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language with careful presentation of the historical evidence, hypotheses and caveats with the subtle use of overstatement and understatement in cleverly nuanced expressions. His German is literary but not necessarily formal. Long sentences with closely interrelated parts appear alongside brief, sometimes cryptic or oblique comments couched in clever, often scholarly German idiom. Frequently the presentation flows along rapidly in an exciting manner, despite the difficulties of the subject matter— but its flow is such that the motion is difficult to capture in translation, and is sometimes even difficult to follow in the original.
222:, delivered at Oxford in 1954, said of Bauer, "His fatal weakness appears to be a persistent tendency to over-simplify problems, combined with the ruthless treatment of such evidence as fails to support his case. Perhaps the root difficulty is that Bauer fails to attain an adequate view of the nature of orthodoxy. For the nature of orthodoxy is richer and more varied than Bauer himself allows."
27:
209:
presents a complex and frustrating problem for the translator who hopes to capture something of the "tone" or "flavor" of the original as well as representing accurately its content. Bauer writes in a dynamic and highly sophisticated manner, mixing precision with irony and even insinuation, pictorial
147:
and consequently the greater resources available to the
Christians in the eastern Roman empire capital he established (Constantinople). Practitioners of what became orthodoxy then rewrote the history of the conflict making it appear that this view had always been the majority one. Writings in support
331:
that
Christianity was a diverse phenomenon from the beginning, that 'varieties of Christianity' arose around the Mediterranean, and that in some places what would later be called 'heretical' was initially normative. Although some of Bauer's reconstructions are inaccurate and have been dropped, the
142:
Through studies of historical records, Bauer concluded that what came to be known as orthodoxy was just one of numerous forms of
Christianity in the early centuries. It was the eventual form of Christianity practiced in the 4th century that influenced the development of orthodoxy and acquired the
393:, 1964, pp 288-306; a "completely revised and expanded version of Strecker's essay by Robert A. Kraft appears in the English translation, 1971, pp 286-316; see also Daniel J. Harrington, "The Reception of Walter Bauer's "Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity" during the Last Decade",
128:
do not stand in relation to one another as primary to secondary. In many regions, beliefs that would be considered "heresy" centuries later were the original and accepted form of
Christianity. Bauer pushed against the overwhelmingly dominant view that for the period of Christian origins,
633:
188:
was finally translated into
English in 1970 and published in 1971. Since then, Bauer's view has gained prominence and grudging acceptance; events since the original 1934 publication date, such as the discovery of the
129:
ecclesiastical doctrine already represented what is primary, while heresies, on the other hand somehow are a deviation from the genuine. This was the view from the major Church historians of the era such as
613:
608:
618:
151:
Bauer's conclusions contradicted nearly 1,600 years of writing on church history and thus were met with much skepticism among
Christian academics such as Walther Völker.
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portrayed orthodox
Christianity as descending from Jesus's clear teachings, and heresies as unusual offshoots by people who are evil, misled by the devil, and so on.
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in 1945, have generally supported Bauer's thesis by showing a much broader and diverse range of
Christianities than the classical view would have expected.
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497:
482:
445:
The Heresy of
Orthodoxy: How Contemporary Culture's Fascination with Diversity Has Reshaped Our Understanding of Early Christianity
568:
535:
Walther Völker, "Walter Bauer's
Rechtgläubigkeit und Ketzerei im ältesten Christentum", translated by Thomas P. Scheck in
87:
265:
241:, published in 2010, which addresses the thesis on the basis of historical, philosophical and theological argument.
234:
95:
135:
215:
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majority of converts over time. This was largely due to the conversion to Christianity of the Roman Emperor
424:
The Pattern of Christian Truth: A Study of the Relations between Orthodoxy and Heresy in the Early Church
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20:
563:
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472:
521:
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David L Hawkin, "Thirty Years Later: a retrospective on the significance of H. E. W. Turner's
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in a 1971 English edition). In it, Bauer developed his thesis that in earliest Christianity,
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idea that Christianity was originally a diverse phenomenon has now been generally accepted.
202:
389:
Reviews and responses to Bauer are cited in Georg Strecker, "Die Aufnahme des Buches" in
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51:
426:. London: A. R. Mowbray. Reprint: Eugene, Ore.: Wipf & Stock, 2004. pp. 78, 80.
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155:
71:
474:
A Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament and other early Christian literature
174:
A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature
113:
78:, where his father was a professor. He studied theology at the universities of
356:
47:
509:
Lost Christianities: Christian Scriptures and the Battles over Authentication
310:
121:
534:
413:, 3rd ed. III pp 17-21, gives a bibliography of works influenced by Bauer.
26:
130:
116:; a second edition in 1964, edited by Georg Strecker, was translated as
166:, Bauer continued to be known solely as the compiler of the monumental
75:
285:
Boring, M. Eugene (2007). "Bauer, Walter". In McKim, Donald K. (ed.).
344:
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25:
363:
36 as espousing the traditional theory of the relation of heresy.
289:(2nd ed.). Downers Grove, Ill.: IVP Academic. p. 172.
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A later book critiquing Bauer's thesis and the subsequent work
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precluded a wider dissemination of Bauer's ideas until after
634:
Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities
502:
Updated Electronic English Edition by Robert A. Kraft, 1993
205:, praised his sophisticated, nuanced writing style, which:
106:
Bauer's most famous and influential work is his 1934 book
214:
An early critic of the Bauer thesis, Anglican theologian
511:(Chantilly VA: The Teaching Company), Lesson 19, pg 28.
443:
Köstenberger, Andreas J.; Kruger, Michael J. (2010).
109:
Rechtgläubigkeit und Ketzerei im ältesten Christentum
471:Walter, Bauer (2000). Danker, Frederick W. (ed.).
46:; 8 August 1877 – 17 November 1960) was a German
380:, Georg Strecker, ed. Tübingen, 1967, pp 229-33.
169:Wörterbuch zu den Schriften des Neuen Testaments
207:
229:did espousing and expanding Bauer's thesis is
148:of other views were systematically destroyed.
614:Academic staff of the University of Göttingen
490:Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity
409:Helmut Koester, "Häretiker im Urchristentum"
118:Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity
8:
183:
167:
107:
609:Academic staff of the University of Breslau
316:Irenaeus of Lyons: Identifying Christianity
19:For the biographer, novelist and poet, see
619:20th-century German Protestant theologians
400:.1/2 (January - April 1980), pp. 289–298.
287:Dictionary of major biblical interpreters
54:Greek, and scholar of the development of
277:
41:
7:
604:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
589:People from the Province of Prussia
537:Journal of Early Christian Studies
14:
543:Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte
162:; in the international field of
624:German male non-fiction writers
599:University of Strasbourg alumni
372:See Bauer's concise epitome of
524:The Pattern of Christian Truth
395:The Harvard Theological Review
182:), which has become standard.
1:
485:. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
378:Aufsätze und Kleine Schriften
185:Rechtgläubigkeit und Ketzerei
16:German theologian (1877–1960)
594:University of Marburg alumni
319:. OUP Oxford. pp. 5–6.
172:(in its English translation
579:German Lutheran theologians
266:Proto-orthodox Christianity
650:
629:Lutheran biblical scholars
343:Bauer (1964:3f) instanced
154:The cultural isolation of
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492:(Philadelphia: Fortress)
422:Turner, H. E. W. (1954).
574:German biblical scholars
541:Originally published in
349:Commentarius II in Cant.
584:Writers from Königsberg
569:Scholars of Koine Greek
235:Andreas J. Köstenberger
231:The Heresy of Orthodoxy
98:, where he later died.
477:(Third ed.). Chicago.
212:
184:
168:
108:
43:[ˈval.tɐˈbaʊɐ]
31:
539:14.4 (2006): 399-405.
507:Bart D Ehrman, 2002.
29:
21:Walter Bauer (writer)
488:Walter Bauer, 1971.
361:De praescript. haer.
201:Bauer's translator,
164:biblical scholarship
530:99.1 (1985): 51-56.
191:Nag Hammadi library
50:, lexicographer of
545:54 (1935): 628–31.
256:F. Wilbur Gingrich
90:. Bauer taught at
66:Bauer was born in
56:Early Christianity
32:
432:978-1-59244-982-8
326:978-0-19-166781-7
296:978-0-8308-2927-9
239:Michael J. Kruger
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391:Rechtgläubigkeit
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353:Sel. in Proverb.
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251:Christian heresy
220:Bampton Lectures
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261:Bauer's Lexicon
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216:H. E. W. Turner
203:Robert A. Kraft
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227:Bart D. Ehrman
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136:Church History
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179:Bauer Lexicon
175:
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145:Constantine I
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133:, whose book
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160:World War II
156:Nazi Germany
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117:
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72:East Prussia
65:
35:Walter Bauer
34:
33:
30:Walter Bauer
564:1960 deaths
559:1877 births
553:Categories
500:(on-line:
466:References
376:in Bauer,
357:Tertullian
311:Behr, John
84:Strassburg
68:Königsberg
48:theologian
528:Churchman
197:Reception
122:orthodoxy
96:Göttingen
313:(2013).
245:See also
131:Eusebius
114:Tübingen
218:in his
176:or the
92:Breslau
80:Marburg
76:Marburg
39:German:
526:," in
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481:
451:
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351:, and
345:Origen
323:
293:
126:heresy
88:Berlin
86:, and
272:Notes
494:ISBN
479:ISBN
449:ISBN
428:ISBN
355:and
321:ISBN
291:ISBN
237:and
124:and
102:Work
94:and
62:Life
411:RGG
233:by
555::
504:).
398:73
359:,
347:,
329:.
82:,
70:,
58:.
457:.
299:.
112:(
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23:.
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