Water resources - Knowledge (XXG)

816: 765: 803: 1477: 1873:, based on the premise that by managing the urban water cycle as a whole; a more efficient use of resources can be achieved providing not only economic benefits but also improved social and environmental outcomes. One approach is to establish an inner, urban, water cycle loop through the implementation of reuse strategies. Developing this urban water cycle loop requires an understanding both of the natural, pre-development, water balance and the post-development water balance. Accounting for flows in the pre- and post-development systems is an important step toward limiting urban impacts on the natural water cycle. 1531: 1372: 334: 1802: 855: 5826: 4705: 4694: 368: 4727: 4422: 2102: 4716: 240: 1146: 359:

there, and more than a billion people's livelihoods depend on them. To complicate matters, temperatures there are rising more rapidly than the global average. In Nepal, the temperature has risen by 0.6 degrees Celsius over the last decade, whereas globally, the Earth has warmed approximately 0.7 degrees Celsius over the last hundred years.

523:. For many rivers in large valleys, this unseen component of flow may greatly exceed the visible flow. The hyporheic zone often forms a dynamic interface between surface water and groundwater from aquifers, exchanging flow between rivers and aquifers that may be fully charged or depleted. This is especially significant in 1784:, IWRM has been evolving into more sustainable approach as it considers the Nexus approach, which is a cross-sectoral water resource management. The Nexus approach is based on the recognition that "water, energy and food are closely linked through global and local water, carbon and energy cycles or chains." 1718:

IWRM is a paradigm that emerged at international conferences in the late 1900s and early 2000s, although participatory water management institutions have existed for centuries. Discussions on a holistic way of managing water resources began already in the 1950s leading up to the 1977 United Nations

583:

for a variety of purposes . It is also called wastewater reuse, water reuse or water recycling. There are many types of reuse. It is possible to reuse water in this way in cities or for irrigation in agriculture. Other types of reuse are environmental reuse, industrial reuse, and reuse for drinking

1506:

and is found underground. The primary cause of groundwater depletion is the excessive pumping of groundwater up from underground aquifers. Insufficient recharge can lead to depletion, reducing the usefulness of the aquifer for humans. Depletion can also have impacts on the environment around the

1389:

typically refers to violence or disputes associated with access to, or control of, water resources, or the use of water or water systems as weapons or casualties of conflicts. The term water war is colloquially used in media for some disputes over water, and often is more limited to describing a

2506:

Warsinger, David M.; Chakraborty, Sudip; Tow, Emily W.; Plumlee, Megan H.; Bellona, Christopher; Loutatidou, Savvina; Karimi, Leila; Mikelonis, Anne M.; Achilli, Andrea; Ghassemi, Abbas; Padhye, Lokesh P.; Snyder, Shane A.; Curcio, Stefano; Vecitis, Chad D.; Arafat, Hassan A.; Lienhard, John H.

358:

runoff is considered to be surface water. The Himalayas, which are often called "The Roof of the World", contain some of the most extensive and rough high altitude areas on Earth as well as the greatest area of glaciers and permafrost outside of the poles. Ten of Asia's largest rivers flow from

1792:

and sustainable cost recovery, monitoring and evaluation. There is not one correct administrative model. The art of IWRM lies in selecting, adjusting and applying the right mix of these tools for a given situation. IWRM practices depend on context; at the operational level, the challenge is to

1398:

recognizes that water disputes result from opposing interests of water users, public or private. A wide range of water conflicts appear throughout history, though they are rarely traditional wars waged over water alone. Instead, water has long been a source of tension and one of the causes for

1787:

An IWRM approach aims at avoiding a fragmented approach of water resources management by considering the following aspects: Enabling environment, roles of Institutions, management Instruments. Some of the cross-cutting conditions that are also important to consider when implementing IWRM are:

1180:

Drinking water is water that is of sufficiently high quality so that it can be consumed or used without risk of immediate or long term harm. Such water is commonly called potable water. In most developed countries, the water supplied to domestic, commerce and industry is all of drinking water

1554:

and the long-term impacts of past management actions, this decision-making will be even more difficult. It is likely that ongoing climate change will lead to situations that have not been encountered. As a result, alternative management strategies, including participatory approaches and

806:

Total renewable freshwater resources of the world, in mm/year (1 mm is equivalent to 1 L of water per m) (long-term average for the years 1961–1990). Resolution is 0.5° longitude x 0.5° latitude (equivalent to 55 km x 55 km at the equator). Computed by the global freshwater model

1771:

Operationally, IWRM approaches involve applying knowledge from various disciplines as well as the insights from diverse stakeholders to devise and implement efficient, equitable and sustainable solutions to water and development problems. As such, IWRM is a comprehensive,

518:

Throughout the course of a river, the total volume of water transported downstream will often be a combination of the visible free water flow together with a substantial contribution flowing through rocks and sediments that underlie the river and its floodplain called the

764: 608:

standards. Injecting reclaimed water into the water supply distribution system is known as direct potable reuse. Drinking reclaimed water is not typical. Reusing treated municipal wastewater for irrigation is a long-established practice. This is especially so in

1184:

844 million people still lacked even a basic drinking water service in 2017. Of those, 159 million people worldwide drink water directly from surface water sources, such as lakes and streams. One in eight people in the world do not have access to safe water.

3097:

Lord, Jackson; Thomas, Ashley; Treat, Neil; Forkin, Matthew; Bain, Robert; Dulac, Pierre; Behroozi, Cyrus H.; Mamutov, Tilek; Fongheiser, Jillia; Kobilansky, Nicole; Washburn, Shane; Truesdell, Claudia; Lee, Clare; Schmaelzle, Philipp H. (October 2021).

1570:, this is rarely possible in practice so decision-makers must prioritise issues of sustainability, equity and factor optimisation (in that order!) to achieve acceptable outcomes. One of the biggest concerns for water-based resources in the future is the 1007:, or it can be full irrigation, where crops rarely rely on any contribution from rainfall. Full irrigation is less common and only occurs in arid landscapes with very low rainfall or when crops are grown in semi-arid areas outside of rainy seasons. 1426:

that are tied to water, affect people's water security on a daily basis. They include more frequent and intense heavy precipitation which affects the frequency, size and timing of floods. Also droughts can alter the total amount of

623:

There are several technologies used to treat wastewater for reuse. A combination of these technologies can meet strict treatment standards and make sure that the processed water is hygienically safe, meaning free from

1875:

IUWM within an urban water system can also be conducted by performance assessment of any new intervention strategies by developing a holistic approach which encompasses various system elements and criteria including

301:

Humans often increase storage capacity by constructing reservoirs and decrease it by draining wetlands. Humans often increase runoff quantities and velocities by paving areas and channelizing the stream flow.

948:

is a system that distributes water under low pressure through a piped network and applies it as a small discharge to each plant. Micro-irrigation uses less pressure and water flow than sprinkler irrigation.

1580:

has a target related to water resources management: "Target 6.5: By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate."

815: 4856: 1719:

Water Conference. The development of IWRM was particularly recommended in the final statement of the ministers at the International Conference on Water and the Environment in 1992, known as the

831:

that requires water for cooling. Over the long term the average rate of precipitation within a watershed is the upper bound for average consumption of natural surface water from that watershed.

2739:

Ebrahimi, Atieh; Najafpour, Ghasem D; Yousefi Kebria, Daryoush (2019). "Performance of microbial desalination cell for salt removal and energy generation using different catholyte solutions".

747:; however, these alternatives are not always available and depletion of reserves is a critical problem worldwide. Desalination processes are using either thermal methods (in the case of 3627: 840: 1081:. Ultimately, the energy in a hydroelectric power plant is supplied by the sun. Heat from the sun evaporates water, which condenses as rain in higher altitudes and flows downhill. 2792:

Elsaid, Khaled; Kamil, Mohammed; Sayed, Enas Taha; Abdelkareem, Mohammad Ali; Wilberforce, Tabbi; Olabi, A. (2020). "Environmental impact of desalination technologies: A review".

1550:. The field of water resources management will have to continue to adapt to the current and future issues facing the allocation of water. With the growing uncertainties of global 957:

has been used in field crops in areas with high water tables for many years. It involves artificially raising the water table to moisten the soil below the root zone of plants.

286:. The total quantity of water in that system at any given time is also dependent on many other factors. These factors include storage capacity in lakes, wetlands and artificial 2120: 1662:

Further challenges to sustainable and equitable water resources management include the fact that many water bodies are shared across boundaries which may be international (see

1092:

have high consumption, nearly equal to their withdrawal, as most of the withdrawn water is evaporated as part of the cooling process. The withdrawal, however, is lower than in

1916:(USGS) and its partners monitor water resources, conduct research and inform the public about groundwater quality. Water resources in specific countries are described below: 1742:

Social equity: ensuring equal access for all users (particularly marginalized and poorer user groups) to an adequate quantity and quality of water necessary to sustain human

3723:

Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

3338:

Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

3909: 298:

characteristics of the land in the watershed, the timing of the precipitation and local evaporation rates. All of these factors also affect the proportions of water loss.

3541: 2566:"Assessing the potential of a membrane bioreactor and granular activated carbon process for wastewater reuse – A full-scale WWTP operated over one year in Scania, Sweden" 1484:, short periods of recovery were mostly driven by extreme weather events that typically caused flooding and had negative social, environmental and economic consequences. 3520: 2115: 3760:

Gleeson, Tom; Wada, Yoshihide; Bierkens, Marc F. P.; van Beek, Ludovicus P. H. (9 August 2012). "Water balance of global aquifers revealed by groundwater footprint".

3717:

Caretta, M.A., A. Mukherji, M. Arfanuzzaman, R.A. Betts, A. Gelfan, Y. Hirabayashi, T.K. Lissner, J. Liu, E. Lopez Gunn, R. Morgan, S. Mwanga, and S. Supratid, 2022:

3332:

Caretta, M.A., A. Mukherji, M. Arfanuzzaman, R.A. Betts, A. Gelfan, Y. Hirabayashi, T.K. Lissner, J. Liu, E. Lopez Gunn, R. Morgan, S. Mwanga, and S. Supratid, 2022:

802: 823:

The total quantity of water available at any given time is an important consideration. Some human water users have an intermittent need for water. For example, many

4618: 3264: 2637:

Panagopoulos, Argyris; Haralambous, Katherine-Joanne; Loizidou, Maria (2019-11-25). "Desalination brine disposal methods and treatment technologies - A review".

3304: 2564:

Takman, Maria; Svahn, Ola; Paul, Catherine; Cimbritz, Michael; Blomqvist, Stefan; Struckmann Poulsen, Jan; Lund Nielsen, Jeppe; Davidsson, Åsa (2023-10-15).

1409: 1085:

plants also exist, which use grid electricity to pump water uphill when demand is low, and use the stored water to produce electricity when demand is high.

4763: 2889:

Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Water and Sanitation Services: Overview of emissions and their potential reduction illustrated by utility know-how

30:

This article is about all types of waters that are of potential use to humans. For a naturally occurring type of water resource that humans use a lot, see

333: 3494: 2007: 897:

disturbed soils in dry areas and during times of below-average rainfall. In addition to these uses, irrigation is also employed to protect crops from

136:. The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction present above ground or in the air. Natural sources of 1776:

planning and implementation tool for managing and developing water resources in a way that balances social and economic needs, and that ensures the

1546:

Water resource management is the activity of planning, developing, distributing and managing the optimum use of water resources. It is an aspect of

2412:

van Vliet, Michelle T H; Jones, Edward R; Flörke, Martina; Franssen, Wietse H P; Hanasaki, Naota; Wada, Yoshihide; Yearsley, John R (2021-02-01).

1241:

are examples of arid areas. Economic water scarcity results from a lack of investment in infrastructure or technology to draw water from rivers,

1476: 768:

Schematic illustration of a proposed approach for capturing moisture above the ocean surface and transporting it to proximal land for improving

4797: 3568: 3201: 4153: 4120: 4080: 3950: 3470: 3431: 3174: 3024: 2905: 2854: 2494: 1940: 1749:

Economic efficiency: bringing the greatest benefit to the greatest number of users possible with the available financial and water resources.

1635: 1624: 3634:); Conflict Barometer 2007:Crises – Wars – Coups d'État – Nagotiations – Mediations – Peace Settlements, 16th annual conflict analysis, 2007 827:

require large quantities of water in the spring, and no water at all in the winter. Other users have a continuous need for water, such as a

3864: 4178: 5885: 3071: 1649:

Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users, planners and policy-makers at all levels;

1259: 893:

for over 5,000 years and has been developed by many cultures around the world. Irrigation helps to grow crops, maintain landscapes, and

1731:, which was attended by a more varied group of stakeholders than the preceding conferences and contributed to the creation of the GWP. 5870: 3736: 3240: 1521: 933:, which involves the removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given location, is often studied in conjunction with irrigation. 660:. Some water-demanding activities do not require high grade water. In this case, wastewater can be reused with little or no treatment. 3545: 1399:

conflicts. Water conflicts arise for several reasons, including territorial disputes, a fight for resources, and strategic advantage.

5679: 4211: 1826: 1819: 1638:, originally articulated in 1992 at the Dublin (January) and Rio (July) conferences. The four Dublin Principles, promulgated in the 2462: 5303: 2794: 4061:

Ibisch, Ralf B.; Bogardi, Janos J.; Borchardt, Dietrich (2016), Borchardt, Dietrich; Bogardi, Janos J.; Ibisch, Ralf B. (eds.),

4756: 4373: 2072: 1913: 1735: 1376: 1082: 1021: 819:

Map of water stress and spatial variability of water yield along the delineated near-offshore region of 200 km across the world

576: 2301:

Shafeian, Nafise; Ranjbar, A.A.; Gorji, Tahereh B. (June 2022). "Progress in atmospheric water generation systems: A review".

2261: 1058:. Water withdrawal can be very high for certain industries, but consumption is generally much lower than that of agriculture. 4212:"Advantages of integrated and sustainability based assessment for metabolism based strategic planning of urban water systems" 2017: 1577: 1508: 2887: 944:, water is piped to one or more central locations within the field and distributed by overhead high-pressure water devices. 551:

is another important source. It is important to consider the economic and environmental side effects of these technologies.

3308: 2767:"Making the Deserts Bloom: Harnessing nature to deliver us from drought, Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 239" 2172: 4820: 4593: 4037: 3230: 2485:

Andersson, K., Rosemarin, A., Lamizana, B., Kvarnström, E., McConville, J., Seidu, R., Dickin, S. and Trimmer, C. (2016).

2047: 1997: 1962: 1781: 1588:

At present, only about 0.08 percent of all the world's fresh water is accessible. And there is ever-increasing demand for

5372: 5207: 2057: 2022: 1957: 1862: 3910:"International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005-2015. Focus Areas: Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)" 3046: 1530: 5696: 4528: 3390: 2062: 2027: 2002: 1992: 1679: 1481: 783: 776: 544: 263: 204: 3498: 3644: 1099:

Water is also used in many large scale industrial processes, such as thermoelectric power production, oil refining,

940:, also known as gravity irrigation, is the oldest form of irrigation and has been in use for thousands of years. In 5865: 5829: 5713: 5657: 4749: 2082: 2037: 1972: 1659:

Implementation of these principles has guided reform of national water management law around the world since 1992.

1078: 1017: 653: 3718: 3333: 1456:) is occurring for example in Asia, South America and North America. It is still unclear how much natural renewal 5875: 5244: 4565: 2052: 2042: 1977: 1967: 1933: 1905: 1724: 1330: 1221:. Physical water scarcity is where there is not enough water to meet all demands. This includes water needed for 2766: 1667: 5850: 5229: 4550: 4479: 3631: 2077: 2032: 2012: 1987: 1982: 1685: 1073:

is a low-cost, non-polluting, renewable energy source. Significantly, hydroelectric power can also be used for

637: 3725:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 551–712, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.006. 3340:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 551–712, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.006. 2996: 1768:

recommended IWRM and discussed information sharing, stakeholder participation, and gender and class dynamics.

1439:. Reduction in water quality due to extreme events can also occur. Faster melting of glaciers can also occur. 5890: 5404: 5293: 3892: 2067: 1715:

because water security is a goal or destination, whilst IWRM is the process necessary to achieve that goal.

1646:

Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the environment;

1861:

within the scope of the entire river basin. IUWM is commonly seen as a strategy for achieving the goals of

5807: 5650: 5522: 4661: 4603: 3614: 2369:

Raveesh, G.; Goyal, R.; Tyagi, S.K. (July 2021). "Advances in atmospheric water generation technologies".

1547: 1281:, with a negative impact on their uses. It is usually a result of human activities. Water bodies include 1108: 1069:

derives energy from the force of water flowing downhill, driving a turbine connected to a generator. This

1035: 775:

Researchers proposed air capture over oceans which would "significantly increasing freshwater through the

4267: 3610: 1896:

type flows in urban water system can also be useful for analysing processes in urban water cycle of IUWM.

5880: 5604: 5599: 5394: 5335: 4570: 4027:

Asit K.B. (2004). Integrated Water Resources Management: A Reassessment, Water International, 29(2), 251

1326: 1245:, or other water sources. It also results from weak human capacity to meet water demand. Many people in 686: 4726: 3813:

Liu, Pang-Wei; Famiglietti, James S.; Purdy, Adam J.; Adams, Kyra H.; et al. (19 December 2022).

5798: 5770: 5735: 5662: 5462: 5399: 5217: 5038: 4666: 4499: 4336: 4222: 3984: 3826: 3771: 3682: 3454: 3363: 3111: 2947: 2803: 2705: 2646: 2577: 2425: 2378: 1926: 1777: 1616: 1436: 1093: 964: 941: 791: 731:

Due to its energy consumption, desalinating sea water is generally more costly than fresh water from

685:. More generally, desalination is the removal of salts and minerals from a substance. One example is 597: 536: 432: 428: 279: 157: 3579: 3205: 1756:

are acknowledged as users and that adequate allocation is made to sustain their natural functioning.

1181:

standard even though only a very small proportion is actually consumed or used in food preparation.

5895: 5860: 5793: 5701: 5689: 5579: 5532: 5340: 5263: 4989: 4780: 4671: 4411: 4366: 3047:"Model suggests a billion people could get safe drinking water from hypothetical harvesting device" 2489:. Nairobi and Stockholm: United Nations Environment Programme and Stockholm Environment Institute. 2137: 1789: 1655:

Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic good.

1567: 1525: 1495: 1338: 1066: 1004: 641: 490: 305:

Natural surface water can be augmented by importing surface water from another watershed through a

4693: 4421: 2414:"Global water scarcity including surface water quality and expansions of clean water technologies" 1511:, local climatic change, soil chemistry changes, and other deterioration of the local environment. 1371: 5855: 5803: 5788: 5718: 5674: 5564: 5150: 5055: 4810: 4126: 4010: 3795: 3351: 3258: 2911: 2868: 2678: 2394: 2318: 1806: 1723:. This concept aims to promote changes in practices which are considered fundamental to improved 1566:

and seeks to allocate water on an equitable basis to satisfy all uses and demands. As with other

1334: 1246: 937: 910: 744: 396: 310: 275: 247: 184: 721:

use desalination. Modern interest in desalination mostly focuses on cost-effective provision of

4719: 3278: 1801: 1604:. Due to the small percentage of water available, optimizing the fresh water we have left from 5775: 5239: 5145: 5118: 4965: 4915: 4851: 4805: 4678: 4461: 4401: 4248: 4186: 4159: 4149: 4116: 4076: 4002: 3946: 3854: 3787: 3700: 3466: 3448: 3427: 3246: 3236: 3180: 3170: 3145: 3127: 2983: 2965: 2901: 2860: 2850: 2819: 2721: 2670: 2662: 2603: 2595: 2546: 2528: 2490: 2487:

Sanitation, Wastewater Management and Sustainability: from Waste Disposal to Resource Recovery

2443: 1866: 1765: 1761: 1753: 1728: 1689: 1605: 1556: 1346: 1120: 1027: 988: 494: 456: 341: 287: 3942: 3391:

Water for Food, Water for Life: A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture

1764:

held in Johannesburg, which aimed to encourage the implementation of IWRM at a global level.

1619:

of water use on the natural environment. The observation of water as an integral part of the

5725: 5684: 5667: 5554: 5452: 4984: 4888: 4772: 4598: 4396: 4290: 4282: 4238: 4230: 4108: 4068: 3992: 3938: 3893:

Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

3844: 3834: 3779: 3762: 3690: 3462: 3458: 3417: 3371: 3135: 3119: 2973: 2955: 2893: 2842: 2811: 2748: 2713: 2654: 2585: 2536: 2520: 2433: 2386: 2349: 2310: 1858: 1810: 1720: 1693: 1639: 1628: 1563: 1313:

mix with these water bodies. Contaminants can come from one of four main sources. These are

1070: 1051: 945: 657: 614: 436: 243: 82: 2217: 1538:). Water resources 1961-90, water use around 2000. Computed by the global freshwater model 869:(also referred to as watering of plants) is the practice of applying controlled amounts of 5742: 5708: 5574: 5484: 5133: 5099: 5033: 4830: 4815: 4555: 4494: 4484: 4433: 2486: 2265: 2128: – Interdisciplinary field studying the dynamic interactions between water and people 2125: 1274: 1268: 1213:

resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is

1140: 1062: 984: 950: 882: 752: 740: 649: 645: 633: 568: 561: 540: 509:'s subsurface contains some water, which may be mixed with other fluids in some instances. 502: 172: 102: 1738:

definition, IWRM rests upon three principles that together act as the overall framework:

617:

allows water to remain an alternative water source for human activities. This can reduce

4226: 3988: 3830: 3775: 3686: 3367: 3115: 2951: 2807: 2709: 2650: 2581: 2429: 2382: 1692:

and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant

936:

There are several methods of irrigation that differ in how water is supplied to plants.

5783: 5730: 5640: 5559: 5544: 5539: 5491: 5379: 5175: 5123: 5106: 4940: 4708: 4359: 4062: 3849: 3814: 3671:"Drought and groundwater management: Interconnections, challenges, and policyresponses" 3232:

Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene : 2017 update and SDG baselines

3140: 3099: 2978: 2935: 2717: 2541: 2524: 2508: 2196: 1877: 1842: 1712: 1701: 1697: 1663: 1589: 1571: 1551: 1423: 1416: 1395: 1386: 1364: 1350: 1317:

discharges, industrial activities, agricultural activities, and urban runoff including

1226: 1206: 1200: 1154: 1153:

It is estimated that 8% of worldwide water use is for domestic purposes. These include

1136: 1104: 1089: 1074: 1047: 996: 854: 769: 698: 618: 605: 520: 295: 283: 180: 176: 168: 3596:

United Nations Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential, accessed November 21, 2008

2620: 411:

in the world is groundwater. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an

101:

from natural sources, or water produced artificially from other sources, such as from

5844: 5747: 5584: 5474: 5431: 5212: 5089: 4975: 4925: 4789: 4633: 4628: 4613: 4310: 4130: 4102: 3815:"Groundwater depletion in California's Central Valley accelerates during megadrought" 3669:

Petersen-Perlman, Jacob D.; Aguilar-Barajas, Ismael; Megdal, Sharon B. (2022-08-01).

3279:"Global WASH Fast Facts | Global Water, Sanitation and Hygiene | Healthy Water | CDC" 2915: 2886:

Alix, Alexandre; Bellet, Laurent; Trommsdorff, Corinne; Audureau, Iris, eds. (2022).

2872: 2682: 2398: 2322: 2152: 2131: 1909: 1773: 1634:

Sustainable water management requires a holistic approach based on the principles of

1593: 1457: 1322: 1278: 1031: 954: 732: 589: 478: 234: 214: 141: 130: 4286: 4234: 4014: 3164: 2936:"Increasing freshwater supply to sustainably address global water security at scale" 2815: 2658: 2590: 2565: 5549: 5507: 5283: 5234: 5170: 5026: 4930: 4697: 4577: 4543: 3997: 3973:"Integrated water resources management: evolution, prospects and future challenges" 3972: 3799: 3606: 2390: 2258: 2143: 2107: 1881: 1846: 1597: 1487: 1469: 1453: 1238: 1230: 1174: 1166: 1132: 894: 787: 779:

over oceans" to address present and, especially, future water scarcity/insecurity.

748: 682: 678: 671: 601: 548: 464: 222: 192: 118: 110: 90: 1908:

and governance is handled differently by different countries. For example, in the

4268:"Modelling metabolism based performance of an urban water system using WaterMet2" 4104:

Managing Water, Soil and Waste Resources to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals

3891:

United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017,

1780:

for future generations. In addition, in light of contributing the achievement of

1652:

Women play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of water;

319:

is estimated to have the largest supply of fresh water in the world, followed by

282:. The only natural input to any surface water system is precipitation within its 5645: 5589: 5411: 5389: 5384: 5251: 5128: 5094: 5082: 4970: 4893: 4638: 4608: 4533: 4523: 4489: 4451: 4406: 4072: 3695: 3670: 3521:"In Africa, War Over Water Looms As Ethiopia Nears Completion Of Nile River Dam" 3375: 2752: 1889: 1885: 1870: 1838: 1601: 1503: 1491: 1449: 1432: 1391: 1310: 1302: 1210: 960: 890: 828: 736: 722: 593: 498: 448: 424: 408: 384: 377: 271: 218: 210: 188: 153: 145: 137: 122: 98: 57: 31: 3877: 3839: 3123: 2960: 2438: 2413: 2314: 367: 17: 5752: 5569: 5527: 5469: 5438: 5077: 5009: 4947: 4920: 4883: 4112: 3250: 2278:"What is Groundwater? | International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre" 2097: 1893: 1854: 1850: 1834: 1830: 1743: 1535: 1428: 1342: 1318: 1258: 1112: 1100: 980: 968: 866: 847: 726: 706: 702: 585: 482: 460: 106: 94: 4163: 4006: 3704: 3184: 3131: 2997:"Researchers propose new structures to harvest untapped source of freshwater" 2969: 2864: 2666: 2599: 2532: 2447: 1918: 5635: 5517: 5325: 5320: 5298: 5187: 5180: 4999: 4994: 4901: 4878: 4643: 4538: 4504: 4181:. Australia's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation ( 3100:"Global potential for harvesting drinking water from air using solar energy" 2277: 2101: 1705: 1620: 1612: 1562:

Ideally, water resource management planning has regard to all the competing

1461: 1306: 1298: 1234: 1222: 1170: 1145: 1116: 914: 859: 718: 690: 629: 468: 161: 89:

that are potentially useful for humans, for example as a source of drinking

4252: 4064:

Integrated Water Resources Management: Concept, Research and Implementation

3858: 3791: 3394:. London: Earthscan, and Colombo: International Water Management Institute. 3149: 3072:"Solar-powered harvesters could produce clean water for one billion people" 2987: 2823: 2725: 2674: 2607: 2550: 2354: 2337: 3933:

Sadoff, Claudia; Grey, David; Borgomeo, Edoardo (2020). "Water Security".

3486: 3422: 3405: 2897: 1788:

Political will and commitment, capacity development, adequate investment,

5762: 5330: 5256: 5197: 5192: 5140: 5050: 5021: 5014: 5004: 4935: 4909: 4905: 4897: 3595: 1539: 1119:. Pollution includes discharged solutes and increased water temperature ( 992: 930: 808: 694: 625: 621:. It also eases pressures on groundwater and other natural water bodies. 420: 400: 114: 47: 4038:"Integrated Water Resources Management: Basic Concepts | IWA Publishing" 3783: 3169:. Vol. 1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 604:, businesses, and industry. It is possible to treat wastewater to reach 5630: 5426: 5421: 5367: 5273: 5202: 5045: 4846: 4295: 4243: 4205: 4203: 3878:"Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6) 2934:

Rahman, Afeefa; Kumar, Praveen; Dominguez, Francina (6 December 2022).

2509:"A review of polymeric membranes and processes for potable water reuse" 1611:

Much effort in water resource management is directed at optimizing the

1499: 1294: 1242: 1162: 1158: 1055: 1039: 486: 474: 444: 423:

and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the

412: 404: 355: 259: 239: 133: 126: 4730: 4144:

Jonathan Parkinson; J. A. Goldenfum; Carlos E. M. Tucci, eds. (2010).

3722: 3337: 3025:"Water, water, everywhere — and maybe here's how to make it drinkable" 2238: 473:

Typically, groundwater is thought of as water flowing through shallow

195:) is occurring for example in Asia, South America and North America. 5479: 5444: 5268: 5224: 5072: 4870: 3578:(4). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Archived from 3569:"Water, Conflict, and Cooperation: Lessons from the nile river Basin" 1684:

Integrated water resources management (IWRM) has been defined by the

1314: 1177:

at around 50 liters per person per day, excluding water for gardens.

926: 922: 572: 324: 320: 316: 267: 4741: 4179:"Advancing IUWM through an understanding of the urban water balance" 2837:

Cohen, Yoram (2021). "Advances in Water Desalination Technologies".

1880:

type ones in which integration of water system components including

5512: 5352: 5278: 5065: 4515: 4456: 4441: 4382: 4182: 3896: 2846: 1800: 1529: 1475: 1370: 1290: 1286: 1257: 1144: 972: 906: 898: 870: 853: 814: 801: 763: 710: 689:. This is important for agriculture. It is possible to desalinate 580: 524: 506: 440: 392: 388: 306: 238: 86: 3196: 3194: 1559:

are increasingly being used to strengthen water decision-making.

1209:(closely related to water stress or water crisis) is the lack of 431:

from the surface; it may discharge from the surface naturally at

415:

when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which

5457: 5313: 5308: 5288: 5162: 5113: 4957: 2338:"Review of sustainable methods for atmospheric water harvesting" 1534:

Global values of water resources and human water use (excluding

1380: 1282: 1000: 976: 918: 902: 886: 878: 874: 824: 729:, it is one of the few water resources independent of rainfall. 714: 610: 452: 416: 291: 255: 167:

Water resources are under threat from multiple issues. There is

4745: 4355: 1922: 1329:. This form of pollution can lead to many problems. One is the 463:. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is 5416: 5060: 4446: 3525: 2336:

Jarimi, Hasila; Powell, Richard; Riffat, Saffa (18 May 2020).

1480:

Within a long period of groundwater depletion in California's

1043: 600:. Reused water also serve various needs in residences such as 149: 3001:

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign via techxplore.com

2929: 2927: 2925: 4420: 535:

There are several artificial sources of fresh water. One is

4341: 1173:. Basic domestic water requirements have been estimated by 4067:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 3–32, 3737:"Glaciers May Melt Even Faster Than Expected, Study Finds" 3645:"Flooding and Climate Change: Everything You Need to Know" 2140: – Law and regulations that relate to water resources 782:

A 2021 study proposed hypothetical portable solar-powered

1383:

flows by as much as 25% and devastate Egyptian farmlands.

527:

areas where pot-holes and underground rivers are common.

4351: 4346: 3628:

Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research

2696:

Fischetti, Mark (September 2007). "Fresh from the Sea".

2146: – Right of a user to use water from a water source 3166:

Frost protection: fundamentals, practice, and economics

2239:"The World's Water 2006–2007 Tables, Pacific Institute" 2148:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1115:. Discharge of untreated water from industrial uses is 1026:

It is estimated that 22% of worldwide water is used in

790:

generation may sometimes "undermine efforts to develop

485:(frozen soil), immobile water in very low permeability 4146:

Integrated urban water management : humid tropics

1793:

translate the agreed principles into concrete action.

841:

Sustainable Water and Innovative Irrigation Management

628:. The following are some of the typical technologies: 4342:

Portal to international hydrology and water resources

3971:

Rahaman, Muhammad Mizanur; Varis, Olli (April 2005).

3935:

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science

3675:

Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health

3328: 3326: 2134: – Concept on hidden water in traded commodities 1574:

of the current and future water resource allocation.

613:

countries. Reusing wastewater as part of sustainable

3406:"Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal" 2121:

List of countries by total renewable water resources

953:

delivers water directly to the root zone of plants.

5761: 5619: 5500: 5360: 5351: 5161: 4956: 4869: 4839: 4788: 4779: 4654: 4586: 4513: 4472: 4432: 4389: 4347:

Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management Toolbox

1390:conflict between countries, states, or groups over 588:of gardens and agricultural fields or replenishing 477:, but, in the technical sense, it can also contain 371:

Relative groundwater travel times in the subsurface

66: Other Freshwater (e.g., Soil Moisture) (0.7%) 4101:Hülsmann, Stephan; Ardakanian, Reza, eds. (2018). 2218:"Scientific Facts on Water: State of the Resource" 1760:In 2002, the development of IWRM was discussed at 1452:is steadily decreasing. Groundwater depletion (or 681:is a process that removes mineral components from 191:is steadily decreasing. Groundwater depletion (or 4337:Renewable water resources in the world by country 2116:List of sovereign states by freshwater withdrawal 1054:, and manufacturing plants, which use water as a 751:) or membrane-based methods (e.g. in the case of 584:water, whether planned or not. Reuse may include 2627:, via dictionary.com. Retrieved August 19, 2007. 2342:International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 1892:subsystems would be advantageous. Simulation of 1711:Some scholars say that IWRM is complementary to 1700:in an equitable manner without compromising the 1003:, which is common in many parts of the world as 125:; slightly over two-thirds of this is frozen in 3450:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 1608:has been a growing challenge around the world. 1502:. Groundwater is one of the largest sources of 1341:when people use polluted water for drinking or 1277:(or aquatic pollution) is the contamination of 1077:unlike most renewable energy sources which are 497:water. Groundwater is hypothesized to provide 4757: 4367: 1934: 1805:Typical urban water cycle depicting drinking 1688:as "a process which promotes the coordinated 459:use by constructing and operating extraction 40:Distribution of freshwater resources by type 8: 3977:Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy 1410:Effects of climate change on the water cycle 1127:Drinking water and domestic use (households) 501:that can possibly influence the movement of 407:. About 30 percent of all readily available 266:and naturally lost through discharge to the 262:. Surface water is naturally replenished by 27:Sources of water that are potentially useful 4107:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 3876:Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) 2177:Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2023 1762:the World Summit on Sustainable Development 5623: 5357: 4785: 4764: 4750: 4742: 4374: 4360: 4352: 3263:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1941: 1927: 1919: 1752:Ecological sustainability: requiring that 447:. Groundwater is also often withdrawn for 4294: 4242: 3996: 3848: 3838: 3694: 3618:Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 79-112 (Summer 1993). 3495:Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health 3421: 3163:Snyder, R. L.; Melo-Abreu, J. P. (2005). 3139: 2977: 2959: 2589: 2540: 2437: 2353: 2155: – Storage of water by various means 2625:The American Heritage Science Dictionary 2303:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 1249:are living with economic water scarcity. 983:) or from non-conventional sources like 366: 3567:Kameri-Mbote, Patricia (January 2007). 3501:from the original on September 18, 2021 3463:10.1002/0471238961.1615121205031105.a01 2164: 1845:management plan. It builds on existing 329: 3943:10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.609 3491:Environmental Health Education Program 3256: 1507:aquifer, such as soil compression and 971:), from surface water (withdrawn from 889:. Irrigation has been a key aspect of 862:, Spain. Irrigation canal on the left. 72: Directly Accessible Water (0.3%) 4275:Resources, Conservation and Recycling 3966: 3964: 3962: 3224: 3222: 1865:. IUWM seeks to change the impact of 1674:Integrated water resources management 1625:integrated water resources management 999:. Irrigation can be supplementary to 858:Irrigation of agricultural fields in 97:water. These resources can be either 7: 4715: 4148:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 2. 2639:The Science of the Total Environment 1782:Sustainable Development goals (SDGs) 1636:Integrated Water Resource Management 1321:. Water pollution may affect either 1229:often face physical water scarcity. 784:atmospheric water harvesting devices 3542:"Water Conflicts: Fight or Flight?" 3412:. Biological Wastewater Treatment. 2259:Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting 1829:(IUWM) is the practice of managing 1345:. Water pollution also reduces the 725:for human use. Along with recycled 254:Surface water is water in a river, 3630:(Department of Political Science, 3540:Tulloch, James (August 26, 2009). 3352:"Water scarcity: Fact or fiction?" 2841:. Vol. 17. WORLD SCIENTIFIC. 2718:10.1038/scientificamerican0907-118 2525:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.01.004 1857:settlement by incorporating urban 1522:Research Institute for Groundwater 1088:Thermoelectric power plants using 1030:. Major industrial users include 531:Artificial sources of usable water 294:beneath these storage bodies, the 25: 4266:Behzadian, k; Kapelan, Z (2015). 4210:Behzadian, K; Kapelan, Z (2015). 2199:. United States Geological Survey 2173:"Strains on freshwater resources" 1827:Integrated urban water management 1820:Integrated urban water management 187:. However, the world's supply of 152:. People use water resources for 5825: 5824: 4725: 4714: 4704: 4703: 4692: 4219:Science of the Total Environment 3202:"WBCSD Water Facts & Trends" 2795:Science of The Total Environment 2570:Science of the Total Environment 2461:Tuser, Cristina (May 24, 2022). 2371:Energy Conversion and Management 2100: 1818:This section is an excerpt from 1797:Managing water in urban settings 1468:This section is an excerpt from 1415:This section is an excerpt from 1363:This section is an excerpt from 1267:This section is an excerpt from 1199:This section is an excerpt from 846:This section is an excerpt from 835:Agriculture and other irrigation 670:This section is an excerpt from 560:This section is an excerpt from 376:This section is an excerpt from 332: 183:. Fresh water is in principle a 117:). 97% of the water on Earth is 4287:10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.03.015 4235:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.097 2816:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141528 2659:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.351 2591:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165185 1914:United States Geological Survey 1736:International Water Association 1417:Water security § Climate change 1394:to access water resources. The 1353:provided by the water resource. 1022:Industrial wastewater treatment 959:Irrigation water can come from 709:of the desalination process is 596:. This latter is also known as 340:Panorama of a natural wetland ( 3998:10.1080/15487733.2005.11907961 2418:Environmental Research Letters 2391:10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114226 1686:Global Water Partnership (GWP) 1578:Sustainable Development Goal 6 792:permanent piped infrastructure 199:Natural sources of fresh water 1: 4594:Extraterrestrial liquid water 3404:Von Sperling, Marcos (2007). 3356:Agricultural Water Management 3350:Rijsberman, Frank R. (2006). 1490:is the process of extracting 571:is the process of converting 4790:Pollution / quality 2197:"Earth's water distribution" 1863:Water Sensitive Urban Design 1729:the second World Water Forum 1584:Sustainable water management 1375:Ethiopia's move to fill the 1225:to function. Regions with a 1083:Pumped-storage hydroelectric 545:atmospheric water generators 505:. It is likely that much of 4073:10.1007/978-3-319-25071-7_1 3696:10.1016/j.coesh.2022.100364 3376:10.1016/j.agwat.2005.07.001 2753:10.1016/j.desal.2018.01.002 2513:Progress in Polymer Science 1766:The third World Water Forum 1680:Integrated Flood Management 1036:thermoelectric power plants 760:Research into other options 205:Water distribution on Earth 5912: 5886:Water resources management 3840:10.1038/s41467-022-35582-x 3447:Eckenfelder Jr WW (2000). 3124:10.1038/s41586-021-03900-w 2994:University press release: 2961:10.1038/s41598-022-24314-2 2315:10.1016/j.rser.2022.112325 1949:Water resources by country 1817: 1677: 1519: 1467: 1435:storage, and reduction in 1414: 1407: 1379:'s reservoir could reduce 1362: 1266: 1198: 1130: 1018:Industrial water treatment 1015: 913:. It is also used to cool 845: 838: 669: 559: 467:, also called groundwater 375: 290:, the permeability of the 232: 202: 121:and only three percent is 29: 5871:Water and the environment 5820: 5626: 5361:Types / location 4687: 4418: 4113:10.1007/978-3-319-75163-4 3544:. Allianz. Archived from 3410:Water Intelligence Online 2771:Science History Institute 1954: 1906:Water resource management 1853:considerations within an 1725:water resource management 1666:) or intra-national (see 1516:Water resource management 250:volcano in northern Chile 3881:SDG-Tracker.org, website 3632:University of Heidelberg 2463:"What is potable reuse?" 2439:10.1088/1748-9326/abbfc3 1778:protection of ecosystems 1460:this usage, and whether 1444:Groundwater overdrafting 1169:, cleaning, laundry and 794:" among other problems. 1431:and cause a decline in 1337:. Another is spreading 1219:economic water scarcity 697:, to produce water for 579:into water that can be 395:'s surface in rock and 4604:Planetary oceanography 4426: 3615:International Security 2264:July 23, 2009, at the 1814: 1727:. IWRM was a topic of 1615:and in minimizing the 1548:water cycle management 1543: 1485: 1448:The world's supply of 1384: 1263: 1189:Challenges and threats 1150: 1109:natural gas extraction 1038:, which use water for 863: 820: 812: 772: 372: 251: 4424: 4177:Barton, A.B. (2009). 4042:www.iwapublishing.com 3819:Nature Communications 3611:"Water and conflict." 3455:John Wiley & Sons 3423:10.2166/9781780402086 2898:10.2166/9781789063172 1804: 1533: 1520:Further information: 1479: 1408:Further information: 1374: 1261: 1148: 1103:production and other 1050:, which use water in 857: 839:Further information: 818: 805: 767: 577:industrial wastewater 370: 242: 203:Further information: 5736:remnant natural area 5373:storage and recovery 5039:habitat conservation 4857:Deforestation (REDD) 4667:Ocean stratification 4500:Doubly labeled water 4221:. 527–528: 220–231. 3229:WHO, UNICEF (2017). 2839:Materials and Energy 2355:10.1093/ijlct/ctz072 2220:. GreenFacts Website 1668:Murray-Darling basin 1627:, based on the 1992 1617:environmental impact 1437:groundwater recharge 1339:water-borne diseases 1094:once-through cooling 942:sprinkler irrigation 909:fields, and prevent 777:capture of humid air 598:groundwater recharge 573:municipal wastewater 549:Desalinated seawater 280:groundwater recharge 217:, under river flow, 144:, under river flow, 5690:Earth Overshoot Day 5264:Marine conservation 5245:non-timber products 4672:Lake stratification 4655:Physical parameters 4227:2015ScTEn.527..220B 3989:2005SSPP....1...15R 3831:2022NatCo..13.7825L 3784:10.1038/nature11295 3776:2012Natur.488..197G 3741:Scientific American 3687:2022COESH..2800364P 3529:. 27 February 2018. 3368:2006AgWM...80....5R 3116:2021Natur.598..611L 2952:2022NatSR..1220262R 2808:2020ScTEn.74841528E 2710:2007SciAm.297c.118F 2698:Scientific American 2651:2019ScTEn.69333545P 2582:2023ScTEn.89565185T 2430:2021ERL....16b4020V 2383:2021ECM...23914226R 2138:Water resources law 1841:as components of a 1790:financial stability 1568:resource management 1526:Water resources law 1067:Hydroelectric power 1005:rainfed agriculture 642:membrane bioreactor 351:Water from glaciers 209:Natural sources of 5675:Ecosystem services 4798:Ambient standards 4619:List of Candidates 4480:Deuterium-depleted 4427: 3416:. IWA Publishing. 3078:. 13 November 2021 2940:Scientific Reports 2892:. IWA Publishing. 2008:Dominican Republic 1815: 1807:water purification 1754:aquatic ecosystems 1544: 1486: 1385: 1347:ecosystem services 1335:aquatic ecosystems 1264: 1247:Sub-Saharan Africa 1151: 1052:chemical processes 985:treated wastewater 938:Surface irrigation 911:soil consolidation 864: 821: 813: 773: 745:water conservation 654:advanced oxidation 537:treated wastewater 373: 276:evapotranspiration 252: 185:renewable resource 5866:Natural resources 5838: 5837: 5816: 5815: 5615: 5614: 5294:genetic resources 5230:genetic resources 4865: 4864: 4773:Natural resources 4739: 4738: 4679:Ocean temperature 4311:"Water Resources" 4185:). Archived from 4155:978-0-203-88117-0 4122:978-3-319-75162-7 4082:978-3-319-25069-4 3952:978-0-19-938941-4 3770:(7410): 197–200. 3735:Harvey, Chelsea. 3497:. July 23, 2013. 3493:. Cambridge, MA: 3487:"Water Pollution" 3472:978-0-471-48494-3 3433:978-1-78040-208-6 3176:978-92-5-105328-7 3110:(7882): 611–617. 2907:978-1-78906-317-2 2856:978-981-12-2697-7 2495:978-92-807-3488-1 2467:Wastewater Digest 2090: 2089: 1867:urban development 1629:Dublin Principles 1606:natural resources 1564:demands for water 1557:adaptive capacity 1121:thermal pollution 1061:Water is used in 989:desalinated water 699:human consumption 687:soil desalination 665:Desalinated water 638:aerobic treatment 569:Water reclamation 427:. Groundwater is 342:Sinclair Wetlands 83:natural resources 16:(Redirected from 5903: 5876:Water management 5828: 5827: 5779: 5726:Natural heritage 5685:overexploitation 5624: 5358: 5304:herbal medicines 5284:FAO Plant Treaty 4824: 4801: 4786: 4766: 4759: 4752: 4743: 4729: 4718: 4717: 4707: 4706: 4696: 4599:Asteroidal water 4587:Extraterrestrial 4376: 4369: 4362: 4353: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4321: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4272: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4246: 4216: 4207: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4194: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4090: 4089: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4048: 4034: 4028: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4000: 3968: 3957: 3956: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3920: 3906: 3900: 3889: 3883: 3874: 3868: 3867:of chart itself) 3862: 3852: 3842: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3747: 3732: 3726: 3719:Chapter 4: Water 3715: 3709: 3708: 3698: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3656: 3641: 3635: 3625: 3619: 3604: 3598: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3576:Navigating Peace 3573: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3425: 3401: 3395: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3347: 3341: 3334:Chapter 4: Water 3330: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3311:on 16 April 2013 3307:. Archived from 3300: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3290: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3262: 3254: 3226: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3213: 3204:. Archived from 3198: 3189: 3188: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3143: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3020: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3007: 2991: 2981: 2963: 2931: 2920: 2919: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2773:. March 19, 2019 2763: 2757: 2756: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2634: 2628: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2593: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2544: 2503: 2497: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2473: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2441: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2357: 2333: 2327: 2326: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2289: 2288: 2282:www.un-igrac.org 2274: 2268: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2247: 2246: 2241:. Worldwater.org 2235: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2225: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2204: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2184: 2183: 2169: 2149: 2110: 2105: 2104: 1943: 1936: 1929: 1920: 1859:water management 1811:sewage treatment 1721:Dublin Statement 1640:Dublin Statement 1464:are threatened. 1071:hydroelectricity 963:(extracted from 946:Micro-irrigation 883:landscape plants 786:. However, such 713:. Many seagoing 658:activated carbon 615:water management 555:Wastewater reuse 514:Under river flow 397:soil pore spaces 391:present beneath 336: 71: 65: 55: 45: 21: 5911: 5910: 5906: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5851:Aquatic ecology 5841: 5840: 5839: 5834: 5812: 5777: 5757: 5743:Systems ecology 5709:Natural capital 5611: 5496: 5485:reclaimed water 5347: 5309:UPOV Convention 5157: 4952: 4861: 4835: 4831:Ozone depletion 4822: 4799: 4775: 4770: 4740: 4735: 4683: 4650: 4582: 4509: 4468: 4428: 4416: 4385: 4380: 4333: 4328: 4319: 4317: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4270: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4214: 4209: 4208: 4201: 4192: 4190: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4156: 4143: 4142: 4138: 4123: 4100: 4099: 4095: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4046: 4044: 4036: 4035: 4031: 4026: 4022: 3970: 3969: 3960: 3953: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3918: 3916: 3908: 3907: 3903: 3890: 3886: 3875: 3871: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3745: 3743: 3734: 3733: 3729: 3716: 3712: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3654: 3652: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3626: 3622: 3605: 3601: 3594: 3590: 3582: 3571: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3551: 3549: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3473: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3434: 3403: 3402: 3398: 3387: 3383: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3331: 3324: 3314: 3312: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3288: 3286: 3277: 3276: 3272: 3255: 3243: 3228: 3227: 3220: 3211: 3209: 3200: 3199: 3192: 3177: 3162: 3161: 3157: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3081: 3079: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3055: 3053: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3029: 3027: 3023:McDonald, Bob. 3022: 3021: 3017: 3005: 3003: 2995: 2933: 2932: 2923: 2908: 2885: 2884: 2880: 2857: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2776: 2774: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2619: 2615: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2484: 2480: 2471: 2469: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2335: 2334: 2330: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2286: 2284: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2266:Wayback Machine 2257: 2253: 2244: 2242: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2223: 2221: 2216: 2215: 2211: 2202: 2200: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2181: 2179: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2147: 2126:Socio-hydrology 2106: 2099: 2096: 2091: 2086: 1950: 1947: 1903: 1898: 1897: 1869:on the natural 1823: 1799: 1682: 1676: 1586: 1528: 1518: 1513: 1512: 1509:land subsidence 1473: 1446: 1441: 1440: 1420: 1412: 1406: 1401: 1400: 1368: 1360: 1355: 1354: 1275:Water pollution 1272: 1269:Water pollution 1256: 1254:Water pollution 1251: 1250: 1204: 1196: 1191: 1167:toilet flushing 1143: 1141:Water footprint 1131:Main articles: 1129: 1063:renewable power 1024: 1014: 1009: 1008: 951:Drip irrigation 851: 843: 837: 800: 762: 757: 756: 755:) energy types. 753:reverse osmosis 741:water recycling 675: 667: 662: 661: 650:reverse osmosis 646:forward osmosis 634:ultrafiltration 602:toilet flushing 565: 562:Reclaimed water 557: 541:reclaimed water 533: 516: 511: 510: 439:, and can form 419:pore spaces or 405:rock formations 381: 365: 353: 346: 337: 258:or fresh water 237: 231: 207: 201: 173:water pollution 103:reclaimed water 79:Water resources 76: 75: 74: 73: 69: 67: 63: 61: 53: 51: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Water Resources 15: 12: 11: 5: 5909: 5907: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5891:Water industry 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5843: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5832: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5810: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5778:(perpetuation) 5773: 5767: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5731:Nature reserve 5728: 5723: 5722: 5721: 5716: 5706: 5705: 5704: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5687: 5677: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5665: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5627: 5621: 5617: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5602: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5536: 5535: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5489: 5488: 5487: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5466: 5465: 5455: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5414: 5409: 5408: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5376: 5375: 5364: 5362: 5355: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5345: 5344: 5343: 5338: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5260: 5259: 5249: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5222: 5221: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5208:climate change 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5184: 5183: 5176:Bioprospecting 5173: 5167: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5148: 5138: 5137: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5104: 5103: 5102: 5097: 5087: 5086: 5085: 5080: 5070: 5069: 5068: 5058: 5053: 5043: 5042: 5041: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5019: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4981: 4980: 4979: 4978: 4962: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4950: 4945: 4944: 4943: 4938: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4875: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4843: 4841: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4833: 4828: 4827: 4826: 4821:Clean Air Act 4813: 4808: 4803: 4794: 4792: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4771: 4769: 4768: 4761: 4754: 4746: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4733: 4722: 4711: 4700: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4681: 4676: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4662:Stratification 4658: 4656: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4648: 4647: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4623: 4622: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4580: 4575: 4574: 4573: 4568: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4541: 4531: 4526: 4520: 4518: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4476: 4474: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4438: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4386: 4381: 4379: 4378: 4371: 4364: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4332: 4331:External links 4329: 4327: 4326: 4302: 4258: 4199: 4169: 4154: 4136: 4121: 4093: 4081: 4053: 4029: 4020: 3958: 3951: 3925: 3901: 3884: 3869: 3825:(7825): 7825. 3805: 3752: 3727: 3710: 3661: 3636: 3620: 3599: 3588: 3585:on 2010-07-06. 3559: 3532: 3512: 3478: 3471: 3439: 3432: 3396: 3381: 3342: 3322: 3295: 3270: 3242:978-9241512893 3241: 3218: 3190: 3175: 3155: 3089: 3063: 3037: 3015: 3013: 3012: 2921: 2906: 2878: 2855: 2829: 2784: 2758: 2731: 2704:(3): 118–119. 2688: 2629: 2623:(definition), 2621:"Desalination" 2613: 2556: 2498: 2478: 2453: 2404: 2361: 2348:(2): 253–276. 2328: 2293: 2269: 2251: 2230: 2209: 2188: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2150: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2095: 2092: 2088: 2087: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1945: 1938: 1931: 1923: 1902: 1899: 1878:sustainability 1824: 1816: 1809:and municipal 1798: 1795: 1758: 1757: 1750: 1747: 1713:water security 1702:sustainability 1698:social welfare 1675: 1672: 1664:water conflict 1657: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1585: 1582: 1572:sustainability 1552:climate change 1517: 1514: 1482:Central Valley 1474: 1466: 1445: 1442: 1424:climate change 1421: 1413: 1405: 1404:Climate change 1402: 1396:United Nations 1387:Water conflict 1369: 1365:Water conflict 1361: 1359: 1358:Water conflict 1356: 1351:drinking water 1273: 1265: 1262:Polluted water 1255: 1252: 1227:desert climate 1207:Water scarcity 1205: 1201:Water scarcity 1197: 1195: 1194:Water scarcity 1192: 1190: 1187: 1155:drinking water 1149:Drinking water 1137:Drinking water 1128: 1125: 1105:chemical plant 1090:cooling towers 1075:load following 1048:oil refineries 1013: 1010: 997:fog collection 993:drainage water 925:, and support 852: 844: 836: 833: 799: 796: 770:water security 761: 758: 676: 668: 666: 663: 606:drinking water 575:or sewage and 566: 558: 556: 553: 543:). Another is 532: 529: 521:hyporheic zone 515: 512: 382: 374: 364: 361: 352: 349: 348: 347: 344:, New Zealand) 338: 331: 233:Main article: 230: 227: 200: 197: 181:climate change 177:water conflict 169:water scarcity 68: 62: 52: 42: 38: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5908: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5831: 5823: 5822: 5819: 5809: 5808:Non-renewable 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5748:Urban ecology 5746: 5744: 5741: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5707: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5698: 5695: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5618: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5580:Privatization 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5493: 5490: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5475:Surface water 5473: 5471: 5468: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5447: 5446: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5437: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5350: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5250: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5223: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5160: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5115: 5112: 5108: 5105: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5091: 5088: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5071: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5044: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5035: 5032: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5023: 5020: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4977: 4976:peak farmland 4974: 4973: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4946: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4838: 4832: 4829: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4767: 4762: 4760: 4755: 4753: 4748: 4747: 4744: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4721: 4712: 4710: 4701: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4689: 4686: 4680: 4677: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4653: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4614:Hycean planet 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4596: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4579: 4576: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4512: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4471: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4425:Water droplet 4423: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4377: 4372: 4370: 4365: 4363: 4358: 4357: 4354: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4316: 4312: 4306: 4303: 4297: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4269: 4262: 4259: 4254: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4213: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4189:on 2008-03-24 4188: 4184: 4180: 4173: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4137: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4097: 4094: 4084: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4065: 4057: 4054: 4043: 4039: 4033: 4030: 4024: 4021: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3926: 3915: 3911: 3905: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3873: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3809: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3764: 3756: 3753: 3742: 3738: 3731: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3665: 3662: 3650: 3646: 3640: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3621: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3592: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3570: 3563: 3560: 3548:on 2008-08-29 3547: 3543: 3536: 3533: 3528: 3527: 3522: 3516: 3513: 3505:September 18, 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3482: 3479: 3474: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3451: 3443: 3440: 3435: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3392: 3385: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3362:(1–3): 5–22. 3361: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3296: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3271: 3266: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3238: 3234: 3233: 3225: 3223: 3219: 3208:on 2012-03-01 3207: 3203: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3172: 3168: 3167: 3159: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3093: 3090: 3077: 3076:Physics World 3073: 3067: 3064: 3052: 3048: 3041: 3038: 3026: 3019: 3016: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2992: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2890: 2882: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2852: 2848: 2847:10.1142/12009 2844: 2840: 2833: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2796: 2788: 2785: 2772: 2768: 2762: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2692: 2689: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2614: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2560: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2482: 2479: 2468: 2464: 2457: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2424:(2): 024020. 2423: 2419: 2415: 2408: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2365: 2362: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2332: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2297: 2294: 2283: 2279: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2263: 2260: 2255: 2252: 2240: 2234: 2231: 2219: 2213: 2210: 2198: 2192: 2189: 2178: 2174: 2168: 2165: 2159: 2154: 2153:Water storage 2151: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2132:Virtual water 2130: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2109: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1944: 1939: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1910:United States 1907: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1821: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1774:participatory 1769: 1767: 1763: 1755: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1716: 1714: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1681: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1631:(see below). 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1594:manufacturing 1591: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1483: 1478: 1471: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1418: 1411: 1403: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1366: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1323:surface water 1320: 1316: 1312: 1309:results when 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1270: 1260: 1253: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1217:The other is 1216: 1212: 1208: 1202: 1193: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1147: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1126: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1032:hydroelectric 1029: 1023: 1019: 1011: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 956: 955:Subirrigation 952: 947: 943: 939: 934: 932: 928: 924: 921:, dispose of 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 877:to help grow 876: 872: 868: 861: 856: 849: 842: 834: 832: 830: 826: 817: 810: 804: 797: 795: 793: 789: 785: 780: 778: 771: 766: 759: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 733:surface water 730: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 693:, especially 692: 688: 684: 680: 673: 664: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 622: 620: 616: 612: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 590:surface water 587: 582: 578: 574: 570: 563: 554: 552: 550: 546: 542: 538: 530: 528: 526: 522: 513: 508: 504: 500: 496: 495:oil formation 492: 488: 484: 480: 479:soil moisture 476: 472: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 379: 369: 362: 360: 357: 350: 345: 343: 335: 330: 328: 326: 322: 318: 314: 312: 308: 303: 299: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 264:precipitation 261: 257: 249: 245: 244:Lake Chungará 241: 236: 235:Surface water 229:Surface water 228: 226: 224: 220: 216: 215:surface water 212: 206: 198: 196: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 165: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 142:surface water 139: 135: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 59: 49: 41: 33: 19: 5881:Water supply 5806: / 5680:Exploitation 5594: 5565:Conservation 5508:Desalination 5443: 5336:conservation 5171:Biodiversity 5119:conservation 4966:Agricultural 4894:Fossil fuels 4560: 4544:Hydrobiology 4529:Distribution 4318:. Retrieved 4315:www.usgs.gov 4314: 4305: 4278: 4274: 4261: 4218: 4191:. Retrieved 4187:the original 4172: 4145: 4139: 4103: 4096: 4086:, retrieved 4063: 4056: 4045:. Retrieved 4041: 4032: 4023: 3983:(1): 15–21. 3980: 3976: 3934: 3928: 3917:. Retrieved 3913: 3904: 3897:A/RES/71/313 3887: 3880: 3872: 3822: 3818: 3808: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3744:. Retrieved 3740: 3730: 3713: 3678: 3674: 3664: 3653:. Retrieved 3651:. 2019-04-10 3649:www.nrdc.org 3648: 3639: 3623: 3613: 3607:Peter Gleick 3602: 3591: 3580:the original 3575: 3562: 3550:. Retrieved 3546:the original 3535: 3524: 3515: 3503:. Retrieved 3490: 3481: 3449: 3442: 3413: 3409: 3399: 3389: 3388:IWMI (2007) 3384: 3359: 3355: 3345: 3313:. Retrieved 3309:the original 3298: 3287:. Retrieved 3285:. 2018-11-09 3282: 3273: 3231: 3210:. Retrieved 3206:the original 3165: 3158: 3107: 3103: 3092: 3080:. Retrieved 3075: 3066: 3054:. Retrieved 3050: 3045:Yirka, Bob. 3040: 3028:. Retrieved 3018: 3004:. Retrieved 3000: 2946:(1): 20262. 2943: 2939: 2888: 2881: 2838: 2832: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2775:. Retrieved 2770: 2761: 2744: 2741:Desalination 2740: 2734: 2701: 2697: 2691: 2642: 2638: 2632: 2624: 2616: 2573: 2569: 2559: 2516: 2512: 2501: 2481: 2470:. Retrieved 2466: 2456: 2421: 2417: 2407: 2374: 2370: 2364: 2345: 2341: 2331: 2306: 2302: 2296: 2285:. Retrieved 2281: 2272: 2254: 2243:. Retrieved 2233: 2222:. Retrieved 2212: 2201:. Retrieved 2191: 2180:. Retrieved 2176: 2167: 2144:Water rights 2108:Water portal 2073:Saudi Arabia 1904: 1882:water supply 1847:water supply 1825: 1786: 1770: 1759: 1733: 1717: 1710: 1683: 1661: 1658: 1633: 1623:is based on 1613:use of water 1610: 1587: 1576: 1561: 1545: 1498:yield of an 1488:Overdrafting 1470:Overdrafting 1454:overdrafting 1447: 1311:contaminants 1279:water bodies 1239:North Africa 1231:Central Asia 1218: 1214: 1183: 1179: 1175:Peter Gleick 1152: 1133:Water supply 1098: 1087: 1079:intermittent 1065:generation. 1060: 1025: 967:or by using 935: 929:operations. 865: 822: 788:off-the-grid 781: 774: 749:distillation 683:saline water 679:Desalination 677: 672:Desalination 567: 534: 517: 465:hydrogeology 449:agricultural 383: 354: 339: 315: 304: 300: 253: 223:frozen water 208: 193:overdrafting 166: 164:activities. 154:agricultural 150:frozen water 91:water supply 78: 77: 39: 5799:Nationalism 5771:Common-pool 5412:Hydrosphere 5405:remediation 5390:Groundwater 4985:Degradation 4609:Ocean world 4534:Hydrosphere 4462:superheated 4296:10871/17108 4244:10871/17351 3303:Water Aid. 3283:www.cdc.gov 3082:15 November 3056:15 November 3051:Tech Xplore 2519:: 209–237. 2018:El Salvador 1890:storm water 1886:waste water 1871:water cycle 1839:storm water 1690:development 1602:agriculture 1504:fresh water 1496:equilibrium 1494:beyond the 1492:groundwater 1450:groundwater 1433:groundwater 1422:Impacts of 1331:degradation 1327:groundwater 1303:groundwater 1211:fresh water 961:groundwater 901:, suppress 891:agriculture 829:power plant 737:groundwater 723:fresh water 594:groundwater 499:lubrication 489:, and deep 425:water table 399:and in the 385:Groundwater 378:Groundwater 363:Groundwater 272:evaporation 219:groundwater 211:fresh water 189:groundwater 146:groundwater 138:fresh water 123:fresh water 111:desalinated 58:Groundwater 32:fresh water 5896:Sanitation 5861:Irrigation 5845:Categories 5794:Extraction 5753:Wilderness 5714:accounting 5697:Management 5663:ecological 5651:tragedy of 5570:Peak water 5555:Efficiency 5528:Sanitation 5470:Stormwater 5463:harvesting 5439:Irrigation 5341:management 5299:gene banks 5240:management 5218:management 5134:resilience 5100:phosphorus 5056:industrial 5034:Management 5010:soundscape 4916:Geothermal 4731:Wiktionary 4566:management 4412:Properties 4320:2021-09-17 4193:2009-09-14 4088:2020-11-14 4047:2020-11-18 3919:2020-11-18 3914:www.un.org 3746:2023-07-11 3681:: 100364. 3655:2023-07-11 3552:14 January 3289:2019-04-09 3251:1010983346 3235:. Geneva. 3212:2009-03-12 3030:17 January 3006:17 January 2802:: 141528. 2645:: 133545. 2576:: 165185. 2472:2022-08-29 2377:: 114226. 2309:: 112325. 2287:2022-03-14 2245:2009-03-12 2224:2008-01-31 2203:2009-05-13 2182:2024-05-19 2160:References 2048:Kyrgyzstan 1998:Costa Rica 1963:Azerbaijan 1901:By country 1894:metabolism 1851:sanitation 1843:basin-wide 1835:wastewater 1831:freshwater 1744:well-being 1706:ecosystems 1678:See also: 1536:Antarctica 1462:ecosystems 1429:freshwater 1392:the rights 1343:irrigation 1319:stormwater 1299:reservoirs 1223:ecosystems 1113:shale rock 1101:fertilizer 1016:See also: 1012:Industries 981:reservoirs 905:growth in 895:revegetate 867:Irrigation 848:Irrigation 798:Water uses 727:wastewater 719:submarines 707:by-product 703:irrigation 586:irrigation 491:geothermal 483:permafrost 457:industrial 409:freshwater 288:reservoirs 248:Parinacota 158:industrial 119:salt water 107:wastewater 99:freshwater 95:irrigation 5856:Hydrology 5804:Renewable 5789:Depletion 5776:Conflict 5658:Economics 5636:enclosure 5595:Resources 5575:Pollution 5492:Watershed 5395:pollution 5326:Seed bank 5321:Rangeland 5203:Fisheries 5188:Biosphere 5181:biopiracy 5124:fertility 5000:cityscape 4995:Landscape 4902:peak coal 4889:Resources 4840:Emissions 4644:Enceladus 4625:Specific 4561:Resources 4556:Pollution 4539:Hydrology 4505:Hydronium 4495:Tritiated 4485:Semiheavy 4390:Overviews 4281:: 84–99. 4164:671648461 4131:135441230 4007:1548-7733 3705:2468-5844 3259:cite book 3185:1684-8241 3132:1476-4687 2970:2045-2322 2916:250128707 2873:224974880 2865:2335-6596 2777:27 August 2683:199387639 2667:1879-1026 2600:0048-9697 2533:0079-6700 2448:1748-9326 2399:236264708 2323:247689027 2058:Nicaragua 2023:Guatemala 1958:Argentina 1704:of vital 1621:ecosystem 1307:pollution 1235:West Asia 1215:physical. 1171:gardening 1117:pollution 1107:use, and 1096:systems. 917:, reduce 915:livestock 860:Andalusia 695:sea water 691:saltwater 630:Ozonation 626:pathogens 469:hydrology 453:municipal 429:recharged 421:fractures 401:fractures 284:watershed 162:household 5830:Category 5763:Resource 5702:adaptive 5600:improved 5560:Conflict 5545:Security 5540:Scarcity 5533:improved 5523:Leaching 5400:recharge 5380:Drinking 5331:Wildlife 5198:Bushmeat 5193:Bushfood 5146:planning 5051:gemstone 5046:Minerals 5027:property 5015:viewshed 5005:seascape 4936:sunlight 4910:peak oil 4906:peak gas 4709:Category 4253:25965035 4015:10057051 3859:36535940 3792:22874965 3609:, 1993. 3499:Archived 3315:17 March 3150:34707305 2988:36473864 2824:32818886 2726:17784633 2675:31374511 2608:37385512 2551:29937599 2507:(2018). 2262:Archived 2094:See also 2063:Pakistan 2028:Honduras 2003:Djibouti 1993:Colombia 1694:economic 1590:drinking 1540:WaterGAP 1458:balances 1349:such as 1305:. Water 1295:aquifers 1243:aquifers 1028:industry 1001:rainfall 931:Drainage 809:WaterGAP 619:scarcity 475:aquifers 445:wetlands 311:pipeline 213:include 140:include 134:ice caps 127:glaciers 115:seawater 48:Glaciers 5631:Commons 5620:Related 5585:Quality 5501:Aspects 5427:glacial 5368:Aquifer 5274:Pasture 5225:Forests 5151:reserve 4926:Nuclear 4896: ( 4852:Trading 4847:Airshed 4720:Commons 4397:Outline 4223:Bibcode 3985:Bibcode 3865:Archive 3850:9763392 3827:Bibcode 3800:4393813 3772:Bibcode 3683:Bibcode 3364:Bibcode 3305:"Water" 3141:8550973 3112:Bibcode 2979:9726751 2948:Bibcode 2804:Bibcode 2706:Bibcode 2647:Bibcode 2578:Bibcode 2542:6011836 2426:Bibcode 2379:Bibcode 2083:Uruguay 2038:Jamaica 1973:Bolivia 1813:systems 1734:In the 1598:leisure 1500:aquifer 1163:cooking 1159:bathing 1056:solvent 1040:cooling 965:springs 487:bedrock 433:springs 413:aquifer 387:is the 356:Glacier 260:wetland 113:water ( 5641:global 5605:policy 5550:Supply 5513:Floods 5480:Sewage 5453:Marine 5445:huerta 5279:Plants 5269:Meadow 5129:health 5107:rights 5095:copper 5073:mining 4971:arable 4871:Energy 4811:Indoor 4724: 4713: 4702: 4698:Portal 4691: 4629:Europa 4578:Supply 4571:policy 4551:Origin 4442:Liquid 4434:States 4251: 4162: 4152: 4129: 4119: 4079: 4013: 4005: 3949: 3857: 3847: 3798: 3790: 3763:Nature 3721:. In: 3703: 3469: 3430: 3336:. In: 3249: 3239: 3183: 3173: 3148: 3138: 3130: 3104:Nature 2986: 2976: 2968: 2914: 2904: 2871: 2863: 2853: 2822: 2724: 2681: 2673: 2665: 2606: 2598: 2549: 2539: 2531: 2493: 2446: 2397: 2321: 2053:Mexico 2043:Jordan 1978:Brazil 1968:Belize 1912:, the 1837:, and 1315:sewage 1291:oceans 1287:rivers 1237:, and 1139:, and 1034:dams, 973:rivers 927:mining 923:sewage 885:, and 705:. The 652:, and 581:reused 503:faults 455:, and 325:Canada 321:Russia 317:Brazil 296:runoff 268:oceans 70: 64: 56: 54: 46: 44: 5784:Curse 5590:Right 5432:polar 5422:bergs 5385:Fresh 5353:Water 5066:metal 4990:Field 4941:shade 4931:Solar 4921:Hydro 4806:Index 4524:Cycle 4516:Earth 4490:Heavy 4473:Forms 4457:Steam 4452:Vapor 4407:Model 4383:Water 4271:(PDF) 4215:(PDF) 4183:CSIRO 4127:S2CID 4011:S2CID 3796:S2CID 3583:(PDF) 3572:(PDF) 2912:S2CID 2869:S2CID 2747:: 1. 2679:S2CID 2395:S2CID 2319:S2CID 2078:Syria 2033:India 2013:Egypt 1988:China 1983:Chile 1855:urban 1642:are: 1283:lakes 1111:from 995:, or 977:lakes 969:wells 907:grain 899:frost 887:lawns 879:crops 871:water 825:farms 715:ships 711:brine 656:, or 525:karst 507:Earth 461:wells 441:oases 437:seeps 393:Earth 389:water 307:canal 131:polar 109:) or 87:water 60:(30%) 50:(69%) 5719:good 5668:land 5646:land 5458:Rain 5314:wood 5289:food 5252:Game 5163:Life 5114:Soil 5090:peak 5083:sand 4958:Land 4948:Wind 4823:(US) 4800:(US) 4639:Moon 4634:Mars 4402:Data 4249:PMID 4160:OCLC 4150:ISBN 4117:ISBN 4077:ISBN 4003:ISSN 3947:ISBN 3855:PMID 3788:PMID 3701:ISSN 3554:2010 3507:2021 3467:ISBN 3428:ISBN 3317:2012 3265:link 3247:OCLC 3237:ISBN 3181:ISSN 3171:ISBN 3146:PMID 3128:ISSN 3084:2021 3058:2021 3032:2023 3008:2023 2984:PMID 2966:ISSN 2902:ISBN 2861:ISSN 2851:ISBN 2820:PMID 2779:2019 2722:PMID 2671:PMID 2663:ISSN 2604:PMID 2596:ISSN 2547:PMID 2529:ISSN 2491:ISBN 2444:ISSN 2068:Peru 1888:and 1849:and 1696:and 1600:and 1524:and 1381:Nile 1301:and 1046:and 1020:and 919:dust 903:weed 875:land 743:and 717:and 611:arid 592:and 435:and 417:soil 323:and 292:soil 278:and 256:lake 246:and 221:and 179:and 160:and 148:and 129:and 81:are 5518:Law 5417:Ice 5257:law 5235:law 5213:law 5141:Use 5078:law 5061:ore 5022:Law 4898:gas 4884:Law 4879:Bio 4816:Law 4781:Air 4514:On 4447:Ice 4291:hdl 4283:doi 4239:hdl 4231:doi 4109:doi 4069:doi 3993:doi 3939:doi 3845:PMC 3835:doi 3780:doi 3768:488 3691:doi 3526:NPR 3459:doi 3418:doi 3372:doi 3136:PMC 3120:doi 3108:598 2974:PMC 2956:doi 2894:doi 2843:doi 2812:doi 2800:748 2749:doi 2745:432 2714:doi 2702:297 2655:doi 2643:693 2586:doi 2574:895 2537:PMC 2521:doi 2434:doi 2387:doi 2375:239 2350:doi 2311:doi 2307:161 1708:". 1670:). 1377:dam 1333:of 1325:or 1123:). 1044:ore 979:or 873:to 735:or 701:or 644:), 493:or 443:or 403:of 309:or 93:or 85:of 5847:: 4908:, 4904:, 4900:, 4313:. 4289:. 4279:99 4277:. 4273:. 4247:. 4237:. 4229:. 4217:. 4202:^ 4158:. 4125:. 4115:. 4075:, 4040:. 4009:. 4001:. 3991:. 3979:. 3975:. 3961:^ 3945:. 3937:. 3912:. 3853:. 3843:. 3833:. 3823:13 3821:. 3817:. 3794:. 3786:. 3778:. 3766:. 3739:. 3699:. 3689:. 3679:28 3677:. 3673:. 3647:. 3574:. 3523:. 3489:. 3465:. 3457:. 3453:. 3426:. 3408:. 3370:. 3360:80 3358:. 3354:. 3325:^ 3281:. 3261:}} 3257:{{ 3245:. 3221:^ 3193:^ 3179:. 3144:. 3134:. 3126:. 3118:. 3106:. 3102:. 3074:. 3049:. 2999:. 2982:. 2972:. 2964:. 2954:. 2944:12 2942:. 2938:. 2924:^ 2910:. 2900:. 2867:. 2859:. 2849:. 2818:. 2810:. 2798:. 2769:. 2743:. 2720:. 2712:. 2700:. 2677:. 2669:. 2661:. 2653:. 2641:. 2602:. 2594:. 2584:. 2572:. 2568:. 2545:. 2535:. 2527:. 2517:81 2515:. 2511:. 2465:. 2442:. 2432:. 2422:16 2420:. 2416:. 2393:. 2385:. 2373:. 2346:15 2344:. 2340:. 2317:. 2305:. 2280:. 2175:. 1884:, 1833:, 1596:, 1592:, 1297:, 1293:, 1289:, 1285:, 1233:, 1165:, 1161:, 1157:, 1135:, 1042:, 991:, 987:, 975:, 881:, 739:, 648:, 636:, 632:, 547:. 481:, 471:. 451:, 327:. 313:. 274:, 270:, 225:. 175:, 171:, 156:, 4912:) 4765:e 4758:t 4751:v 4375:e 4368:t 4361:v 4323:. 4299:. 4293:: 4285:: 4255:. 4241:: 4233:: 4225:: 4196:. 4166:. 4133:. 4111:: 4071:: 4050:. 4017:. 3995:: 3987:: 3981:1 3955:. 3941:: 3922:. 3899:) 3895:( 3863:( 3861:. 3837:: 3829:: 3802:. 3782:: 3774:: 3749:. 3707:. 3693:: 3685:: 3658:. 3556:. 3509:. 3475:. 3461:: 3436:. 3420:: 3414:6 3378:. 3374:: 3366:: 3319:. 3292:. 3267:) 3253:. 3215:. 3187:. 3152:. 3122:: 3114:: 3086:. 3060:. 3034:. 3010:. 2990:. 2958:: 2950:: 2918:. 2896:: 2875:. 2845:: 2826:. 2814:: 2806:: 2781:. 2755:. 2751:: 2728:. 2716:: 2708:: 2685:. 2657:: 2649:: 2610:. 2588:: 2580:: 2553:. 2523:: 2475:. 2450:. 2436:: 2428:: 2401:. 2389:: 2381:: 2358:. 2352:: 2325:. 2313:: 2290:. 2248:. 2227:. 2206:. 2185:. 1942:e 1935:t 1928:v 1822:. 1746:. 1542:. 1472:. 1419:. 1367:. 1271:. 1203:. 850:. 811:. 674:. 640:( 564:. 539:( 380:. 105:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.