5151:
86:
5784:
5794:
372:. A contemporary source describes the sultanate being torn apart by internal strafe and weakened by struggles with neighboring Muslim states. In 1278 one of these neighboring states, named Ifat in eastern Shewa, led by the Walashma invaded the Sultanate of Shewa. After a few years of struggle the sultanate was annexed into
977:
And the robes and those of his leaders were adorned with silver and shone on all sides. And the dagger which he carried at his side was richly adorned with gold and precious stones; and his amulet was adorned with drops of gold; and the inscriptions on the amulet were of gold paint. And his parasol
1226:
He killed Garād Abūn and restored the
Walashma dynasty, but Garād Abūn's cousin Imām Aḥmed Gurēy avenged his cousin's death and killed him. While Garād Abūn ruled in Dakkar, Abūbakar Maḥamed established himself at Harar in 1520, and this is often cited as when the capital moved. Abūbakar Maḥamed
407:. Despite this setback, the Muslim rulers of Ifat continued their campaign. The Abyssinian Emperor branded the Muslims of the surrounding area "enemies of the Lord", and again invaded Ifat in the early 15th century. After much struggle, Ifat's troops were defeated and the Sultanate's ruler, King
3462:
1263:
Son of Maḥamed ʿAsharadDīn, Imām Aḥmed Gurēy put Maḥamed ʿAsharadDīn's young son ʿUmarDīn on the throne as puppet king in Imām Aḥmed Gurēy's capital at Harar. This essentially is the end of the
Walashma dynasty as a ruling dynasty in all but name, though the dynasty hobbled on in a
141:
and Djaʿfar ibn Abī Tālib. The latter was among the earliest
Muslims to settle in the Horn region. However, the semi-legendary apologetic History of the Walasma asserts that ʿUmar ibn-Dunya-hawaz was a descendant of Caliph ʿAlī's son al-Hasan. This is not supported by both
3680:
Like their direct descendants, the Adares of today, the people of ancient Shewa, Yifat, Adal, Harar and Awssa were semitic in their ethnic and linguistic origins. They were neither
Somalis nor Afar. But the Somali and Afar nomads were the local subjects of the
376:. This annexation is usually attributed to ʿUmar, but he had been dead for 50 years by the time Shewa was annexed. More likely, it was his grandson Jamal ad-Dīn or perhaps even his great-grandson Abūd. In 1288 Sultan Wali Asma successfully conquered
271:
333:
as late as the nineteenth century with governors of that region claiming descent from the old dynasty. In 1993 Mohammed Saleh who professed his ancestors were the
Argobba Walasma of Ifat revealed that his progenitors were traders of the
1020:
Son of SaʿadadDīn Aḥmed, He returned to the Horn of Africa from Yemen to reclaim his father's realm. He subsequently became the first ruler and founder of the new Adal dynasty winning many victories before dying of natural causes.
206:
does note that according to local traditions though, he was said to have lived for over 500 years, placing his death in the early 16th century. Some rulers of the
Walashma Dynasty are also thought to be buried at the site of
3571:
3216:
1129:
Son of AḥmedudDīn "Badlay" SaʿadadDīn, Maḥamed asked for help from the
Mameluk Sultanate of Egypt in 1452, though this assistance was not forthcoming. He ended up signing a very short-lived truce with
262:
Walasma dynasty of Ifat initiated a series of marriage alliances with the leaders of Adal. Ferry Robert notes that there existed political and matrimonial relations between the nobles of Adal and
3824:
215:. As descendants of Barkhadle, it was said that the Walashma success, longevity, and influence was due to their native family background Walasma are historically tied to the ancestors of
202:
also mentions that in a short king-list titled 'Rulers of the land of Sa'ad ad-Din', Barkhadle is recognized as one of the
Walashma ancestors. Lewis places his death at around 1190 AD.
3056:. L'Accademia. "Cerulli suggests that the Saint "Aw Barkhdale" (Yusuf Al Kownayn) can be associated with "Yusuf Barkatla", ancestor of Umar' Walashma, founder of the Ifat dynasty"
967:
allowed
Muslims to obtain luxury items that Christian Ethiopians, whose relations with the outside world were still blocked, could not acquire, a Christian document describing
3238:
3099:
Aw
Barkhadle, he was a native, who lived in about 1,000 years ago and is buried now in a ruined town named after him, Aw Barkhadle, which is a few miles away from Hargeisa.
2909:
Founded in 1285 by the Walashma dynasty, it was centered in Zeila. Ifat established bases in Djibouti and Somalia, and from there expanded southward to the Ahmar Mountains.
4317:
3189:
474:
Son of ʿUmar Dunya-Hawaz, he led many successful campaigns the most notable of which being the Conquest of the Shewa and burning of their capital marking the end of the
251:.According to I.M. Lewis, the polity was governed by local dynasties consisting of Somalized Arabs or Arabized Somalis, who also ruled over the similarly established
4883:
4878:
5843:
3327:
1308:
Son of ʿUmarDīn Maḥamed, last of the Walashma Sultans, assisted Amīr Nūr Mujahid in his attempt to retake Dawaro. He was killed defending Harar from Emperor
5136:
895:, the eldest son of Sa'ad ad-Din II, established a new base after his return from Yemen. By the late 1400s the Walasma sultans began to be challenged by the
1093:
Son of SaʿadadDīn Aḥmed, also known as "Arwe Badlay" ("Badlay the beast"). Badlay embarked on a full scale conquest of Abyssinia successfully invaded the
3797:
5848:
3296:
450:
Founder of the Walashma dynasty, his nickname was ʿAdūnyo or Wilinwīli. He started a military campaign to conquer the Sultanate of Shewa. The Sheikh
346:
According to Ferry Robert, the language spoken by the people of Adal as well as its rulers the Imams and Sultans would closely resemble contemporary
4957:
2827:
3694:
5863:
4310:
4289:
4170:
4086:
3912:
3581:
3522:
3384:
3357:
3248:
3199:
2992:
5858:
5512:
2822:
5106:
3347:
5268:
5222:
978:
came from the land of Syria and it was such beautiful work that those who looked at it marveled, and winged serpents were painted on it.
3618:
1268:
capacity. Many king lists don't even bother with Walashma rulers after this and just list Imām Aḥmed Gurēy and then Amīr Nūr Mujahid.
5828:
5586:
3989:
959:
The Walashma sultans of Ifant and Adal also apparently had a fair taste for luxury, the commercial relations that existed between the
4970:
4268:
4239:
4210:
3834:
3807:
3704:
3648:
3145:
3120:
3077:
2965:
2955:
3902:
4303:
232:
887:, before later returning to the Harar plateau in 1415. In the early 15th century, Adal's capital was established in the town of
5833:
5823:
5089:
5205:
5068:
4021:
3749:
2935:
3407:
917:(Ahmad "Gurey" or Ahmad "Gran") that invaded the Abyssinian empire. This 16th century campaign is historically known as the
5522:
5507:
5463:
5371:
5239:
5058:
2907:. New Delhi, India: AFRO-ASIAN-AMERICAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, OCCUPATIONAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (ACCORD). p. 360.
177:, regard the Walashma dynasty to be of local origin. Cerulli asserts that according to Harar chronicles, the 10th century
3546:
5883:
5838:
5576:
5502:
5458:
4950:
4284:
Kifleyesus, Abbebe (2006). Tradition and Transformation: The Argobba of Ethiopia. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 84.
5099:
5633:
5596:
5591:
5581:
5409:
5251:
5131:
5126:
4076:
146:
and the chronicle of the Walashma. But ʿUmar ibn-Dunya-hawaz, whom both assert was the founder of the dynasty, was of
3374:
3067:
404:
5873:
5697:
2322:
1082:
968:
914:
451:
191:
1073:
before killing him in the battle of Harjah. Famed for piety and justice he was killed by jealous cousins in 1433.
5878:
5868:
5818:
5650:
5609:
5534:
5529:
5175:
5043:
2536:
2516:
1167:
1143:
5680:
4868:
1098:
833:
829:
381:
373:
330:
303:
287:
220:
122:
39:
3929:
5853:
5660:
5655:
5571:
5468:
5448:
5150:
5018:
4943:
3667:
An introduction to Ethiopian history from the Megalithism Age to the Republic, circa 13000 B.C. to 2000 A.D.
3512:
938:
836:. It was used ambiguously in the medieval era to indicate the Muslim inhabited low land portion east of the
4863:
283:
5566:
5473:
4373:
252:
4013:
A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa
3620:
Some Notes on Harar and the local Trade Routes: A Report on the view of ex-merchants of Shäwa (1839-1935)
3037:
350:. The 19th-century Ethiopian historian Asma Giyorgis suggests that the Walashma themselves spoke Arabic.
4388:
4295:
3638:
2640:
2284:
1215:
1030:
203:
174:
4751:
4488:
4393:
4162:
The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century
3191:
Divine Fertility: The Continuity in Transformation of an Ideology of Sacred Kinship in Northeast Africa
4914:
4619:
247:. However, Amelie Chekroun suggests no possible link to identify the people of medieval Ifat with the
5765:
5670:
5619:
5517:
5480:
5453:
5159:
5038:
5028:
4766:
4653:
4498:
4408:
2784:
1297:
291:
236:
4663:
4657:
5755:
5740:
5720:
5692:
5497:
5427:
5185:
4448:
4443:
4413:
2419:
1937:
1178:
Great-grandson of SaʿadadDīn Aḥmed of Ifat, he continued to raid the Abyssinians especially during
1118:
918:
721:
134:
5793:
761:
Son of ʿAli SabiradDīn Maḥamed, accepted the role of vassal and did not continue to rebel against
5712:
5614:
5554:
5443:
5180:
5053:
5048:
5033:
4978:
4924:
4833:
4756:
4513:
4508:
4473:
4383:
4363:
4044:
3949:
2093:
876:
869:
794:
408:
279:
4787:
4614:
941:. Some scholars argue that this conflict proved, through their use on both sides, the value of
5760:
5730:
5675:
5645:
5195:
4899:
4707:
4702:
4594:
4589:
4493:
4438:
4433:
4423:
4403:
4368:
4285:
4264:
4245:
4235:
4216:
4206:
4187:
4166:
4147:
4082:
4017:
3985:
3908:
3868:
3830:
3803:
3745:
3739:
3700:
3671:
3644:
3577:
3518:
3498:
3380:
3353:
3265:
3244:
3195:
3141:
3116:
3073:
2988:
2961:
2931:
2925:
2160:
1363:
1235:
964:
359:
47:
4604:
4011:
3979:
3783:
5787:
5750:
5745:
5702:
5094:
5081:
5013:
4873:
4838:
4817:
4807:
4792:
4761:
4738:
4639:
4634:
4584:
4478:
4468:
4428:
4358:
3941:
3444:
3432:
3277:
2847:
2766:
1277:
1094:
1046:
860:. According to Ewald Wagner, Adal region was historically the area stretching from Zeila to
837:
475:
369:
163:
3433:"Quelques hypothèses sur les origines des conquêtes musulmanes en Abyssinie au XVIe siècle"
1187:
384:
and other Muslim states in the region. Making Ifat the most powerful Muslim kingdom in the
5687:
5665:
5601:
5361:
5346:
5190:
5023:
4802:
4797:
4624:
4549:
4483:
4378:
2302:
2264:
1106:
1058:
892:
612:
347:
323:
307:
3479:
832:
was a general term for a region of lowlands inhabited by Muslims east of the province of
3481:
Le" Futuh al-Habasa": écriture de l'histoire, guerre et société dans le Bar Sa'ad ad-din
5797:
5735:
5351:
5341:
5321:
5256:
5076:
5008:
4909:
4843:
4771:
4717:
4668:
4348:
4327:
4135:
2075:
1823:
1131:
1009:
960:
930:
865:
824:
774:
762:
734:
677:
400:
385:
248:
240:
216:
170:
51:
4103:
2862:) Some historians pick one of the two possible dates (e.g. Paul Henze selects 1403 in
85:
5812:
5291:
4919:
4812:
4453:
4353:
3953:
2003:
1805:
1787:
750:
653:
633:
392:
244:
224:
178:
147:
129:
genealogical traditions. In terms of lineage, Walashma traditions trace descent from
2927:
Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century, General History of Africa, Volume 3
5296:
5244:
4998:
4746:
4544:
4518:
1391:
933:, which he imported through Zeila and deployed against Abyssinian forces and their
439:
411:, fled to Zeila. He was pursued there by Abyssinian forces, where they slayed him.
208:
130:
3884:
NOTES ON MIGRATION BETWEEN YEMEN AND NORTHEAST AFRICA DURING THE 13–15TH CENTURIES
3598:
4258:
4229:
4200:
4181:
4160:
3401:
3095:
The Writing of the Somali Language: A Great Landmark in Our Revolutionary History
2982:
198:
was the fifth ancestor ofʿUmar ibn Dunya-hawaz, founder of the Walashma Dynasty.
5389:
5326:
4679:
4559:
4040:
Reviewed Work: Futuh Al-Habaša: The Conquest of Abyssinia [16th Century]
841:
319:
311:
228:
186:
159:
151:
17:
3140:(1. Red Sea Press ed.). Lawrenceville, NJ: The Red Sea Press p. 93.
3115:(1. Red Sea Press ed.). Lawrenceville, NJ: The Red Sea Press p. 92.
5725:
5399:
5331:
5232:
5210:
5063:
3945:
3539:
2851:
1309:
1102:
857:
738:
710:
689:
665:
463:
396:
212:
199:
143:
4249:
3675:
5301:
5227:
4993:
946:
872:
relocated their base to the Harari plateau in Adal forming a new Sultanate.
845:
4418:
4191:
4151:
3281:
4220:
3448:
906:
Adal's headquarters were relocated in the following century, this time to
5404:
5394:
5379:
5356:
5286:
5215:
4599:
4564:
4534:
4398:
3665:
2660:
1252:
1155:
1070:
953:
934:
810:
365:
70:
62:
4048:
4038:
3882:
3640:
Aṣma Giyorgis and his work: history of the Gāllā and the kingdom of Šawā
2887:
668:
of Abyssinia, who replaced him with his brother JamaladDīn as a vassal.
5384:
4966:
4727:
4722:
4687:
4629:
4579:
4574:
4503:
3464:
IV Congresso Internazionale Di Studi Etiopici (Roma, 10-15 Aprile 1972)
1265:
1042:
942:
806:
263:
256:
66:
58:
3008:
741:, but the rebellion failed and he was replaced with his brother Aḥmed
306:
who originate from the Walasma dynasty were overthrown in 1769 by the
5316:
5281:
4712:
4697:
4463:
4458:
1198:
1183:
1158:
of Abyssinia army in 1479, and slaughtered the majority of his army.
949:
926:
900:
888:
315:
195:
54:
35:
4935:
3957:
3217:"Effects of Sixteenth Century Upheavals on the History of the Horn"
2854:) or in 817 AH / 1414-5 during the reign of Yeshaq I (according to
1069:
Son of SaʿadadDīn Aḥmed. He won numerous important battles against
805:
Son of Aḥmed ʿAli, killed in the Abyssinian invasion of Ifat under
5336:
5276:
5200:
4692:
4649:
4644:
4609:
4569:
4554:
4539:
3696:
Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia: Collected Essays
3093:
Somalia; Wasaaradda Warfaafinta iyo Hanuuninta Dadweynaha (1972).
907:
896:
884:
880:
861:
853:
849:
377:
335:
299:
295:
275:
43:
3852:
Legende und Geschichte: der Fath Madinat Hara von Yahya Nasrallah
3224:
Proceedings of the Third International Congress of Somali Studies
910:. From this new capital, Adal organised an effective army led by
5485:
5311:
5306:
1179:
911:
765:, and is subsequently regarded very poorly by Muslim historians
395:
was slain in a military campaign against the Abyssinian Emperor
239:
regard the Walasma Sultans of Ifat and Adal to be predominantly
181:
155:
126:
4939:
4299:
4063:
Cambridge Illustrated Atlas, Warfare: Renaissance to Revolution
3467:. Accademia nazionale dei Lincei. 28 January 1974. p. 623.
1186:
enslaving innumerable numbers of Abyssinians and Killing King
138:
80:
3097:. Ministry of Information and National Guidance. p. 10.
162:
mentions the ancestors of Walasma were once tributary to the
3054:
Le popolazioni della Somalia nella tradizione storica locale
1041:
Son of SaʿadadDīn Aḥmed. He launched an expedition against
133:
tribe by El Maqrisi. But Ifat Sultanate trace descent from
1109:. Badlay also founded a new capital at Dakkar, near Harar.
3310:
3308:
733:
Son of SabiradDīn Maḥamed Naḥwi, rebelled against Emperor
3981:
Bradt Somaliland: With Addis Ababa & Eastern Ethiopia
3775:
3773:
3138:
Saints and Somalis: popular Islam in a clan-based society
3113:
Saints and Somalis: popular Islam in a clan-based society
3069:
Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society
883:
after he had fled there in 1403, his children escaped to
1206:
Very popular leader who attempted to recapture Fatagar
368:
was seat of a Muslim sultanate named under the rule of
97:
4138:(1931). "Documenti arabi per la storia dell'Etiopia".
3823:
Shinn, David H.; Ofcansky, Thomas P. (11 April 2013).
2850:/ 1402-3 CE during the reign of Dawit I (according to
1190:. He was assassinated after a failed campaign in 1518
4065:, 1492-1792, (Cambridge University Press: 1996), p.9.
1227:
was the last Walashma sultan to have any real power.
278:
lords descendant from the last Walasma ruler of Ifat
3741:
E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936
3403:
Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho
3240:
Tradition and Transformation The Argobba of Ethiopia
3039:
Islam: Yesterday and Today translated by Emran Waber
403:
as the new King, followed by Jamal ad-Din's brother
326:
Hamza, preserved their history through manuscripts.
5711:
5632:
5553:
5426:
5370:
5267:
5158:
5119:
4986:
4977:
4892:
4856:
4826:
4780:
4736:
4677:
4527:
4341:
4334:
3376:
La Conquête de l'Éthiopie - Un jihad au XVIe siècle
2957:
Ethiopia: the Land, Its People, History and Culture
1154:Son of Maḥamed AḥmedudDīn, he attacked the Emperor
925:). During the war, Imam Ahmad pioneered the use of
4140:Memorie della Reale Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei
3784:74, note 4 explains the discrepancy in the sources
3545:(Report). University of Cophenhagen. p. 10.
2856:Cerulli, ed. (1931). "History of the Walashmaʿ".
864:. In the late fourteenth century Walasma princes
3484:. Université Panthéon-Sorbonn. pp. 197–198.
3406:. International African Institute. p. 140.
46:). Founded in the 13th century, it governed the
3576:. Michigan State University Press. p. 83.
3335:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 147–150.
644:Son of Naḥwi Mansur, grandson of Mansur ʿUmar
227:also claim to be associated with the Walasma.
4951:
4311:
899:emirs of the Harar plateau with rise of Imam
364:During the end of the 13th century, northern
298:during the sixteenth century. The Kabirto of
27:Medieval Muslim dynasty in the Horn of Africa
8:
4257:Trimingham, J. Spencer (13 September 2013).
3670:Commercial Printing Enterprise. p. 41.
3352:. Heinemann Educational Books. p. 427.
5638:
5559:
5436:
5432:
5168:
5164:
4983:
4958:
4944:
4936:
4338:
4318:
4304:
4296:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3928:mbali, mbali; Dekmejian, R. Hrair (2010).
3864:
3779:
3725:
3494:
3194:. London New York: Routledge. p. 69.
3160:
3023:
1322:
4118:
3600:The rise of the kingdom of Shoa 1813-1889
3379:(in French). CNRS editions. p. 179.
3314:
664:Son of Naḥwi Mansur, defeated by Emperor
38:dynasty of the Horn of Africa founded in
5101:Ethiopian intervention (2006–2009)
3573:Ethiopia History, Culture and Challenges
3298:A Short History of Ethiopia and the Horn
2919:
2917:
2905:WORLD ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF AFRICAN COUNTRIES
988:
418:
4326:Kingdoms and dynasties of the medieval
4105:History Of Ethiopia Nubia And Abyssinia
4016:. James Currey Publishers. p. 17.
3626:. Annales d'Ethiopie. pp. 141–142.
2984:Church and state in Ethiopia, 1270-1527
2879:
2839:
2828:Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles
709:Son of Naḥwi Mansur, vassal king under
688:Son of Naḥwi Mansur, vassal king under
3042:. Istituto Per L'Oriente. p. 323.
2954:Mekonnen, Yohannes (29 January 2013).
282:participated in the sixteenth century
5844:12th-century establishments in Africa
3570:Bausi, Alessandro (28 January 2024).
3426:
3424:
3373:Chekroun, Amélie (23 February 2023).
3301:. Addis Ababa University. p. 64.
3237:Kifleyesus, Abebe (28 January 2024).
2864:Layers of Time, A History of Ethiopia
2804:
2802:
2782:
2780:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2722:
2720:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2658:
2656:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2596:
2594:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2534:
2532:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2338:
2336:
2320:
2318:
2300:
2298:
2282:
2280:
2262:
2214:
2212:
2170:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2091:
2089:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2047:
2045:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1935:
1933:
1919:
1917:
1903:
1887:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1859:
1853:
1839:
1837:
1821:
1819:
1803:
1801:
1785:
1783:
1769:
1731:
1729:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1687:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1648:
1646:
1632:
1616:
1614:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1572:
1565:
1563:
1549:
1547:
1533:
1531:
1517:
1515:
1501:
1453:
1451:
1409:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1338:
1336:
1243:Successor to Maḥamed Abūbakar Maḥfūẓ
1101:before being killed by the forces of
399:'s troops. Amda Seyon then appointed
7:
3907:. Taylor & Francis. p. 27.
3890:. Kyushu University. pp. 81–82.
3606:. University of London. p. 259.
3540:IslHornAfr 6 th Field Mission Report
2949:
2947:
2860:. Ser. vi. Vol. iv. p. 45.
2823:Somali aristocratic and court titles
329:The title Walasma was still used in
322:), the descendant of Kabirto Shaykh
286:. The last known Walasma member in
169:However, most historians, including
3984:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 10.
3901:Abir, Mordechai (28 October 2013).
3346:Niane, Djibril (31 December 1984).
266:tribes. According to the chronicle
4081:(in French). UNESCO. p. 623.
4043:. Tsehai Publishers. p. 192.
3699:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 21.
3215:Rirash, Mohamed Abdillahi (1988).
25:
4199:Trimingham, John Spencer (1965).
4180:Trimingham, John Spencer (1952).
3940:(2). London, UK: mbali: 217–229.
3826:Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia
3514:Historical Dictionary of Djibouti
3072:. The Red Sea Press. p. 89.
848:as well as the territory between
121:The Walashma princes of Ifat and
5849:1559 disestablishments in Africa
5792:
5783:
5782:
5149:
4342:Islamic sultanates & Empires
4228:Trimingham, J. Spencer (1976) .
3796:Josef, Josef (12 January 2018).
3511:Alwan, Daoud (28 January 2024).
3266:"A short History of the Argobba"
2987:. Clarendon Press. p. 124.
84:
5069:Somaliland War of Independence
4078:L'Afrique du VIIe au XIe siècle
3643:. Medical verlag. p. 257.
3552:from the original on 2023-04-04
3517:. Scarecrow Press. p. 19.
3410:from the original on 2024-05-18
3329:The Cambridge History of Africa
2791:
2773:
2669:
2649:
2543:
2525:
2426:
2329:
2311:
2291:
2273:
2100:
2082:
2010:
1944:
1926:
1910:
1846:
1830:
1812:
1794:
1776:
1655:
1639:
1556:
1540:
1524:
1508:
1398:
4528:Christian kingdoms and Empires
3188:Mire, Sada (5 February 2020).
2924:M. Elfasi, Ivan Hrbek (1988).
1312:' forces, ending the dynasty.
1199:Sultan Maḥamed Abūbakar Maḥfūẓ
1:
5059:Trust Territory of Somaliland
3799:Medieval Islamic Civilization
391:In 1332, the Sultan of Ifat,
5864:History of Islam in Ethiopia
4884:Second Ajuran-Portuguese war
4205:. Frank Cass & Company.
3243:. Harrassowitz. p. 44.
2930:. UNESCO. pp. 580–582.
2846:He was killed either in 805
624:Daughter of Abūd JamaladDīn
338:-Harar route for centuries.
137:, the brother of the Caliph
5859:Medieval history of Somalia
4879:First Ajuran-Portuguese war
4186:. Oxford University Press.
4159:Pankhurst, Richard (1997).
3744:. BRILL. pp. 125–126.
3693:Braukhaper, Ulrich (2002).
3437:Cahiers d'Études africaines
568:Son of ʿAli "Baziyu" ʿUmar
550:Son of ʿAli "Baziyu" ʿUmar
154:origin. Fourteenth century
5900:
4102:Budge E.a. Wallis (1828).
3013:. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
956:over traditional weapons.
915:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi
822:
357:
5829:Somaliland noble families
5778:
5641:
5562:
5439:
5435:
5171:
5167:
5147:
4869:Adal conquest of Ethiopia
3946:10.1017/S0020743800063145
3349:General History of Africa
2981:Tamrat, Taddesse (1972).
2734:
2732:
2730:
2718:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2592:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2480:
2478:
2470:
2468:
2383:
2381:
2373:
2371:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2210:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2131:
2129:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2035:
1975:
1973:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1691:
1689:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1084:Sihab ad-Din Ahmad Badlay
875:The last Sultan of Ifat,
840:. Including north of the
532:Son of ʿUmar Dunya-Hawaz
514:Son of ʿUmar Dunya-Hawaz
496:Son of ʿUmar Dunya-Hawaz
57:in what are present-day,
3904:Ethiopia and the Red Sea
3802:. Taylor & Francis.
3052:Cerulli, Enrico (1926).
1288:Son of ʿUmarDīn Maḥamed
5019:Sultanate of the Geledi
3978:Briggs, Philip (2012).
3738:Houtsma, M. Th (1987).
3664:Dilebo, Lapiso (2003).
3637:Giyorgis, Asma (1999).
3136:Lewis, Ioan M. (1998).
3111:Lewis, Ioan M. (1998).
3066:Lewis, Ioan M. (1998).
2903:Jyee, Dr. Ravi (2016).
604:Son of Abūd JamaladDīn
586:Son of JamaladDīn ʿAli
268:"Conquest of Abyssinia"
117:Genealogical traditions
5834:African royal families
5824:Monarchies of Ethiopia
3765:The Glorious Victories
3431:Ferry, Robert (1961).
3282:10.3406/ethio.2000.973
3264:Asfaw, Aklilu (2000).
982:
963:and the rulers of the
253:Sultanate of Mogadishu
4234:. London: Routledge.
4165:. The Red Sea Press.
4010:Lewis, I. M. (1999).
3449:10.3406/cea.1961.2961
3295:Zewde, Bahru (1998).
3173:Drake-Brockman, R.E.
2960:. Yohannes Mekonnen.
2339:Abu Bakr Sa'ad al-Din
2094:Sa'ad al-Din II Ahmad
1045:, killing him at the
973:
919:Conquest of Abyssinia
454:is his 5th ancestor.
259:region to the south.
204:J. Spencer Trimingham
175:J. Spencer Trimingham
125:claimed to possessed
5108:(2009–present)
5039:Warsangali Sultanate
5029:Majeerteen Sultanate
4075:Fasi, M. El (1990).
3400:Lewis, I.M. (1955).
2103: 1386/7–1402/3
2076:Haqq al-Din II Ahmad
1824:Jamal al-Din I Nahwi
467:"Baziyu" Naḥwi ʿUmar
292:Barakat ibn Umar Din
5884:Islam in Somaliland
5839:1185 establishments
3829:. Scarecrow Press.
3538:Fani, Sara (2017).
2785:Barakat Umar al-Din
2323:Badlay Sa'ad ad-Din
2285:Mansur Sa'ad al-Din
1806:Sabr al-Din I Nahwi
1788:Haqq al-Din I Nahwi
737:after the death of
5410:South West Somalia
5054:British Somaliland
5049:Italian Somaliland
5034:Sultanate of Hobyo
4864:Ethiopian–Adal war
4834:Kingdom of Wolaita
4509:Sultanate of Showa
4364:Sultanate of Harar
4037:Hassen, Mohammed.
3597:Darkwah, Rexford.
3478:Chekroun, Amélie.
3270:Annales d'Éthiopie
3175:British Somaliland
2294: 1422/3–1424
2276: 1415–1422/3
2085: 13??–1386/7
952:, cannons and the
785:Son of Aḥmed ʿAli
754:"Harbi Arʿēd" ʿAli
726:SabiradDīn Maḥamed
655:SabiradDīn Maḥamed
284:Ethiopian–Adal War
219:and the people of
135:Akīl ibn Abī Tālib
96:. You can help by
5874:Islam in Djibouti
5806:
5805:
5774:
5773:
5628:
5627:
5549:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5513:Political parties
5503:Political history
5459:Foreign relations
5422:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5196:Guardafui Channel
5145:
5144:
5084:(1986–1992)
5071:(1981–1991)
4933:
4932:
4900:Solomonic dynasty
4852:
4851:
4290:978-3-447-05341-9
4260:Islam in Ethiopia
4231:Islam in Ethiopia
4202:Islam in Ethiopia
4183:Islam in Ethiopia
4172:978-0-932415-19-6
4088:978-92-3-201709-3
3914:978-1-136-28090-0
3583:978-3-643-90892-6
3524:978-0-8108-3873-4
3386:978-2-271-14543-7
3359:978-92-3-101710-0
3250:978-3-447-05341-9
3201:978-0-429-76924-5
3036:Cerulli, Enrico.
2994:978-0-19-821671-1
2814:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2796:
2778:
2674:
2654:
2548:
2530:
2431:
2334:
2316:
2296:
2278:
2164:
2161:Sultanate of Adal
2105:
2087:
2015:
1949:
1931:
1915:
1851:
1841:Nasr al-Din Nahwi
1835:
1817:
1799:
1781:
1771:Abud Jamal al-Din
1660:
1644:
1561:
1545:
1529:
1513:
1403:
1367:
1364:Sultanate of Ifat
1316:
1315:
1236:Garad Abogn Adish
939:Cristóvão da Gama
819:Sultanate of Adal
816:
815:
360:Sultanate of Ifat
354:Sultanate of Ifat
233:Richard Pankhurst
114:
113:
16:(Redirected from
5891:
5879:Islam in Somalia
5869:Islam in Eritrea
5819:Walashma dynasty
5796:
5786:
5785:
5639:
5605:
5592:Mineral industry
5582:Economic history
5560:
5493:
5437:
5433:
5169:
5165:
5153:
5109:
5102:
5085:
5072:
5044:Dervish movement
5004:Walashma dynasty
4984:
4960:
4953:
4946:
4937:
4925:Makhzumi dynasty
4915:Goobroon dynasty
4905:Walashma dynasty
4874:Oromo migrations
4839:Kingdom of Damot
4827:Wolaita kingdoms
4808:Kingdom of Damot
4339:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4297:
4274:
4253:
4224:
4195:
4176:
4155:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4072:
4066:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4007:
3996:
3995:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3956:. Archived from
3925:
3919:
3918:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3878:
3872:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3793:
3787:
3777:
3768:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3735:
3729:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3551:
3544:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3508:
3502:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3428:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3303:
3302:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3221:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3063:
3057:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2951:
2942:
2941:
2921:
2912:
2911:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2884:
2867:
2861:
2844:
2795:
2794: 1555–1559
2793:
2789:
2777:
2776: 1553–1555
2775:
2771:
2673:
2672: 1526–1553
2671:
2667:
2653:
2652: 1525–1526
2651:
2647:
2547:
2546: 1488–1518
2545:
2541:
2529:
2528: 1472–1488
2527:
2523:
2430:
2429: 1445–1472
2428:
2424:
2333:
2332: 1433–1445
2331:
2327:
2315:
2314: 1424–1433
2313:
2309:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2158:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2014:
2013: 13??–13??
2012:
2008:
1948:
1947: 13??–13??
1946:
1942:
1930:
1929: 13??–13??
1928:
1924:
1914:
1913: 12??–13??
1912:
1908:
1850:
1849: 13??–13??
1848:
1844:
1834:
1833: 1332–13??
1832:
1828:
1816:
1815: 1328–1332
1814:
1810:
1798:
1797: 13??–1328
1796:
1792:
1780:
1779: 1228–12??
1778:
1774:
1659:
1658: 12??–12??
1657:
1653:
1643:
1642: 12??–12??
1641:
1637:
1634:Jamal al-Din Ali
1560:
1559: 12??–12??
1558:
1554:
1551:Nasr al-Din Umar
1544:
1543: 12??–12??
1542:
1538:
1528:
1527: 12??–12??
1526:
1522:
1519:Haqq al-Din Umar
1512:
1511: 1228–12??
1510:
1506:
1402:
1401: 1185–1228
1400:
1396:
1361:
1334:
1333:
1327:Walashma dynasty
1323:
1095:Ethiopian Empire
1047:Battle of Yedaya
989:
929:supplied by the
879:, was killed in
856:on the coast of
838:Ethiopian Empire
476:Makhzumi dynasty
452:Yusuf al-Kowneyn
419:
370:Makhzumi dynasty
164:Kingdom of Damot
109:
106:
88:
81:
42:(modern eastern
32:Walashma dynasty
21:
18:Walashma Dynasty
5899:
5898:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5890:
5889:
5888:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5802:
5770:
5707:
5698:Public holidays
5624:
5603:
5541:
5487:
5414:
5366:
5362:Woqooyi Galbeed
5347:Middle Shebelle
5263:
5223:Mountain ranges
5191:Greater Somalia
5154:
5141:
5115:
5107:
5100:
5083:
5070:
5024:Isaaq Sultanate
4973:
4964:
4934:
4929:
4888:
4848:
4822:
4781:Sidama kingdoms
4776:
4732:
4673:
4523:
4384:Aussa Sultanate
4330:
4324:
4281:
4279:Further reading
4271:
4256:
4242:
4227:
4213:
4198:
4179:
4173:
4158:
4136:Cerulli, Enrico
4134:
4131:
4126:
4125:
4117:
4113:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4060:
4056:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4024:
4009:
4008:
3999:
3992:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3963:
3961:
3934:Basic Reference
3927:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3887:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3865:Trimingham 2013
3863:
3859:
3850:Wagner, Ewald.
3849:
3848:
3844:
3837:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3780:Trimingham 1976
3778:
3771:
3763:
3759:
3752:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3726:Trimingham 1952
3724:
3720:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3651:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3623:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3603:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3584:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3542:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3525:
3510:
3509:
3505:
3495:Trimingham 2013
3493:
3489:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3430:
3429:
3422:
3413:
3411:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3313:
3306:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3219:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3161:Trimingham 1965
3159:
3155:
3148:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3051:
3047:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3024:Trimingham 1965
3022:
3018:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2953:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2923:
2922:
2915:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2855:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2819:
2790:
2788:
2772:
2770:
2767:Ali Umar al-Din
2668:
2666:
2662:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2542:
2540:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2425:
2423:
2420:Muhammad Badlay
2328:
2326:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2303:Jamal al-Din II
2290:
2288:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2265:Sabr al-Din III
2099:
2097:
2081:
2079:
2009:
2007:
1943:
1941:
1938:Ali Sabr al-Din
1925:
1923:
1909:
1907:
1845:
1843:
1829:
1827:
1811:
1809:
1793:
1791:
1775:
1773:
1654:
1652:
1638:
1636:
1555:
1553:
1539:
1537:
1523:
1521:
1507:
1505:
1397:
1395:
1321:
1107:Battle of Gomit
987:
985:Sultans of Adal
923:Futuh al-Habash
893:Sabr ad-Din III
877:Sa'ad ad-Din II
870:Sa'ad ad-Din II
827:
821:
417:
415:Sultans of Ifat
409:Sa'ad ad-Din II
362:
356:
348:Harari language
344:
308:Mudaito dynasty
280:Sa'ad ad-Din II
119:
110:
104:
101:
94:needs expansion
79:
34:was a medieval
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5897:
5895:
5887:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5854:Adal Sultanate
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5811:
5810:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5790:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5717:
5715:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5684:
5683:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5651:Child marriage
5648:
5642:
5636:
5630:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5622:
5620:Transportation
5617:
5612:
5610:Communications
5607:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5563:
5557:
5551:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5537:
5530:Prime Minister
5527:
5526:
5525:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5483:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5440:
5430:
5424:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5376:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5352:Lower Shebelle
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5273:
5271:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5257:Bajuni Islands
5249:
5248:
5247:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5230:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5213:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5172:
5162:
5156:
5155:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5104:
5092:
5087:
5079:
5077:Isaaq genocide
5074:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5009:Adal Sultanate
5006:
5001:
4996:
4990:
4988:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4940:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4910:Gareen dynasty
4907:
4902:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4743:
4741:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4684:
4682:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4345:
4343:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4328:Horn of Africa
4325:
4323:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4269:
4254:
4240:
4225:
4211:
4196:
4177:
4171:
4156:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4119:Pankhurst 1997
4111:
4108:. p. 302.
4094:
4087:
4067:
4061:Jeremy Black,
4054:
4029:
4022:
3997:
3991:978-1841623719
3990:
3970:
3920:
3913:
3893:
3873:
3857:
3842:
3835:
3815:
3808:
3788:
3769:
3757:
3750:
3730:
3718:
3705:
3685:
3656:
3649:
3629:
3609:
3589:
3582:
3562:
3530:
3523:
3503:
3487:
3470:
3454:
3420:
3392:
3385:
3365:
3358:
3338:
3319:
3315:Pankhurst 1997
3304:
3287:
3256:
3249:
3229:
3207:
3200:
3180:
3177:. p. 219.
3165:
3163:, p. 251.
3153:
3146:
3128:
3121:
3103:
3085:
3078:
3058:
3045:
3028:
3016:
3000:
2993:
2973:
2966:
2943:
2936:
2913:
2895:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:, p. 67).
2838:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2781:
2779:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2657:
2655:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2537:Muhammad Azhar
2533:
2531:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2436:Azhar Abu Bakr
2434:
2432:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2319:
2317:
2299:
2297:
2281:
2279:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2090:
2088:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1934:
1932:
1918:
1916:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1838:
1836:
1820:
1818:
1802:
1800:
1784:
1782:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1647:
1645:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1548:
1546:
1532:
1530:
1516:
1514:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1330:
1329:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1306:
1303:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1261:
1258:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1176:
1173:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1152:
1149:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1132:Baeda Maryam I
1127:
1124:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1097:and capturing
1091:
1088:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1064:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1039:
1036:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1006:
1002:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
986:
983:
965:Arab peninsula
961:Adal Sultanate
937:allies led by
931:Ottoman Empire
866:Haqq ad-Din II
825:Adal Sultanate
823:Main article:
820:
817:
814:
813:
803:
800:
791:
787:
786:
783:
780:
771:
767:
766:
763:Newaya Krestos
759:
756:
747:
743:
742:
735:Newaya Krestos
731:
728:
718:
714:
713:
707:
704:
697:
693:
692:
686:
683:
674:
670:
669:
662:
659:
657:"Waqōyi" Naḥwi
650:
646:
645:
642:
639:
630:
626:
625:
622:
619:
610:
606:
605:
602:
599:
592:
588:
587:
584:
581:
574:
570:
569:
566:
563:
556:
552:
551:
548:
545:
538:
534:
533:
530:
527:
520:
516:
515:
512:
509:
502:
498:
497:
494:
491:
484:
480:
479:
472:
469:
460:
456:
455:
448:
445:
436:
432:
431:
428:
425:
422:
416:
413:
386:Horn of Africa
358:Main article:
355:
352:
343:
340:
249:Argobba people
211:in modern-day
171:Enrico Cerulli
118:
115:
112:
111:
91:
89:
78:
75:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5896:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5789:
5781:
5780:
5777:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5714:
5710:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5682:
5681:Mental health
5679:
5678:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5643:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5631:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5552:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5528:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5425:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5369:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5250:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5238:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5157:
5152:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5110:
5105:
5103:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5014:Ajuran Empire
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4961:
4956:
4954:
4949:
4947:
4942:
4941:
4938:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4920:Zagwe dynasty
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4825:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4676:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4359:Aussa Imamate
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4321:
4316:
4314:
4309:
4307:
4302:
4301:
4298:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4272:
4270:9781136970290
4266:
4263:. Routledge.
4262:
4261:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4241:9781136970221
4237:
4233:
4232:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4212:9780714617312
4208:
4204:
4203:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4146:(4): 39–101.
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4121:, p. 57.
4120:
4115:
4112:
4107:
4106:
4098:
4095:
4090:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4058:
4055:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4033:
4030:
4025:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3993:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3974:
3971:
3960:on 2012-04-23
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3921:
3916:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3897:
3894:
3886:
3885:
3881:Baba, Tamon.
3877:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3861:
3858:
3853:
3846:
3843:
3838:
3836:9780810874572
3832:
3828:
3827:
3819:
3816:
3811:
3809:9781351668224
3805:
3801:
3800:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3758:
3753:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3734:
3731:
3728:, p. 58.
3727:
3722:
3719:
3708:
3706:9783825856717
3702:
3698:
3697:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3660:
3657:
3652:
3650:9783515037167
3646:
3642:
3641:
3633:
3630:
3622:
3621:
3617:Omer, Ahmed.
3613:
3610:
3602:
3601:
3593:
3590:
3585:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3566:
3563:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3474:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3458:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3396:
3393:
3388:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3369:
3366:
3361:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3342:
3339:
3331:
3330:
3323:
3320:
3317:, p. 52.
3316:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3233:
3230:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3184:
3181:
3176:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3154:
3149:
3147:9781569021033
3143:
3139:
3132:
3129:
3124:
3122:9781569021033
3118:
3114:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3086:
3081:
3079:9781569021033
3075:
3071:
3070:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3032:
3029:
3026:, p. 67.
3025:
3020:
3017:
3012:
3011:
3004:
3001:
2996:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2977:
2974:
2969:
2967:9781482311174
2963:
2959:
2958:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2896:
2892:. Britannica.
2891:
2890:
2883:
2880:
2873:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2787:
2786:
2769:
2768:
2739:
2736:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2716:
2708:
2706:
2679:
2677:
2665:
2664:
2645:
2644:
2613:
2610:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2590:
2582:
2580:
2553:
2551:
2539:
2538:
2521:
2520:
2489:
2487:
2441:
2439:
2422:
2421:
2392:
2390:
2344:
2342:
2325:
2324:
2307:
2306:
2287:
2286:
2269:
2268:
2261:
2258:
2250:
2248:
2240:
2238:
2230:
2228:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2208:
2192:
2190:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2140:
2138:
2110:
2108:
2096:
2095:
2078:
2077:
2064:
2061:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2041:
2033:
2031:
2020:
2018:
2006:
2005:
1984:
1982:
1954:
1952:
1940:
1939:
1922:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1891:
1890:
1871:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1842:
1826:
1825:
1808:
1807:
1790:
1789:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1757:
1755:
1747:
1745:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1725:
1701:
1699:
1686:
1684:
1651:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1620:
1619:
1584:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1552:
1536:
1520:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1489:
1487:
1479:
1477:
1469:
1467:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1447:
1431:
1429:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1394:
1393:
1392:Umar Walashma
1372:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1343:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1318:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1086:"Arwe Badlay"
1085:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1004:
1003:
999:
996:
993:
991:
990:
984:
981:
979:
972:
970:
969:Sultan Badlay
966:
962:
957:
955:
951:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
913:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
826:
818:
812:
811:Yeshaq I
808:
804:
801:
799:
797:
792:
789:
788:
784:
781:
779:
777:
772:
769:
768:
764:
760:
757:
755:
753:
748:
745:
744:
740:
736:
732:
729:
727:
725:
719:
716:
715:
712:
708:
705:
702:
698:
695:
694:
691:
687:
684:
682:
680:
675:
672:
671:
667:
663:
660:
658:
656:
651:
648:
647:
643:
640:
638:
636:
631:
628:
627:
623:
620:
618:
616:
611:
608:
607:
603:
600:
597:
593:
590:
589:
585:
582:
579:
575:
572:
571:
567:
564:
561:
557:
554:
553:
549:
546:
543:
539:
536:
535:
531:
528:
525:
521:
518:
517:
513:
510:
507:
503:
500:
499:
495:
492:
489:
485:
482:
481:
477:
473:
470:
468:
466:
461:
458:
457:
453:
449:
446:
444:
442:
437:
434:
433:
429:
426:
423:
421:
420:
414:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:Haqq ad-Din I
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
361:
353:
351:
349:
341:
339:
337:
332:
331:Ifat province
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
237:Djibril Niane
234:
230:
226:
225:Harari people
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
201:
197:
193:
190:
188:
183:
180:
176:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
116:
108:
99:
95:
92:This section
90:
87:
83:
82:
76:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5721:Architecture
5661:Demographics
5656:Coat of arms
5597:Oil industry
5572:Central Bank
5489:
5469:Human rights
5449:Constitution
5003:
4999:Land of Punt
4904:
4545:Akkele Guzay
4259:
4230:
4201:
4182:
4161:
4143:
4139:
4114:
4104:
4097:
4077:
4070:
4062:
4057:
4039:
4032:
4012:
3980:
3973:
3962:. Retrieved
3958:the original
3937:
3933:
3930:"Somaliland"
3923:
3903:
3896:
3883:
3876:
3860:
3851:
3845:
3825:
3818:
3798:
3791:
3764:
3760:
3740:
3733:
3721:
3710:. Retrieved
3695:
3688:
3679:
3666:
3659:
3639:
3632:
3619:
3612:
3599:
3592:
3572:
3565:
3554:. Retrieved
3533:
3513:
3506:
3490:
3480:
3473:
3463:
3457:
3443:(5): 28–29.
3440:
3436:
3412:. Retrieved
3402:
3395:
3375:
3368:
3348:
3341:
3328:
3322:
3297:
3290:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3239:
3232:
3223:
3210:
3190:
3183:
3174:
3168:
3156:
3137:
3131:
3112:
3106:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3068:
3061:
3053:
3048:
3038:
3031:
3019:
3009:
3003:
2983:
2976:
2956:
2926:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2888:
2882:
2863:
2857:
2842:
2783:
2765:
2659:
2639:
2535:
2517:Shams al-Din
2515:
2418:
2321:
2305:Sa'ad al-Din
2301:
2283:
2267:Sa'ad al-Din
2263:
2159:
2092:
2074:
2002:
1936:
1920:
1904:
1840:
1822:
1804:
1786:
1770:
1681:Nahwi Mansur
1649:
1633:
1550:
1534:
1518:
1502:
1390:
1362:
1326:
1298:
1278:
1253:
1216:
1168:
1144:
1119:
1083:
1059:
1031:
1010:
976:
974:
958:
922:
905:
874:
828:
807:Dawit I
795:
775:
751:
723:
700:
678:
654:
634:
614:
595:
577:
559:
541:
523:
505:
487:
464:
440:
401:Jamal ad-Din
390:
363:
345:
328:
267:
261:
209:Aw-Barkhadle
184:
168:
131:Banu Makhzum
120:
102:
98:adding to it
93:
69:and eastern
31:
29:
5567:Agriculture
5474:LGBT rights
5390:Hirshabelle
5327:Middle Juba
4737:Kingdom of
4680:Beta Israel
4678:Kingdom of
4129:Works cited
2661:Umar al-Din
1905:Zubayr Abud
1566:Mansur Umar
1535:Husayn Umar
1319:Family tree
1171:ʿAsharadDīn
842:Awash River
580:JamaladDīn
443:Dunya-Hawaz
405:Nasr ad-Din
320:Afar Region
302:as well as
229:Bahru Zewde
160:Ibn Khaldun
5813:Categories
5741:Literature
5604:(currency)
5508:Parliament
5464:Government
5400:Somaliland
5332:Lower Juba
5233:Buur Dhaab
5211:Iskushuban
5206:Waterfalls
5082:Rebellion
5064:Ogaden War
4987:Chronology
4023:0852552807
3964:2012-04-27
3867:, p.
3782:, p.
3751:9004082654
3712:2017-03-12
3556:2023-04-17
3497:, p.
3414:2016-12-21
3010:Ibn Haldun
2937:9231017098
2874:References
2852:al-Maqrizi
1921:Layla Abud
1650:Mansur Ali
1310:Gelawdewos
1305:1555–1559
1285:1553–1555
1260:1526–1553
1240:1519–1525
1223:1518–1526
1203:1518–1519
1175:1488–1518
1151:1472–1488
1145:ShamsadDin
1126:1445–1472
1122:AḥmedudDīn
1103:Zara Yaqob
1090:1433–1445
1066:1424–1433
1062:SaʿadadDīn
1060:JamaladDīn
1038:1422–1424
1034:SaʿadadDīn
1017:1415–1422
1013:SaʿadadDīn
1011:SabiradDīn
935:Portuguese
858:Somaliland
802:1374–1403
796:SaʿadadDīn
782:13??–1374
758:13??–13??
739:Amde Seyon
730:13??–13??
711:Amde Seyon
706:13??–13??
690:Amde Seyon
685:1332–13??
679:JamaladDīn
666:Amde Seyon
661:1328–1332
641:13??–1328
621:13??–13??
601:12??–13??
583:12??–12??
565:12??–12??
560:JamaladDīn
547:12??–12??
529:12??–12??
511:12??–12??
493:12??–12??
471:1276–1299
447:1197–1276
424:Ruler Name
397:Amda Seyon
272:Arab Faqīh
213:Somaliland
200:Ioan Lewis
158:historian
55:Sultanates
5766:Languages
5671:Education
5602:Shilling
5577:Companies
5518:President
5481:Judiciary
5454:Elections
5302:Galguduud
5240:Mountains
5228:Cal Madow
5160:Geography
5095:Civil War
4994:Laas Geel
4893:Dynasties
4788:Bahargamo
4615:Mai-Tsade
4374:Mogadishu
4250:858861432
3954:154765577
3854:. Verlag.
3767:, p. 107.
3676:318904173
2004:Ahmad Ali
971:relates:
947:matchlock
945:like the
846:Lake Abbe
776:Ḥaqquddīn
701:NasradDīn
635:ḤaqqudDīn
524:NasradDīn
488:ḤaqqudDīn
192:Barkhadle
152:Hashimite
105:June 2024
5788:Category
5756:Religion
5693:Polygamy
5666:Diaspora
5498:Military
5428:Politics
5405:Puntland
5395:Jubaland
5380:Galmudug
5357:Togdheer
5287:Banaadir
5216:Lamadaya
5186:Wildlife
5132:Military
5127:Maritime
5120:By topic
4971:articles
4803:Kambaata
4703:Waldebba
4600:Hamasien
4595:Gheralta
4590:Entitcho
4565:Begemder
4535:Ambassel
4399:Aymallal
4389:Arababni
4049:27828848
3547:Archived
3408:Archived
2817:See also
2663:Muhammad
2643:Muhammad
2641:Abu Bakr
2519:Muhammad
1503:Ali Umar
1301:ʿUmarDīn
1281:ʿUmarDīn
1254:ʿUmarDīn
1217:Abūbakar
1156:Eskender
1071:Yeshaq I
954:arquebus
943:firearms
891:, where
844:towards
366:Hararghe
342:Language
318:(modern
71:Ethiopia
63:Djibouti
5736:Cuisine
5713:Culture
5634:Society
5615:Tourism
5555:Economy
5444:Cabinet
5385:Khatumo
5269:Regions
5181:Climate
4979:History
4967:Somalia
4844:Welayta
4772:Wolayta
4757:Janjero
4728:Wolqayt
4723:Tsegede
4688:Dembiya
4630:Tselemt
4620:Tembien
4605:Haramat
4585:Enderta
4580:Dembela
4575:Delanta
4514:Tankish
4504:Sharkha
4424:Dankali
4409:Baqulin
4394:Argobba
4192:3472650
4152:4178469
3276:: 174.
2858:R.R.A.L
1299:Barakat
1296:Sulṭān
1276:Sulṭān
1266:de jure
1256:Maḥamed
1251:Sulṭān
1219:Maḥamed
1214:Sulṭān
1169:Maḥamed
1166:Sulṭān
1147:Maḥamed
1142:Sulṭān
1120:Maḥamed
1117:Sulṭān
1105:at the
1081:Sulṭān
1057:Sulṭān
1043:Dawit I
1029:Sulṭān
1008:Sulṭān
927:cannons
793:Sulṭān
773:Sulṭān
749:Sulṭān
720:Sulṭān
699:Sulṭān
676:Sulṭān
652:Sulṭān
632:Sulṭān
594:Sulṭān
576:Sulṭān
558:Sulṭān
540:Sulṭān
522:Sulṭān
504:Sulṭān
486:Sulṭān
462:Sulṭān
438:Sulṭān
257:Benadir
255:in the
241:Argobba
217:Argobba
148:Quraysh
144:Maqrizi
77:History
67:Eritrea
59:Somalia
5798:Portal
5761:Sports
5731:Cinema
5676:Health
5646:Anthem
5372:States
5317:Sanaag
5282:Bakool
5252:Island
5245:Bahaya
5176:Cities
5137:Postal
5090:Piracy
4969:
4857:Events
4818:Sigamo
4813:Sidamo
4793:Buzamo
4752:Enarya
4713:Wegera
4708:Semien
4698:Gojjam
4654:Efrata
4640:Semada
4635:Salowa
4625:Tigray
4550:Amhara
4519:Werjih
4499:Qita'a
4494:Nagash
4469:Hadiya
4464:Gurage
4459:Gidaya
4449:Gabaal
4444:Dawaro
4434:Belgin
4419:Dobe'a
4414:Dahlak
4354:Ajuran
4335:States
4288:
4267:
4248:
4238:
4221:546800
4219:
4209:
4190:
4169:
4150:
4085:
4047:
4020:
3988:
3952:
3911:
3833:
3806:
3748:
3703:
3674:
3647:
3580:
3521:
3383:
3356:
3247:
3226:: 251.
3198:
3144:
3119:
3076:
2991:
2964:
2934:
1184:Mahfuz
1032:Mansur
950:musket
901:Mahfuz
889:Dakkar
722:"Qāt"
703:Naḥwi
542:Mansur
526:ʿUmar
508:ʿUmar
506:Ḥusein
490:ʿUmar
264:Somali
245:Harari
223:. The
196:Arabia
179:Somali
36:Muslim
5751:Music
5746:Media
5703:Women
5342:Nugal
5337:Mudug
5322:Hiran
5277:Awdal
5201:Hafun
4767:Sheka
4762:Kaffa
4747:Dawro
4739:Damot
4718:Qwara
4693:Gafat
4664:Shire
4658:Geshe
4650:Shewa
4645:Serae
4610:Lasta
4570:Bugna
4555:Angot
4540:Agame
4479:Jarin
4474:Harar
4429:Bazin
4379:Tunni
4045:JSTOR
3950:S2CID
3888:(PDF)
3681:Adal.
3624:(PDF)
3604:(PDF)
3550:(PDF)
3543:(PDF)
3333:(PDF)
3220:(PDF)
2834:Notes
1188:Na’od
1182:with
1000:Note
997:Reign
908:Harar
897:Harla
885:Yemen
881:Zeila
862:Harar
854:Zeila
850:Shewa
798:Aḥmed
778:Aḥmed
752:Aḥmed
681:Naḥwi
637:Naḥwi
615:Layla
613:Māti
598:Abūd
596:Zubēr
562:ʿAli
544:ʿAli
441:ʿUmar
430:Note
427:Reign
378:Hubat
336:Shewa
324:Kabir
316:Aussa
300:Harla
296:Harar
276:Harla
194:from
182:saint
44:Shewa
5688:Flag
5535:List
5523:List
5490:Xeer
5486:Law
5312:Sool
5307:Gedo
5292:Bari
4798:Garo
4560:Bahr
4489:Mora
4484:Maya
4454:Ganz
4439:Dara
4404:Bale
4369:Ifat
4349:Adal
4286:ISBN
4265:ISBN
4246:OCLC
4236:ISBN
4217:OCLC
4207:ISBN
4188:OCLC
4167:ISBN
4148:OCLC
4083:ISBN
4018:ISBN
3986:ISBN
3909:ISBN
3831:ISBN
3804:ISBN
3746:ISBN
3701:ISBN
3672:OCLC
3645:ISBN
3578:ISBN
3519:ISBN
3381:ISBN
3354:ISBN
3245:ISBN
3196:ISBN
3142:ISBN
3117:ISBN
3074:ISBN
2989:ISBN
2962:ISBN
2932:ISBN
2889:Ifat
1279:ʿAli
1180:Lent
1099:Bali
994:Name
912:Imam
868:and
852:and
834:Ifat
830:Adal
724:ʿAli
617:Abūd
578:Abūd
465:ʿAli
382:Adal
374:Ifat
312:Afar
304:Doba
290:was
288:Adal
243:and
221:Doba
173:and
156:Arab
139:ʿAlī
127:Arab
123:Adal
52:Adal
50:and
48:Ifat
40:Ifat
30:The
5726:Art
5587:EEZ
5297:Bay
4669:Wag
3942:doi
3445:doi
3278:doi
1293:13
1273:12
1248:11
1232:10
809:or
790:18
770:17
746:16
717:15
696:14
673:13
649:12
629:11
609:10
314:in
310:of
294:of
270:by
150:or
100:.
5815::
4656:,
4244:.
4215:.
4142:.
4000:^
3948:.
3938:28
3936:.
3932:.
3869:87
3772:^
3678:.
3499:92
3439:.
3435:.
3423:^
3307:^
3274:16
3272:.
3268:.
3222:.
2946:^
2916:^
2848:AH
2792:r.
2774:r.
2670:r.
2650:r.
2544:r.
2526:r.
2427:r.
2330:r.
2312:r.
2292:r.
2274:r.
2101:r.
2083:r.
2011:r.
1945:r.
1927:r.
1911:r.
1847:r.
1831:r.
1813:r.
1795:r.
1777:r.
1656:r.
1640:r.
1557:r.
1541:r.
1525:r.
1509:r.
1399:r.
1211:9
1195:8
1163:7
1139:6
1134:.
1114:5
1078:4
1054:3
1049:.
1026:2
1005:1
903:.
591:9
573:8
555:7
537:6
519:5
501:4
483:3
478:.
459:2
435:1
388:.
380:,
274:,
235:,
231:,
187:Aw
166:.
73:.
65:,
61:,
5492:)
5488:(
4959:e
4952:t
4945:v
4660:)
4652:(
4319:e
4312:t
4305:v
4292:.
4273:.
4252:.
4223:.
4194:.
4175:.
4154:.
4144:6
4091:.
4051:.
4026:.
3994:.
3967:.
3944::
3917:.
3871:.
3839:.
3812:.
3786:.
3754:.
3715:.
3653:.
3586:.
3559:.
3527:.
3501:.
3451:.
3447::
3441:2
3417:.
3389:.
3362:.
3284:.
3280::
3253:.
3204:.
3150:.
3125:.
3082:.
2997:.
2970:.
2940:.
980:"
975:"
921:(
189:"
185:"
107:)
103:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
