605:" within the field of archaeology. In his early career, Moorehead typically used horses and scrapers to quickly remove dirt layers from ancient mounds, often obliterating important historical sites, working quickly recover artifacts during a brief summer season ranging across the state. While he improved his methodology throughout his career, his youthful work in Ohio left a mark on his reputation that has stuck; the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society quarterly reports he filed in the 1890s included indelible photographs of mounds being razed with the heavy equipment of that day. What is often overlooked is that in the narrative, Moorehead would encounter mounds already being taken down by county road crews and construction laborers, and would negotiate to allow an interval of investigation in the middle of the demolition before the project was completed. In his work after 1900, he and his field workers used the archaeological techniques then becoming standard in excavations.
292:) which was just begun in 1885. Regrettably, Moorehead's destruction and lack of documentation regarding the Hopewell Type Site (and many of his other sites) has left many archaeological questions unable to be answered For example, when Moorehead encountered Mound 25 of the Hopewell Mound Group, he observed that the mound had rocks and boulders making two large panther effigies. Regardless of such observation, he did not document these findings in a systematic way and proceeded to nearly level the mound.
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594:; where portraits of his father William and grandfather Joseph are on prominent display. Little is known there, however, about Warren; their papers include a reminiscence from a contemporary on Moorehead's death calling him, from their childhood together, "a born archaeologist." By the time of his death, he had come to be known as the dean of American archaeology. His obituary in the
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a member of the board of commissioners for the Bureau of Indian
Affairs with the Department of Interior in 1909, and his work on behalf of Indian Land Claims, exposing fraudulent Indian agents, and seeking better health care on reservations probably made many Washington bureaucrats feel the same way
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With the aunts refusing to release any money for "that dirty work," Moorehead launched into an ambitious plan to create an atlas of Ohio mounds and earthworks, which he saw eroding and destroyed wherever he went across the
Midwest, and even in forays into the American southwest, becoming one of the
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Moorehead is credited with excavating more ancient earthworks than all archaeologists before and after him. Due to
Moorehead's primary focus on artifact recovery in his early career, his often careless documentation of excavated sites, and the fact that he lost many of his own important field notes
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Also damaging to
Moorehead's modern reputation was his support of the amateur and collector communities throughout his career. He believed that collection of artifacts was not necessarily a bad thing, and promoted good relations between professional archaeologists and collectors to the end of his
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became both an opportunity and a curse for the fledgeling archaeologist. Digging about in the earth and soil was considered beneath a refined family, and for much of his life Warren King
Moorehead was pressured to enter the family business. Parts of the 19th century infrastructure remain in the
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which had been purchased by Dr. Putnam with money raised at society teas in
Newport, RI, but now a local obligation to manage), encouraged Moorehead to pay for his travel and speaking and research by selling duplicate artifacts. This process would today not only be discouraged but is now both
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With the dawn of a new century, Warren King
Moorehead began almost literally a new life in 1901. Moorehead was based at the Phillips Academy, Andover, MA, from 1901-1938. He and Evelyn had a second son, Singleton Peabody Moorehead, who would become a key architect with the
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With many honors and published volumes to his credit, and a thriving and vital field of research and informed speculation well established, Moorehead died in 1939 and was buried near his parents, grandfather, and aunts in Xenia. The family home is now the heart of the
288:, just up the Little Miami River from his grandfather's King's Mills. This work also went into the World's Fair display, became a published volume for Moorehead, and caught the attention of the organizers of the Ohio Historical & Archaeological Society (now the
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ordered
Moorehead off the reservation under armed military escort on Dec. 28, according to Moorehead's journal because he was the only reporter present who spoke some of the language and was permitted to stay overnight with the Sioux in their encampments.
215:, but opportunities to lecture and write for publication led Warren away from class work. His publication of the novel "Wanneta, The Sioux," in 1890 led to a lecture tour and opportunities to write for a larger audience than just his professors.
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After a frustrating period trying to influence legislators to give justice to the Sioux and publish his account of events leading up to the massacre, Moorehead returned to Ohio and found a position developing the state display for the 1893
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Efforts to have Fort
Ancient purchased and cared for by the state were spurred by Moorehead's publications on that site and other Ohio cultural marvels. The Ohio General Assembly voted to purchase Fort Ancient based on Moorehead's work.
196:). By 1887 Moorehead left without graduating, and his relationship with academic archaeology was complicated throughout his life, adding to the speedy dismissal of Moorehead's work after his death by most of professional archaeology.
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was nearly always fatal in
Moorehead's day, and when he was clearly diagnosed with the disease, a second trip to the desert southwest became part of what turned into a permanent leave from OAHS after 1898. (His assistant,
117:(including those from 1891 at the Hopewell Site), Moorehead is often remembered as a destructive force among modern archaeologists. That said, Moorehead was influential in the preservation of some historical sites such as
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on the OSU Oval, and Moorehead was made a professor of archaeology at OSU, the only part of his work that was paid. OAHS, with little money from the state and sites already to manage (Fort Ancient, and
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during the winter of 1925. His work lasted four winter seasons, conducting excavations on Mound C and the surrounding village area. Moorehead's work on Mound C led to the discovery of a rich array of
402:(also a recipient of significant Peabody largesse). He was also Curator of the University Museum of Ohio State University (1894–1897), worked at archaeological sites along the Ohio River, and at
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goods. While working on Mound C, Moorehead also worked a small amount on Mounds A and B, but his excavation was object-oriented and ceased soon after no exotic goods were encountered. The
350:, completed what is now known as the Mills Atlas of 1904, but Moorehead laid out much of the material that is in the volume.) Finding no relief in the southwest, he returned to meet with
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sent him a rebuke concerning a flyer he had distributed which had laid out a manner in which collectors of artifacts could cooperate with him or other archaeologists.
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life. But even in his younger days, Moorehead recorded in his diary personal regrets over past practices, and his hopes to be able to do better work in the future.
308:) did not work out quickly, Moorehead accepted the position as what would be the first curator of archaeology for the OAHS. With the support of President Orton of
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of Dec. 29, 1890. Moorehead was not present, though his camera was used by journalists who were still on the scene to record the horrific aftermath; Gen.
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noted his abhorrence to what he perceived as a growing "aloofness" of some of his "scientific colleagues" in the field of archaeology.
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1006:"CAHOKIA -- The Great Native American Metropolis" by Biloine Whiting Young and Melvin L. Fowler, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS PRESS, 2000 (
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Excavations and collections begun as a schoolboy continued through self-financed work taking him to a display of his own at the 1888
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Unknown, Unknown (November 5, 1891). "Stone pussies: Discovered in a cat-shaped mound out near Anderson's". Chillicothe Daily News.
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Fort Hill 1964: New data and reflections on Hopewell Hilltop Enclosures in Southern Ohio. In: Ohio Hopewell community organization
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had sought relief. The season turned into almost three years, and due to blood loss and anemia Moorehead's wife Evelyn Ludwig (of
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Their brother, Moorehead's grandfather, was Joseph Warren King, whose wealth from the King's Powder Mills fortune rooted in the
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Gen. Brooke did in 1890. After many attempts to remove him and silence the commission, especially after his leadership of the
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Moorehead, Warren K. The Cahokia Mounds, edited by John E. Kelly and republished by the University of Alabama Press, 2000
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to missionary parents on March 10, 1866, he died on January 5, 1939, at the age of 72, and is buried in his hometown of
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Moorehead, Warren K. Fort Ancient; the great prehistoric earthwork of Warren County, Ohio. R. Clarke, Cincinnati, 1890
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His mother died when he was quite young, and while his father remarried and became head of a Presbyterian seminary in
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decorated by human dancers wearing eagle paraphernalia. The site is culturally affiliated with and protected by the
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to buy a portion of the Cahokia site in order to create a state park. From 1927 to 1939 he worked on sites in the
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840:"Stone pussies: Discovered in a cat-shaped mound out near Anderson's". Chillicothe Daily News. November 5, 1891.
373:) and their son Ludwig King Moorehead were told repeatedly to prepare for Warren's death, through 1899 to 1901.
192:, near Moorehead family interests in Muskingum County (from which is descended his collateral relation, actress
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in Georgia from 1925. His approach was not without detractors. In 1923, the fledgling Central Section of the
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from 1902 to 1920, Moorehead launched into a program of research and publication that went on to include the
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When the 1893 WCE ended, and a hoped for faculty position with the new college on the site (soon to be the
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was used as pretext to dissolve the commission in 1933, after almost 25 years of service by Moorehead.
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of the Ohio River valley around 2000 years ago. This interest went back to his high school days at
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once the King's Powder Mills, desolate except for the now more famous neighbor named after it, "
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Peabody, seeing how ill Moorehead had become, generously offered a season of treatment at
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put Moorehead on the scene for the critical weeks leading up to what is now known as the
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Byers, Douglas S. American Anthropologist, 1939 New Series, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 286-294
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Neil Judd, Warren Moorehead, and Alfred Kidder (left to right) at Etowah, GA in 1927
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and Moorehead's book "The American Indian in the United States, Period 1850-1914" (
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there. With Peabody's influence and money, a museum and program was established at
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Exploration of the Etowah Site, republished by University Press of Florida 2000
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professor who began the academic field of archaeology in the United States.
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unpublished: 96 boxes of archival material at the Ohio Historical Society
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Moorehead worked at the Cahokia site between 1921-1927. Cahokia is now a
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539:, Moorehead's report, were published in 1932. Moorehead found several
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365:, the famous tuberculosis sanitarium where just a few years earlier
207:. Dr. Wilson encouraged and possibly helped Moorehead to enter the
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Some of the field work Moorehead did for Putnam resulted in the
1000:"The American Indian in the United States, Period 1850-1914" (
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Moorehead, Warren K. Fort Ancient, an Outline Description
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Moorehead, Warren K. Fort Ancient, an Outline Description
280:, setting the parameters for the study of Native American
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World's Columbian Exposition Expedition to Southern Ohio
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unethical and illegal; the 1890s found it unremarkable.
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at his home near Philadelphia, a wealthy descendant of
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A contract to write for a national magazine about the "
818:. The Ohio Archaeological Society. pp. 258–260.
709:. The Archaeological Society of Ohio. p. 259.
253:(Chicago World's Fair), which led him to work with
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472:Valley. Major collections from Cahokia are at the
1028:at www.texasbeyondhistory.net—Warren K. Moorehead
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921:. 259-262: The Archaeological Society of Ohio.
464:. He was instrumental in getting the State of
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861:Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly
784:Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly
398:and the award of an honorary doctorate from
244:1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago
203:, and contact with Dr. Thomas Wilson of the
386:Foundation and is buried on the grounds of
312:, a museum was established in what is now
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652:Prehistoric Implements - A Reference Book
274:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
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679:Archaeology of the Arkansas River Valley
601:Today, Moorehead is often considered a "
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412:Robert S. Peabody Museum of Archaeology
180:," the Cincinnati area amusement park.
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762:. Kent University Press. p. 315.
97:was known in his time as the 'Dean of
799:Reflections on a career in archeology
637:The Examination of Fort Ancient, Ohio
570:hearings on injustices following the
491:In the 1920s Moorehead excavated the
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1062:20th-century American archaeologists
1057:19th-century American archaeologists
505:National Register of Historic Places
432:American Anthropological Association
519:Etowah Dancing Warrior copper plate
1026:Photographic portrait of Moorehead
523:Moorehead began excavation at the
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592:Greene County Historical Society
219:The Ghost Dance and Wounded Knee
201:Cincinnati Centennial Exposition
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877:"CSAS History: The Early Years"
737:. Oxbow Books. pp. 16–17.
642:Field Museum of Natural History
627:Field Museum of Natural History
211:for study under the famous Dr.
735:Hopewell ceremonial landscapes
666:The stone age in North America
567:White Earth Indian Reservation
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1082:American expatriates in Italy
229:Pine Ridge Indian Reservation
886:. January 2011. pp. 4–5
676:Moorehead, Warren K (1931).
649:Moorehead, Warren K (1900).
634:Moorehead, Warren K (1895).
619:Moorehead, Warren K (1891).
503:. The site was added to the
251:World's Columbian Exposition
663:Moorehead, Warren K (1910)
541:Mississippian copper plates
426:in Illinois from 1921, and
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559:He was named by President
555:The Spirit of Wounded Knee
549:National Historic Landmark
209:University of Pennsylvania
1067:Denison University alumni
917:Converse, Robert (2003).
814:Converse, Robert (2003).
705:Converse, Robert (2003).
657:The Robert Clarke Company
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931:: CS1 maint: location (
758:Prufer, Olaf H. (1997).
671:Houghton Mifflin Company
392:Phillips Andover Academy
352:Robert Singleton Peabody
174:Peters Cartridge Company
1042:People from Xenia, Ohio
961:"The art of collecting"
919:The archaeology of Ohio
816:The archaeology of Ohio
707:The archaeology of Ohio
596:American Anthropologist
545:Muscogee (Creek) Nation
422:of the Atlantic coast,
290:Ohio Historical Society
205:Smithsonian Institution
149:And Ladies of the Club.
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478:University of Illinois
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416:Andover, Massachusetts
367:Robert Louis Stevenson
363:Saranac Lake, New York
300:Curator of Archaeology
963:. September 30, 2016.
733:Lynott, Mark (2014).
684:Yale University Press
669:Vol. 1 of 2, Boston:
533:Mississippian culture
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507:on January 17, 1989.
474:Illinois State Museum
451:Mississippian culture
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384:Colonial Williamsburg
348:William Corless Mills
310:Ohio State University
306:University of Chicago
233:Wounded Knee Massacre
135:Helen Hooven Santmyer
95:Warren King Moorehead
22:Warren King Moorehead
438:Cahokia and Illinois
428:Etowah Indian Mounds
388:Bruton Parish Church
338:Illness and recovery
255:Frederic Ward Putnam
227:" phenomenon on the
99:American archaeology
949:. January 10, 2017.
495:on the property of
462:World Heritage Site
326:first surveyors of
213:Edward Drinker Cope
188:Moorehead attended
561:Theodore Roosevelt
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501:Brooksville, Maine
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396:Victoria Institute
237:John Rutter Brooke
190:Denison University
162:Little Miami River
157:American Civil War
1072:People from Siena
983:978-0-8130-1793-8
863:1891. 3:312-315.
744:978-1-78297-754-4
453:site in Illinois
410:. As head of the
400:Dartmouth College
371:Circleville, Ohio
278:Chillicothe, Ohio
166:Kings Mills, Ohio
137:'s non-fictional
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172:next to the
164:Valley near
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66:(1939-01-05)
15:
1052:1939 deaths
1047:1866 births
225:Ghost Dance
131:Xenia, Ohio
111:Xenia, Ohio
101:'; born in
72:Xenia, Ohio
1036:Categories
692:References
408:Mesa Verde
332:Mesa Verde
314:Orton Hall
170:ghost town
168:, a near-
125:Early life
46:1866-03-10
927:cite book
572:Dawes Act
270:type site
184:Education
141:Ohio Town
79:Signature
603:pillager
487:Von Mach
476:and the
466:Illinois
1077:Cahokia
577:), the
529:Georgia
447:Cahokia
377:Rebirth
276:, near
272:", now
259:Harvard
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525:Etowah
511:Etowah
459:UNESCO
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