2701:
3933:
2720:
sixty-nine in 1903. After that, publications in
Walloon fell markedly, to eleven in 1913. Yves Quairiaux counted 4,800 plays for 1860–1914, published or not. In this period, plays were almost the only popular entertainment in Wallonia. The Walloon-language theatre remains popular in the region; theatre is flourishing with more than 200 non-professional companies playing in the cities and villages of Wallonia for an audience of over 200,000 each year.
805:
797:
2613:
statistics down by age, 70–80% of the population aged over 60 speak
Walloon, while only about 10% of those under 30 do so. Passing knowledge of Walloon is much more widespread: claimed by some 36–58% of the younger age bracket. Laurent Hendschel estimates there are 1,300,000 bilingual people in Wallonia (Walloon-French, Picard-French...). Many French words that pertain to mining and to the textile trade derive from the Walloon-Picard complex.
2599:
2653:
387:
2672:
2463:
636:
546:, public schools provided French-speaking education to all children, inducing a denigration of Walloon, especially when accompanied by official orders in 1952 to punish its use in schools. Subsequently, since the middle of the 20th century, generational transmission of the language has decreased, resulting in Walloon almost becoming a
2523:
Et ceux cy parlent le vieil langage
Gallique que nous appellons Vualon ou Rommand (...). Et de ladite ancienne langue Vualonne, ou Rommande, nous usons en nostre Gaule Belgique: Cestadire en Haynau, Cambresis, Artois, Namur, Liège, Lorraine, Ardenne et le Rommanbrabant, et est beaucoup differente du
2481:
has shown that a good number of the developments that we now consider typical of
Walloon appeared between the 8th and 12th centuries. Walloon "had a clearly defined identity from the beginning of the 13th century". In any case, linguistic texts from the time do not mention the language, although they
2532:
And those people speak the old Gallic language which we call Vualon or
Rommand (...). And we use the said old Vualon or Rommand language in our Belgian Gaul: That is to say in Hainaut, Cambrai, Artois, Namur, Liège, Lorraine, Ardennes and Rommand Brabant, and it is very different from French, which
2612:
Walloon was the predominant language of the
Walloon people until the beginning of the 20th century, although they had a passing knowledge of French. Since that time, the use of French has spread to the extent that now only 15% of the Walloon population speak their ancestral language. Breaking the
2719:
holds a large collection of literary works in
Walloon, quite possibly the largest outside Belgium, and its holdings are representative of the output. Out of nearly a thousand works, twenty-six were published before 1880. Thereafter the numbers rise gradually year by year, reaching a peak of
3417:
qui souhaitait une campagne linguistique couvrant tout le territoire). Les révolutionnaires eux-mêmes semblent donc considérer que la proximité entre le français et le wallon est suffisamment grande pour ne pas traiter la
Wallonie comme la Bretagne, la Corse, l'Alsace ou la
2496:. During the 15th century, scribes in the region called the language "Roman" when they needed to distinguish it. It is not until the beginning of the 16th century that first occurrence of the word "Walloon" appeared in the current linguistic sense. In 1510 or 1511,
682:
The phonological divisions of regional languages of southern
Belgium were studied by the contemporary linguist E.B. Atwood. He defined the precise geographical repartition of the four chief dialects of Walloon. In addition, he defined them against the dialects of
2765:
dialect. The motive among
Walloon speakers in both France and Belgium was to assert regional identity against the growing centralism and encroachment of the language of the capital, on what had until then been predominantly monoglot areas.
2557:(i.e. Dutch-speaking) regions of the Low Countries, established "Walloon" as a word for designating its people. Somewhat later, the vernacular of these people became more clearly distinct from central French and other neighbouring
779:
Although Walloon was widely spoken until the mid-20th century, today only a small proportion of the inhabitants of the region are fluent in the language. Those born since the 1970s usually know little more than a few
3831:
Walloon, a living language in the 22nd century? by Lucien Mahin at the meeting "Promoting or demoting: the transmission of minority languages from past to present", University of Poitiers, France, 6 and 7 April 2018
2803:
theater operated "as the umbilical cord" in Walloon, indicating a desire to return to the source. Jacques Ancion also wanted to develop a regular adult audience. "From the 19th century he included the Walloon play
2741:(1851–1866), who covered books I-VI. Adaptations into other dialects were made by Charles Letellier (Mons, 1842) and Charles Wérotte (Namur, 1844). Decades later, Léon Bernus published some hundred imitations of
4461:
4124:
2568:
in 1539, the French language replaced Latin for all administrative purposes in France. Established as the academic language, French became the object of a political effort at normalization;
2586:
became dominant in the Wallonia. From this time, too, dates a tradition of texts written in a language marked by traces of spoken Walloon. The written language of the preceding centuries,
3406:"It seems the revolutionaries themselves consider the fact French was enough close to the Walloon language so as not to manage Wallonia as Brittany, Corsica, Alsace or Flanders."
4454:
3346:
2708:
Walloon-language literature has been printed since the 16th century, or at least since the beginning of the 17th century. It had its "golden age" during the peak of the
2620:, the cultural authority of Wallonia, as an "indigenous regional language" which must be studied in schools and encouraged. The Walloon cultural movement includes the
4117:
7012:
5082:
3921:
4447:
3371:
Université du Wisconsin : collection de documents sur l'immigration wallonne au Wisconsin, enregistrements de témoignages oraux en anglais et wallon, 1976
538:
Despite its rich literature, beginning anonymously in the 16th century and with well-known authors since 1756, the use of Walloon has decreased markedly since
2818:." The scholar Jean-Marie Klinkenberg writes, "he dialectal culture is no more a sign of attachment to the past but a way to participate to a new synthesis".
3509:
2712:
in the 19th century: "That period saw an efflorescence of Walloon literature, plays and poems primarily, and the founding of many theaters and periodicals."
5123:
531:
397:
4110:
2624:, an organization of over 200 amateur theatre circles, writers' groups, and school councils. About a dozen Walloon magazines publish regularly. The
3776:
Ancion monte l'Ubu rwè en 1975 (...) la culture dialectalisante cesse d'être une marque de passéisme pour participer à une nouvelle synthèse...
5574:
1478:
3770:
Benoît Denis et Jean-Marie Klinkenberg, "Littérature : entre insularité et activisme" (Literature: between insularity and activism), in
3636:
2549:
in the Walloon country was a turning-point in their linguistic history. The crystallization of a Walloon identity, as opposed to that of the
1676:
2590:, was a composite language with some Walloon characteristics but it did not attempt to be a systematic reproduction of the spoken language.
3899:
1485:
1098:
The Picard, Lorrain and Champenois dialects spoken in Wallonia are sometimes also referred to as "Walloon", which may lead to confusion.
5248:
5136:
1687:
1441:
1315:
978:
3568:
Some other figures in Laurent Hendschel, "Quelques indices pour se faire une idée de la vitalité du Wallon", in Lucien Mahin (editor),
2179:. At the same time, Walloon phonetics are singularly conservative: the language has stayed fairly close to the form it took during the
2171:
family both by archaism coming from Latin and by its significant borrowing from Germanic languages, as expressed in its phonetics, its
3914:
1708:
1700:
6363:
3799:
3759:
3656:
3610:
3577:
2565:
6423:
3350:
1372:
1322:
1231:
5711:
5316:
5116:
2709:
1732:
1725:
1308:
409:
3670:
2298:
The most distinctive feature is its number of borrowings from Germanic languages (Dutch and German dialects): compare Walloon
561:
7090:
6511:
6412:
3873:
1794:
1787:
2700:
7075:
7050:
6319:
5997:
3907:
3269:
2641:
2640:, etc.) of the regional Roman languages of Wallonia. There is a difference between the Walloon culture, according to the
1753:
1746:
1379:
1274:
4998:
3890:
3489:
7060:
7045:
6446:
5849:
4906:
4859:
4423:
4395:
4055:
3413:
Le décret du 8 pluviôse An II (...) ne prévoit pas d'envoyer des instituteurs dans la Wallonie romane (contre l'avis de
1815:
1808:
1771:
1365:
359:
2561:, prompting the abandonment of the vague term "Roman" as a linguistic, ethnic, and political designator for "Walloon".
542:. This period definitively established French as the language of social promotion, far more than it was before. After
7065:
6887:
6325:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5223:
4658:
4065:
4042:
2617:
1838:
1831:
1621:
1614:
1349:
1330:
1017:. The written forms attempt to reconcile current phonetic uses with ancient traditions (notably the reintroduction of
557:
Numerous associations, especially theatre companies, are working to keep the language alive. Formally recognized as a
3387:
2213:
There is no gender difference in definite articles and possessives (except in the Ardenne dialect): compare Walloon
7070:
6608:
6180:
5615:
5173:
5109:
4752:
4737:
4210:
3850:
1859:
1450:
1341:
1217:
762:
708:
539:
6107:
3506:
571:
process. The "Feller system" (1900) regularized transcription of the different accents. Since the 1990s, a common
7080:
7040:
6195:
5716:
5557:
5524:
5272:
5201:
5183:
5166:
5161:
5151:
4900:
2030:
1880:
1642:
1635:
740:
377:
147:
127:
2134:. It also makes frequent use of digraphs. Various orthographies have been used, most notably the Feller system (
7085:
6900:
6804:
5677:
5404:
5352:
2730:
1660:
1653:
1224:
671:. Arguing that a French-speaking person could not understand Walloon easily, especially in its eastern forms,
598:
419:
371:
6268:
3651:(The Image of Flanders in Wallonia, Essay in Social and Political Analysis), Bruwxelles: Labor, 2006, p. 126.
523:
2821:
Walloon is also being used in popular song. The most well-known singer in Walloon in present-day Wallonia is
702:), and gradually also Walloon politicians, regard Walloon as a regional language, the first in importance in
300:
5813:
5694:
5667:
5543:
5489:
5196:
5156:
4700:
4518:
4513:
4470:
4428:
2716:
1260:
1240:
766:
550:. Today it is scarcely spoken among younger people, with the vast majority of its native speakers being the
318:
230:
155:
142:
117:
2271:
Walloon has a few Latin remnants that have disappeared from neighboring Romance languages: compare Walloon
554:(aged 65 and over). In 2007, the number of people with knowledge of the language was estimated at 600,000.
6986:
6382:
6202:
5620:
5566:
5218:
4964:
4889:
4688:
4158:
3475:
3375:
3193:
2914:
2497:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1897:
1507:
1499:
1129:
758:
604:
225:
74:
6286:
5699:
3301:"Europe and North Asia" (211-282) . Tapani Salminen (2007), C. Moseley · London & New York: Routledge
7018:
6963:
6769:
6764:
6417:
6395:
6214:
6037:
5506:
5462:
5409:
5088:
4975:
4864:
4771:
4405:
4374:
4333:
4257:
4050:
2723:
During the 19th-century renaissance of Walloon-language literature, several authors adapted versions of
1428:
1404:
1267:
1171:
1164:
70:
6682:
5650:
788:. The Walloon language is still part of the Walloon heritage; it is one component of Walloon identity.
744:
2676:
6968:
6752:
6742:
6358:
6331:
6257:
6165:
6117:
5916:
5844:
5796:
5790:
5753:
5736:
5233:
5055:
4985:
4958:
4854:
4595:
4418:
4390:
4305:
4083:
4073:
3937:
3238:
2738:
1283:
1180:
1077:
781:
2822:
2657:
576:
6716:
6453:
6345:
6313:
6307:
6149:
5928:
5888:
5854:
5758:
5682:
5625:
5446:
5044:
4874:
4732:
4694:
4523:
4400:
4319:
4228:
4202:
4017:
3989:
1418:
1295:
1073:
1013:, reflecting different pronunciations for different readers, a concept inspired by the spelling of
751:
163:
5824:
4496:
567:(regional indigenous language) of Belgium since 1990, Walloon has also benefited from a continued
511:
172:
167:
6958:
6687:
6543:
6501:
6467:
6461:
6351:
6294:
6251:
6234:
5972:
5965:
5859:
5801:
5606:
5589:
5530:
5386:
5374:
5253:
5191:
5017:
4673:
4635:
4566:
4533:
4289:
4270:
4151:
3979:
3971:
2800:
2774:
2692:
2687:
2546:
2127:
1187:
1124:
6736:
5864:
5228:
2484:
2167:
1001:
differences, there is a regional movement towards the adoption of a common spelling, called the
761:, US, owing to fairly large-scale immigration there in the 19th century; as well as portions of
661:
3840:
706:. It is the only one to have originated from that part of Belgium. The eleventh edition of the
7055:
6915:
6894:
6814:
6774:
6757:
6633:
6561:
6555:
6479:
6371:
6281:
6222:
6134:
6092:
5893:
5839:
5726:
5704:
5645:
5630:
5601:
5584:
5494:
5457:
5426:
5414:
5333:
5321:
5238:
5213:
5207:
5132:
5009:
4844:
4712:
4663:
4556:
4546:
4165:
4009:
3807:
La phonologie du français de la région de Charleroi (Belgique) et ses rapports avec le wallon.
3795:
3755:
3652:
3632:
3606:
3573:
3414:
2725:
2681:
2287:
1762:
1358:
1253:
1151:
1136:
966:
847:
Eastern – in many respects the most conservative and idiosyncratic of the dialects, spoken in
499:
256:
137:
2545:. One might say that the period which saw the establishment of the unifying supremacy of the
6868:
6858:
6843:
6831:
6747:
6696:
6660:
6638:
6625:
6619:
6593:
6548:
6537:
6441:
6406:
6390:
6239:
6227:
6160:
6112:
6080:
6005:
5977:
5950:
5780:
5775:
5763:
5743:
5731:
5672:
5579:
5536:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5431:
5362:
5346:
5243:
5050:
4980:
4929:
4924:
4912:
4789:
4717:
4561:
4551:
4505:
4326:
4296:
4235:
3690:
3274:
2784:
2493:
2278:
2180:
2121:
1670:
1146:
1119:
1114:
1059:
954:
796:
688:
522:. The historical background of its formation was the territorial extension since 980 of the
483:
442:
278:
122:
2769:
There are links between French literature and Walloon literature. For instance, the writer
2734:
6952:
6938:
6819:
6721:
6711:
6655:
6506:
6494:
6434:
6429:
6244:
6173:
6155:
6102:
6032:
5989:
5901:
5882:
5834:
5721:
5687:
5640:
5635:
5357:
5289:
5261:
5038:
4970:
4940:
4839:
4762:
4742:
4722:
4668:
4576:
4485:
4340:
4263:
4242:
4215:
4027:
4022:
3961:
3894:
3877:
3854:
3674:
3513:
3392:
2770:
2606:
2583:
2579:
2489:
1719:
1395:
1158:
1141:
1041:
1014:
911:
804:
735:
684:
568:
519:
515:
475:
109:
5955:
4630:
3835:
2788:
3335:
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (24 May 2022).
2761:. In the 20th century, Joseph Houziaux (1946) published a selection of 50 fables in the
2582:
coexist, each can be defined only in opposition to the other. Around the year 1600, the
591:
585:
7003:
6910:
6905:
6826:
6706:
6668:
6400:
6049:
5960:
5906:
5876:
5768:
5452:
5380:
5326:
5075:
4894:
4884:
4799:
4727:
4678:
4625:
4613:
4608:
4602:
4585:
4541:
4439:
4354:
4347:
4221:
4145:
3956:
3951:
3376:
University of Wisconsin Digital Collection : Belgian-American Research Collection
3249:
2796:
2602:
2598:
1781:
1199:
1025:
that were used for writing Walloon until the late 19th century) and the language's own
616:
609:
551:
547:
267:
3336:
351:
7034:
6945:
6848:
6836:
6568:
6276:
5933:
5871:
5367:
5101:
4879:
4706:
4640:
4620:
4364:
4181:
3888:
Walloon - English dictionary of computing terms - Motî walon - inglès des copiutreces
2750:
2662:
2572:
2542:
2478:
1527:
1465:
1301:
1210:
1083:
1045:
1002:
939:
699:
624:
581:
4102:
675:(1859–1940) insisted that Walloon had an original "superior unity", which made it a
6727:
6587:
5982:
4869:
4747:
4683:
4188:
4174:
4091:
3994:
3984:
3667:
3631:
Ed. y Steven G. Kellman, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2003, p. 153.
2815:
2652:
2633:
2072:
672:
668:
274:
220:
6643:
3870:
2671:
17:
6129:
3774:, Bruxelles, Les Impressions nouvelles, 2010, pp. 237–253, p. 252. French :
3702:
6789:
6782:
6519:
6085:
6054:
4992:
4804:
4794:
4312:
3649:
L'image du Flamand en Wallonie, Essai d'analyse sociale et politique (1830-1914)
2742:
2048:
1887:
1845:
1822:
1801:
1739:
1628:
1608:
1599:
1582:
1566:
1547:
1540:
1522:
1006:
572:
543:
386:
364:
526:
to the south and west. Walloon is classified as "definitely endangered" by the
6067:
6059:
5660:
5419:
4952:
4823:
4817:
4810:
4369:
4283:
4278:
3887:
3315:
3310:
3263:
2538:
1853:
1532:
1091:
1037:
Other regional languages spoken in Wallonia, outside the Walloon domain, are:
958:
692:
620:
619:, which differs from the French spoken in France only in some minor points of
235:
6863:
6701:
6043:
5338:
4783:
4195:
3826:
3726:
3714:
3341:
2637:
2131:
1204:
1026:
1010:
915:
785:
503:
344:
328:
310:
292:
215:
6489:
6027:
3860:
2644:, and the Walloon language (even if the latter is a part of the culture).
3544:
335:
6853:
6648:
6484:
6300:
5748:
5596:
3243:
2792:
2371:
2192:
The plural feminine adjectives before the noun take an unstressed ending
998:
990:
962:
927:
860:
848:
772:
726:
703:
676:
491:
487:
427:
415:
100:
85:
66:
3847:
2462:
635:
6472:
6337:
6097:
6075:
6015:
6010:
5499:
5484:
4777:
4134:
3999:
3932:
3255:
2810:
2779:
2429:"What kind of flower is this?" can be compared word for word to German
2176:
2172:
1053:
896:
872:
812:
Four dialects of Walloon developed in four distinct zones of Wallonia:
654:
647:
423:
52:
3814:
Li Croejhete Walone Contribution à une grammaire de la langue wallonne
6674:
6020:
5943:
5923:
5655:
4946:
4934:
4917:
4651:
3507:
Notes from the Field: Wisconsin Walloon Documentation and Orthography
3259:
2471:
1067:
841:
527:
394:
56:
3864:
3752:
Speaking in Other Voices: An Ethnography of Walloon Puppet Theaters.
2521:
2510:
2502:
5938:
5911:
4849:
4646:
4590:
3689:(ed. Maurice Piron), Liège, 1979; limited preview at Google Books
2699:
2670:
2651:
2597:
2461:
1087:
829:
817:
795:
634:
495:
132:
3629:
Switching Languages, Translingual Writers Reflect on Their Craft,
910:
Western – the dialect closest to French proper and with a strong
3590:
Switching languages: translingual writers reflect on their craft
3531:
Switching languages: translingual writers reflect on their craft
2729:
to the racy speech (and subject matter) of Liège. They included
2537:
The word "Walloon" thus came closer to its current meaning: the
5105:
4443:
4106:
3903:
3490:"Phlegmish & Walloony: Walloon ancestry in Wisconsin (USA)"
3462:
E.B. Atwood, "The phonological divisions of Belgo-Romance", in
2704:
Walloon lyrics to the song "Tins d' eraler" (Time to go home).
2396:
The adjective is often placed before the noun: compare Walloon
2632:, founded in 1856, promotes Walloon literature and the study (
2467:
1049:
884:
457:
1510:
may also be pronounced as an alveolar trill among speakers.
3262:: formerly Walloon-speaking villages in the Grand Duchy of
712:
identified Walloon as the "northernmost Romance language".
3882:
2314:). Other common borrowings, among hundreds of others, are
448:
426:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3754:
Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Press, 2001,
596:
officially in 2003. In 2004, a Walloon translation of a
2616:
Legally, Walloon has been recognized since 1990 by the
590:), which allowed large-scale publications, such as the
3297:
3295:
2947:
Bye (from Goodbye, a contraction of "God be with ye")
2773:
set the publication of a Walloon Poets' anthology for
393:
Walloon is classified as Definitely Endangered by the
2578:
posited the view that when two languages of the same
2165:
Walloon is distinguished from other languages in the
2126:
The Walloon alphabet generally consists of the basic
460:
445:
2524:
François, lequel est plus moderne, et plus gaillart.
2423:
Borrowing from Germanic languages, the construction
454:
97:
600,000 people have some knowledge of it (2007)
6979:
6930:
6879:
6803:
6607:
6580:
6529:
6381:
6267:
6213:
6194:
5823:
5812:
5565:
5556:
5517:
5397:
5282:
5271:
5182:
5144:
5031:
4832:
4761:
4575:
4532:
4504:
4495:
4478:
4383:
4082:
4064:
4041:
4008:
3970:
3944:
3772:
Le Tournant des années 1970. Liège en effervescence
2795:, and friend of Queneau, for the new and important
2075:has a phonological value. It allows distinguishing
451:
370:
358:
342:
326:
308:
290:
285:
264:
250:
208:
106:
91:
81:
62:
48:
34:
3347:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
1502:may also be heard as or in word-final positions.
2733:(in 1842); Joseph Lamaye (1845); and the team of
729:Region in Belgium. In addition, it is spoken in:
3205:
3160:
3118:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3058:
3016:
3010:
2968:
2926:
2881:
4396:Langue des signes Francophone de Belgique, LSFB
3427:Politique des langues et construction de l'État
2530:
2518:
99:Possibly only 300,000 active speakers in rural
3861:Walloon Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words
3181:How are you? (How goes it? / How's it going?)
2686:for a 2010 issue of Walloon-speaking magazine
2290:
5117:
4455:
4118:
3915:
3668:Lorint Hendschel, "The Walloon Language Page"
3429:, Éd. Duculot, Gembloux, 1998, pp. 22–28
3186:
3144:
3102:
3042:
2994:
2952:
2907:
2865:
2424:
2409:
2397:
2365:
2339:
2327:
2315:
2299:
2281:
2272:
2244:
2238:
2220:
2214:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2040:
2034:
2016:
2004:
1992:
1986:
1974:
1956:
1944:
983:
971:
944:
932:
920:
901:
889:
877:
865:
853:
834:
822:
640:
469:
40:
8:
3615:four dialogues printed between 1631 and 1636
3411:
3219:
3198:
3174:
3153:
3132:
3111:
3090:
3051:
3030:
3003:
2982:
2961:
2940:
2919:
2895:
2874:
2749:(1872); he was followed during the 1880s by
2628:Société de Langue et de Littérature Wallonne
2626:
2570:
2551:
2448:
2442:
2430:
2415:
2403:
2381:
2353:
2256:
2250:
2232:
2226:
2022:
2010:
1998:
1980:
1965:
1950:
659:
615:Walloon is more distinct as a language than
559:
7013:languages with more than 5 million speakers
5083:varieties with more than 5 million speakers
3330:
3328:
3212:
3167:
3125:
3097:Goodbye (lit. See you again/See you later)
3083:
3023:
2975:
2933:
2888:
2436:
2375:
2359:
2333:
2321:
2305:
2051:may be followed by nasal consonants, as in
653:Linguists had long classified Walloon as a
27:Gallo-Romance language of Wallonia, Belgium
6596:(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)
6210:
5820:
5562:
5279:
5124:
5110:
5102:
4501:
4462:
4448:
4440:
4125:
4111:
4103:
3922:
3908:
3900:
3624:
3622:
3037:Hi (often followed by another expression)
385:
31:
2295:(all with the same meaning: "to awaken").
2249:("his/her window", feminine) with French
2198:(except in the Ardenne dialect): compare
828:), the Wallon capital, and the cities of
3746:
3744:
2344:("to spatter"; same root as the English
1929:gave Walloon affricate phonemes spelled
1513:
1105:
803:
532:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
518:, the most prominent member of which is
398:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
3809:La Linguistique Vol. 23, Fasc. 2. 1987.
3613:Maurice Piron is speaking (p. 5) about
3518:Language Documentation and Conservation
3291:
2450:Quelle sorte de fleur est-ce que c'est?
698:Since then, most linguists (among them
612:comic strips was published in Walloon.
540:France's annexation of Wallonia in 1794
420:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3476:"Belgian-American Research Collection"
2808:by E. Remouchamps and the avant-garde
3792:Anthologie de la littérature wallonne
3687:Anthologie de la littérature wallonne
3603:Anthologie de la littérature wallonne
3388:"Endangered languages: the full list"
3353:from the original on 11 November 2023
1531:
808:Main subdivisions of Walloon dialects
249:
7:
3516:by Kelly Biers and Ellen Osterhaus,
3438:Décret Valmy Féaux, 14 December 1990
2225:("the sky", masculine), with French
3794:, Mardaga, Liège, 1978 (661 pages)
3252:– French as spoken in Belgium
3139:How do you say (How does one say)?
7017:Languages between parentheses are
5087:Languages between parentheses are
3827:Web page of Common Written Walloon
3677:, Skynet, accessed 21 October 2010
646:, the Walloon name of the city of
602:comic was released under the name
25:
6897:(unknown further classification)
3713:The text of four can be found at
2564:Also at this time, following the
2477:From a linguistic point of view,
2426:Cwè çki c'est di ça po ene fleur?
1886:
1879:
1858:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1770:
1761:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1707:
1699:
1686:
1675:
1659:
1652:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1484:
1477:
1449:
1440:
1417:
1403:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1348:
1340:
1329:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1282:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1239:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1186:
1179:
1170:
1163:
667:. Like French, it descended from
608:; in 2007 an album consisting of
3931:
3848:Comprehensive grammar of Walloon
2799:of Liège of Jacques Ancion. The
2533:is more fashionable and courtly.
2441:, as opposed to Standard French
2243:("his/her body", masculine) and
750:, making it one of the regional
490:and, to a very small extent, in
441:
2783:was translated into Walloon by
2710:Flemish immigration to Wallonia
2039:"red" is pronounced exactly as
7021:of the language on their left.
6891:(Western Romance-based pidgin)
5091:of the language on their left.
3701:There is a partial preview at
2605:French-Walloon street sign in
2566:Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts
1973:Latin persisted in clusters:
1962:
1107:Consonant phonemes of Walloon
743:, and several villages in the
657:of French, which in turn is a
494:, Belgium; some villages near
1:
4391:Deutsche Gebärdensprache, DGS
3270:Manifesto for Walloon culture
2642:Manifesto for Walloon culture
2444:Quelle sorte de fleur est-ce?
4424:Languages of the Netherlands
4401:Nederlandse Gebarentaal, NGT
4056:French Belgian Sign Language
3450:Notes de philologie wallonne
2826:
2500:made the connection between
775:, by some Walloon residents.
733:a small part of France: the
6888:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
3549:Grammaire wallonne en ligne
3452:. Liège: Vaillant Carmanne.
2757:dialect under the pen-name
2618:French Community of Belgium
2594:Walloon society and culture
2432:Was ist das für eine Blume?
2310:"weak" (cognate of English
7107:
6590:(mixed Portuguese–Spanish)
5616:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
5410:Central−Southern Calabrian
4133:Languages and dialects of
3871:phonetic system of Walloon
3857:(in French and under GFDL)
2438:Wat is dat voor een bloem?
2219:("the car", feminine) and
2119:
1900:can have an allophone of .
800:Linguistic map of Wallonia
763:Kewaunee County, Wisconsin
631:Disputed nature of Walloon
486:that is spoken in much of
6995:
6145:
5066:
4414:
4141:
3893:25 September 2020 at the
3883:Union Culturelle Wallonne
3520:, Vol. 15, 2021, pp. 1–29
3478:, University of Wisconsin
2622:Union Culturelle Wallonne
2541:of the Roman part of the
2031:Final obstruent devoicing
1545:
1538:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1427:
1394:
1294:
1198:
1157:
1111:
725:Walloon is spoken in the
605:L'èmerôde d'al Castafiore
562:langue régionale endogène
498:, northern France; and a
406:
384:
39:
5898:North American dialects
5405:Extreme Southern Italian
4406:Vlaamse Gebarentaal, VGT
3853:17 December 2005 at the
3605:, Mardaga, Liège, 1978,
3572:, Quorum, 1999, p. 128.
3494:Phlegmish & Walloony
1033:Other regional languages
953:Southern – close to the
5317:Central−Northern Latian
4471:Gallo-Romance languages
4429:Languages of Luxembourg
3673:8 December 2011 at the
3466:, 4, 1955, pp. 367–389.
3321:(subscription required)
2717:New York Public Library
2522:
2511:
2503:
2140:) and Unified Walloon (
1102:Phonetics and phonology
957:and to a lesser extent
767:Brown County, Wisconsin
716:Geographic distribution
709:Encyclopædia Britannica
5621:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
3841:Synthetic presentation
3488:Mf (17 October 2015).
3412:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3187:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3145:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3103:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3052:
3043:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3011:
3004:
2995:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2953:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2908:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2866:
2737:(1847, 1851–1852) and
2705:
2697:
2675:Cartoon in Walloon by
2668:
2627:
2609:
2571:
2552:
2535:
2529:
2498:Jean Lemaire de Belges
2482:mention others in the
2474:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2382:
2376:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2306:
2300:
2291:
2282:
2273:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2206:
2204:"the yellow leaf" and
2200:
2194:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2041:
2035:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1966:
1957:
1951:
1945:
984:
972:
945:
933:
921:
902:
890:
878:
866:
854:
835:
823:
809:
801:
759:Door County, Wisconsin
660:
650:
641:
560:
479:
470:
408:This article contains
75:Door County, Wisconsin
41:
7091:Ardennes (department)
6108:Poitevin–Saintongeais
5081:A star (*) indicates
4976:Poitevin-Saintongeais
4907:Labrador Inuit Pidgin
4051:Flemish Sign Language
3876:27 April 2006 at the
3865:Swadesh list appendix
3448:Feller Jules (1912).
3425:Astrid Von Busekist,
3337:"Glottolog 4.8 - Oil"
2703:
2674:
2655:
2601:
2584:French writing system
2465:
2093:"he cradles her" and
2027:"castle"), and so on.
961:languages, spoken in
914:influence, spoken in
807:
799:
782:idiomatic expressions
638:
575:was established (the
524:Principality of Liège
500:clutch of communities
7076:Luxembourg (Belgium)
7051:Languages of Belgium
5917:St. Marys Bay French
5441:Neapolitan–Calabrese
4419:Languages of Belgium
4264:Standard High German
4074:German Sign Language
3938:Languages of Belgium
3805:de Reuse, Willem J.
3512:18 June 2021 at the
3239:Languages of Belgium
3188:Dji n' sais nén
2210:"the yellow leaves".
757:a small district of
7061:Culture of Wallonia
7046:Languages of France
6269:Galician–Portuguese
5295:Central Marchigiano
4534:Bourbonnais Creoles
3863:(from Wiktionary's
3812:Hendschel, Lorint.
3588:Steven G. Kellman,
3570:Qué walon po dmwin?
3155:Comment allez-vous?
2130:, and six types of
2122:Walloon orthography
2099:"he increases it",
1516:
1108:
816:Central, spoken in
752:languages of France
7066:Hainaut (province)
6683:Catalan Ribagorçan
6530:Pyrenean–Mozarabic
5802:Judaeo-Piedmontese
5712:Bustocco–Legnanese
5507:Northern Calabrian
4290:Northern Low Saxon
3945:Official languages
3543:Saratxaga, Pablo.
3529:Steven G. Kellman
3246:– the people
2775:Editions Gallimard
2745:in the dialect of
2706:
2698:
2669:
2610:
2475:
2447:or (colloquially)
2420:, "a white house".
2417:une maison blanche
2408:, "a strong man";
2128:ISO Latin Alphabet
1514:
1106:
810:
802:
651:
509:It belongs to the
506:, United States.
18:Walloon (language)
7028:
7027:
7004:extinct languages
6926:
6925:
6603:
6602:
6562:Navarro-Aragonese
6447:Peruvian Ribereño
6372:Judaeo-Portuguese
6287:Galician–Asturian
6190:
6189:
6181:Old Gallo-Romance
6135:Wisconsin Walloon
5552:
5551:
5525:Dalmatian Romance
5133:Romance languages
5099:
5098:
5076:extinct languages
5032:Francoprovencalic
5027:
5026:
5010:Wisconsin Walloon
4437:
4436:
4100:
4099:
3637:978-0-8032-2747-7
3319:(18th ed., 2015)
3230:
3229:
3221:Ich weiß es nicht
2989:Hello (Good day)
2753:, writing in the
2739:François Bailleux
2735:Jean-Joseph Dehin
2411:ene blanke måjhon
2304:to today's Dutch
2207:les djaenès foyes
2015:"party, feast"),
1991:"wisp of straw",
1985:"thorn, spine"),
1894:
1893:
1602:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1562:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1496:
1495:
967:Marche-en-Famenne
593:Walloon Knowledge
434:
433:
416:rendering support
412:phonetic symbols.
257:Wisconsin Walloon
231:Old Gallo-Romance
16:(Redirected from
7098:
7081:Namur (province)
6549:Judaeo-Aragonese
6538:Andalusi Romance
6391:Amazonic Spanish
6228:Western Asturian
6211:
6150:Franco-Provençal
5821:
5717:Comasco–Lecchese
5575:Emilian–Romagnol
5563:
5363:Regional Italian
5353:Italo-Australian
5280:
5202:Megleno-Romanian
5126:
5119:
5112:
5103:
5045:Franco-Provençal
5041:/Faetar-Cigliàje
4930:Louisiana French
4925:Louisiana Creole
4738:Saint-Barthélemy
4506:Antillean Creole
4502:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4441:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4299:
4292:
4273:
4266:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4224:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4168:
4161:
4154:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4104:
3936:
3935:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3901:
3778:
3768:
3762:
3748:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3684:
3678:
3665:
3659:
3647:Yves Quairiaux,
3645:
3639:
3626:
3617:
3599:
3593:
3586:
3580:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3540:
3534:
3527:
3521:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3420:
3409:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3396:. 15 April 2011.
3384:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3332:
3323:
3322:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3275:Flemish dialects
3223:
3216:
3214:Ik weet het niet
3209:
3207:Ich weit 't neet
3202:
3195:
3190:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3148:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3106:
3104:Cmint dit-st on?
3094:
3087:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3055:
3046:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3014:
3007:
2998:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2956:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2911:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2869:
2837:
2836:
2829:15 March 1959).
2828:
2731:Charles Duvivier
2696:
2685:
2677:José Schoovaerts
2666:
2630:
2576:
2555:
2526:
2514:
2506:
2488:family, such as
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2385:
2379:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2309:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2181:High Middle Ages
2151:
2145:
2139:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2044:
2038:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1883:
1862:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1774:
1765:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1711:
1703:
1690:
1679:
1663:
1656:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1600:
1594:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1572:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1546:
1539:
1517:
1509:
1501:
1488:
1481:
1468:
1453:
1444:
1435:
1421:
1407:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1352:
1344:
1333:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1286:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1243:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1190:
1183:
1174:
1167:
1109:
987:
975:
973:Måtche-el-Fåmene
948:
936:
924:
905:
893:
881:
869:
857:
838:
826:
665:
644:
589:
565:
502:in northeastern
484:Romance language
473:
467:
466:
463:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
400:
389:
380:
354:
338:
331:
322:
321:
313:
304:
303:
295:
279:Walloon alphabet
270:
112:
44:
32:
21:
7106:
7105:
7101:
7100:
7099:
7097:
7096:
7095:
7086:Walloon Brabant
7031:
7030:
7029:
7024:
6991:
6975:
6953:Pannonian Latin
6939:African Romance
6922:
6875:
6806:
6799:
6737:Judeo-Provençal
6610:
6599:
6576:
6525:
6435:Chilean Chilote
6377:
6263:
6204:
6200:
6197:
6186:
6174:Moselle Romance
6141:
5990:Missouri French
5951:Franco-Ontarian
5826:
5815:
5808:
5548:
5513:
5490:Southern Latian
5393:
5358:Maltese Italian
5290:Central Italian
5274:
5267:
5262:Common Romanian
5178:
5162:Italo-Dalmatian
5140:
5130:
5100:
5095:
5094:
5062:
5023:
4941:Moselle Romance
4901:Karipúna Creole
4828:
4757:
4669:Franco-Ontarian
4571:
4528:
4491:
4486:Canadian French
4474:
4468:
4438:
4433:
4410:
4379:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4295:
4288:
4269:
4262:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4137:
4131:
4101:
4096:
4078:
4060:
4037:
4004:
3966:
3940:
3930:
3928:
3895:Wayback Machine
3878:Wayback Machine
3855:Wayback Machine
3823:
3790:Maurice Piron,
3787:
3782:
3781:
3769:
3765:
3749:
3742:
3732:
3730:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3712:
3708:
3700:
3696:
3685:
3681:
3675:Wayback Machine
3666:
3662:
3646:
3642:
3627:
3620:
3600:
3596:
3587:
3583:
3567:
3563:
3553:
3551:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3528:
3524:
3514:Wayback Machine
3498:
3496:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3474:
3470:
3461:
3457:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3422:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3393:TheGuardian.com
3386:
3385:
3381:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3356:
3354:
3334:
3333:
3326:
3320:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3235:
3113:Comment dit-on?
3092:Auf Wiedersehen
2835:
2787:, an important
2771:Raymond Queneau
2690:
2679:
2660:
2650:
2607:Fosses-la-Ville
2596:
2580:language family
2460:
2393:
2332:("curl"; Dutch
2268:
2189:
2163:
2161:Language family
2158:
2156:Characteristics
2137:sistinme Feller
2124:
2118:
2096:i l' hôsse
2090:i l' hosse
1515:Vowel phonemes
1464:
1433:
1357:
1300:
1252:
1209:
1203:
1131:
1123:
1104:
1035:
794:
736:Pointe de Givet
723:
718:
633:
579:
569:corpus planning
516:language family
444:
440:
414:Without proper
402:
401:
392:
376:
350:
334:
327:
317:
316:
309:
299:
298:
291:
271:
266:
246:
211:
204:
160:Gallo-Rhaetian?
148:Western Romance
128:Latino-Faliscan
113:
110:Language family
108:
98:
94:
93:Native speakers
77:(United States)
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7104:
7102:
7094:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7071:Liège Province
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7033:
7032:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7022:
7015:
7006:
6996:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6989:
6983:
6981:
6977:
6976:
6974:
6973:
6972:
6971:
6966:
6956:
6949:
6942:
6934:
6932:
6928:
6927:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6920:
6919:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6892:
6883:
6881:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6873:
6872:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6841:
6840:
6839:
6834:
6824:
6823:
6822:
6811:
6809:
6801:
6800:
6798:
6797:
6796:
6795:
6794:
6793:
6779:
6778:
6777:
6772:
6762:
6761:
6760:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6733:
6732:
6731:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6704:
6694:
6693:
6692:
6691:
6690:
6685:
6677:
6672:
6669:Judaeo-Catalan
6665:
6664:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6646:
6636:
6628:
6615:
6613:
6605:
6604:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6597:
6591:
6584:
6582:
6578:
6577:
6575:
6574:
6573:
6572:
6558:
6553:
6552:
6551:
6541:
6533:
6531:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6523:
6516:
6515:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6498:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6476:
6475:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6451:
6450:
6449:
6439:
6438:
6437:
6424:Latin American
6420:
6415:
6403:
6401:Judaeo-Spanish
6398:
6393:
6387:
6385:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6375:
6368:
6367:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6355:
6354:
6342:
6341:
6340:
6328:
6323:
6316:
6304:
6297:
6292:
6291:
6290:
6279:
6273:
6271:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6261:
6254:
6249:
6248:
6247:
6237:
6232:
6231:
6230:
6219:
6217:
6208:
6192:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6185:
6184:
6177:
6170:
6169:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6132:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6115:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6089:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6072:
6071:
6064:
6063:
6062:
6052:
6047:
6030:
6025:
6024:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5994:
5993:
5992:
5987:
5986:
5985:
5975:
5970:
5969:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5941:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5920:
5919:
5914:
5896:
5891:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5862:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5831:
5829:
5818:
5810:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5805:
5804:
5794:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5784:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5714:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5670:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5604:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5571:
5569:
5560:
5554:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5544:Judaeo-Italian
5541:
5540:
5539:
5534:
5521:
5519:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5504:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5481:
5480:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5412:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5377:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5286:
5284:
5277:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5204:
5199:
5197:Istro-Romanian
5194:
5188:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5154:
5148:
5146:
5145:Major branches
5142:
5141:
5137:classification
5131:
5129:
5128:
5121:
5114:
5106:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5085:
5079:
5068:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5042:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5002:
4995:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4973:
4968:
4961:
4956:
4949:
4944:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4910:
4903:
4898:
4895:Haitian Creole
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4865:Burundi Pidgin
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4780:
4775:
4767:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4703:
4698:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4582:
4580:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4538:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4510:
4508:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4444:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4387:
4385:
4384:Sign languages
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4281:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4267:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4225:
4222:Belgian French
4213:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4155:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4107:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4088:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4070:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4047:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4014:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3976:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3885:
3880:
3868:
3858:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3829:
3822:
3821:External links
3819:
3818:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3763:
3740:
3718:
3706:
3694:
3679:
3660:
3640:
3618:
3594:
3592:, p. 152.
3581:
3561:
3545:"Introduction"
3535:
3533:, p. 152.
3522:
3480:
3468:
3455:
3440:
3431:
3399:
3379:
3364:
3324:
3303:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3253:
3250:Belgian French
3247:
3241:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3200:Je ne sais pas
3196:
3191:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3149:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3107:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3056:
3049:
3047:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3008:
3001:
2999:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2957:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2912:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2870:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2834:
2831:
2823:William Dunker
2806:Tati l'Pèriquî
2797:Puppet theater
2789:'pataphysician
2751:Joseph Dufrane
2726:Aesop's Fables
2658:William Dunker
2649:
2646:
2595:
2592:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2421:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2320:("tip"; Dutch
2296:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2237:; Walloon has
2211:
2201:li djaene foye
2188:
2185:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2143:rifondou walon
2120:Main article:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2111:"master", etc.
2070:
2046:
2028:
1971:
1902:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1768:
1766:
1759:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1704:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1512:
1511:
1504:
1503:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1447:
1445:
1438:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1400:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1337:
1335:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1280:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1168:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1127:
1117:
1112:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1081:
1071:
1057:
1034:
1031:
1003:Rifondou walon
997:Despite local
995:
994:
989:), all in the
951:
908:
845:
793:
790:
777:
776:
770:
755:
722:
719:
717:
714:
632:
629:
617:Belgian French
610:Gaston Lagaffe
577:Rifondou walon
432:
431:
418:, you may see
404:
403:
391:
390:
382:
381:
374:
368:
367:
362:
356:
355:
348:
340:
339:
332:
324:
323:
314:
306:
305:
296:
288:
287:
286:Language codes
283:
282:
272:
268:Writing system
265:
262:
261:
260:
259:
252:
248:
247:
245:
244:
243:
242:
241:
240:
239:
238:
214:
212:
209:
206:
205:
203:
202:
201:
200:
199:
198:
197:
196:
195:
194:
193:
192:
191:
190:
189:
188:
187:
186:
185:
184:
183:
182:
181:
180:
152:Gallo-Iberian?
116:
114:
107:
104:
103:
95:
92:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
73:, minority in
64:
60:
59:
50:
49:Native to
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7103:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7041:Oïl languages
7039:
7038:
7036:
7020:
7016:
7014:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7001:
6998:
6997:
6994:
6988:
6987:Proto-Romance
6985:
6984:
6982:
6980:Reconstructed
6978:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6961:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6954:
6950:
6948:
6947:
6946:British Latin
6943:
6941:
6940:
6936:
6935:
6933:
6929:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6890:
6889:
6885:
6884:
6882:
6878:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6846:
6845:
6842:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6829:
6828:
6825:
6821:
6818:
6817:
6816:
6813:
6812:
6810:
6808:
6802:
6792:
6791:
6787:
6786:
6785:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6767:
6766:
6765:Vivaro-Alpine
6763:
6759:
6756:
6755:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6729:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6709:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6698:
6695:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6617:
6616:
6614:
6612:
6606:
6595:
6592:
6589:
6586:
6585:
6583:
6579:
6571:
6570:
6569:Old Navarrese
6566:
6565:
6564:
6563:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6539:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6528:
6522:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6452:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6443:
6440:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6426:
6425:
6421:
6419:
6418:Equatoguinean
6416:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6384:
6380:
6374:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6348:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6334:
6333:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6321:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6310:
6309:
6305:
6303:
6302:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6270:
6266:
6260:
6259:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6229:
6226:
6225:
6224:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6216:
6212:
6209:
6206:
6199:
6193:
6183:
6182:
6178:
6176:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6144:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6126:
6123:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6070:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6058:
6057:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6045:
6041:
6040:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6007:
6004:
6000:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5988:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5884:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5872:Frainc-Comtou
5870:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5811:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5788:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5693:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5668:Judeo-Italian
5666:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5595:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5555:
5545:
5542:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5528:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5516:
5508:
5505:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5463:Castelmezzano
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5439:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5396:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5382:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5369:
5368:Swiss Italian
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5249:Transylvanian
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5208:Daco-Romanian
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5181:
5175:
5172:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5157:Italo-Western
5155:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5138:
5134:
5127:
5122:
5120:
5115:
5113:
5108:
5107:
5104:
5090:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5065:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4880:Frainc-Comtou
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4707:Middle French
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4596:St. Marys Bay
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4574:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4497:Langues d'oïl
4494:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4472:
4465:
4460:
4458:
4453:
4451:
4446:
4445:
4442:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4365:Luxembourgish
4363:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4334:Stellingwarfs
4331:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4256:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4182:Kleverlandish
4179:
4176:
4172:
4167:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4159:Central Dutch
4156:
4153:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4128:
4123:
4121:
4116:
4114:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3925:
3920:
3918:
3913:
3911:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3816:. 2001, 2012.
3815:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3800:2-8021-0024-6
3797:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3760:1-58811-054-0
3757:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3729:. Lulucom.com
3728:
3727:"Lulucom.com"
3722:
3719:
3716:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3703:Google Books
3698:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3657:2-8040-2174-2
3654:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3611:2-8021-0024-6
3608:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3578:2-87399-072-4
3575:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3550:
3546:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3495:
3491:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3451:
3444:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3419:
3416:
3403:
3400:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3368:
3365:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3226:I don't know
3225:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3169:Hoe gaat het?
3166:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3134:Wie sagt man?
3131:
3128:
3127:Hoe zegt men?
3124:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2785:André Blavier
2782:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2713:
2711:
2702:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2567:
2562:
2560:
2559:langues d'oïl
2556:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2543:Low Countries
2540:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2480:
2479:Louis Remacle
2473:
2469:
2464:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2405:un homme fort
2400:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:rfondou walon
2144:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2074:
2071:
2069:"dirty", etc.
2067:
2061:
2055:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1939:
1932:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1895:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1685:
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1128:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1101:
1099:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:Luxembourgish
1082:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:locally), in
1065:
1062:(also called
1061:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
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1012:
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1004:
1000:
992:
988:
986:
980:
976:
974:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
949:
947:
941:
940:Philippeville
937:
935:
929:
925:
923:
917:
913:
909:
906:
904:
898:
894:
892:
886:
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880:
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862:
858:
856:
850:
846:
843:
839:
837:
831:
827:
825:
819:
815:
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813:
806:
798:
791:
789:
787:
783:
774:
771:
768:
764:
760:
756:
753:
749:
748:
742:
738:
737:
732:
731:
730:
728:
720:
715:
713:
711:
710:
705:
701:
700:Louis Remacle
696:
694:
690:
686:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
664:
663:
656:
649:
645:
643:
637:
630:
628:
626:
625:pronunciation
622:
618:
613:
611:
607:
606:
601:
600:
595:
594:
587:
583:
578:
574:
570:
566:
564:
563:
555:
553:
549:
548:dead language
545:
541:
536:
534:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
514:
513:
512:langues d'oïl
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
472:
465:
438:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
411:
405:
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388:
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379:
375:
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369:
366:
363:
361:
357:
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347:
346:
341:
337:
333:
330:
325:
320:
315:
312:
307:
302:
297:
294:
289:
284:
280:
276:
273:
269:
263:
258:
255:
254:
253:
237:
234:
233:
232:
229:
228:
227:
226:Proto-Romance
224:
223:
222:
219:
218:
217:
213:
207:
179:
176:
175:
174:
171:
170:
169:
165:
162:
161:
159:
158:
157:
156:Gallo-Romance
154:
153:
151:
150:
149:
146:
145:
144:
143:Italo-Western
141:
140:
139:
136:
135:
134:
131:
130:
129:
126:
125:
124:
121:
120:
119:
118:Indo-European
115:
111:
105:
102:
96:
90:
87:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
61:
58:
54:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
7008:
6999:
6951:
6944:
6937:
6886:
6788:
6781:
6743:Languedocien
6735:
6728:Judeo-Gascon
6726:
6667:
6618:
6588:Barranquenho
6567:
6560:
6536:
6518:
6460:
6422:
6405:
6396:Extremaduran
6370:
6344:
6330:
6318:
6306:
6299:
6256:
6215:Asturleonese
6179:
6172:
6130:West Walloon
6124:
6118:Saintongeais
6066:
6042:
6038:Anglo-Norman
5996:
5929:Newfoundland
5889:Jersey Legal
5881:
5789:
5754:Southwestern
5737:Vallassinese
5626:Gallo-Picene
5567:Gallo-Italic
5529:
5445:
5440:
5379:
5345:
5260:
5206:
5071:
5016:
5004:
4997:
4986:Saintongeais
4963:
4951:
4939:
4905:
4870:Camfranglais
4816:
4809:
4782:
4772:Anglo-Norman
4770:
4733:Newfoundland
4718:Metropolitan
4705:
4695:Jersey Legal
4693:
4684:Houma French
4524:Saint Lucian
4479:Areal groups
4473:and dialects
4375:West Frisian
4249:
4189:West Flemish
4175:East Flemish
4092:Sinte Romani
4032:
3995:West Flemish
3985:East Flemish
3813:
3806:
3791:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3751:
3750:Joan Gross,
3731:. Retrieved
3721:
3709:
3697:
3691:Google Books
3686:
3682:
3663:
3648:
3643:
3628:
3614:
3602:
3597:
3589:
3584:
3569:
3564:
3552:. Retrieved
3548:
3538:
3530:
3525:
3517:
3497:. Retrieved
3493:
3483:
3471:
3463:
3458:
3449:
3443:
3434:
3426:
3402:
3391:
3382:
3373:(in English)
3367:
3355:. Retrieved
3340:
3314:
3306:
3176:Wie geht es?
3162:Wie geit 't?
3146:Cmint daloz?
3120:Wie zaet me?
2820:
2809:
2805:
2778:
2768:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2746:
2724:
2722:
2714:
2707:
2634:dialectology
2625:
2621:
2615:
2611:
2587:
2569:
2563:
2558:
2550:
2536:
2531:
2520:
2519:
2509:
2501:
2485:langue d'oïl
2483:
2476:
2402:with French
2399:on foirt ome
2380:, or German
2352:, or German
2349:
2345:
2311:
2168:langue d'oïl
2166:
2164:
2125:
2073:Vowel length
2049:Nasal vowels
1949:(vs. French
1937:
1930:
1097:
1063:
1036:
1027:phonological
1022:
1018:
996:
982:
970:
943:
931:
919:
900:
888:
876:
864:
852:
833:
821:
811:
778:
746:
739:in northern
734:
724:
707:
697:
681:
673:Jules Feller
669:Vulgar Latin
662:langue d'oïl
658:
652:
639:
614:
603:
597:
592:
558:
556:
537:
530:
510:
508:
436:
435:
407:
378:51-AAA-hf×××
372:Linguasphere
343:
221:Vulgar Latin
177:
29:
6964:Campidanese
6790:Old Catalan
6783:Old Occitan
6520:Old Spanish
6454:Rioplatense
6258:Old Leonese
6086:Cotentinais
6050:Guernésiais
5973:Frenchville
5966:New England
5845:Bourbonnais
5797:Piedmontese
5791:Old Lombard
5683:Bergamasque
5607:Sammarinese
5078:or dialects
4965:Petit nègre
4855:Bourbonnais
4800:Guernésiais
4795:Cotentinais
4674:Frenchville
4636:New England
4567:Seychellois
4313:Achterhoeks
4306:Westphalian
4258:High German
4066:Germanosign
3423:(in French)
3408:(in French)
3357:11 November
2801:Al Botroûle
2743:La Fontaine
2691: [
2688:Li Rantoele
2680: [
2661: [
2656:The singer
2547:Burgundians
2470:'s sign in
2414:and French
2246:si finiesse
2216:li vweteure
2116:Orthography
2105:"mass" and
2081:"arse" and
2003:"master"),
1429:Approximant
1011:diasystemic
1007:orthography
985:Li Tchestea
979:Neufchâteau
786:profanities
747:département
580: [
573:orthography
544:World War I
468:; natively
422:instead of
210:Early forms
7035:Categories
7011:indicates
6969:Logudorese
6502:Philippine
6468:Andalusian
6462:Peninsular
6352:Estremenho
6308:Portuguese
6235:Cantabrian
6068:Law French
6060:Sercquiais
5894:Meridional
5855:Champenois
5850:Burgundian
5661:Tabarchino
5651:Monégasque
5590:Parmigiano
5447:Neapolitan
5420:Manduriano
5387:Florentine
5254:Wallachian
5224:Bukovinian
4953:Old French
4875:Champenois
4860:Burgundian
4824:Sercquiais
4818:Old Norman
4811:Law French
4753:Vietnamese
4713:Meridional
4547:Chagossian
4370:Papiamento
4284:Low German
4279:Limburgish
4229:Champenois
4203:Stadsfries
4152:Brabantian
4084:Indo-Aryan
4043:Francosign
4018:Champenois
3990:Limburgish
3980:Brabantian
3499:17 January
3316:Ethnologue
3281:References
3264:Luxembourg
2897:Wallonisch
2849:Limburgian
2648:Literature
2573:La Pléiade
2539:vernacular
2435:and Dutch
2274:dispierter
2258:sa fenêtre
2228:la voiture
2187:Morphology
2175:, and its
2087:"cooked",
1671:Near-close
1092:Martelange
1074:Champenois
959:Champenois
922:Tchårlerwè
765:, US, and
693:Champenois
621:vocabulary
236:Old French
7019:varieties
7002:indicate
6959:Sardinian
6916:Triestine
6864:Sursilvan
6775:Mentonasc
6753:Provençal
6702:Auvergnat
6688:Valencian
6644:Mallorcan
6634:Algherese
6609:Occitano-
6556:Navarrese
6544:Aragonese
6480:Castilian
6383:Castilian
6359:Uruguayan
6332:Brazilian
6295:Minderico
6289:/Eonavian
6252:Mirandese
6166:Valdôtain
6152:/Arpitan
6093:Orléanais
6044:Auregnais
6028:Mayennais
5978:Louisiana
5860:Ardennais
5840:Berrichon
5646:Intemelio
5602:Forlivese
5585:Bolognese
5531:Dalmatian
5495:Tarantino
5458:Benevento
5415:Salentino
5375:Sassarese
5339:Gallurese
5322:Romanesco
5275:Dalmatian
5239:Moldavian
5234:Maramureș
5192:Aromanian
5089:varieties
5074:indicate
5056:Valdôtain
5047:/Arpitan
5018:Zarphatic
4959:Orléanais
4845:Berrichon
4784:Auregnais
4659:Cambodian
4641:Québécois
4562:Rodriguan
4552:Mauritian
4519:Grenadian
4514:Dominican
4271:Ripuarian
4196:Zeelandic
4166:Hollandic
3785:Citations
3715:Walon.org
3342:Glottolog
3286:Footnotes
3085:Tot ziens
3053:Au revoir
2984:Guten Tag
2977:Goedendag
2935:Tot ziens
2759:Bosquètia
2747:Charleroi
2638:etymology
2603:Bilingual
2367:li sprewe
2323:drinkgeld
2317:dringuele
2283:despertar
2252:son corps
2132:diacritic
2063:"cream",
2057:"young",
1720:Close-mid
1541:unrounded
1302:voiceless
1296:Fricative
1211:voiceless
1205:Affricate
916:Charleroi
769:, US; and
504:Wisconsin
345:Glottolog
329:ISO 639-3
311:ISO 639-2
293:ISO 639-1
216:Old Latin
82:Ethnicity
7056:Wallonia
6895:Venetian
6869:Vallader
6859:Surmiran
6832:Cadorino
6815:Friulian
6748:Limousin
6717:Béarnese
6679:Western
6661:Northern
6649:Menorcan
6639:Balearic
6630:Eastern
6626:dialects
6485:Castrapo
6442:Peruvian
6413:dialects
6346:European
6314:dialects
6301:Portugis
6282:Galician
6223:Asturian
6161:Savoyard
6113:Poitevin
6081:Cauchois
6055:Jèrriais
5902:Canadian
5781:Varesino
5776:Ticinese
5764:Novarese
5759:Cremunés
5749:Ossolano
5744:Milanese
5732:Lecchese
5700:Brianzöö
5631:Ligurian
5597:Romagnol
5478:Arianese
5473:Irpinian
5468:Cilentan
5432:Pantesco
5427:Sicilian
5398:Southern
5334:Corsican
5310:Macerata
5305:Fabriano
5244:Oltenian
5214:dialects
5174:Southern
5051:Savoyard
4981:Poitevin
4890:Guianese
4805:Jèrriais
4790:Cauchois
4743:Standard
4723:Missouri
4664:Francien
4614:Kinshasa
4327:Sallands
4297:Gronings
3972:Germanic
3891:Archived
3874:Archived
3851:Archived
3836:Abstract
3671:Archived
3510:Archived
3418:Flandre.
3415:Grégoire
3351:Archived
3244:Walloons
3233:See also
2909:Diè wåde
2902:Walloon
2843:Phonetic
2816:A. Jarry
2793:Verviers
2755:Borinage
2383:Sperling
2374:; Dutch
2372:starling
2358:; Dutch
2292:deștepta
2288:Romanian
2018:tchestea
1955:"cow"),
1782:Open-mid
1132:alveolar
1125:Alveolar
999:phonetic
991:Ardennes
963:Bastogne
946:Flipvile
928:Nivelles
861:Verviers
792:Dialects
784:, often
773:Brussels
741:Ardennes
727:Wallonia
704:Wallonia
677:language
492:Brussels
488:Wallonia
428:Help:IPA
352:wall1255
251:Dialects
101:Wallonia
86:Walloons
71:Ardennes
67:Wallonia
7000:Italics
6901:Chipilo
6844:Romansh
6807:Romance
6805:Rhaeto-
6770:Gardiol
6722:Landese
6712:Aranese
6697:Occitan
6656:Central
6620:Catalan
6611:Romance
6512:Creoles
6507:Saharan
6495:Murcian
6473:Llanito
6430:Chilean
6407:Spanish
6364:Creoles
6338:Mineiro
6320:African
6245:Riberan
6240:Leonese
6205:Iberian
6198:Romance
6125:Walloon
6098:Paydret
6076:Augeron
6016:Vosgien
6011:Gaumais
6006:Lorrain
5998:Creoles
5961:Muskrat
5907:Acadian
5835:Angevin
5825:Langues
5816:Romance
5722:Comasco
5695:Western
5688:Cremish
5678:Eastern
5673:Lombard
5641:Genoese
5636:Brigasc
5580:Emilian
5558:Western
5537:Istriot
5500:Vastese
5485:Molisan
5347:Italian
5283:Central
5229:Crișana
5184:Eastern
5167:Western
5152:Eastern
5072:Italics
5005:Walloon
4999:Tây Bồi
4913:Lorrain
4840:Angevin
4778:Augeron
4728:Muskrat
4701:Laotian
4679:Haitian
4626:Belgian
4609:Abidjan
4603:African
4586:Acadian
4557:Réunion
4542:Agalega
4341:Tweants
4320:Drèents
4250:Walloon
4236:Lorrain
4211:English
4135:Benelux
4033:Walloon
4023:Lorrain
4010:Romance
4000:Yiddish
3733:9 March
3601:In his
3554:26 June
3311:Walloon
3256:Doncols
3078:Diè wah
2963:Bonjour
2954:Bondjoû
2942:Tschüss
2928:Diè wah
2858:English
2840:Walloon
2833:Phrases
2811:Ubu roi
2780:Ubu roi
2763:Condroz
2667:(right)
2588:scripta
2504:Rommand
2494:Lorrain
2468:auberge
2458:History
2377:spreeuw
2355:spützen
2350:to spew
2346:to spit
2279:Spanish
2266:Lexicon
2240:si coir
2234:le ciel
2177:grammar
2173:lexicon
2045:"rock".
2024:château
1994:mwaîsse
1970:"leg").
1917:before
1909:before
1898:/oː,uː/
1548:rounded
1528:Central
1466:rounded
1200:Plosive
1152:Glottal
1137:Palatal
1064:Gaumais
1060:Lorrain
1054:Tournai
1029:logic.
1005:. This
993:region.
977:), and
955:Lorrain
938:), and
897:Waremme
895:), and
873:Malmedy
721:Walloon
689:Lorrain
655:dialect
648:Herstal
552:elderly
482:) is a
437:Walloon
424:Unicode
365:Walloon
178:Walloon
164:Arpitan
138:Romance
53:Belgium
35:Walloon
6931:Others
6911:Talian
6906:Fiuman
6880:Others
6820:Fornes
6758:Niçard
6707:Gascon
6675:Patuet
6581:Others
6490:Castúo
6196:Ibero-
6156:Faetar
6103:Picard
6033:Norman
6021:Welche
5944:Magoua
5934:Quebec
5924:Brayon
5883:French
5865:Rémois
5814:Gallo-
5769:Pavese
5727:Laghée
5705:Canzés
5656:Royasc
5518:Others
5453:Barese
5381:Tuscan
5327:Sabino
5300:Ancona
5273:Italo-
5039:Faetar
4971:Picard
4947:Nouchi
4935:Michif
4918:Welche
4833:Others
4763:Norman
4689:Indian
4652:Magoua
4621:Aostan
4577:French
4355:Veluws
4348:Urkers
4243:Picard
4216:French
4028:Picard
3962:German
3957:French
3798:
3758:
3655:
3635:
3609:
3576:
3260:Sonlez
3258:&
3044:A rvey
2876:Wallon
2855:German
2846:French
2553:thiois
2512:Vualon
2490:Picard
2472:Crupet
2391:Syntax
2361:spuwen
2348:, and
2341:spiter
2222:li cir
2066:mannet
2060:crinme
2054:djonne
2042:rotche
2006:fiesse
2000:maître
1958:djambe
1946:vatche
1905:Latin
1359:voiced
1254:voiced
1147:Uvular
1120:Dental
1115:Labial
1068:Virton
1052:, and
1042:Picard
1015:Breton
950:); and
934:Nivele
912:Picard
903:Wareme
842:Dinant
840:) and
824:Nameur
685:Picard
599:Tintin
528:UNESCO
520:French
480:wallon
476:French
395:UNESCO
123:Italic
63:Region
57:France
6854:Putèr
6849:Jauer
6837:Nones
6827:Ladin
6326:Asian
5983:Houma
5956:Métis
5939:Joual
5912:Chiac
5877:Gallo
5827:d'oïl
5219:Banat
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