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3141:
44:, sometimes allied with each other, and can end in a stalemate, the complete destruction of one of the belligerents, the migration of one of the groups, or, in some cases, the establishment of cordial relations between the different combatants or the adoption of members of the losing group. For some species of ants, this is even a deliberately undertaken strategy, as they require capturing
227:, there are regularly 10,000 casualties per day during the spring. For these ants, the war ends either when the opposing colony is destroyed or when the available prey is sufficient again for the needs of the colonies, which have then lost thousands of members. Estimates from 2016 on certain ant species show a loss of about a third of the total colony population in case of victory.
2472:
150:. The emergence of supercolonies from the 19th century, facilitated by human movements, has certainly reinforced these behaviors in the affected ants. It also seems to depend on the context in which the ants find themselves. For instance, within the same species, a colony facing external threats from another ant colony can produce up to twice as many soldier
171:
In general, there are two main ways ants conduct these conflicts. On the one hand, some species use specific ants that are more powerful and whose primary function is to fight. On the other hand, colonies increase the number of available fighters and send large numbers of individuals into battle. In
238:, but the victorious colony often adopts the surviving ants of the losing colony, likely a way to avoid and mitigate the significant resource loss due to the war effort. In a few rare cases, the queen of the losing colony is herself adopted by the victorious colony, and the two merge.
186:, with the respective groups withdrawing at nightfall only to return the next day to the same locations to resume the battle. The bodies of dead or injured ants are then brought back to the colony, where they are eaten. In other species, such as within the genus
129:, it is a matter of territory covered and thus the available food for the different colonies. It can also be related to issues of overpopulation of the same species in the same area at certain times of the year. In other cases, some species aim to capture the
141:
It is difficult to assess the prevalence of this type of behavior in ants, given the significant diversity of species, behaviors, and different situations. Some species undergo specific evolutions with the sole purpose of engaging in these conflicts, such as
48:
from other species to ensure the continuity of their colony. Thus, there are specific biological evolutions in certain species intended to give them an advantage in such conflicts. In some of these confrontations, ants can adopt
196:, and advance against each other. They also regularly sacrifice workers, whose role is to try to hinder, injure, and attack enemy majors, before their own majors join the battlefield and can intervene.
250:, which follows human expansion into new areas, groups of dozens, hundreds, or even thousands of colonies engage in large-scale conflicts against other species. For example, around
3395:
68:. In the early 21st century, with the rapid spread of many species into new habitats facilitated by human colonization, significant wars are being waged between different
223:, to the detriment of forming workers, for example. These wars can result in the death of tens of thousands of individuals within a few hours; for wood ants of the genus
53:, even governed by certain implicit rules, for example by organizing duels between the most important ants of each colony or choosing a specific location for a battle.
554:
3177:
3075:
460:
578:
56:
These conflicts are not simply internal to ants, which can fight each other even within the same species, but also involve other animals, particularly other
3080:
855:
804:
748:
172:
some species, conflict is ritualized, for example through limited duels undertaken by the individuals most capable of combat, but phenomena of
158:, which are peaceful and occupy a small territory but defend it fiercely against any incursion, even against more dangerous or deadly species.
4074:
2363:
895:
621:
101:
The reasons that can lead ant colonies to clash are varied and depend on the species, locations, and contexts. For a number of them, such as
299:
409:
3170:
2726:
3428:
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4069:
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2784:
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Generally, wars between ants are costly for the groups, which must allocate a significant portion of their production to the
777:"Spoils of war and peace: enemy adoption and queen-right colony fusion follow costly intraspecific conflict in acacia ants"
3163:
4028:
3118:
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638:
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as a colony not experiencing the same pressures. Some species are almost exclusively on defensive strategies, such as
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23:
827:
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2774:
2719:
639:"Inter- and intraspecific competive relations in Camponotus ligniperdus (Latr.) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae"
4053:
3963:
3421:
3265:
3215:
548:
254:
in the 2010s, millions of ants died each month in significant battles between the supercolony formed by
182:, such battles are commonplace and can involve tens of thousands of individuals, and they are sometimes
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1934:
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1659:
1549:
528:
211:, such as olfactory propaganda, to try to enter the targeted colonies as discreetly as possible.
2662:
2172:
1717:
433:"Ant wars: combat strategies, territory and nest defence in the leaf-cutting antAtta laevigata"
4158:
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2459:
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2409:
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1991:
1492:
1395:
1301:
1003:
987:
208:
234:, victory over an opposing colony usually results in the flight or death of the opposing
713:
688:
672:
508:
40:
species for a variety of reasons. These violent confrontations typically involve entire
4018:
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673:"Complex battlefields favor strong soldiers over large armies in social animal warfare"
106:
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1339:
1314:
1277:
1256:
1062:
328:"Territoriality in the Malaysian giant ant Camponotus gigas (Hymenoptera/Formicidae)"
255:
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50:
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3644:
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2486:
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2177:
2159:
2064:
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2017:
1929:
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1822:
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1634:
1584:
1574:
1534:
1477:
1454:
1429:
1419:
1385:
1334:
1096:
1019:
905:
382:"Interference Between Wood Ants and Other Ant Species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)"
57:
873:
4043:
3874:
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2009:
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1467:
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1324:
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1212:
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671:
Lymbery, Samuel J.; Webber, Bruce L.; Didham, Raphael K. (12 September 2023).
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41:
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1996:
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1624:
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3603:
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2866:
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2735:
2681:
2523:
2516:
2197:
1970:
1880:
1699:
1539:
1188:
1146:
1104:
1054:
1048:
1027:
959:
942:
192:, ants arrange themselves in specific formations before the battle, like
188:
147:
119:
776:
532:
492:
327:
3738:
3437:
3352:
3155:
2901:
2599:
2538:
2528:
2127:
995:
193:
178:
61:
18:
This article is about war for ants. For human wars and other uses, see
3811:
3664:
2496:
2243:
1559:
930:
918:
741:"Ant wars: How native species can win the battle over invasive pests"
173:
3958:
3946:
3931:
3926:
3240:
2804:
1402:
828:"Supercolonies of billions in an invasive ant: What is a society?"
200:
151:
1973:(paper wasps, potter wasps, pollen wasps, yellowjackets, hornets)
80:
The use of the term "war", found in scientific literature, is an
2911:
204:
130:
65:
45:
3410:
3159:
2708:
2345:
877:
2491:
2341:
2219:
2114:
2106:
85:
37:
326:
Pfeiffer, Martin; Linsenmair, Karl Eduard (1 December 2001).
199:
In other cases, particularly among ants that aim to capture
133:
of an opposing group to use them in their own colony later.
2704:
3406:
775:
Rudolph, Kathleen P.; McEntee, Jay P. (17 December 2015).
3396:
Category:Individual apes involved in language studies
4062:
3999:
3974:
3882:
3873:
3800:
3750:
3737:
3663:
3457:
3378:
3284:
3193:
3089:
3068:
2947:
2742:
2629:
2608:
2479:
2379:
2218:
2135:
2126:
2105:
2084:
2042:
2008:
1982:
1953:
1902:
1879:
1857:
1839:
1821:
1790:
1509:
1491:
1453:
1394:
1348:
1300:
1291:
1268:
1239:
1210:
1187:
1158:
1137:
1116:
1087:
1061:
1047:
986:
957:
280:"Les sociétés les plus complexes chez les insectes"
258:and three other supercolonies present in the area.
22:. For conflicts occurring within ant colonies, see
431:WHITEHOUSE, MARY E.A.; JAFFE, KLAUS (June 1996).
677:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
36:can break out between different groups in some
3422:
3171:
3076:Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour
2720:
2357:
889:
8:
571:Les fourmis : une biodiversité méconnue
553:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
612:Keller, Laurent; Gordon, Élisabeth (2013).
3879:
3747:
3429:
3415:
3407:
3178:
3164:
3156:
3081:International Society for Applied Ethology
2727:
2713:
2705:
2364:
2350:
2342:
2215:
2132:
1899:
1297:
1236:
1207:
983:
979:
896:
882:
874:
712:
637:Czechowski, Wojciech (1 January 1988).
267:
546:
770:
768:
766:
734:
732:
7:
666:
664:
662:
607:
605:
603:
601:
599:
486:
484:
482:
480:
478:
375:
373:
371:
369:
367:
365:
363:
361:
321:
319:
317:
273:
271:
858:from the original on 24 August 2023
751:from the original on 29 August 2023
14:
517:10.1038/scientificamerican1211-84
412:from the original on 8 March 2021
380:Mabelis, A. A. (1 January 1983).
302:from the original on 9 March 2024
4093:
4092:
3812:Mammalian anatomy and morphology
3140:
3139:
2470:
807:from the original on 8 July 2024
584:from the original on 8 July 2024
463:from the original on 8 July 2024
2674:Sociobiology: The New Synthesis
2075:(sapygid, or club-horned wasps)
117:, certain species of the genus
2785:Bee learning and communication
386:Netherlands Journal of Zoology
176:are also common. In the genus
1:
2294:(mason bees, leafcutter bees)
246:With the development of ant
2440:Sexual selection in insects
616:. Poches. Paris: O. Jacob.
493:"Ants & the Art of War"
146:, which have sickle-shaped
4175:
3251:Human–animal communication
2592:Austroplatypus incompertus
2420:Identity in social insects
230:For some species, such as
17:
4088:
3444:
3271:Self-anointing in animals
3246:FOXP2 and human evolution
3135:
2842:Evolutionary neuroscience
2468:
2325:
982:
913:
826:Moffett, Mark W. (2012).
491:Moffett, Mark W. (2011).
3236:Evolutionary linguistics
2795:Behavioral endocrinology
2387:Evolution of eusociality
519:(inactive 8 July 2024).
3525:Biological anthropology
2990:Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt
2770:Animal sexual behaviour
2650:Charles Duncan Michener
1078:(web-spinning sawflies)
697:10.1073/pnas.2217973120
398:10.1163/002829684X00010
112:wood ants of the genus
24:Social conflict in ants
3391:Category:Talking birds
2929:Tool use by non-humans
2882:Philosophical ethology
2827:Comparative psychology
2775:Animal welfare science
2205:(thread-waisted wasps)
2033:(sierolomorphid wasps)
1965:(rhopalosomatid wasps)
1170:(parasitic wood wasps)
449:10.1006/anbe.1996.0126
296:10.3406/comm.1974.1338
278:Chauvin, Rémy (1974).
156:Camponotus ligniperdus
84:analogy, derived from
4054:Alfred Russel Wallace
3964:Water vascular system
3266:Seismic communication
3216:Anecdotal cognitivism
2655:The Bees of the World
844:10.1093/beheco/ars043
793:10.1093/beheco/arv219
344:10.1007/s101640170002
232:Crematogaster mimosae
92:Causes and prevalence
3915:Cellular respiration
3226:Deception in animals
3187:Animal communication
3035:William Homan Thorpe
2800:Behavioural genetics
2760:Animal consciousness
2755:Animal communication
162:Process and outcomes
20:War (disambiguation)
4080:Timeline of zoology
4009:Karl Ernst von Baer
3910:Respiratory pigment
3785:Mineralized tissues
2790:Behavioural ecology
2690:Journey to the Ants
1014:(cimbicid sawflies)
689:2023PNAS..12017973L
683:(37): e2217973120.
568:Laurent Cournault.
509:2011SciAm.305e..84M
497:Scientific American
332:Journal of Ethology
144:Polyergus rufescens
51:ritualized behavior
4124:Dispute resolution
3895:Respiratory system
3883:General physiology
3780:Connective tissues
3348:Great ape language
3297:Whale vocalization
3261:Origin of language
3119:Behavioral Ecology
3040:Nikolaas Tinbergen
2832:Emotion in animals
2810:Cognitive ethology
1099:(cedar wood wasps)
1022:(conifer sawflies)
832:Behavioral Ecology
781:Behavioral Ecology
614:La vie des fourmis
4106:
4105:
4049:Jakob von Uexküll
3995:
3994:
3982:Insect physiology
3875:Animal physiology
3869:
3868:
3861:Insect morphology
3792:Molecular anatomy
3765:Epithelial tissue
3743:Animal morphology
3404:
3403:
3153:
3152:
3045:Jakob von Uexküll
2815:Comfort behaviour
2702:
2701:
2616:Bees in mythology
2339:
2338:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2272:
2239:
2229:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2163:
2162:(cockroach wasps)
2148:
2118:
2097:
2076:
2068:
2055:
2034:
2031:Sierolomorphidae
2026:
2000:
1974:
1966:
1963:Rhopalosomatidae
1920:
1875:
1874:
1808:
1786:
1785:
1778:Trichogrammatidae
1703:
1640:Eutrichosomatidae
1610:Epichrysomallidae
1530:
1520:
1408:
1366:
1293:Proctotrupomorpha
1260:
1259:(ichneumon wasps)
1252:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1150:
1129:
1108:
1100:
1079:
1039:
1038:(common sawflies)
1031:
1030:(pergid sawflies)
1023:
1015:
1007:
999:
646:Annales Zoologici
623:978-2-7381-2968-0
4166:
4096:
4095:
4024:Jean-Henri Fabre
3880:
3748:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3408:
3211:Animal cognition
3180:
3173:
3166:
3157:
3143:
3142:
3105:Animal Cognition
3098:Animal Behaviour
3050:Wolfgang Wickler
2750:Animal cognition
2729:
2722:
2715:
2706:
2642:The Dancing Bees
2474:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2343:
2293:
2285:
2278:(plasterer bees)
2277:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2204:
2161:
2147:
2146:
2145:(sphecoid wasps)
2142:
2133:
2116:
2095:
2074:
2066:
2053:
2032:
2024:
1998:
1972:
1964:
1918:
1900:
1806:
1763:Tanaostigmatidae
1701:
1685:Melanosomellidae
1528:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1364:
1320:Neuroscelionidae
1298:
1258:
1250:
1237:
1208:
1169:
1148:
1127:
1106:
1098:
1077:
1071:Megalodontesidae
1037:
1029:
1021:
1013:
1005:
1004:Blasticotomidae
998:(argid sawflies)
997:
984:
980:
898:
891:
884:
875:
868:
867:
865:
863:
823:
817:
816:
814:
812:
772:
761:
760:
758:
756:
736:
727:
726:
716:
668:
657:
656:
654:
652:
643:
634:
628:
627:
609:
594:
593:
591:
589:
583:
576:
565:
559:
558:
552:
544:
488:
473:
472:
470:
468:
443:(6): 1207–1217.
437:Animal Behaviour
428:
422:
421:
419:
417:
377:
356:
355:
323:
312:
311:
309:
307:
275:
209:chemical weapons
126:Dinomyrmex gigas
123:, or giant ants
58:eusocial insects
4174:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4129:Military ethics
4109:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4084:
4058:
3991:
3987:Fish physiology
3970:
3922:Vascular system
3865:
3803:
3796:
3770:Muscular tissue
3741:
3733:
3719:Platyhelminthes
3694:Xenacoelomorpha
3659:
3498:Lepidopterology
3453:
3440:
3435:
3405:
3400:
3374:
3292:Aquatic animals
3285:Animal-specific
3280:
3276:Talking animals
3206:Animal language
3201:Animal training
3189:
3184:
3154:
3149:
3131:
3085:
3064:
3060:Solly Zuckerman
3000:Karl von Frisch
2985:Richard Dawkins
2970:John B. Calhoun
2955:Patrick Bateson
2943:
2877:Pain in animals
2738:
2733:
2703:
2698:
2663:Bert Hölldobler
2637:Karl von Frisch
2630:Pioneers, works
2625:
2604:
2475:
2466:
2460:Worker policing
2445:Social conflict
2425:Kin recognition
2410:Group selection
2396:Social insects
2375:
2370:
2340:
2335:
2309:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2210:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2122:
2101:
2096:(scoliid wasps)
2080:
2038:
2004:
1999:(tiphiid wasps)
1992:Bradynobaenidae
1978:
1949:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1871:
1853:
1835:
1817:
1782:
1595:Cynipencyrtidae
1517:(chalcid wasps)
1516:
1515:
1513:
1505:
1493:Mymarommatoidea
1487:
1449:
1415:Proctorenyxidae
1400:
1399:
1396:Proctotrupoidea
1390:
1358:Austrocynipidae
1344:
1302:Platygastroidea
1287:
1264:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1175:
1154:
1149:(stem sawflies)
1133:
1112:
1083:
1057:
1043:
1036:Tenthredinidae
1006:(fern sawflies)
988:Tenthredinoidea
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
953:
909:
902:
872:
871:
861:
859:
825:
824:
820:
810:
808:
774:
773:
764:
754:
752:
738:
737:
730:
670:
669:
660:
650:
648:
641:
636:
635:
631:
624:
611:
610:
597:
587:
585:
581:
574:
567:
566:
562:
545:
490:
489:
476:
466:
464:
430:
429:
425:
415:
413:
379:
378:
359:
325:
324:
315:
305:
303:
277:
276:
269:
264:
244:
217:
207:, colonies use
169:
164:
139:
103:leafcutter ants
99:
94:
82:anthropocentric
78:
27:
12:
11:
5:
4172:
4170:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4111:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4019:Charles Darwin
4016:
4014:Georges Cuvier
4011:
4005:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3934:
3929:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3886:
3884:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3856:Spider anatomy
3853:
3852:
3851:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3808:
3806:
3804:and morphology
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3775:Nervous tissue
3772:
3767:
3756:
3754:
3745:
3739:Animal anatomy
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3668:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3655:Zooarchaeology
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3592:
3586:
3577:
3572:
3566:
3561:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3516:
3513:Orthopterology
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3493:Coleopterology
3486:
3481:
3470:Arthropodology
3467:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3411:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3160:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3112:Animal Welfare
3108:
3101:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3025:Desmond Morris
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2980:Marian Dawkins
2977:
2975:Charles Darwin
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2857:Human ethology
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2765:Animal culture
2762:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2534:Dwarf mongoose
2531:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2346:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2289:
2281:
2273:
2269:stingless bees
2261:carpenter bees
2241:
2232:
2230:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2188:Pemphredonidae
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2111:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2090:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2070:
2067:(spider wasps)
2062:
2057:
2048:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2028:
2025:(flower wasps)
2020:
2014:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1988:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1968:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1940:Sclerogibbidae
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1919:(cuckoo wasps)
1914:
1908:
1906:
1897:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1827:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1813:Gasteruptiidae
1810:
1807:(ensign wasps)
1802:
1796:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1728:Pelecinellidae
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1697:
1692:
1690:Metapelmatidae
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1650:Hetreulophidae
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1580:Chrysolampidae
1577:
1572:
1570:Chalcedectidae
1567:
1565:Cerocephalidae
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1523:
1521:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1501:Mymarommatidae
1497:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1440:Proctotrupidae
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1371:Diplolepididae
1368:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1330:Platygastridae
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1310:Geoscelionidae
1306:
1304:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1270:Ceraphronoidea
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1257:Ichneumonidae
1254:
1245:
1243:
1241:Ichneumonoidea
1234:
1205:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1164:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1143:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1122:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1102:
1093:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1025:
1017:
1009:
1001:
992:
990:
977:
955:
954:
952:
951:
945:
939:
933:
927:
921:
914:
911:
910:
903:
901:
900:
893:
886:
878:
870:
869:
838:(5): 925–933.
818:
787:(3): 793–802.
762:
728:
658:
629:
622:
595:
560:
474:
423:
357:
313:
284:Communications
266:
265:
263:
260:
256:Argentine ants
243:
240:
216:
213:
168:
165:
163:
160:
138:
135:
107:Atta laevigata
98:
95:
93:
90:
77:
74:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4171:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4099:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4039:Konrad Lorenz
4037:
4035:
4034:Carl Linnaeus
4032:
4030:
4029:William Kirby
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3937:Blood vessels
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3849:Shark anatomy
3847:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3709:Aschelminthes
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3630:Neuroethology
3628:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3569:Testudinology
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3550:Helminthology
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3519:Myriapodology
3517:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3465:Anthrozoology
3463:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3427:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3321:Talking birds
3319:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3146:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3030:Thomas Sebeok
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3020:Konrad Lorenz
3018:
3016:
3015:Julian Huxley
3013:
3011:
3010:Heini Hediger
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2939:Zoomusicology
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2872:Neuroethology
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2780:Anthrozoology
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2725:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
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1126:Xiphydriidae
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1118:Xiphydrioidea
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1076:Pamphiliidae
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1063:Pamphilioidea
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70:supercolonies
67:
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59:
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52:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
25:
21:
16:
3905:Gas exchange
3844:Fish anatomy
3839:Bird anatomy
3699:Ambulacraria
3645:Paleozoology
3640:Parasitology
3559:Batrachology
3540:Ethnozoology
3535:Cnidariology
3221:Bioacoustics
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3055:E. O. Wilson
3005:Jane Goodall
2965:Donald Broom
2934:Zoosemiotics
2887:Sociobiology
2688:
2680:
2672:
2668:E. O. Wilson
2654:
2641:
2590:
2564:
2560:Thysanoptera
2550:
2454:
2392:Presociality
2331:Unicalcarida
2286:(sweat bees)
2238:(mason bees)
2193:Philanthidae
2160:Ampulicidae
2155:Ammoplanidae
2138:Spheciformes
2136:
1917:Chrysididae
1904:Chrysidoidea
1867:Trigonalidae
1841:Megalyroidea
1823:Stephanoidea
1753:Spalangiidae
1743:Pteromalidae
1733:Perilampidae
1713:Neodiparidae
1702:(fairyflies)
1675:Macromesidae
1645:Herbertiidae
1615:Eucharitidae
1590:Coelocybidae
1511:Chalcidoidea
1483:Monomachidae
1463:Austroniidae
1445:Vanhorniidae
1435:Peradeniidae
1365:(gall wasps)
1283:Megaspilidae
1211:
1128:(wood wasps)
1097:Anaxyelidae
1020:Diprionidae
958:
949:Holometabola
947:Superorder:
941:Infraclass:
906:Hymenopteran
860:. Retrieved
835:
831:
821:
809:. Retrieved
784:
780:
753:. Retrieved
744:
680:
676:
649:. Retrieved
645:
632:
613:
586:. Retrieved
570:
563:
549:cite journal
503:(6): 84–89.
500:
496:
465:. Retrieved
440:
436:
426:
414:. Retrieved
389:
385:
338:(2): 75–85.
335:
331:
304:. Retrieved
290:(1): 63–71.
287:
283:
245:
231:
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198:
187:
177:
170:
155:
140:
125:
118:
113:
105:
100:
79:
55:
33:
29:
28:
15:
4075:Post-Darwin
3952:Capillaries
3890:Respiration
3650:Planktology
3635:Ornithology
3619:Primatology
3575:Ichthyology
3555:Herpetology
3530:Bryozoology
3508:Myrmecology
3503:Melittology
3484:Carcinology
3474:Arachnology
3256:Mating call
2995:Dian Fossey
2960:Marc Bekoff
2948:Ethologists
2566:Kladothrips
2502:Crabronidae
2487:Hymenoptera
2400:Agriculture
2373:Eusociality
2284:Halictidae
2276:Colletidae
2265:orchid bees
2257:cuckoo bees
2236:Andrenidae
2178:Crabronidae
2115:Formicidae
2107:Formicoidea
2065:Pompilidae
2052:Mutillidae
2044:Pompiloidea
2018:Chyphotidae
1935:Plumariidae
1930:Embolemidae
1849:Megalyridae
1831:Stephanidae
1695:Moranilidae
1665:Leucospidae
1660:Idioporidae
1655:Heydeniidae
1635:Eurytomidae
1585:Cleonymidae
1575:Chalcididae
1550:Boucekiidae
1535:Aphelinidae
1529:(fig wasps)
1478:Maamingidae
1455:Diaprioidea
1430:Pelecinidae
1420:Roproniidae
1386:Liopteridae
1335:Scelionidae
1251:(braconids)
1249:Braconidae
1107:(horntails)
1012:Cimbicidae
392:(1): 1–20.
76:Terminology
4113:Categories
4070:Pre-Darwin
4044:Thomas Say
4001:Zoologists
3975:By species
3714:Arthropoda
3679:Ctenophora
3625:Nematology
3609:Felinology
3589:Teuthology
3584:Conchology
3580:Malacology
3489:Entomology
3309:Bumblebees
2897:Structures
2892:Stereotypy
2621:Coalescent
2609:In culture
2586:Coleoptera
2552:Synalpheus
2546:Crustacean
2507:Halictidae
2435:Polyethism
2329:See also:
2300:Melittidae
2253:bumblebees
2249:honey bees
2220:Anthophila
2203:Sphecidae
2183:Mellinidae
2173:Bembicidae
2094:Scoliidae
2086:Scolioidea
2073:Sapygidae
2060:Myrmosidae
2023:Thynnidae
2010:Thynnoidea
1997:Tiphiidae
1984:Tiphioidea
1912:Bethylidae
1805:Evaniidae
1792:Evanioidea
1758:Systasidae
1700:Mymaridae
1670:Lyciscidae
1630:Eupelmidae
1620:Eulophidae
1605:Encyrtidae
1527:Agaonidae
1468:Diapriidae
1363:Cynipidae
1350:Cynipoidea
1325:Nixoniidae
1168:Orussidae
1160:Orussoidea
1105:Siricidae
1089:Siricoidea
935:Subclass:
925:Arthropoda
262:References
221:war effort
184:ritualized
137:Prevalence
86:human wars
4149:Symbiosis
4139:Conflicts
3900:Breathing
3752:Histology
3614:Hippology
3595:Mammalogy
3564:Ophiology
3478:Acarology
3338:Elephants
3126:Behaviour
3069:Societies
2907:Honeycomb
2579:Aphididae
2574:Hemiptera
2512:Honey bee
2450:Thelytoky
2405:Gamergate
2168:Astatidae
1971:Vespidae
1955:Vespoidea
1925:Dryinidae
1800:Aulacidae
1773:Torymidae
1738:Pirenidae
1723:Ormyridae
1718:Ooderidae
1625:Eunotidae
1600:Diparidae
1555:Calesidae
1473:Ismaridae
1425:Heloridae
1381:Ibaliidae
1376:Figitidae
1147:Cephidae
1139:Cephoidea
1049:Xyeloidea
1028:Pergidae
937:Pterygota
917:Kingdom:
852:1465-7279
801:1045-2249
705:0027-8424
525:0036-8733
457:0003-3472
406:1568-542X
352:1439-5444
252:San Diego
194:phalanxes
148:mandibles
34:conflicts
4159:Behavior
4154:Ethology
4134:Violence
4098:Category
3942:Arteries
3827:Elephant
3802:Anatomy
3729:Annelida
3724:Mollusca
3704:Chordata
3689:Cnidaria
3684:Placozoa
3674:Porifera
3604:Cynology
3599:Cetology
3545:Ethology
3458:Branches
3231:Ethology
3194:Concepts
3145:Category
3090:Journals
2917:Instinct
2867:Learning
2862:Instinct
2837:Ethogram
2820:Grooming
2743:Branches
2736:Ethology
2682:The Ants
2600:Isoptera
2524:Mammalia
2517:Vespidae
2198:Psenidae
1540:Azotidae
1055:Xyelidae
996:Argidae
943:Neoptera
923:Phylum:
919:Animalia
908:families
856:Archived
805:Archived
749:Archived
745:phys.org
723:37639613
714:10500280
579:Archived
541:22214134
533:26002920
461:Archived
410:Archived
300:Archived
215:Outcomes
189:Carebara
120:Carebara
62:termites
42:colonies
4063:History
3760:Tissues
3449:Outline
3438:Zoology
3379:Related
3365:Lizards
3360:Insects
3353:Yerkish
2847:Feeding
2539:Meerkat
2529:Blesmol
2128:Apoidea
931:Insecta
929:Class:
904:Extant
739:CSIRO.
685:Bibcode
505:Bibcode
225:Formica
179:Formica
174:battles
167:Process
114:Formica
3667:groups
3665:Animal
3370:Wolves
2497:Apidae
2480:Groups
2380:Topics
2244:Apidae
2226:(bees)
2117:(ants)
1560:Ceidae
1403:s.str.
862:8 July
850:
811:8 July
799:
755:8 July
721:
711:
703:
651:8 July
620:
588:8 July
539:
531:
523:
467:8 July
455:
416:8 July
404:
350:
306:8 July
201:larvae
152:larvae
97:Causes
3959:Heart
3947:Veins
3932:Lymph
3927:Blood
3817:Human
3343:Frogs
3316:Birds
3241:FOXP2
2924:Swarm
2852:Hover
2805:Breed
642:(PDF)
582:(PDF)
575:(PDF)
529:JSTOR
236:queen
205:pupae
131:pupae
66:wasps
60:like
46:pupae
4144:Ants
3386:Roar
3333:Dogs
3328:Cats
3304:Bees
2912:Nest
2902:Hive
2693:1994
2685:1990
2677:1975
2657:2000
2644:1927
864:2024
848:ISSN
813:2024
797:ISSN
757:2024
719:PMID
701:ISSN
653:2024
618:ISBN
590:2024
555:link
537:PMID
521:ISSN
469:2024
453:ISSN
418:2024
402:ISSN
348:ISSN
308:2024
30:Wars
4119:War
3832:Cat
3822:Dog
2492:Ant
2455:War
840:doi
789:doi
709:PMC
693:doi
681:120
513:doi
501:305
445:doi
394:doi
340:doi
292:doi
203:or
64:or
38:ant
32:or
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2267:,
2263:,
2259:,
2255:,
2251:,
854:.
846:.
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830:.
803:.
795:.
785:27
783:.
779:.
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743:.
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707:.
699:.
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547:{{
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1227:i
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1221:s
1219:a
1217:r
1215:a
1213:P
1203:a
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1199:i
1197:r
1195:c
1193:o
1191:p
1189:A
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970:y
968:h
966:p
964:m
962:y
960:S
897:e
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883:v
866:.
842::
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695::
687::
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26:.
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