399:"After being sufficiently dried it is pounded between two stones fine, and put into a species of basket neatly made of grass and rushes better than two feet long and one foot diameter, which basket is lined with the skin of salmon stretched and dried for the purpose. In this it is pressed down as hard as possible. When full they secure the open part with fish skins across which they fasten through the loops of the basket...very securely, and then on a dry situation they set those baskets, the corded part up. Their common custom is to set 7 as close as they can stand and 5 on top of them, and secure them with mats which wrapped around them and made fast with cords and covered with mats. Those 12 baskets of from 90 to 100 lbs. each form a stack. Thus preserved those fish may be kept sound and sweet several years, as those people inform me. Great quantities as they inform us are sold to the whites people who visit the mouth of this river as well as to the natives below."
361:
in a prescribed manner and shared by designated members of the tribal group. After being consumed, the bones were to be thrown directly back into the water so that they would not be consumed by dogs or other carnivores and the meal was to be followed by traditional songs and dances. It was commonly believed that the soul of the First Fish would return downstream to other salmon and relate the respectful way in which it was captured and eaten, thereby inspiring other salmon to travel upstream to be treated with the same honor and respect.
328:
for sleeping and a rectangular dwelling built above ground which was covered with mats and used for cooking and other daytime activities. In the summer months, generally April through
October, the band would relocate to the river, where families would construct rectangular temporary dwellings with poles and mats. These were divided, with half used for sleeping while the other half was used as a covered area for the processing of salmon for later use.
28:
301:, the hunting of game animals, and the gathering of wild foodstuffs were essential activities of the tribal bands. Labor was differentiated on the basis of gender, with men doing the hunting and most of the fishing. Men also produced all implements from stone, bone, or horn and were responsible for felling trees and stockpiling firewood. Men produced the
337:
367:
Each July the entire community congregated again, this time to partake of berries and venison in another summer foods celebration. Following this festival the community would again divide, with half remaining to catch and smoke salmon while the others departed to gather nuts and berries and to hunt.
360:
Typically with First Fish rituals of the region, one versed in specific verbal incantations was called upon to make use of his skill to catch the ceremonial fish. The fish was never to touch the ground, but was laid upon a mat made of reeds and butchered with a traditional knife before being cooked
327:
The Warm
Springs bands did not live communally, but rather divided themselves into family groups, each of which had its own dwellings. In the winter villages, occupied each year from approximately November to March, each family had two houses — an oval dugout lodge covered with earth that was used
420:
as part of a treaty with the four bands of the Tenino people as well as three of the bands of the neighboring Wasco. The Dalles Tenino, Tygh, Wyam, and Dock-Spus were effectively forced from their historic homelands to the new reservation in 1857, with the Wasco bands and other
Chinookan-speaking
323:
Women also were primarily responsible for the conduct of trade with visitors from other tribal groups, while in the late summer and into the fall parties of men periodically set out to trade with others. Trade exports of the Tenino people included dried salmon, fish oil, and animal furs. Imported
409:
352:
for a large festival celebrated collectively at the Dalles Tenino village by all tribal members except for the Dock-Spus band, which celebrated separately. This ritual of the First Fish was common to most of the Native
American peoples of the
280:
The Tenino people historically recalled only one great war with other
Columbia River peoples, a victorious battle with the Molala which forced the latter to the other side of the Cascade Mountains. One brief battle was also fought with the
424:
This new reservation was located on lands historically belonging to the
Northern Paiute, and for several years afterwards this band retaliated against their historic enemies by conducting raids for horses and other forms of plunder.
421:
neighbors following in 1858. According to the 1858-59 report of the reservation, some 850 Tenino individuals had been relocated there by that date, with another 160 members of the Wyam and Dock-Spus bands not yet relocated.
724:
Treaty of Wasco, Columbia River, Oregon
Territory with the Taih, Wyam, Tenino, & Dock-Spus Bands of the Walla-Walla, and the Dalles, Ki-Gal-Twal-La, and the Dog River Bands of the Wasco, June 25, 1855
452:. As the 20th Century came to a close the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs counted a total membership of 3,405, including descendants of the Tenino, Wasco, and Northern Paiute tribal groups.
364:
Following this festival about half the families in the village departed on a hunting expedition to the south, while the rest remained at the summer village on the river, catching and drying fish.
348:
The Tenino people participated in regular festivals related to the obtaining of the first foods of the new year. Each April a ceremonial party would be sent out to catch fish and gather
368:
Reeds would be gathered for the manufacture of mats in
October, followed by the disbanding of the temporary summer village and a return to the permanent winter village further inland.
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494:
942:
952:
320:. Women also cooked the food in each family group and produced, repaired, and laundered clothing and bedding. Women also produced thread, rope, baskets, bags, and mats.
912:
297:
Up to the 19th
Century the Warm Springs bands were semi-nomadic peoples, engaging neither agriculture nor the raising of domesticated food animals. The fishing of
234:
These bands split their time between inland winter villages close to water and fuel supplies and summer camps with rich fisheries located on the south bank of the
616:
756:
978:
58:(Taih, Tyigh) or "Upper Deschutes" divided in Tayxɫáma (Tygh Valley), Tiɫxniɫáma (Sherar's Bridge) and Mliɫáma (present Warm Spring Reservation), the
207:("echo of falling water" or "sound of water upon the rocks") on the south bank of Columbia River and their winter village on the left bank of the
82:
380:
late in
October 1805, when several members of the band were recruited to help the Corps to port their boats and equipment around the impassable
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and engaged in most of the work in collecting plant-based foods, which included berries and other fruit, roots, acorns, and
344:
plant, observed by the Lewis and Clark party as a staple food of the Native American peoples of the middle Columbia River.
125:: occupied two closely adjacent summer villages on the south bank of the Dalles of the Columbia River / Fivemile Rapids (
642:
946:
916:
289:, however, with conflict between the two groups characterized anthropologist G.P. Murdock as having been "endemic."
377:
266:
956:
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392:
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153:
50:
subtribes which historically occupied territory located in the North-Central portion of the American state of
384:. A full day was spent moving these supplies, while entertained onlookers gathered to witness the spectacle.
429:
31:
The Deschutes River at the confluence of the Columbia, part of the historic homeland of the Tenino people.
790:
495:
Crescent Lake: Archaeological Journeys into Central Oregon's Cascade Range, Page 73 ff Wayampam (Tenino)
825:
632:(1953). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1981; pg. 262. Spelling and punctuation corrected silently.
471:
285:, a group which was otherwise a valuable trading partner. The tribe did have a historic enemy in the
126:
47:
113:
The Tenino people, commonly known today as the Warm Springs bands, comprised four local subtribes:
820:
687:
157:
830:
476:
437:
254:
177:
134:
673:
When the River Ran Wild! Indian Traditions on the Mid-Columbia and the Warm Springs Reservation.
428:
In addition to the reservation the Tenino people have a right by treaty to use the lands around
688:
The Forgotten Tribes: Oral Tales of the Teninos and Adjacent Mid-Columbia River Indian Nations
564:
The Forgotten Tribes: Oral Tales of the Teninos and Adjacent Mid-Columbia River Indian Nations
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313:
309:
274:
242:
861:
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785:
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located to the East. Other neighboring tribal entities spoke other languages, including the
44:
215:
on the west bank of Deschutes River immediately south of the confluence with the Columbia.)
211:
just above its junction with the Columbia River (another source locates the winter village
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643:"Warm Springs Tribes return to Mount Hood Skibowl to celebrate cultural connection"
388:
381:
226:: had two summer villages on the south bank of the Columbia River and occupied the
200:
324:
products included baskets, horses, slaves, buffalo hides, feathers, and shells.
85:
412:
A Tenino or Wasco woman and her children at the Warm Springs Reservation, 1907.
73:
Historically splitting their time between winter camps and summer camps on the
433:
349:
27:
926:
922:
395:
observed the traditional drying method used for the preservation of salmon:
317:
896:
886:
871:
765:
695:
George P. Murdoch, "Notes on the Tenino, Molalla, and Paiute of Oregon,"
305:
used for river transport and constructed the permanent winter dwellings.
436:. The Mt. Hood Tribal Heritage Center, named Wiwnu Wash, opened at the
141:, was applied both to this local subtribe as to the whole Tenino people.
835:
805:
729:
Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation of Oregon website
298:
62:(Wayámpam) or "Lower Deschutes", also known as "Celilo Indians", the
51:
734:
160:; they were divided into three local village groups - the dominant
66:
or "Tinainu (Tinaynuɫáma)", also known as "Tenino proper"; and the
407:
336:
335:
26:
738:
728:
566:(1991). Issaquah, WA: Great Eagle Publishing, 1997; pp. 18-24.
416:
On June 25, 1855 the United States Government established the
230:
with twin winter villages on either sides of the named river.
604:
Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1957; pg. 256.
54:. The Tenino people included four localized subtribes — the
562:
vol. 19 (1980), pp. 129-149; reprinted in Donald M. Hines,
156:
and their principal winter village at the site of today's
692:
Great Eagle Publishing Inc., Issaquah, Washington. (1991)
253:, located to the Northwest, who spoke a dialect of the
943:
Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation
657:
The Encyclopedia of North American Indians: Volume 8.
77:, in 1855 the Tenino people were made a party to the
711:
Ethnological Report on the Wasco and Tenino Indians.
675:
Portland, OR: Oregon Historical Society Press, 2005.
905:
849:
773:
706:
Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press, 1979.
953:Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation
682:Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2005.
88:. The Warm Springs bands are today a part of the
913:Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation
448:Today the Warm Springs bands are a part of the
602:Comparative Studies of North American Indians.
750:
659:New York: Marshall Cavendish, 1999; pg. 1029.
312:the meat and fish for later use by drying or
8:
152:: their principal summer village was at the
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550:
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133:(named from its distance, eight miles from
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376:The Tenino people were first noted by the
137:); the name of the larger summer village,
404:Establishment of Warm Springs Reservation
241:The Tenino people spoke a dialect of the
600:Harold E. Driver and Willam C. Massey,
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
487:
203:known to the Native Sahaptin people as
83:Oregon Superintendent of Indian Affairs
79:Treaty with the Tribes of Middle Oregon
273:to the South, who spoke a variant of
245:, a tongue shared by the neighboring
7:
612:
610:
558:G.P. Murdock, "The Tenino Indians,"
933:Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs
906:Tribal governments and reservations
713:New York: Garland Publishing, 1974.
450:Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs
372:Interaction with European-Americans
90:Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs
357:coast and Columbia River plateau.
220:Dock-Spus / Tukspush (Takspasɫáma)
25:
699:vol. 40 (1938), pp. 395–402.
462:Native American peoples of Oregon
238:in today's North-Central Oregon.
979:Native American tribes in Oregon
937:Warm Springs Indian Reservation
704:Salmon Fishers of the Columbia.
630:The Journals of Lewis and Clark
418:Warm Springs Indian Reservation
182:Warm Springs Indian Reservation
94:Warm Springs Indian Reservation
199:: their summer village was at
39:, commonly known today as the
1:
472:Pacific Northwest Indian wars
172:below Sherars Falls) and the
70:(Takspasɫáma) or "John Day."
947:Umatilla Indian Reservation
917:Colville Indian Reservation
995:
582:Murdock (1980), pp. 34-35.
378:Lewis and Clark Expedition
129:) and a winter village at
81:, which was negotiated by
957:Yakama Indian Reservation
923:Nez Perce Tribe of Idaho
671:George W. Aguilar, Sr.,
619:National Geographic.com/
430:Government Camp, Oregon
265:to the West, who spoke
731:, www.warmsprings.com/
697:American Anthropology,
680:Death of Celilo Falls.
628:Bernard DeVoto (ed.),
413:
401:
345:
164:(at Tygh Valley), the
32:
927:Nez Perce Reservation
411:
397:
339:
209:Lower Deschutes River
154:Upper Deschutes River
119:Tinainu (Tinaynuɫáma)
30:
702:Courtland L. Smith,
645:. 24 September 2013.
228:Lower John Day River
127:Fivemile Rapids Site
92:, which governs the
68:Dock-Spus (Tukspush)
18:Warm Springs (tribe)
444:Tenino people today
158:Tygh Valley, Oregon
709:Robert J. Suphan,
477:Tenino, Washington
438:Mount Hood Skibowl
414:
346:
255:Chinookan language
178:Warm Springs River
41:Warm Springs bands
33:
966:
965:
850:Prominent figures
685:Donald M. Hines,
655:D.L. Birchfield,
617:"Tenino Indians,"
355:Pacific Northwest
251:Wasco and Wishram
243:Sahaptin language
193:"Lower Deschutes"
150:"Upper Deschutes"
16:(Redirected from
986:
862:Old Chief Joseph
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752:
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678:Katrine Barber,
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633:
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620:
614:
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598:
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467:Sahaptin peoples
197:"Celilo Indians"
195:, also known as
189:Wyam (Wayámɫáma)
60:Wyam (Wayámɫáma)
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666:Further reading
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287:Northern Paiute
271:Northern Paiute
247:Umatilla people
170:Sherar's Bridge
146:Tygh (Tayxɫáma)
131:Eightmile Creek
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48:Native American
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98:Central Oregon
75:Columbia River
43:, are several
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303:dugout canoes
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263:Cascade Range
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259:Molala people
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64:Dalles Tenino
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37:Tenino people
29:
19:
867:Chief Joseph
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389:Celilo Falls
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382:Celilo Falls
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350:wapato roots
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201:Celilo Falls
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857:Yellow Bird
831:Walla Walla
791:Lower Snake
267:Waiilatpuan
261:across the
180:on present
109:Description
86:Joel Palmer
882:White Bird
560:Ethnology,
434:Mount Hood
340:Bulb of a
269:, and the
224:"John Day"
166:Tiɫxniɫáma
135:The Dalles
796:Nez Perce
786:Klickitat
483:Footnotes
440:in 2012.
391:explorer
318:pine nuts
310:preserved
293:Economics
139:″tinainu″
973:Category
897:Kanasket
892:Kamiakin
887:Colestah
872:Qualchan
816:Umatilla
781:Kittitas
766:Sahaptin
456:See also
275:Shoshoni
213:Wanwa'wi
162:Tayxɫáma
45:Sahaptin
836:Wanapum
806:Skinpah
774:Nations
768:peoples
332:Culture
314:smoking
283:Klamath
176:(along
174:Mliɫáma
104:History
841:Yakama
811:Tenino
342:wapato
308:Women
299:salmon
257:, the
52:Oregon
801:Palus
387:Near
222:, or
148:, or
121:, or
218:the
205:Wyam
187:the
144:the
117:the
56:Tygh
35:The
432:on
191:or
96:in
975::
609:^
587:^
571:^
501:^
277:.
184:).
100:.
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