816:
765:
803:
1477:
1873:, based on the premise that by managing the urban water cycle as a whole; a more efficient use of resources can be achieved providing not only economic benefits but also improved social and environmental outcomes. One approach is to establish an inner, urban, water cycle loop through the implementation of reuse strategies. Developing this urban water cycle loop requires an understanding both of the natural, pre-development, water balance and the post-development water balance. Accounting for flows in the pre- and post-development systems is an important step toward limiting urban impacts on the natural water cycle.
1531:
1372:
334:
1802:
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4694:
368:
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2102:
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there, and more than a billion people's livelihoods depend on them. To complicate matters, temperatures there are rising more rapidly than the global average. In Nepal, the temperature has risen by 0.6 degrees
Celsius over the last decade, whereas globally, the Earth has warmed approximately 0.7 degrees Celsius over the last hundred years.
523:. For many rivers in large valleys, this unseen component of flow may greatly exceed the visible flow. The hyporheic zone often forms a dynamic interface between surface water and groundwater from aquifers, exchanging flow between rivers and aquifers that may be fully charged or depleted. This is especially significant in
1784:, IWRM has been evolving into more sustainable approach as it considers the Nexus approach, which is a cross-sectoral water resource management. The Nexus approach is based on the recognition that "water, energy and food are closely linked through global and local water, carbon and energy cycles or chains."
1718:
IWRM is a paradigm that emerged at international conferences in the late 1900s and early 2000s, although participatory water management institutions have existed for centuries. Discussions on a holistic way of managing water resources began already in the 1950s leading up to the 1977 United
Nations
583:
for a variety of purposes . It is also called wastewater reuse, water reuse or water recycling. There are many types of reuse. It is possible to reuse water in this way in cities or for irrigation in agriculture. Other types of reuse are environmental reuse, industrial reuse, and reuse for drinking
1506:
and is found underground. The primary cause of groundwater depletion is the excessive pumping of groundwater up from underground aquifers. Insufficient recharge can lead to depletion, reducing the usefulness of the aquifer for humans. Depletion can also have impacts on the environment around the
1389:
typically refers to violence or disputes associated with access to, or control of, water resources, or the use of water or water systems as weapons or casualties of conflicts. The term water war is colloquially used in media for some disputes over water, and often is more limited to describing a
2506:
Warsinger, David M.; Chakraborty, Sudip; Tow, Emily W.; Plumlee, Megan H.; Bellona, Christopher; Loutatidou, Savvina; Karimi, Leila; Mikelonis, Anne M.; Achilli, Andrea; Ghassemi, Abbas; Padhye, Lokesh P.; Snyder, Shane A.; Curcio, Stefano; Vecitis, Chad D.; Arafat, Hassan A.; Lienhard, John H.
358:
runoff is considered to be surface water. The
Himalayas, which are often called "The Roof of the World", contain some of the most extensive and rough high altitude areas on Earth as well as the greatest area of glaciers and permafrost outside of the poles. Ten of Asia's largest rivers flow from
1792:
and sustainable cost recovery, monitoring and evaluation. There is not one correct administrative model. The art of IWRM lies in selecting, adjusting and applying the right mix of these tools for a given situation. IWRM practices depend on context; at the operational level, the challenge is to
1398:
recognizes that water disputes result from opposing interests of water users, public or private. A wide range of water conflicts appear throughout history, though they are rarely traditional wars waged over water alone. Instead, water has long been a source of tension and one of the causes for
1787:
An IWRM approach aims at avoiding a fragmented approach of water resources management by considering the following aspects: Enabling environment, roles of
Institutions, management Instruments. Some of the cross-cutting conditions that are also important to consider when implementing IWRM are:
1180:
Drinking water is water that is of sufficiently high quality so that it can be consumed or used without risk of immediate or long term harm. Such water is commonly called potable water. In most developed countries, the water supplied to domestic, commerce and industry is all of drinking water
1554:
and the long-term impacts of past management actions, this decision-making will be even more difficult. It is likely that ongoing climate change will lead to situations that have not been encountered. As a result, alternative management strategies, including participatory approaches and
806:
Total renewable freshwater resources of the world, in mm/year (1 mm is equivalent to 1 L of water per m) (long-term average for the years 1961–1990). Resolution is 0.5° longitude x 0.5° latitude (equivalent to 55 km x 55 km at the equator). Computed by the global freshwater model
1771:
Operationally, IWRM approaches involve applying knowledge from various disciplines as well as the insights from diverse stakeholders to devise and implement efficient, equitable and sustainable solutions to water and development problems. As such, IWRM is a comprehensive,
518:
Throughout the course of a river, the total volume of water transported downstream will often be a combination of the visible free water flow together with a substantial contribution flowing through rocks and sediments that underlie the river and its floodplain called the
764:
608:
standards. Injecting reclaimed water into the water supply distribution system is known as direct potable reuse. Drinking reclaimed water is not typical. Reusing treated municipal wastewater for irrigation is a long-established practice. This is especially so in
1184:
844 million people still lacked even a basic drinking water service in 2017. Of those, 159 million people worldwide drink water directly from surface water sources, such as lakes and streams. One in eight people in the world do not have access to safe water.
3097:
Lord, Jackson; Thomas, Ashley; Treat, Neil; Forkin, Matthew; Bain, Robert; Dulac, Pierre; Behroozi, Cyrus H.; Mamutov, Tilek; Fongheiser, Jillia; Kobilansky, Nicole; Washburn, Shane; Truesdell, Claudia; Lee, Clare; Schmaelzle, Philipp H. (October 2021).
1570:, this is rarely possible in practice so decision-makers must prioritise issues of sustainability, equity and factor optimisation (in that order!) to achieve acceptable outcomes. One of the biggest concerns for water-based resources in the future is the
1007:, or it can be full irrigation, where crops rarely rely on any contribution from rainfall. Full irrigation is less common and only occurs in arid landscapes with very low rainfall or when crops are grown in semi-arid areas outside of rainy seasons.
1426:
that are tied to water, affect people's water security on a daily basis. They include more frequent and intense heavy precipitation which affects the frequency, size and timing of floods. Also droughts can alter the total amount of
623:
There are several technologies used to treat wastewater for reuse. A combination of these technologies can meet strict treatment standards and make sure that the processed water is hygienically safe, meaning free from
1875:
IUWM within an urban water system can also be conducted by performance assessment of any new intervention strategies by developing a holistic approach which encompasses various system elements and criteria including
301:
Humans often increase storage capacity by constructing reservoirs and decrease it by draining wetlands. Humans often increase runoff quantities and velocities by paving areas and channelizing the stream flow.
948:
is a system that distributes water under low pressure through a piped network and applies it as a small discharge to each plant. Micro-irrigation uses less pressure and water flow than sprinkler irrigation.
1580:
has a target related to water resources management: "Target 6.5: By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate."
815:
4856:
1719:
Water
Conference. The development of IWRM was particularly recommended in the final statement of the ministers at the International Conference on Water and the Environment in 1992, known as the
831:
that requires water for cooling. Over the long term the average rate of precipitation within a watershed is the upper bound for average consumption of natural surface water from that watershed.
2739:
Ebrahimi, Atieh; Najafpour, Ghasem D; Yousefi Kebria, Daryoush (2019). "Performance of microbial desalination cell for salt removal and energy generation using different catholyte solutions".
747:; however, these alternatives are not always available and depletion of reserves is a critical problem worldwide. Desalination processes are using either thermal methods (in the case of
3627:
840:
1081:. Ultimately, the energy in a hydroelectric power plant is supplied by the sun. Heat from the sun evaporates water, which condenses as rain in higher altitudes and flows downhill.
2792:
Elsaid, Khaled; Kamil, Mohammed; Sayed, Enas Taha; Abdelkareem, Mohammad Ali; Wilberforce, Tabbi; Olabi, A. (2020). "Environmental impact of desalination technologies: A review".
1550:. The field of water resources management will have to continue to adapt to the current and future issues facing the allocation of water. With the growing uncertainties of global
957:
has been used in field crops in areas with high water tables for many years. It involves artificially raising the water table to moisten the soil below the root zone of plants.
286:. The total quantity of water in that system at any given time is also dependent on many other factors. These factors include storage capacity in lakes, wetlands and artificial
2120:
1662:
Further challenges to sustainable and equitable water resources management include the fact that many water bodies are shared across boundaries which may be international (see
1092:
have high consumption, nearly equal to their withdrawal, as most of the withdrawn water is evaporated as part of the cooling process. The withdrawal, however, is lower than in
1916:(USGS) and its partners monitor water resources, conduct research and inform the public about groundwater quality. Water resources in specific countries are described below:
1742:
Social equity: ensuring equal access for all users (particularly marginalized and poorer user groups) to an adequate quantity and quality of water necessary to sustain human
3723:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and
Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
3338:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and
Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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298:
characteristics of the land in the watershed, the timing of the precipitation and local evaporation rates. All of these factors also affect the proportions of water loss.
3541:
2566:"Assessing the potential of a membrane bioreactor and granular activated carbon process for wastewater reuse – A full-scale WWTP operated over one year in Scania, Sweden"
1484:, short periods of recovery were mostly driven by extreme weather events that typically caused flooding and had negative social, environmental and economic consequences.
3520:
2115:
3760:
Gleeson, Tom; Wada, Yoshihide; Bierkens, Marc F. P.; van Beek, Ludovicus P. H. (9 August 2012). "Water balance of global aquifers revealed by groundwater footprint".
3717:
Caretta, M.A., A. Mukherji, M. Arfanuzzaman, R.A. Betts, A. Gelfan, Y. Hirabayashi, T.K. Lissner, J. Liu, E. Lopez Gunn, R. Morgan, S. Mwanga, and S. Supratid, 2022:
3332:
Caretta, M.A., A. Mukherji, M. Arfanuzzaman, R.A. Betts, A. Gelfan, Y. Hirabayashi, T.K. Lissner, J. Liu, E. Lopez Gunn, R. Morgan, S. Mwanga, and S. Supratid, 2022:
802:
823:
The total quantity of water available at any given time is an important consideration. Some human water users have an intermittent need for water. For example, many
4618:
3264:
2637:
Panagopoulos, Argyris; Haralambous, Katherine-Joanne; Loizidou, Maria (2019-11-25). "Desalination brine disposal methods and treatment technologies - A review".
3304:
2564:
Takman, Maria; Svahn, Ola; Paul, Catherine; Cimbritz, Michael; Blomqvist, Stefan; Struckmann
Poulsen, Jan; Lund Nielsen, Jeppe; Davidsson, Åsa (2023-10-15).
1409:
1085:
plants also exist, which use grid electricity to pump water uphill when demand is low, and use the stored water to produce electricity when demand is high.
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2889:
Reducing the
Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Water and Sanitation Services: Overview of emissions and their potential reduction illustrated by utility know-how
30:
This article is about all types of waters that are of potential use to humans. For a naturally occurring type of water resource that humans use a lot, see
333:
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2007:
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disturbed soils in dry areas and during times of below-average rainfall. In addition to these uses, irrigation is also employed to protect crops from
136:. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction present above ground or in the air. Natural sources of
1776:
planning and implementation tool for managing and developing water resources in a way that balances social and economic needs, and that ensures the
1546:
Water resource management is the activity of planning, developing, distributing and managing the optimum use of water resources. It is an aspect of
2412:
van Vliet, Michelle T H; Jones, Edward R; Flörke, Martina; Franssen, Wietse H P; Hanasaki, Naota; Wada, Yoshihide; Yearsley, John R (2021-02-01).
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are examples of arid areas. Economic water scarcity results from a lack of investment in infrastructure or technology to draw water from rivers,
1476:
768:
Schematic illustration of a proposed approach for capturing moisture above the ocean surface and transporting it to proximal land for improving
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1940:
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Economic efficiency: bringing the greatest benefit to the greatest number of users possible with the available financial and water resources.
1635:
1624:
3634:); Conflict Barometer 2007:Crises – Wars – Coups d'État – Nagotiations – Mediations – Peace Settlements, 16th annual conflict analysis, 2007
827:
require large quantities of water in the spring, and no water at all in the winter. Other users have a continuous need for water, such as a
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Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users, planners and policy-makers at all levels;
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for over 5,000 years and has been developed by many cultures around the world. Irrigation helps to grow crops, maintain landscapes, and
1731:, which was attended by a more varied group of stakeholders than the preceding conferences and contributed to the creation of the GWP.
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3736:
3240:
1521:
933:, which involves the removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given location, is often studied in conjunction with irrigation.
660:. Some water-demanding activities do not require high grade water. In this case, wastewater can be reused with little or no treatment.
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1399:
conflicts. Water conflicts arise for several reasons, including territorial disputes, a fight for resources, and strategic advantage.
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4211:
1826:
1819:
1638:, originally articulated in 1992 at the Dublin (January) and Rio (July) conferences. The four Dublin Principles, promulgated in the
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5303:
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Ibisch, Ralf B.; Bogardi, Janos J.; Borchardt, Dietrich (2016), Borchardt, Dietrich; Bogardi, Janos J.; Ibisch, Ralf B. (eds.),
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1913:
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1082:
1021:
819:
Map of water stress and spatial variability of water yield along the delineated near-offshore region of 200 km across the world
576:
2301:
Shafeian, Nafise; Ranjbar, A.A.; Gorji, Tahereh B. (June 2022). "Progress in atmospheric water generation systems: A review".
2261:
1058:. Water withdrawal can be very high for certain industries, but consumption is generally much lower than that of agriculture.
4212:"Advantages of integrated and sustainability based assessment for metabolism based strategic planning of urban water systems"
2017:
1577:
1508:
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944:, water is piped to one or more central locations within the field and distributed by overhead high-pressure water devices.
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is another important source. It is important to consider the economic and environmental side effects of these technologies.
3308:
2767:"Making the Deserts Bloom: Harnessing nature to deliver us from drought, Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 239"
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4593:
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Andersson, K., Rosemarin, A., Lamizana, B., Kvarnström, E., McConville, J., Seidu, R., Dickin, S. and
Trimmer, C. (2016).
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1997:
1962:
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At present, only about 0.08 percent of all the world's fresh water is accessible. And there is ever-increasing demand for
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2057:
2022:
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3910:"International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005-2015. Focus Areas: Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)"
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1992:
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Water is also used in many large scale industrial processes, such as thermoelectric power production, oil refining,
940:, also known as gravity irrigation, is the oldest form of irrigation and has been in use for thousands of years. In
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1972:
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Implementation of these principles has guided reform of national water management law around the world since 1992.
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1456:) is occurring for example in Asia, South America and North America. It is still unclear how much natural renewal
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2052:
2042:
1977:
1967:
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1330:
1221:. Physical water scarcity is where there is not enough water to meet all demands. This includes water needed for
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2012:
1987:
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is a low-cost, non-polluting, renewable energy source. Significantly, hydroelectric power can also be used for
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3725:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 551–712, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.006.
3340:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 551–712, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.006.
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recommended IWRM and discussed information sharing, stakeholder participation, and gender and class dynamics.
1439:. Reduction in water quality due to extreme events can also occur. Faster melting of glaciers can also occur.
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5404:
5293:
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because water security is a goal or destination, whilst IWRM is the process necessary to achieve that goal.
1646:
Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the environment;
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within the scope of the entire river basin. IUWM is commonly seen as a strategy for achieving the goals of
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5650:
5522:
4661:
4603:
3614:
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Raveesh, G.; Goyal, R.; Tyagi, S.K. (July 2021). "Advances in atmospheric water generation technologies".
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1281:, with a negative impact on their uses. It is usually a result of human activities. Water bodies include
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derives energy from the force of water flowing downhill, driving a turbine connected to a generator. This
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Researchers proposed air capture over oceans which would "significantly increasing freshwater through the
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type flows in urban water system can also be useful for analysing processes in urban water cycle of IUWM.
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Asit K.B. (2004). Integrated Water Resources Management: A Reassessment, Water International, 29(2), 251
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1245:, or other water sources. It also results from weak human capacity to meet water demand. Many people in
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Liu, Pang-Wei; Famiglietti, James S.; Purdy, Adam J.; Adams, Kyra H.; et al. (19 December 2022).
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Due to its energy consumption, desalinating sea water is generally more costly than fresh water from
685:. More generally, desalination is the removal of salts and minerals from a substance. One example is
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are acknowledged as users and that adequate allocation is made to sustain their natural functioning.
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standard even though only a very small proportion is actually consumed or used in food preparation.
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3047:"Model suggests a billion people could get safe drinking water from hypothetical harvesting device"
2489:. Nairobi and Stockholm: United Nations Environment Programme and Stockholm Environment Institute.
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Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic good.
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Natural surface water can be augmented by importing surface water from another watershed through a
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2414:"Global water scarcity including surface water quality and expansions of clean water technologies"
1511:, local climatic change, soil chemistry changes, and other deterioration of the local environment.
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1723:. This concept aims to promote changes in practices which are considered fundamental to improved
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and seeks to allocate water on an equitable basis to satisfy all uses and demands. As with other
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use desalination. Modern interest in desalination mostly focuses on cost-effective provision of
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1801:
1604:. Due to the small percentage of water available, optimizing the fresh water we have left from
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Sanitation, Wastewater Management and Sustainability: from Waste Disposal to Resource Recovery
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Water for Food, Water for Life: A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture
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held in Johannesburg, which aimed to encourage the implementation of IWRM at a global level.
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of water use on the natural environment. The observation of water as an integral part of the
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Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
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mix with these water bodies. Contaminants can come from one of four main sources. These are
1070:
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945:
657:
614:
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243:
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1538:). Water resources 1961-90, water use around 2000. Computed by the global freshwater model
869:(also referred to as watering of plants) is the practice of applying controlled amounts of
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2128: – Interdisciplinary field studying the dynamic interactions between water and people
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resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is
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509:'s subsurface contains some water, which may be mixed with other fluids in some instances.
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definition, IWRM rests upon three principles that together act as the overall framework:
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allows water to remain an alternative water source for human activities. This can reduce
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and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant
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There are several methods of irrigation that differ in how water is supplied to plants.
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3671:"Drought and groundwater management: Interconnections, challenges, and policyresponses"
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Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene : 2017 update and SDG baselines
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discharges, industrial activities, agricultural activities, and urban runoff including
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It is estimated that 8% of worldwide water use is for domestic purposes. These include
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United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008
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in the world is groundwater. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an
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from natural sources, or water produced artificially from other sources, such as from
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3815:"Groundwater depletion in California's Central Valley accelerates during megadrought"
3669:
Petersen-Perlman, Jacob D.; Aguilar-Barajas, Ismael; Megdal, Sharon B. (2022-08-01).
3279:"Global WASH Fast Facts | Global Water, Sanitation and Hygiene | Healthy Water | CDC"
2915:
2886:
Alix, Alexandre; Bellet, Laurent; Trommsdorff, Corinne; Audureau, Iris, eds. (2022).
2872:
2682:
2398:
2322:
2152:
2131:
1909:
1773:
1634:
Sustainable water management requires a holistic approach based on the principles of
1593:
1457:
1322:
1278:
1031:
954:
732:
589:
478:
234:
214:
141:
130:
4286:
4234:
4014:
3164:
2936:"Increasing freshwater supply to sustainably address global water security at scale"
2815:
2658:
2590:
2565:
5549:
5507:
5283:
5234:
5170:
5026:
4930:
4697:
4577:
4543:
3997:
3973:"Integrated water resources management: evolution, prospects and future challenges"
3972:
3799:
3606:
2390:
2258:
2143:
2107:
1881:
1846:
1597:
1487:
1469:
1453:
1238:
1230:
1174:
1166:
1132:
894:
787:
779:
over oceans" to address present and, especially, future water scarcity/insecurity.
748:
682:
678:
671:
601:
548:
464:
222:
192:
118:
110:
90:
1908:
and governance is handled differently by different countries. For example, in the
4268:"Modelling metabolism based performance of an urban water system using WaterMet2"
4104:
Managing Water, Soil and Waste Resources to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals
3891:
United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017,
1780:
for future generations. In addition, in light of contributing the achievement of
1652:
Women play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of water;
319:
is estimated to have the largest supply of fresh water in the world, followed by
282:. The only natural input to any surface water system is precipitation within its
5645:
5589:
5411:
5389:
5384:
5251:
5128:
5094:
5082:
4970:
4893:
4638:
4608:
4533:
4523:
4489:
4451:
4406:
4072:
3695:
3670:
3521:"In Africa, War Over Water Looms As Ethiopia Nears Completion Of Nile River Dam"
3375:
2752:
1889:
1885:
1870:
1838:
1601:
1503:
1491:
1449:
1432:
1391:
1310:
1302:
1210:
960:
890:
828:
736:
722:
593:
498:
448:
424:
408:
384:
377:
271:
218:
210:
188:
153:
145:
137:
122:
98:
57:
31:
17:
3877:
3839:
3123:
2960:
2438:
2413:
2314:
367:
5752:
5569:
5527:
5469:
5438:
5077:
5009:
4947:
4920:
4883:
4112:
3250:
2278:"What is Groundwater? | International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre"
2097:
1893:
1854:
1850:
1834:
1830:
1743:
1535:
1428:
1342:
1318:
1258:
1112:
1100:
980:
968:
866:
847:
726:
706:
702:
585:
482:
460:
106:
94:
4163:
4006:
3704:
3184:
3131:
2997:"Researchers propose new structures to harvest untapped source of freshwater"
2969:
2864:
2666:
2599:
2532:
2447:
1918:
5635:
5517:
5325:
5320:
5298:
5187:
5180:
4999:
4994:
4901:
4878:
4643:
4538:
4504:
4181:. Australia's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (
3100:"Global potential for harvesting drinking water from air using solar energy"
2277:
2101:
1705:
1620:
1612:
1562:
Ideally, water resource management planning has regard to all the competing
1461:
1306:
1298:
1234:
1222:
1170:
1145:
1116:
914:
859:
718:
690:
629:
468:
161:
89:
that are potentially useful for humans, for example as a source of drinking
4252:
4064:
Integrated Water Resources Management: Concept, Research and Implementation
3858:
3791:
3394:. London: Earthscan, and Colombo: International Water Management Institute.
3149:
3072:"Solar-powered harvesters could produce clean water for one billion people"
2987:
2823:
2725:
2674:
2607:
2550:
2354:
2337:
3933:
Sadoff, Claudia; Grey, David; Borgomeo, Edoardo (2020). "Water Security".
3486:
3422:
3405:
2897:
1788:
Political will and commitment, capacity development, adequate investment,
5762:
5330:
5256:
5197:
5192:
5140:
5050:
5021:
5014:
5004:
4935:
4909:
4905:
4897:
3595:
1539:
1119:. Pollution includes discharged solutes and increased water temperature (
992:
930:
808:
694:
625:
621:. It also eases pressures on groundwater and other natural water bodies.
420:
400:
114:
47:
4038:"Integrated Water Resources Management: Basic Concepts | IWA Publishing"
3783:
3169:. Vol. 1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
604:, businesses, and industry. It is possible to treat wastewater to reach
5630:
5426:
5421:
5367:
5273:
5202:
5045:
4846:
4295:
4243:
4205:
4203:
3878:"Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)
2934:
Rahman, Afeefa; Kumar, Praveen; Dominguez, Francina (6 December 2022).
2509:"A review of polymeric membranes and processes for potable water reuse"
1611:
Much effort in water resource management is directed at optimizing the
1499:
1294:
1242:
1162:
1158:
1055:
1039:
486:
474:
444:
423:
and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the
412:
404:
355:
259:
239:
133:
126:
4730:
4144:
Jonathan Parkinson; J. A. Goldenfum; Carlos E. M. Tucci, eds. (2010).
3722:
3337:
3025:"Water, water, everywhere — and maybe here's how to make it drinkable"
2238:
473:
Typically, groundwater is thought of as water flowing through shallow
195:) is occurring for example in Asia, South America and North America.
5479:
5444:
5268:
5224:
5072:
4870:
3578:(4). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Archived from
3569:"Water, Conflict, and Cooperation: Lessons from the nile river Basin"
1684:
Integrated water resources management (IWRM) has been defined by the
1314:
1177:
at around 50 liters per person per day, excluding water for gardens.
926:
922:
572:
324:
320:
316:
267:
4741:
4179:"Advancing IUWM through an understanding of the urban water balance"
2837:
Cohen, Yoram (2021). "Advances in Water Desalination Technologies".
1880:
type ones in which integration of water system components including
5512:
5352:
5278:
5065:
4515:
4456:
4441:
4382:
4182:
3896:
2846:
1800:
1529:
1475:
1370:
1290:
1286:
1257:
1144:
972:
906:
898:
870:
853:
814:
801:
763:
710:
689:. This is important for agriculture. It is possible to desalinate
580:
524:
506:
440:
392:
388:
306:
238:
86:
3196:
3194:
1559:
are increasingly being used to strengthen water decision-making.
1209:(closely related to water stress or water crisis) is the lack of
431:
from the surface; it may discharge from the surface naturally at
415:
when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which
5457:
5313:
5308:
5288:
5162:
5113:
4957:
2338:"Review of sustainable methods for atmospheric water harvesting"
1534:
Global values of water resources and human water use (excluding
1380:
1282:
1000:
976:
918:
902:
886:
878:
874:
824:
729:, it is one of the few water resources independent of rainfall.
714:
610:
452:
416:
291:
255:
167:
Water resources are under threat from multiple issues. There is
4745:
4355:
1922:
1329:. This form of pollution can lead to many problems. One is the
463:. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is
5416:
5060:
4446:
3525:
2336:
Jarimi, Hasila; Powell, Richard; Riffat, Saffa (18 May 2020).
1480:
Within a long period of groundwater depletion in California's
1043:
600:. Reused water also serve various needs in residences such as
149:
3001:
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign via techxplore.com
2929:
2927:
2925:
4420:
535:
There are several artificial sources of fresh water. One is
4341:
1173:. Basic domestic water requirements have been estimated by
4067:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 3–32,
3737:"Glaciers May Melt Even Faster Than Expected, Study Finds"
3645:"Flooding and Climate Change: Everything You Need to Know"
2140: – Law and regulations that relate to water resources
782:
A 2021 study proposed hypothetical portable solar-powered
1383:
flows by as much as 25% and devastate Egyptian farmlands.
527:
areas where pot-holes and underground rivers are common.
4351:
4346:
3628:
Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research
2696:
Fischetti, Mark (September 2007). "Fresh from the Sea".
2146: – Right of a user to use water from a water source
3166:
Frost protection: fundamentals, practice, and economics
2239:"The World's Water 2006–2007 Tables, Pacific Institute"
2148:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1115:. Discharge of untreated water from industrial uses is
1026:
It is estimated that 22% of worldwide water is used in
790:
generation may sometimes "undermine efforts to develop
485:(frozen soil), immobile water in very low permeability
4146:
Integrated urban water management : humid tropics
1793:
translate the agreed principles into concrete action.
841:
Sustainable Water and Innovative Irrigation Management
628:. The following are some of the typical technologies:
4342:
Portal to international hydrology and water resources
3971:
Rahaman, Muhammad Mizanur; Varis, Olli (April 2005).
3935:
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science
3675:
Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health
3328:
3326:
2134: – Concept on hidden water in traded commodities
1574:
of the current and future water resource allocation.
613:
countries. Reusing wastewater as part of sustainable
3406:"Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal"
2121:
List of countries by total renewable water resources
953:
delivers water directly to the root zone of plants.
5761:
5619:
5500:
5360:
5351:
5161:
4956:
4869:
4839:
4788:
4779:
4654:
4586:
4513:
4472:
4432:
4389:
4347:
Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management Toolbox
1390:conflict between countries, states, or groups over
588:of gardens and agricultural fields or replenishing
477:, but, in the technical sense, it can also contain
371:
Relative groundwater travel times in the subsurface
66: Other Freshwater (e.g., Soil Moisture) (0.7%)
4101:Hülsmann, Stephan; Ardakanian, Reza, eds. (2018).
2218:"Scientific Facts on Water: State of the Resource"
1760:In 2002, the development of IWRM was discussed at
1452:is steadily decreasing. Groundwater depletion (or
681:is a process that removes mineral components from
191:is steadily decreasing. Groundwater depletion (or
4337:Renewable water resources in the world by country
2116:List of sovereign states by freshwater withdrawal
1054:, and manufacturing plants, which use water as a
751:) or membrane-based methods (e.g. in the case of
584:water, whether planned or not. Reuse may include
2627:, via dictionary.com. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
2342:International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies
1892:subsystems would be advantageous. Simulation of
1711:Some scholars say that IWRM is complementary to
1700:in an equitable manner without compromising the
1003:, which is common in many parts of the world as
125:; slightly over two-thirds of this is frozen in
3450:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
1608:has been a growing challenge around the world.
1502:. Groundwater is one of the largest sources of
1341:when people use polluted water for drinking or
1277:(or aquatic pollution) is the contamination of
1077:unlike most renewable energy sources which are
497:water. Groundwater is hypothesized to provide
4757:
4367:
1934:
1805:Typical urban water cycle depicting drinking
1688:as "a process which promotes the coordinated
459:use by constructing and operating extraction
40:Distribution of freshwater resources by type
8:
3977:Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy
1410:Effects of climate change on the water cycle
1127:Drinking water and domestic use (households)
501:that can possibly influence the movement of
407:. About 30 percent of all readily available
266:and naturally lost through discharge to the
262:. Surface water is naturally replenished by
27:Sources of water that are potentially useful
4107:. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
3876:Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018)
2177:Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2023
1762:the World Summit on Sustainable Development
5623:
5357:
4785:
4764:
4750:
4742:
4374:
4360:
4352:
3263:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1941:
1927:
1919:
1752:Ecological sustainability: requiring that
447:. Groundwater is also often withdrawn for
4294:
4242:
3996:
3848:
3838:
3694:
3618:Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 79-112 (Summer 1993).
3495:Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
3421:
3163:Snyder, R. L.; Melo-Abreu, J. P. (2005).
3139:
2977:
2959:
2589:
2540:
2437:
2353:
2155: – Storage of water by various means
2625:The American Heritage Science Dictionary
2303:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
1249:are living with economic water scarcity.
983:) or from non-conventional sources like
366:
3567:Kameri-Mbote, Patricia (January 2007).
3501:from the original on September 18, 2021
3463:10.1002/0471238961.1615121205031105.a01
2164:
1845:management plan. It builds on existing
329:
3943:10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.609
3491:Environmental Health Education Program
3256:
1507:aquifer, such as soil compression and
971:), from surface water (withdrawn from
889:. Irrigation has been a key aspect of
862:, Spain. Irrigation canal on the left.
72: Directly Accessible Water (0.3%)
4275:Resources, Conservation and Recycling
3966:
3964:
3962:
3224:
3222:
1865:. IUWM seeks to change the impact of
1674:Integrated water resources management
1625:integrated water resources management
999:. Irrigation can be supplementary to
858:Irrigation of agricultural fields in
97:water. These resources can be either
7:
4715:
4148:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 2.
2639:The Science of the Total Environment
1782:Sustainable Development goals (SDGs)
1636:Integrated Water Resource Management
1321:. Water pollution may affect either
1229:often face physical water scarcity.
784:atmospheric water harvesting devices
3542:"Water Conflicts: Fight or Flight?"
3412:. Biological Wastewater Treatment.
2259:Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting
1829:(IUWM) is the practice of managing
1345:. Water pollution also reduces the
725:for human use. Along with recycled
254:Surface water is water in a river,
3630:(Department of Political Science,
3540:Tulloch, James (August 26, 2009).
3352:"Water scarcity: Fact or fiction?"
2841:. Vol. 17. WORLD SCIENTIFIC.
2718:10.1038/scientificamerican0907-118
2525:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.01.004
1857:settlement by incorporating urban
1522:Research Institute for Groundwater
1088:Thermoelectric power plants using
1030:. Major industrial users include
531:Artificial sources of usable water
294:beneath these storage bodies, the
25:
4266:Behzadian, k; Kapelan, Z (2015).
4210:Behzadian, K; Kapelan, Z (2015).
2199:. United States Geological Survey
2173:"Strains on freshwater resources"
1827:Integrated urban water management
1820:Integrated urban water management
187:. However, the world's supply of
152:. People use water resources for
5825:
5824:
4725:
4714:
4704:
4703:
4692:
4219:Science of the Total Environment
3202:"WBCSD Water Facts & Trends"
2795:Science of The Total Environment
2570:Science of the Total Environment
2461:Tuser, Cristina (May 24, 2022).
2371:Energy Conversion and Management
2100:
1818:This section is an excerpt from
1797:Managing water in urban settings
1468:This section is an excerpt from
1415:This section is an excerpt from
1363:This section is an excerpt from
1267:This section is an excerpt from
1199:This section is an excerpt from
846:This section is an excerpt from
835:Agriculture and other irrigation
670:This section is an excerpt from
560:This section is an excerpt from
376:This section is an excerpt from
332:
183:. Fresh water is in principle a
117:). 97% of the water on Earth is
4287:10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.03.015
4235:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.097
2816:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141528
2659:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.351
2591:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165185
1914:United States Geological Survey
1736:International Water Association
1417:Water security § Climate change
1394:to access water resources. The
1353:provided by the water resource.
1022:Industrial wastewater treatment
959:Irrigation water can come from
709:of the desalination process is
596:. This latter is also known as
340:Panorama of a natural wetland (
3998:10.1080/15487733.2005.11907961
2418:Environmental Research Letters
2391:10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114226
1686:Global Water Partnership (GWP)
1578:Sustainable Development Goal 6
792:permanent piped infrastructure
199:Natural sources of fresh water
1:
4594:Extraterrestrial liquid water
3404:Von Sperling, Marcos (2007).
3356:Agricultural Water Management
3350:Rijsberman, Frank R. (2006).
1490:is the process of extracting
571:is the process of converting
4790:Pollution / quality
2197:"Earth's water distribution"
1863:Water Sensitive Urban Design
1729:the second World Water Forum
1584:Sustainable water management
1375:Ethiopia's move to fill the
1225:to function. Regions with a
1083:Pumped-storage hydroelectric
545:atmospheric water generators
505:. It is likely that much of
4073:10.1007/978-3-319-25071-7_1
3696:10.1016/j.coesh.2022.100364
3376:10.1016/j.agwat.2005.07.001
2753:10.1016/j.desal.2018.01.002
2513:Progress in Polymer Science
1766:The third World Water Forum
1680:Integrated Flood Management
1036:thermoelectric power plants
760:Research into other options
205:Water distribution on Earth
5912:
5886:Water resources management
3840:10.1038/s41467-022-35582-x
3447:Eckenfelder Jr WW (2000).
3124:10.1038/s41586-021-03900-w
2994:University press release:
2961:10.1038/s41598-022-24314-2
2315:10.1016/j.rser.2022.112325
1949:Water resources by country
1817:
1677:
1519:
1467:
1435:storage, and reduction in
1414:
1407:
1379:'s reservoir could reduce
1362:
1266:
1198:
1130:
1018:Industrial water treatment
1015:
913:. It is also used to cool
845:
838:
669:
559:
467:, also called groundwater
375:
290:, the permeability of the
232:
202:
121:and only three percent is
29:
5871:Water and the environment
5820:
5626:
5361:Types / location
4687:
4418:
4113:10.1007/978-3-319-75163-4
3544:. Allianz. Archived from
3410:Water Intelligence Online
2771:Science History Institute
1954:
1906:Water resource management
1853:considerations within an
1725:water resource management
1666:) or intra-national (see
1516:Water resource management
250:volcano in northern Chile
3881:SDG-Tracker.org, website
3632:University of Heidelberg
2463:"What is potable reuse?"
2439:10.1088/1748-9326/abbfc3
1778:protection of ecosystems
1460:this usage, and whether
1444:Groundwater overdrafting
1169:, cleaning, laundry and
794:" among other problems.
1431:and cause a decline in
1337:. Another is spreading
1219:economic water scarcity
697:, to produce water for
579:into water that can be
395:'s surface in rock and
4604:Planetary oceanography
4426:
3615:International Security
2264:July 23, 2009, at the
1814:
1727:. IWRM was a topic of
1615:and in minimizing the
1548:water cycle management
1543:
1485:
1448:The world's supply of
1384:
1263:
1189:Challenges and threats
1150:
1109:natural gas extraction
1038:, which use water for
863:
820:
812:
772:
372:
251:
4424:
4177:Barton, A.B. (2009).
4042:www.iwapublishing.com
3819:Nature Communications
3611:"Water and conflict."
3455:John Wiley & Sons
3423:10.2166/9781780402086
2898:10.2166/9781789063172
1804:
1533:
1520:Further information:
1479:
1408:Further information:
1374:
1261:
1148:
1103:production and other
1050:, which use water in
857:
839:Further information:
818:
805:
767:
577:industrial wastewater
370:
242:
203:Further information:
5736:remnant natural area
5373:storage and recovery
5039:habitat conservation
4857:Deforestation (REDD)
4667:Ocean stratification
4500:Doubly labeled water
4221:. 527–528: 220–231.
3229:WHO, UNICEF (2017).
2839:Materials and Energy
2355:10.1093/ijlct/ctz072
2220:. GreenFacts Website
1668:Murray-Darling basin
1627:, based on the 1992
1617:environmental impact
1437:groundwater recharge
1339:water-borne diseases
1094:once-through cooling
942:sprinkler irrigation
909:fields, and prevent
777:capture of humid air
598:groundwater recharge
573:municipal wastewater
549:Desalinated seawater
280:groundwater recharge
217:, under river flow,
144:, under river flow,
5690:Earth Overshoot Day
5264:Marine conservation
5245:non-timber products
4672:Lake stratification
4655:Physical parameters
4227:2015ScTEn.527..220B
3989:2005SSPP....1...15R
3831:2022NatCo..13.7825L
3784:10.1038/nature11295
3776:2012Natur.488..197G
3741:Scientific American
3687:2022COESH..2800364P
3529:. 27 February 2018.
3368:2006AgWM...80....5R
3116:2021Natur.598..611L
2952:2022NatSR..1220262R
2808:2020ScTEn.74841528E
2710:2007SciAm.297c.118F
2698:Scientific American
2651:2019ScTEn.69333545P
2582:2023ScTEn.89565185T
2430:2021ERL....16b4020V
2383:2021ECM...23914226R
2138:Water resources law
1841:as components of a
1790:financial stability
1568:resource management
1526:Water resources law
1067:Hydroelectric power
1005:rainfed agriculture
642:membrane bioreactor
351:Water from glaciers
209:Natural sources of
5675:Ecosystem services
4798:Ambient standards
4619:List of Candidates
4480:Deuterium-depleted
4427:
3416:. IWA Publishing.
3078:. 13 November 2021
2940:Scientific Reports
2892:. IWA Publishing.
2008:Dominican Republic
1815:
1807:water purification
1754:aquatic ecosystems
1544:
1486:
1385:
1347:ecosystem services
1335:aquatic ecosystems
1264:
1247:Sub-Saharan Africa
1151:
1052:chemical processes
985:treated wastewater
938:Surface irrigation
911:soil consolidation
864:
821:
813:
773:
745:water conservation
654:advanced oxidation
537:treated wastewater
373:
276:evapotranspiration
252:
185:renewable resource
5866:Natural resources
5838:
5837:
5816:
5815:
5615:
5614:
5294:genetic resources
5230:genetic resources
4865:
4864:
4773:Natural resources
4739:
4738:
4679:Ocean temperature
4311:"Water Resources"
4185:). Archived from
4155:978-0-203-88117-0
4122:978-3-319-75162-7
4082:978-3-319-25069-4
3952:978-0-19-938941-4
3770:(7410): 197–200.
3735:Harvey, Chelsea.
3497:. July 23, 2013.
3493:. Cambridge, MA:
3487:"Water Pollution"
3472:978-0-471-48494-3
3433:978-1-78040-208-6
3176:978-92-5-105328-7
3110:(7882): 611–617.
2907:978-1-78906-317-2
2856:978-981-12-2697-7
2495:978-92-807-3488-1
2467:Wastewater Digest
2090:
2089:
1867:urban development
1629:Dublin Principles
1606:natural resources
1564:demands for water
1557:adaptive capacity
1121:thermal pollution
1061:Water is used in
989:desalinated water
699:human consumption
687:soil desalination
665:Desalinated water
638:aerobic treatment
569:Water reclamation
427:. Groundwater is
342:Sinclair Wetlands
83:natural resources
16:(Redirected from
5903:
5876:Water management
5828:
5827:
5779:
5726:Natural heritage
5685:overexploitation
5624:
5358:
5304:herbal medicines
5284:FAO Plant Treaty
4824:
4801:
4786:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4743:
4729:
4718:
4717:
4707:
4706:
4696:
4599:Asteroidal water
4587:Extraterrestrial
4376:
4369:
4362:
4353:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4272:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4246:
4216:
4207:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4034:
4028:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4000:
3968:
3957:
3956:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3906:
3900:
3889:
3883:
3874:
3868:
3867:of chart itself)
3862:
3852:
3842:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3732:
3726:
3719:Chapter 4: Water
3715:
3709:
3708:
3698:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3641:
3635:
3625:
3619:
3604:
3598:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3576:Navigating Peace
3573:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3425:
3401:
3395:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3347:
3341:
3334:Chapter 4: Water
3330:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3311:on 16 April 2013
3307:. Archived from
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3262:
3254:
3226:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3204:. Archived from
3198:
3189:
3188:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3143:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2991:
2981:
2963:
2931:
2920:
2919:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2773:. March 19, 2019
2763:
2757:
2756:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2634:
2628:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2593:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2544:
2503:
2497:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2441:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2282:www.un-igrac.org
2274:
2268:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:. Worldwater.org
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2169:
2149:
2110:
2105:
2104:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1920:
1859:water management
1811:sewage treatment
1721:Dublin Statement
1640:Dublin Statement
1464:are threatened.
1071:hydroelectricity
963:(extracted from
946:Micro-irrigation
883:landscape plants
786:. However, such
713:. Many seagoing
658:activated carbon
615:water management
555:Wastewater reuse
514:Under river flow
397:soil pore spaces
391:present beneath
336:
71:
65:
55:
45:
21:
18:Water Management
5911:
5910:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5900:
5851:Aquatic ecology
5841:
5840:
5839:
5834:
5812:
5777:
5757:
5743:Systems ecology
5709:Natural capital
5611:
5496:
5485:reclaimed water
5347:
5309:UPOV Convention
5157:
4952:
4861:
4835:
4831:Ozone depletion
4822:
4799:
4775:
4770:
4740:
4735:
4683:
4650:
4582:
4509:
4468:
4428:
4416:
4385:
4380:
4333:
4328:
4319:
4317:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4270:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4214:
4209:
4208:
4201:
4192:
4190:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4156:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4123:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4060:
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4055:
4046:
4044:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4026:
4022:
3970:
3969:
3960:
3953:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3918:
3916:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3890:
3886:
3875:
3871:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3745:
3743:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3716:
3712:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3654:
3652:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3626:
3622:
3605:
3601:
3594:
3590:
3582:
3571:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3551:
3549:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3504:
3502:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3434:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3387:
3383:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3331:
3324:
3314:
3312:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3288:
3286:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3255:
3243:
3228:
3227:
3220:
3211:
3209:
3200:
3199:
3192:
3177:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3081:
3079:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3055:
3053:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3027:
3023:McDonald, Bob.
3022:
3021:
3017:
3005:
3003:
2995:
2933:
2932:
2923:
2908:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2857:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2776:
2774:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2619:
2615:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2484:
2480:
2471:
2469:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2286:
2284:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2266:Wayback Machine
2257:
2253:
2244:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2202:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2181:
2179:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2147:
2126:Socio-hydrology
2106:
2099:
2096:
2091:
2086:
1950:
1947:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1869:on the natural
1823:
1799:
1682:
1676:
1586:
1528:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1509:land subsidence
1473:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1420:
1412:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1368:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1275:Water pollution
1272:
1269:Water pollution
1256:
1254:Water pollution
1251:
1250:
1204:
1196:
1191:
1167:toilet flushing
1143:
1141:Water footprint
1131:Main articles:
1129:
1063:renewable power
1024:
1014:
1009:
1008:
951:Drip irrigation
851:
843:
837:
800:
762:
757:
756:
755:) energy types.
753:reverse osmosis
741:water recycling
675:
667:
662:
661:
650:reverse osmosis
646:forward osmosis
634:ultrafiltration
602:toilet flushing
565:
562:Reclaimed water
557:
541:reclaimed water
533:
516:
511:
510:
439:, and can form
419:pore spaces or
405:rock formations
381:
365:
353:
346:
337:
258:or fresh water
237:
231:
207:
201:
173:water pollution
103:reclaimed water
79:Water resources
76:
75:
74:
73:
69:
67:
63:
61:
53:
51:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5909:
5907:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5891:Water industry
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5843:
5842:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5810:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5778:(perpetuation)
5773:
5767:
5765:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5731:Nature reserve
5728:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5716:
5706:
5705:
5704:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5687:
5677:
5672:
5671:
5670:
5665:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5627:
5621:
5617:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5602:
5592:
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5488:
5487:
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5472:
5467:
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5465:
5455:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5414:
5409:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5364:
5362:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5338:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5208:climate change
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5176:Bioprospecting
5173:
5167:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5148:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5097:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5080:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5058:
5053:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4962:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4875:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4821:Clean Air Act
4813:
4808:
4803:
4794:
4792:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4761:
4754:
4746:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4722:
4711:
4700:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4662:Stratification
4658:
4656:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4531:
4526:
4520:
4518:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4497:
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4476:
4474:
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4466:
4465:
4464:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4438:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4332:
4331:External links
4329:
4327:
4326:
4302:
4258:
4199:
4169:
4154:
4136:
4121:
4093:
4081:
4053:
4029:
4020:
3958:
3951:
3925:
3901:
3884:
3869:
3825:(7825): 7825.
3805:
3752:
3727:
3710:
3661:
3636:
3620:
3599:
3588:
3585:on 2010-07-06.
3559:
3532:
3512:
3478:
3471:
3439:
3432:
3396:
3381:
3342:
3322:
3295:
3270:
3242:978-9241512893
3241:
3218:
3190:
3175:
3155:
3089:
3063:
3037:
3015:
3013:
3012:
2921:
2906:
2878:
2855:
2829:
2784:
2758:
2731:
2704:(3): 118–119.
2688:
2629:
2623:(definition),
2621:"Desalination"
2613:
2556:
2498:
2478:
2453:
2404:
2361:
2348:(2): 253–276.
2328:
2293:
2269:
2251:
2230:
2209:
2188:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2150:
2141:
2135:
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2123:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2095:
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2088:
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2080:
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2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1923:
1902:
1899:
1878:sustainability
1824:
1816:
1809:and municipal
1798:
1795:
1758:
1757:
1750:
1747:
1713:water security
1702:sustainability
1698:social welfare
1675:
1672:
1664:water conflict
1657:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1585:
1582:
1572:sustainability
1552:climate change
1517:
1514:
1482:Central Valley
1474:
1466:
1445:
1442:
1424:climate change
1421:
1413:
1405:
1404:Climate change
1402:
1396:United Nations
1387:Water conflict
1369:
1365:Water conflict
1361:
1359:
1358:Water conflict
1356:
1351:drinking water
1273:
1265:
1262:Polluted water
1255:
1252:
1227:desert climate
1207:Water scarcity
1205:
1201:Water scarcity
1197:
1195:
1194:Water scarcity
1192:
1190:
1187:
1155:drinking water
1149:Drinking water
1137:Drinking water
1128:
1125:
1105:chemical plant
1090:cooling towers
1075:load following
1048:oil refineries
1013:
1010:
997:fog collection
993:drainage water
925:, and support
852:
844:
836:
833:
799:
796:
770:water security
761:
758:
676:
668:
666:
663:
606:drinking water
575:or sewage and
566:
558:
556:
553:
543:). Another is
532:
529:
521:hyporheic zone
515:
512:
382:
374:
364:
361:
352:
349:
348:
347:
344:, New Zealand)
338:
331:
233:Main article:
230:
227:
200:
197:
181:climate change
177:water conflict
169:water scarcity
68:
62:
52:
42:
38:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5908:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5831:
5823:
5822:
5819:
5809:
5808:Non-renewable
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5760:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5748:Urban ecology
5746:
5744:
5741:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5710:
5707:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5698:
5695:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5656:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5625:
5622:
5618:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5580:Privatization
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5493:
5490:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5475:Surface water
5473:
5471:
5468:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5447:
5446:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5350:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5250:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5223:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5139:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5108:
5105:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5044:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4977:
4976:peak farmland
4974:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4949:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4832:
4829:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4767:
4762:
4760:
4755:
4753:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4732:
4728:
4723:
4721:
4712:
4710:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4690:
4689:
4686:
4680:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4614:Hycean planet
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4585:
4579:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4512:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4425:Water droplet
4423:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4377:
4372:
4370:
4365:
4363:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4316:
4312:
4306:
4303:
4297:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4259:
4254:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4189:on 2008-03-24
4188:
4184:
4180:
4173:
4170:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4147:
4140:
4137:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4105:
4097:
4094:
4084:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4057:
4054:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4030:
4024:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3954:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3926:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3809:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3756:
3753:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3711:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3662:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3624:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3592:
3589:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3563:
3560:
3548:on 2008-08-29
3547:
3543:
3536:
3533:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3505:September 18,
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3474:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3443:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3385:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3362:(1–3): 5–22.
3361:
3357:
3353:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3296:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3208:on 2012-03-01
3207:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3093:
3090:
3077:
3076:Physics World
3073:
3067:
3064:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3038:
3026:
3019:
3016:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2882:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2848:
2847:10.1142/12009
2844:
2840:
2833:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2788:
2785:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2424:(2): 024020.
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2362:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2294:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2255:
2252:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2159:
2154:
2153:Water storage
2151:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2132:Virtual water
2130:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1910:United States
1907:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1774:participatory
1769:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1631:(see below).
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1594:manufacturing
1591:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1478:
1471:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1366:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1323:surface water
1320:
1316:
1312:
1309:results when
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1260:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1217:The other is
1216:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:hydroelectric
1029:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
956:
955:Subirrigation
952:
947:
943:
939:
934:
932:
928:
924:
921:, dispose of
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
877:to help grow
876:
872:
868:
861:
856:
849:
842:
834:
832:
830:
826:
817:
810:
804:
797:
795:
793:
789:
785:
780:
778:
771:
766:
759:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
733:surface water
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
693:, especially
692:
688:
684:
680:
673:
664:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
622:
620:
616:
612:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
590:surface water
587:
582:
578:
574:
570:
563:
554:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
530:
528:
526:
522:
513:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:oil formation
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:soil moisture
476:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
379:
369:
362:
360:
357:
350:
345:
343:
335:
330:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
312:
308:
303:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
264:precipitation
261:
257:
249:
245:
244:Lake Chungará
241:
236:
235:Surface water
229:Surface water
228:
226:
224:
220:
216:
215:surface water
212:
206:
198:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
142:surface water
139:
135:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
59:
49:
41:
33:
19:
5881:Water supply
5806: /
5680:Exploitation
5594:
5565:Conservation
5508:Desalination
5443:
5336:conservation
5171:Biodiversity
5119:conservation
4966:Agricultural
4894:Fossil fuels
4560:
4544:Hydrobiology
4529:Distribution
4318:. Retrieved
4315:www.usgs.gov
4314:
4305:
4278:
4274:
4261:
4218:
4191:. Retrieved
4187:the original
4172:
4145:
4139:
4103:
4096:
4086:, retrieved
4063:
4056:
4045:. Retrieved
4041:
4032:
4023:
3983:(1): 15–21.
3980:
3976:
3934:
3928:
3917:. Retrieved
3913:
3904:
3897:A/RES/71/313
3887:
3880:
3872:
3822:
3818:
3808:
3767:
3761:
3755:
3744:. Retrieved
3740:
3730:
3713:
3678:
3674:
3664:
3653:. Retrieved
3651:. 2019-04-10
3649:www.nrdc.org
3648:
3639:
3623:
3613:
3607:Peter Gleick
3602:
3591:
3580:the original
3575:
3562:
3550:. Retrieved
3546:the original
3535:
3524:
3515:
3503:. Retrieved
3490:
3481:
3449:
3442:
3413:
3409:
3399:
3389:
3388:IWMI (2007)
3384:
3359:
3355:
3345:
3313:. Retrieved
3309:the original
3298:
3287:. Retrieved
3285:. 2018-11-09
3282:
3273:
3231:
3210:. Retrieved
3206:the original
3165:
3158:
3107:
3103:
3092:
3080:. Retrieved
3075:
3066:
3054:. Retrieved
3050:
3045:Yirka, Bob.
3040:
3028:. Retrieved
3018:
3004:. Retrieved
3000:
2946:(1): 20262.
2943:
2939:
2888:
2881:
2838:
2832:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2775:. Retrieved
2770:
2761:
2744:
2741:Desalination
2740:
2734:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2624:
2616:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2516:
2512:
2501:
2481:
2470:. Retrieved
2466:
2456:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2345:
2341:
2331:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2285:. Retrieved
2281:
2272:
2254:
2243:. Retrieved
2233:
2222:. Retrieved
2212:
2201:. Retrieved
2191:
2180:. Retrieved
2176:
2167:
2144:Water rights
2108:Water portal
2073:Saudi Arabia
1904:
1882:water supply
1847:water supply
1825:
1786:
1770:
1759:
1733:
1717:
1710:
1683:
1661:
1658:
1633:
1623:is based on
1613:use of water
1610:
1587:
1576:
1561:
1545:
1498:yield of an
1488:Overdrafting
1470:Overdrafting
1454:overdrafting
1447:
1311:contaminants
1279:water bodies
1239:North Africa
1231:Central Asia
1218:
1214:
1183:
1179:
1175:Peter Gleick
1152:
1133:Water supply
1098:
1087:
1079:intermittent
1065:generation.
1060:
1025:
967:or by using
935:
929:operations.
865:
822:
788:off-the-grid
781:
774:
749:distillation
683:saline water
679:Desalination
677:
672:Desalination
567:
534:
517:
465:hydrogeology
449:agricultural
383:
354:
339:
315:
304:
300:
253:
223:frozen water
208:
193:overdrafting
166:
164:activities.
154:agricultural
150:frozen water
91:water supply
78:
77:
39:
5799:Nationalism
5771:Common-pool
5412:Hydrosphere
5405:remediation
5390:Groundwater
4985:Degradation
4609:Ocean world
4534:Hydrosphere
4462:superheated
4296:10871/17108
4244:10871/17351
3303:Water Aid.
3283:www.cdc.gov
3082:15 November
3056:15 November
3051:Tech Xplore
2519:: 209–237.
2018:El Salvador
1890:storm water
1886:waste water
1871:water cycle
1839:storm water
1690:development
1602:agriculture
1504:fresh water
1496:equilibrium
1494:beyond the
1492:groundwater
1450:groundwater
1433:groundwater
1422:Impacts of
1331:degradation
1327:groundwater
1303:groundwater
1211:fresh water
961:groundwater
901:, suppress
891:agriculture
829:power plant
737:groundwater
723:fresh water
594:groundwater
499:lubrication
489:, and deep
425:water table
399:and in the
385:Groundwater
378:Groundwater
363:Groundwater
272:evaporation
219:groundwater
211:fresh water
189:groundwater
146:groundwater
138:fresh water
123:fresh water
111:desalinated
58:Groundwater
32:fresh water
5896:Sanitation
5861:Irrigation
5845:Categories
5794:Extraction
5753:Wilderness
5714:accounting
5697:Management
5663:ecological
5651:tragedy of
5570:Peak water
5555:Efficiency
5528:Sanitation
5470:Stormwater
5463:harvesting
5439:Irrigation
5341:management
5299:gene banks
5240:management
5218:management
5134:resilience
5100:phosphorus
5056:industrial
5034:Management
5010:soundscape
4916:Geothermal
4731:Wiktionary
4566:management
4412:Properties
4320:2021-09-17
4193:2009-09-14
4088:2020-11-14
4047:2020-11-18
3919:2020-11-18
3914:www.un.org
3746:2023-07-11
3681:: 100364.
3655:2023-07-11
3552:14 January
3289:2019-04-09
3251:1010983346
3235:. Geneva.
3212:2009-03-12
3030:17 January
3006:17 January
2802:: 141528.
2645:: 133545.
2576:: 165185.
2472:2022-08-29
2377:: 114226.
2309:: 112325.
2287:2022-03-14
2245:2009-03-12
2224:2008-01-31
2203:2009-05-13
2182:2024-05-19
2160:References
2048:Kyrgyzstan
1998:Costa Rica
1963:Azerbaijan
1901:By country
1894:metabolism
1851:sanitation
1843:basin-wide
1835:wastewater
1831:freshwater
1744:well-being
1706:ecosystems
1678:See also:
1536:Antarctica
1462:ecosystems
1429:freshwater
1392:the rights
1343:irrigation
1319:stormwater
1299:reservoirs
1223:ecosystems
1113:shale rock
1101:fertilizer
1016:See also:
1012:Industries
981:reservoirs
905:growth in
895:revegetate
867:Irrigation
848:Irrigation
798:Water uses
727:wastewater
719:submarines
707:by-product
703:irrigation
586:irrigation
491:geothermal
483:permafrost
457:industrial
409:freshwater
288:reservoirs
248:Parinacota
158:industrial
119:salt water
107:wastewater
99:freshwater
95:irrigation
5856:Hydrology
5804:Renewable
5789:Depletion
5776:Conflict
5658:Economics
5636:enclosure
5595:Resources
5575:Pollution
5492:Watershed
5395:pollution
5326:Seed bank
5321:Rangeland
5203:Fisheries
5188:Biosphere
5181:biopiracy
5124:fertility
5000:cityscape
4995:Landscape
4902:peak coal
4889:Resources
4840:Emissions
4644:Enceladus
4625:Specific
4561:Resources
4556:Pollution
4539:Hydrology
4505:Hydronium
4495:Tritiated
4485:Semiheavy
4390:Overviews
4281:: 84–99.
4164:671648461
4131:135441230
4007:1548-7733
3705:2468-5844
3259:cite book
3185:1684-8241
3132:1476-4687
2970:2045-2322
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2865:2335-6596
2777:27 August
2683:199387639
2667:1879-1026
2600:0048-9697
2533:0079-6700
2448:1748-9326
2399:236264708
2323:247689027
2058:Nicaragua
2023:Guatemala
1958:Argentina
1704:of vital
1621:ecosystem
1307:pollution
1235:West Asia
1215:physical.
1171:gardening
1117:pollution
1107:use, and
1096:systems.
917:, reduce
915:livestock
860:Andalusia
695:sea water
691:saltwater
630:Ozonation
626:pathogens
469:hydrology
453:municipal
429:recharged
421:fractures
401:fractures
284:watershed
162:household
5830:Category
5763:Resource
5702:adaptive
5600:improved
5560:Conflict
5545:Security
5540:Scarcity
5533:improved
5523:Leaching
5400:recharge
5380:Drinking
5331:Wildlife
5198:Bushmeat
5193:Bushfood
5146:planning
5051:gemstone
5046:Minerals
5027:property
5015:viewshed
5005:seascape
4936:sunlight
4910:peak oil
4906:peak gas
4709:Category
4253:25965035
4015:10057051
3859:36535940
3792:22874965
3609:, 1993.
3499:Archived
3315:17 March
3150:34707305
2988:36473864
2824:32818886
2726:17784633
2675:31374511
2608:37385512
2551:29937599
2507:(2018).
2262:Archived
2094:See also
2063:Pakistan
2028:Honduras
2003:Djibouti
1993:Colombia
1694:economic
1590:drinking
1540:WaterGAP
1458:balances
1349:such as
1305:. Water
1295:aquifers
1243:aquifers
1028:industry
1001:rainfall
931:Drainage
809:WaterGAP
619:scarcity
475:aquifers
445:wetlands
311:pipeline
213:include
140:include
134:ice caps
127:glaciers
115:seawater
48:Glaciers
5631:Commons
5620:Related
5585:Quality
5501:Aspects
5427:glacial
5368:Aquifer
5274:Pasture
5225:Forests
5151:reserve
4926:Nuclear
4896: (
4852:Trading
4847:Airshed
4720:Commons
4397:Outline
4223:Bibcode
3985:Bibcode
3865:Archive
3850:9763392
3827:Bibcode
3800:4393813
3772:Bibcode
3683:Bibcode
3364:Bibcode
3305:"Water"
3141:8550973
3112:Bibcode
2979:9726751
2948:Bibcode
2804:Bibcode
2706:Bibcode
2647:Bibcode
2578:Bibcode
2542:6011836
2426:Bibcode
2379:Bibcode
2083:Uruguay
2038:Jamaica
1973:Bolivia
1813:systems
1734:In the
1598:leisure
1500:aquifer
1163:cooking
1159:bathing
1056:solvent
1040:cooling
965:springs
487:bedrock
433:springs
413:aquifer
387:is the
356:Glacier
260:wetland
113:water (
5641:global
5605:policy
5550:Supply
5513:Floods
5480:Sewage
5453:Marine
5445:huerta
5279:Plants
5269:Meadow
5129:health
5107:rights
5095:copper
5073:mining
4971:arable
4871:Energy
4811:Indoor
4724:
4713:
4702:
4698:Portal
4691:
4629:Europa
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2053:Mexico
2043:Jordan
1978:Brazil
1968:Belize
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1837:, and
1315:sewage
1291:oceans
1287:rivers
1237:, and
1139:, and
1034:dams,
973:rivers
927:mining
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885:, and
705:. The
652:, and
581:reused
503:faults
455:, and
325:Canada
321:Russia
317:Brazil
296:runoff
268:oceans
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5784:Curse
5590:Right
5432:polar
5422:bergs
5385:Fresh
5353:Water
5066:metal
4990:Field
4941:shade
4931:Solar
4921:Hydro
4806:Index
4524:Cycle
4516:Earth
4490:Heavy
4473:Forms
4457:Steam
4452:Vapor
4407:Model
4383:Water
4271:(PDF)
4215:(PDF)
4183:CSIRO
4127:S2CID
4011:S2CID
3796:S2CID
3583:(PDF)
3572:(PDF)
2912:S2CID
2869:S2CID
2747:: 1.
2679:S2CID
2395:S2CID
2319:S2CID
2078:Syria
2033:India
2013:Egypt
1988:China
1983:Chile
1855:urban
1642:are:
1283:lakes
1111:from
995:, or
977:lakes
969:wells
907:grain
899:frost
887:lawns
879:crops
871:water
825:farms
715:ships
711:brine
656:, or
525:karst
507:Earth
461:wells
441:oases
437:seeps
393:Earth
389:water
307:canal
131:polar
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60:(30%)
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5719:good
5668:land
5646:land
5458:Rain
5314:wood
5289:food
5252:Game
5163:Life
5114:Soil
5090:peak
5083:sand
4958:Land
4948:Wind
4823:(US)
4800:(US)
4639:Moon
4634:Mars
4402:Data
4249:PMID
4160:OCLC
4150:ISBN
4117:ISBN
4077:ISBN
4003:ISSN
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3855:PMID
3788:PMID
3701:ISSN
3554:2010
3507:2021
3467:ISBN
3428:ISBN
3317:2012
3265:link
3247:OCLC
3237:ISBN
3181:ISSN
3171:ISBN
3146:PMID
3128:ISSN
3084:2021
3058:2021
3032:2023
3008:2023
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2851:ISBN
2820:PMID
2779:2019
2722:PMID
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2529:ISSN
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1696:and
1600:and
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1381:Nile
1301:and
1046:and
1020:and
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592:and
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5235:law
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5078:law
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4898:gas
4884:Law
4879:Bio
4816:Law
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4447:Ice
4291:hdl
4283:doi
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4231:doi
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