:vicuñas
356:alpacas
348:lamines
250:Genus:
240:Tribe:
210:Order:
200:Class:
144:in the
120:↓
1664:516745
1651:647690
1599:716974
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689:Mexico
677:Oregon
573:horses
569:'s
500:, the
490:Alaska
437:Eocene
362:, and
352:llamas
344:camels
328:Alaska
266:, 1854
1677:42520
1633:IRMNG
1539:(PDF)
1528:S2CID
1500:(PDF)
1471:S2CID
1463:JSTOR
1397:1 May
525:Idaho
494:Yukon
441:horse
415:skull
371:tribe
320:North
316:camel
312:genus
264:Leidy
1646:NCBI
1620:GBIF
1594:BOLD
1399:2024
1388:ISSN
1342:2017
1302:ISBN
951:PMID
721:and
703:and
691:and
687:and
679:and
629:and
554:and
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322:and
290:type
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