124:
158:
103:
washboarding has been studied for a range of parameters, including the thickness and grain size of the material for varied wheel sizes, shapes, and masses. Experiments produced ripples for each parameter, above a threshold speed, when the wheel (or blade) began to bounce. Experiments also show that the pattern can move either against the direction of motion or in the direction of motion. They also show that a passive, non-driving wheel suffices to create corrugations and that displacement of material, rather than ejection, is the dominant mechanism.
139:
38:
110:#29, “Dealing with Washboarding,” by Ken Skorseth. Those sources attribute washboarding to three causes: dry granular materials, vehicle speeds, and the quality of the granular material. Other factors cited include vehicle speed, traffic volume, and hard acceleration or braking. The sources also claim that light vehicles are more likely to cause washboarding than heavy trucks.
185:(32 mm) and including 25–40% fines passing a 0.25-inch (6.4 mm) sieve, but not more than 5% passing a #10 (2.0-mm) sieve. The maintenance advice from Colorado was to drag or grade the road frequently, applying light volumes of new gravel with minimal sand content and providing good drainage with a crown. The same source advises reduction of traffic speed.
67:. Washboarding occurs in dry, granular road material with repeated traffic, traveling at speeds above 8.0 kilometres per hour (5 mph). Washboarding creates an uncomfortable ride for the occupants of traversing vehicles and hazardous driving conditions for vehicles that travel too fast to maintain traction and control.
180:
that use a series of screens or sieves to characterize the sizes of particles contained within a gravel sample. Highway department guidance suggests a range of particle sizes from stones that are in the 1-inch (25 mm) range, mixed with progressively finer particles to include a small fraction of
102:
Laboratory-scale studies of the phenomenon typically employ a wheel or a blade, which is towed behind a pivot point, tracing a circular path through a pan of the material under examination. These studies have investigated a variety of granular and viscous, even fluid, materials. In the laboratory,
205:
in a half-and-half blend with quarried gravel to improve the binding properties of the surface. For existing washboarded surfaces, the bulletin recommends using a grader to cut and blend existing material to a depth one inch or more below the bottom of the washboarded segment and then add the new
184:
In 1925, the Nevada
Department of Highways advocated mitigating corrugations with crushed pit-run gravel, using material 1 inch (25 mm) and smaller, including only the fines from crushing. Contemporaneous advice from Colorado was to use a well-graded gravel, not exceeding 1.25 inches
75:
Washboarding or corrugation of roads comprises a series of ripples, which occur with the passage of wheels rolling over unpaved roads at speeds sufficient to cause bouncing of the wheel on the initially unrippled surface and take on the appearance of a
200:
to "interlock" and 4–15% fines passing the #200 (75-μm) sieve to act as a binder and create cohesiveness in the gravel; substituting other binders, such as clay is also recommended. Alternately, one can incorporate
192:#29 and FHWA guidance (2000) from the same source suggests that the surface gravel "should be a blend of stone, sand and fines that will compact into a dense, tight mass with an almost
157:
123:
673:
637:
95:
Highway department experts in the mid-1920s were aware that traffic volume and speed were primary causes of corrugations on gravel roads and cited the role of
181:
fine particles that bind the larger particles together. They also mention the role of equipment that can re-blend and smooth surfaces that have corrugated.
138:
206:
material into the top layer. Useful equipment includes a blade with rotating scarifying teeth or a replaceable bit-type cutting edge attached to the
828:
693:
936:
881:
766:
609:
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560:
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1266:
1251:
866:
2128:
2118:
1355:
1246:
891:
2123:
1937:
1462:
1325:
106:
Several articles about real-life washboarding on roads cite South Dakota Local
Transportation Assistance Program (LTAP)
1844:
1734:
931:
2182:
1022:
88:. However, other work suggests that the phenomenon may occur in material which has some binding of particles, e.g.
24:
2133:
1952:
808:
19:
This article is about the spontaneously-developed road texture. For the deliberately-formed roadway surface, see
2113:
1839:
1834:
1809:
926:
846:
759:
176:
Highway department guidance suggests that choice of gravel can be key to mitigating washboarding. They cite
2046:
2013:
1350:
1320:
1261:
1226:
901:
729:
720:
145:
424:
Bitbol, A.-F.; Taberlet, N.; Morris, S.; McElwaine, J. (2017), "Scaling and dynamics of washboard road",
196:." It emphasizes the proper gradation of gravel—100% passing the 0.75 inches (19 mm)) sieve—to have
2177:
2008:
1345:
1236:
836:
397:
1729:
2051:
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261:
2003:
1877:
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164:
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149:
53:
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1824:
1586:
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1412:
1215:
1170:
1012:
818:
813:
503:
451:
348:
269:
202:
610:"Nominal Dimensions, Permissible Variations for Wirecloth of Standard Test Sieves (U.S.A.)"
2061:
2021:
1932:
1922:
1892:
1882:
1867:
1829:
1785:
1611:
1601:
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1148:
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130:
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2172:
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1739:
1621:
1163:
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177:
37:
2166:
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31:
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20:
273:
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96:
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2026:
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714:
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1576:
1467:
1335:
1330:
1180:
1099:
1056:
1007:
997:
992:
982:
701:, FHWA, South Dakota Local Transportation Assistance Program, pp. 20–21
207:
61:
463:
281:
237:"Washboard Road: The dynamics of granular ripples formed by rolling wheels"
2090:
2085:
1917:
1666:
1661:
1522:
1487:
1435:
1425:
1071:
1046:
871:
507:
656:"Standard Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves"
655:
80:. Most studies of washboarding pertain to granular materials, including
1988:
1972:
1799:
1641:
1492:
1002:
977:
379:"Motorists warned of washboarded surfaces on backcountry gravel roads"
2095:
1765:
1175:
1138:
724:
85:
438:
256:
36:
814:
Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway
744:
235:
Taberlet, Nicolas; Morris, Stephen W.; McElwaine, Jim N. (2007).
775:
543:
Fourth
Biennial Report of the Department of Highways – 1923–1924
306:
89:
81:
64:
748:
1606:
479:
Hewitt, I. J.; Balmforth, N. J.; McElwaine, J. N. (2012),
382:
356:
381:. The Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Ltd. Archived from
337:"Road Bumps: Why Dirt Roads Develop a Washboard Surface"
2104:
2075:
1981:
1798:
1758:
1720:
1562:
1551:
1403:
1290:
1207:
1198:
1126:
1031:
945:
827:
794:
785:
163:Coarse-grained soil particles on a gravel road in
56:of periodic, transverse ripples in the surface of
687:
685:
683:
129:Fine-grained soil particles on a sandy road in
115:Examples of corrugation in different soil types
692:Skorseth, Ken; Selim, Ali A. (November 2000),
594:. South Carolina Department of Transportation.
554:
552:
545:, Carson City: State of Nevada, pp. 85–87
760:
16:Formation of ripples in gravel and dirt roads
8:
532:
530:
672:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
636:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1559:
1204:
791:
767:
753:
745:
695:Gravel Roads Maintenance and Design Manual
230:
228:
226:
224:
222:
715:Driving on a washboard road (Slow motion)
578:
576:
574:
474:
472:
437:
255:
603:
601:
301:
299:
494:, Cambridge University Press: 446–463,
218:
119:
665:
649:
647:
629:
406:
395:
1863:Median / Central reservation
725:"Skeptoid #822: On Washboarded Roads"
210:blade of the earth-moving equipment.
7:
188:Guidance based on South Dakota LTAP
308:"Causes and cures for washboarding"
1781:Risk compensation (road transport)
14:
347:(7). Science Service, Inc.: 102.
2147:Glossary of road transport terms
662:. ASTM International. p. 9.
335:Rehmeyer, J. (August 18, 2007).
156:
144:Semi-cohesive soil on a road in
137:
122:
481:"Granular and fluid washboards"
559:Hinkle, A.H. (November 1924),
99:tossing material as a factor.
1:
2129:Pavement performance modeling
2119:International roughness index
654:Subcommittee: E29.01 (2013).
608:Subcommittee: E29.01 (2013).
567:, vol. 3, pp. 7, 11
274:10.1103/physrevlett.99.068003
41:Washboarding effect on a road
2124:Present serviceability index
1918:Sidewalk / Pavement
1463:Diamond grinding of pavement
561:"Prevention of Corrugations"
377:US Fed News Service (2010).
353:10.1002/scin.2007.5591720708
2096:Underpass / Tunnel
2091:Overpass / Flyover
1845:High-occupancy vehicle lane
1735:Driving under the influence
809:Freeway / Motorway
2199:
1023:Highway systems by country
537:Honeysteele, P.L. (1925),
456:10.1103/physreve.79.061308
29:
25:Washboard (disambiguation)
18:
2142:
2134:Granular base equivalency
1953:Traffic signal preemption
1361:Right-in/right-out (RIRO)
1267:Single-point urban (SPUI)
2114:Pavement condition index
1840:High-occupancy toll lane
1835:Contraflow lane reversal
1810:Barrier transfer machine
30:Not to be confused with
968:Express-collector setup
2152:Road types by features
2047:Raised pavement marker
2014:Constant-slope barrier
1938:Traffic directionality
1928:Street running railway
1351:Protected intersection
583:Skorseth, Ken (2004).
405:Cite journal requires
317:. University of Nevada
178:"sieve analysis" tests
146:Kalbarri National Park
42:
23:. For other uses, see
2009:Concrete step barrier
1346:Offset T-intersection
40:
2052:Road surface marking
1750:Single-vehicle crash
1473:Full depth recycling
1371:Seagull intersection
619:. ASTM International
539:"Permanent Highways"
508:10.1017/jfm.2011.523
1878:Pedestrian crossing
1441:Reinforced concrete
1277:Three-level diamond
988:Two-lane expressway
973:Farm-to-market road
500:2012JFM...692..446H
448:2009PhRvE..79f1308B
266:2007PhRvL..99f8003T
165:Fremont, California
1908:Runaway truck ramp
1730:Driver's education
1518:Rubberized asphalt
1453:Crocodile cracking
1376:Split intersection
1144:Hierarchy of roads
1105:Single carriageway
592:Are We There, Yet?
194:impervious surface
43:
2183:Pattern formation
2160:
2159:
1968:Wide outside lane
1794:
1793:
1771:Automotive safety
1652:Road slipperiness
1399:
1398:
1247:Diverging diamond
1194:
1193:
1110:Single-track road
1052:Bicycle boulevard
565:Colorado Highways
203:reclaimed asphalt
150:Western Australia
78:laundry washboard
2190:
2004:Cat's eye (road)
1825:Complete streets
1597:Dead Man's Curve
1560:
1498:Pavement milling
1413:Asphalt concrete
1356:Quadrant roadway
1297:
1219:
1205:
1171:Street hierarchy
819:Elevated highway
792:
769:
762:
755:
746:
741:
739:
737:
723:(8 March 2022).
703:
702:
700:
689:
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663:
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421:
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355:. Archived from
332:
326:
325:
323:
322:
312:
303:
294:
293:
259:
241:
232:
190:Special Bulletin
160:
141:
126:
108:Special Bulletin
2198:
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2191:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2138:
2106:
2100:
2071:
2062:Traffic barrier
2022:F-Shape barrier
1977:
1933:Traffic calming
1893:Reversible lane
1883:Pedestrian zone
1868:Motorcycle lane
1830:Contraflow lane
1802:time allocation
1801:
1790:
1786:Underride guard
1754:
1716:
1602:Expansion joint
1564:
1554:
1547:
1533:Stamped asphalt
1395:
1326:Continuous flow
1299:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1220:
1216:grade-separated
1213:
1212:
1190:
1149:Private highway
1122:
1027:
941:
823:
781:
773:
735:
733:
719:
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334:
333:
329:
320:
318:
310:
305:
304:
297:
244:Phys. Rev. Lett
239:
234:
233:
220:
216:
198:fractured stone
174:
167:
161:
152:
142:
133:
131:Baja California
127:
118:
90:clay-like soils
73:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2196:
2194:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2165:
2164:
2158:
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2154:
2149:
2143:
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2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2032:Jersey barrier
2029:
2024:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1963:Unused highway
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1943:Traffic island
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
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1747:
1742:
1740:Drowsy driving
1737:
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1718:
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1704:
1699:
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1622:Level crossing
1619:
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1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1321:Channelization
1318:
1313:
1308:
1306:3-way junction
1302:
1300:
1291:
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1284:
1279:
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1259:
1254:
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1234:
1229:
1223:
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1208:
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1200:Road junctions
1196:
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1189:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1164:business route
1161:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1112:
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1097:
1094:
1092:Primitive road
1089:
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1079:
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1054:
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1044:
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1020:
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1010:
1005:
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990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
963:County highway
960:
958:Collector road
955:
949:
947:
943:
942:
940:
939:
934:
932:United Kingdom
929:
924:
919:
914:
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904:
899:
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869:
867:Czech Republic
864:
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849:
844:
839:
833:
831:
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822:
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816:
811:
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796:Limited-access
789:
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774:
772:
771:
764:
757:
749:
743:
742:
721:Dunning, Brian
717:
710:
709:External links
707:
705:
704:
679:
643:
597:
585:"Washboarding"
570:
548:
526:
488:J. Fluid Mech.
468:
416:
407:|journal=
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2068:
2065:
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2055:
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2048:
2045:
2043:
2042:Noise barrier
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1999:Cable barrier
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
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1961:
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1948:Traffic lanes
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1916:
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1911:
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1889:
1888:Refuge island
1886:
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1879:
1876:
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1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
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1853:Living street
1851:
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1846:
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1838:
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1833:
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1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1820:Climbing lane
1818:
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1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1722:Human factors
1719:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1687:Traffic light
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
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1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1637:Oversize load
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1627:Manhole cover
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
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1610:
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1479:
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1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1458:Crushed stone
1456:
1454:
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1449:
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1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
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1367:
1364:
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1344:
1342:
1341:Michigan left
1339:
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1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
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1309:
1307:
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1298:
1293:Intersections
1289:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1242:Directional T
1240:
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1225:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1206:
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1197:
1187:
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1174:
1172:
1169:
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1162:
1160:
1159:special route
1157:
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1150:
1147:
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1132:
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1125:
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1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
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1080:
1078:
1077:Frontage road
1075:
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1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
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1055:
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1050:
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966:
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953:Arterial road
951:
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948:
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937:United States
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928:
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865:
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835:
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826:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
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793:
790:
788:
787:Types of road
784:
780:
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770:
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763:
758:
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751:
750:
747:
732:
731:
726:
722:
718:
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713:
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708:
697:
696:
688:
686:
684:
680:
675:
669:
661:
660:ASTM E11 - 13
657:
650:
648:
644:
639:
633:
618:
617:ASTM E11 - 13
611:
604:
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598:
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586:
579:
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531:
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453:
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440:
435:
432:(6): 061308,
431:
427:
420:
417:
412:
399:
385:on 2002-03-31
384:
380:
373:
370:
359:on 2002-03-31
358:
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350:
346:
342:
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331:
328:
316:
309:
302:
300:
296:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
258:
253:
250:(6): 068003.
249:
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238:
231:
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213:
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114:
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91:
87:
83:
79:
70:
68:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
39:
33:
32:Waterboarding
26:
22:
2178:Road hazards
2067:Traffic cone
2057:Rumble strip
1958:Truck bypass
1913:Shared space
1873:Passing lane
1858:Managed lane
1815:Bicycle lane
1697:Washboarding
1696:
1692:Traffic sign
1617:Hairpin turn
1386:Texas U-turn
1316:Box junction
1210:Interchanges
1154:Route number
1062:Country lane
804:Bike freeway
734:. Retrieved
728:
694:
659:
621:. Retrieved
616:
591:
564:
542:
519:, retrieved
491:
487:
429:
426:Phys. Rev. E
425:
419:
398:cite journal
387:. Retrieved
383:the original
372:
361:. Retrieved
357:the original
344:
341:Science News
340:
330:
319:. Retrieved
314:
247:
243:
189:
187:
183:
175:
107:
105:
101:
97:drive wheels
94:
74:
49:
46:Washboarding
45:
44:
21:Rumble strip
2105:Performance
2037:Kassel kerb
1994:Botts' dots
1982:Demarcation
1682:Storm drain
1647:Road debris
1572:Aquaplaning
1565:environment
1553:Road safety
1431:Cobblestone
1381:Superstreet
1186:Winter road
1134:Concurrency
1127:Other terms
1118:Sunken lane
1087:Main street
1032:Local roads
172:Maintenance
50:corrugation
2167:Categories
2107:indicators
2076:Structures
2027:Guard rail
1903:Road verge
1776:Seat belts
1712:Snowsquall
1677:Speed bump
1657:Road train
1478:Glassphalt
1418:Bioasphalt
1391:Turnaround
1366:Roundabout
1296:(at-grade)
1262:Roundabout
1227:Cloverleaf
1082:Green lane
1018:Trunk road
946:Main roads
829:By country
623:2014-12-28
521:2014-12-25
389:2014-12-25
363:2014-12-25
321:2014-11-26
315:Streetwise
214:References
1898:Road diet
1800:Space and
1745:Road rage
1632:Oil spill
1592:Crosswind
1582:Black ice
1577:Avalanche
1503:Permeable
1336:Jughandle
1331:Hook turn
1237:Free-flow
1181:Toll road
1100:Side road
1057:Boulevard
1013:Super two
1008:Ring road
983:Link road
882:Hong Kong
837:Australia
779:hierarchy
439:0903.4586
257:0711.3872
208:moldboard
71:Mechanism
54:formation
2086:Causeway
1923:Shoulder
1759:Vehicles
1707:Whiteout
1667:Rockfall
1662:Roadkill
1587:Bleeding
1563:Road and
1523:Sealcoat
1448:Corduroy
1436:Concrete
1426:Chipseal
1405:Surfaces
1257:Raindrop
1072:Driveway
1067:Dead end
1047:Backroad
998:2+2 road
993:2+1 road
917:Portugal
907:Pakistan
730:Skeptoid
668:cite web
632:cite web
464:19658502
290:15865804
282:17930868
1989:Bollard
1973:Woonerf
1702:Washout
1642:Pothole
1555:factors
1543:Texture
1513:Plastic
1493:Macadam
1282:Trumpet
1232:Diamond
1003:Parkway
978:Highway
892:Ireland
872:Germany
862:Croatia
842:Belgium
516:6162288
496:Bibcode
444:Bibcode
262:Bibcode
52:is the
2082:Bridge
1766:Airbag
1538:Tarmac
1483:Gravel
1311:Bowtie
1252:Parclo
1176:Stroad
1139:Detour
1114:Street
1042:Avenue
927:Taiwan
912:Poland
877:Greece
852:Canada
847:Brazil
736:14 May
514:
462:
288:
280:
86:gravel
58:gravel
2173:Roads
1508:Plank
1422:Brick
1272:Stack
1038:Alley
922:Spain
902:Nepal
897:Italy
887:India
857:China
699:(PDF)
613:(PDF)
588:(PDF)
512:S2CID
484:(PDF)
434:arXiv
311:(PDF)
286:S2CID
252:arXiv
240:(PDF)
65:roads
2018:Curb
1849:Lane
1612:Ford
1528:Sett
1468:Dirt
1096:Road
776:Road
738:2022
674:link
638:link
460:PMID
411:help
278:PMID
84:and
82:sand
62:dirt
60:and
1672:Rut
1607:Fog
1488:Ice
504:doi
492:692
452:doi
349:doi
345:172
270:doi
48:or
2169::
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409:(
392:.
366:.
351::
324:.
292:.
272::
264::
254::
34:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
