408:, whereby the Honduran military removed President Zelaya by force, did not have a severe effect on urban water management in Greater Tegucigalpa. Notably though, international developments banks suspended ongoing projects during this political instability. Also a challenge, the mayor of Tegucigalapa and Honduran President represent opposing parties and this creates a lack of political will in addressing the political divide between SANAA and the municipality of Tegucigalpa. Lack of political will and a lack of proper capacity to adequately address urban water challenges further exacerbate the difficult challenges that the capital city must confront.
507:
treatment plants quickly reach capacity to treat water and levels of contamination increase. During the dry season from March until May, water levels become very low causing problems of foul odor and elevated concentrations of heavy metals such as iron. Rivers that run through
Tegucigalpa also receive constant discharges of municipal waste and organic material from the surrounding mountains that have been deforested. Another major concern for SANAA is the lack of proper treatment of domestic sewage that finds its way into the rivers and storage reservoirs of Tegucigalpa.
656:)- AMDC are the Tegucigalpa municipal service providers with the overall objective of improving the quality of life of the most impoverished. One aspect of their job is to accept responsibility for water management from SANAA; however, in spite of various efforts to transfer authority from the national to the municipal level, it has not yet taken place. SANAA and AMDC have faced complications in deciding how and when to carry out such a transfer.
516:
1596:
860:
536:. Specifically in Tegucigalpa, Mitch left 180 people dead, 860 disappeared, 250,000 affected, 3,300 houses partially destroyed, and 14 of the 20 bridges that connect the city were destroyed. Exacerbating the problem, rapid and informal growth has taken place and has made many of Tegucigalpa's settlements highly vulnerable to environmental degradation and natural disasters.
565:), the state-run water company, continues to own and manage Tegucigalpa's water and sewer systems, but is facing steep challenges from its growing institutional uncertainty and reduced investment budget due to the Water Framework Law (2003) that began a decentralization of management duties away from state actors in favor of municipalities. The new
368:
management roles from SANAA to the municipality is completed. There were problems with the plant however, due to the plant's design and furthermore, SANAA was set to possibly reject the transition of the plant and associated management roles. The SANNA Director stated that the treatment plant did not meet the expectations outlined in the contract.
688:)- CONASA is the national advisory council office of SANAA with responsibility for policy on potable water and sanitation. According to the 2003 Water Framework Law, sector policies are defined by CONASA. Onother major component of the CONASA mission is to create strategies and plans regarding coverage of water services.
261:
water supplies and decreased the quality of treatment. Tegucigalpa also struggles with costly inefficiencies across its water resources, stormwater management, sanitation and solid waste services. A recent World Bank estimate has shown that the total economic cost to the city to exceeds US$ 60 million per year.
763:
Policymaking, regulation, and service provision in water and sanitation are interconnected processes and enhance communication between sectors (including energy production, agriculture, industry, water supply and sanitation, urban planning, and environmental protection), and between different actors.
481:
and while the urbanization rate may slow, Tegucigalpa's population is expected to reach 2 million by 2029 thus doubling the 2008 population. Growth is expected in the west but this would encroach on a major watershed that supplies 30% of the city's water. In the south, development is also encroaching
335:
A large percentage of
Tegucigalpa's poorest households (38%) do not have access to SANAA's piped water services, where by contrast, only 2% of the wealthiest do not have access to SANAA's piped water. Use of bottled water is quite important in Tegucigalpa as a whole, but only 12% of the poor use this
327:
World Bank research indicates that the annual water availability in the natural watershed of
Tegucigalpa is 175 (m/year/inhabitant), concentrated over a six-month rainy season. Year-to-year storage capacity has not kept up with population growth, which has increased sevenfold in the last 50 years. In
806:
The Front's initial efforts were focused on lobbying the government for the construction of a new dam, Guacerique 2. The FCAC broadened its scope to cover all water related challenges facing the city, and set up a structure of working groups focusing on a number of different issues, such as flooding
746:
While these legal standards are in place, adequate resources and capacity to maintain high quality water are not. Tegucigalpa continues to grow and increase pressure on the supplies and the ability of SANNA to treat wastewater. When coupled with inadequate sanitation and sewerage that discharge into
443:
surrounding
Tegucigalpa representing about 38% of the population. This poorer sector of population lives on steep hillsides where the piped water system cannot reach. These communities therefore receive water from SANAA water trucks that fill storage tanks that is then later sold at inflated prices.
347:
services throughout
Tegucigalpa and surrounding areas are poor. Even though SANAA estimates that 70% of the city is connected to the municipal sewer system, the coverage area is very low in outlying neighborhoods and service quality is not good. Those not connected to the sewer system utilize either
787:
was created for its protection, and in 1993 the national congress passed a law formally delegating the park's management to the foundation. The AMITIGRA foundation designed a payment for environmental service scheme meant to finance activities aiming at conserving land use and water quality. Monies
456:
system favors waste over conservation, and is structured to subsidize large water consumers, particularly middle-class and wealthy households. Problems with the tariff structure stem from an absence of household water meters. SANAA estimates that in a city of approximately 200,000 households, there
673:
and oversees separate institutions responsible for the administration of water resources, regulating their use, water distribution development, conservation, and maintenance. One objective of the new decentralized separation of institutions is to avoid administrative and sectoral conflicts between
714:
created to oversee the decentralization of water management roles from state institutions over to the municipalities. The municipality of
Tegucigalpa is expected to assume full management responsibility for water and sanitation operations from SANAA. As this transfer occurs, the municipality will
506:
Levels of contamination in the reservoirs are variable on seasonal basis; however, the discharge of industrial effluents is constant. Water quality from July–September is better as higher water levels are maintained. In the winter when the first rains arrive and increase domestic effluent runoff,
273:
Tegucigalpa is located in a central mountainous region within a mild tropical zone. There are two primary seasons during the year. The wet season from May through
October and a dry season from November to April. Temperatures are moderate with average lows around 60 d.F and average highs around 70
264:
Compared to other countries in the
Americas, GNP per capita is low but increasing and will likely continue to grow. The struggling US and global economies are having a substantial negative impact on the local economy as remittances, exports and foreign direct investments are contracting. Real GDP
260:
On the economic side, structural shifts from agricultural to industrial bases have necessitated movements to an urban setting for much of the population. Between 1983 and 2003, the percentage of
Honduras’ population employed in agriculture declined from 43% to 34%. This has increased pressure on
331:
Water resources fall short of the City's demand; recent estimations have shown the city's water supply has a deficit of about 60 million (m/year) or about 2 (m/s), mostly during the dry season (close to 50% of total demand). As a result, severe water restriction programs are imposed during most
460:
Without water meters in many areas of the city, water fees are based upon fixed estimates of water usage. Because these estimates frequently underestimate the volume of water actually drawn, strong incentive exists for residents to disable or destroy existing water meters, and present a strong
256:
Tegucigalpa's population density in 2001 was at 99 persons per hectare. However, the distribution of inhabitants varies greatly throughout different areas of the city. In general, people avoid to live on steep hillsides where landslides are of considerable concern or in the river valley where
367:
with capacity to treat 100 L/s in a preliminary treatment phase and in a second treatment phase, the plant can treat another 100 L/s. This plant is currently managed by an
Italian firm and it was expected that the plant would be transferred to the city of Tegucigalpa after the transition of
206:
passed through Tegucigalpa killing 180 people and leaving many more displaced. Other critical IUWM issues include: inadequate water quality and quantity levels, deteriorating watersheds, rivers, and storage reservoirs, inefficient water use, rapid and poorly planned urbanization, intensive
244:
Over the last few decades, Honduras and the capital city of Tegucigalpa have urbanized faster than any other Central American's country or city. Much of this is due to the fact that Honduras had remained one of the least urbanized countries in the Americas making it ripe for high rates of
702:
was passed in 2003 as an effort to better address the urban water management sector's challenges. The Framework Law mandated that service provision be transferred from the national utility, SANAA, to municipal service providers (AMDC) by 2008 but this has not taken place as mentioned
432:). Supply problems are further complicated by other important factors, including: urban and agricultural contamination of watersheds; competition between agricultural uses (i.e. irrigation) and city uses (i.e. domestic, industrial, commercial water users); and Honduras’ dependence on
815:
There is an effort to control growth in certain directions to preserve protected areas and watersheds. An important component of the growth strategy is the formulation of a long-term plan from the municipality, under the leadership of the Mayor. This plan is called the
49:
284:
statistics show average rainfall throughout the rest of Honduras at about 60 inches per year while in Central America, the average is much higher at 94 inches per year. Rainfall averages in the whole of Latin America are 61 inches annually.
832:
The goal was to deliver water at a specific quantity and quality adequate to the needs of the city. This has been difficult to achieve as urbanization rates have been high and municipal and industrial effluents have been a growing and constant challenge.
217:, the state-run water and sewerage utility in Tegucigalpa. SANAA's funding and roles are becoming uncertain as Honduras continues to decentralize SANAA's functions and transfer SANAA assets to municipalities. The decentralization process began with the
416:
The 2004 calculated volume of water flowing from the Choluteca, Chiquito, and Guacerique rivers to the Laureles and La Concepción reservoirs was not enough to meet the demand of the more than one million inhabitants living in the capital city. A 2002
389:(MDGS). He urged his country to give the same level of importance to water supply challenges that is given to sanitation and that the two issues need to be worked on in parallel or neither challenge would be met. Mr. Mendez is hoping to see
194:
rivers which then fill the Concepción and Laureles storage reservoirs. With an urban population of approximately 900,000 and another 400,000 living in the surrounding neighborhoods, Tegucigalpa is being confronted with an array of imposing
318:
Water is also taken from the Picacho and Sabacuante tributaries. In Tegucigalpa, there are more than 500 perforated wells, which yield between 1–3 liters per second (l/s) of groundwater. Some have greater yields of (between 2 and 20 L/s).
348:
a latrine or septic tank. Choluteca, Chiquito, and Guacerique rivers are adversely affected by ongoing urbanization of Tegucigalpa, and so by consequence, the Laureles and La Concepción storage reservoirs have become quite contaminated. (
573:
in Tegucigalpa remains the responsibility of SANAA. Duties include construction, operation, and management of water infrastructures and water service provision. SANAA is also responsible for the management and operation of the urban
314:
reservoirs providing Tegucigalpa with a combined flow of 2 cubic meters per second (m/s). The system is predominantly gravity fed with limited pumping to strategically placed elevated tanks to increase water pressure in some areas.
807:
and storm water management, watershed protection, urban planning and communication and social outreach. These efforts have been stymied by a lack of access to funding and the absence of an adequate institutional support structure.
336:
option as compared to 70% of the more affluent. Water storage towers filled by SANAA trucks are not widely used by the poor because the water is so expensive. Only 3% of households report to obtaining water from the water towers.
502:
into the sewer system or directly into nearby rivers. Much of the effluents are untreated and causing a worsening degradation of the water in the Laureles and Concepción reservoirs that provide water to the capital city.
764:
In response to Tegucigalpa's challenges, two advances have originated from coalitions between government actors and civil society. One proved critical to the protection of one of the City's earlier water sources, the
803:. The Front included representatives from SANAA, the AMDC, the Chamber of Commerce, the Chamber of Construction and the College of Engineers, as well as members of the Civil Society such as local environmental NGOs.
596:)- SERNA, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment is charged with responsibly utilizing water resources and sectoral management of water resources. SERNA oversees DGRH and CESCCO (both described below).
527:
Geographically located in the mountains with peaks and ridges on all sides, Tegucigalpa is vulnerable to heavy rain storms that can quickly flood the streets throughout the city. This became clear in 1998 when
465:
losses within the distribution system, either through leakages or illegal connections. It has been suggested that SANAA is only charging customers about 20% of the true cost of the water service it provides.
729:
of wastewater discharges into nearby rivers, reservoirs and sewerage systems: health agreement No. 058 from 1997 sets the maximum allowed discharge of domestic and industrial pollutants into surface water
384:
on the management of water and sanitation stated that, "Honduras has moved rather poorly on the issue." Going on, Mr. Mendez asserted that Honduras is well behind in achieving the objectives set by the
207:
competition between industrial and domestic water users as well as irrigation demands, and industrial and domestic effluents discharging into the rivers, tributaries, and reservoirs without treatment.
380:, that his government would invest 1% of the general budget in the protection of natural resources, water remained absent from that promise. The manager of SANAA, Mr. Jorge Mendez, speaking at the
906:
881:
896:
202:
Furthermore, the capital city lies within a geographic depression amongst the surrounding mountain range making the city prone to flooding and landslides with both occurring in 1998 when
199:(IUWM) challenges. Potable water coverage is poor with around 40% of the city's residents without access to piped water supply thus relying on more costly water trucks and bottled water.
613:, a former unit of SERNA, was charged with the development, operation, and maintenance of irrigation systems. DGRH also mapped water use concessions and follows up on hydrological data.
722:
for the quality of drinking water: Decree No. 084 from 1993, sets the number and frequency of water samples as well as maximum parts per million of contaminants that will be permitted.
891:
232:
The General Water Law and the National Water Authority are efforts to address IUWM challenges in Tegucigalpa and throughout Honduras. The National Water Authority replaces the
1065:
486:
within protected areas in the watersheds. This is a serious problem that is contributing to sedimentation of river channels and increasing the potential for flooding on the
1173:
747:
supply rivers and storage reservoirs, the legal framework becomes unreliable in maintaining high water quality standards. This was a driving factor in the creation of the
737:
regulates the use of water, which seeks to establish minimum quality requirements required for a particular source (i.e. lake, river) of water according to its end-use.
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1370:
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disincentive for households to invest in the installation of new meters. In addition, the lack of meters in the system means that SANAA has no way to clearly identify
1129:
1625:
901:
1536:
424:
Local news stories from the past ten years are full of periodic coverage of forced rationing and shortages caused by seasonal drought, weather patterns (i.e.
1086:
886:
791:
Another development occurred in February–March 2010, as it became evident that Tegucigalpa was suffering from a significant drought attributable to the
274:
d.F. Rainfall averages range from 0.2 inches in February to 7.30 inches in September with annual rainfall averages from 36 to 39 inches.
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1219:
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938:
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need considerable monetary and technical support to maintain operation of water and sewerage systems while improving deficiencies it will inherit.
549:
847:
545:
1465:
421:
study suggested that the average water availability deficit was approximately 18% in the wet season, and rose to 45% during the dry season.
328:
2006, water use in Tegucigalpa was 227 liters per capita per day (L/c/d), and by comparison, it is 545 L/c/d in smaller municipal systems.
1575:
1552:
1520:
1130:"Groundwater in Central America: Its importance, development and use, with particular reference to its role in irrigated agriculture"
1348:
196:
1338:
298:
Tegucigalpa, which suffers from ongoing water supply challenges, receives water from major rivers that run through the city. The
68:
1002:"Rapid Urbanization in Tegucigalpa, Honduras: Preparing for the Doubling of the City's Population in the Next Twenty-five Years"
1560:
73:
1570:
1565:
359:
This is a problematic situation and further exacerbates the City's environmental problems. In particular, one of the two
386:
356:
plants operating with a total capacity of about 400 L/s; however, these plants treat less than 17% of total wastewater.
236:
and will continue with an oversight function of the decentralized institutional framework including the work of SANAA.
498:
More than 200 industries are located in different points throughout the city and typically they discharge industrial
828:
Beginning in 1993, SANNA instituted a program to monitor the quality of water and maintain the standards set by the
783:
and their hydrological potential. When the park became threatened by land development, a private foundation called
390:
1580:
1458:
364:
1488:
265:
growth was projected to fall to around 2.0 percent by end-2009 while per capita income stands at US$ 1,700.
249:. Between 1985 and 1990, the urbanization rate was at 5% and although it has decreased, forecasts from the
183:
352:) The estimated total length of the sewerage system is approximately of 840 km. Tegucigalpa has 2
1620:
1451:
353:
799:
phenomenon. A coalition of economic interests and concerned institutions was created under the name
433:
482:
on the city's other major reservoir, La Concepcion. This expansion has resulted in an increase of
1364:
363:
plants within the city was funded by the EU and built by an Italian/Honduran consortium using an
191:
1263:
221:
and further progressed with the passing of new legal and institutional initiatives such as the
1344:
1152:"ANÁLISIS DE LOS SISTEMAS DE ACUEDUCTO Y ALCANTARILLADO DE LA CIUDAD DE TEGUCIGALPA, HONDURAS"
1107:
1038:
462:
164:
1406:
801:
Frente Ciudadano del Agua para la Capital (Citizen's front for water in the Capital or FCAC)
555:
Historically, the institutional framework has been fragmented and uncertain in Tegucigalpa.
85:
1600:
1051:
864:
533:
529:
515:
487:
429:
299:
203:
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569:(August 2009) continues this process further reducing the role of SANAA. For now though,
478:
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250:
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was passed in August 2009. A major achievement of the General Law on Water is the new
1614:
483:
377:
48:
1198:
474:
453:
394:
381:
246:
80:
182:, is located in a central mountainous region having a tropical climate within the
1340:
The agricultural groundwater revolution: Opportunities and Threats to Development
939:"Urban Services Delivery and the Poor: The Case of Three Central American Cities"
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1004:. Princeton University-Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs
960:
842:
780:
588:
579:
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175:
1313:
796:
792:
418:
398:
360:
344:
499:
1174:"Honduras, Tegucigalpa: Sanaa may reject faulty wastewater treatment plant"
1407:"Honduras - Ley de aguas privilegia el consumo humano del recurso hídrico"
768:, which captures water from mountains within the temperate rainforest of
680:
179:
61:
1427:
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are only 62,000 water meters, and of those, only 23,000 are functional.
425:
56:
1241:
1154:(in Spanish). Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). pp. 11–13
1384:
1264:"PROBLEMÁTICA DE LA CALIDAD DEL AGUA DEL ACUEDUCTO DE TEGUCIGALPA"
1108:"General summary: Latin America and the Caribbean Water resources"
648:
376:
Despite the announcement in his inauguration from then, President
557:
1292:
1220:"Problemática En Fuentes Para El Abastecimiento De Tegucigalpas"
401:
become depoliticized and not used as an enterprising commodity.
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350:
Source: Grant funding request for the Water Partnership Program
1443:
278:
253:
Population Division estimate rapid urbanization through 2010.
436:
for more than two thirds of total national power generation.
907:
Integrated urban water management in Buenos Aires, Argentina
215:(Servicio Autonomo Nacional de Acueductos y Alcantarillados)
1428:"National Advisory Council on Potable Water and Sanitation"
788:
were raised through drinking water tariffs in Tegucigalpa.
563:
Servicio Autonomo Nacional de Acueductos y Alcantarillados
1087:"Average temperature and rainfall totals for Tegucigalpa"
1033:"Water Management in Tegucigalpa". The World Bank. 2011.
882:
Water management in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo
332:
summers, leading to highly discontinuous water service.
282:(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States)
897:
Integrated urban water management in Medellín, Colombia
779:, Honduras’ first national park, to protect the area's
634:(Centro de Estudios y Control de Contaminantes (CESCCO)
439:
Supply issues are especially a problem in the outlying
1242:"Tegucigalpa: Honduras' water supply, or lack thereof"
1199:"Calidad del agua por debajo de Objetivos del Milenio"
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
892:
Integrated urban water management in Aracaju, Brazil
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1513:
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1293:"National Service for aqueducts and sewage systems"
210:Overcoming these challenges has been difficult for
162:
154:
149:
141:
133:
128:
120:
115:
107:
99:
91:
79:
67:
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21:
611:(La Dirección General de Recursos Hídricos (DGRH))
186:. Major rivers supplying the capital city are the
775:In 1980, the national government established the
1314:"Secretary of Natural Resources and Environment"
1240:Water First International staff blogger (2009).
477:threatens the quality of the city's surrounding
1262:Reyes de Nasser; Dra. Lourdes Patricia (2006).
686:Consejo Nacional de Agua Potable y Saneamiento
594:La Secretaría de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente
1459:
8:
1369:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1337:Giordano, Mark. Villholth, Karen G. (2007).
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
1591:This list is incomplete. •
1332:
1330:
887:Urban water management in Monterrey, Mexico
1466:
1452:
1444:
1192:
1190:
902:Urban water management in Bogotá, Colombia
608:The General Directorate of Water Resources
18:
1545:Central American Technological University
1537:Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras
1287:
1285:
1283:
514:
1631:Water supply and sanitation in Honduras
917:
877:Water management in Greater Mexico City
853:Water supply and sanitation in Honduras
785:AMITIGRA (Fundación Amigos de La Tigra)
550:Water supply and sanitation in Honduras
470:Urbanization and inappropriate land use
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90:
54:
45:
27:
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848:Water Resources Management in Honduras
671:General Directorate of Water Resources
546:Water resources management in Honduras
234:General Directorate of Water Resources
1626:Water resource management in Honduras
1385:"Alcaldía Municipal Distrito Central"
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16:Place in Francisco Morazán, Honduras
1576:International School of Tegucigalpa
759:Integrated water management efforts
654:Alcaldía Municipal Distrito Central
1222:. The World Bank. 2002. p. 48
941:. The World Bank. 2002. p. 33
631:The Center for Contaminant Control
14:
197:integrated urban water management
137:800 km (290 sq mi)
1594:
1553:Universidad Católica de Honduras
858:
578:infrastructures and programs in
47:
40:Cerro de Plata (Silver Mountain)
1521:Toncontín International Airport
959:Honduras laboral-Comun (2009).
412:Insufficient water availability
257:flooding is a constant danger.
1561:American School of Tegucigalpa
428:), and natural disasters (i.e.
340:Sanitation and water treatment
1:
1571:Discovery School, Tegucigalpa
1566:DelCampo International School
961:"Quién administrará el agua?"
766:Picacho water treatment plant
830:National Technical Standard.
674:the institutions themselves.
387:Millennium Development Goals
323:Water use & availability
1244:. Water First International
1150:HERMIDA, ANDRÉS M. (2006).
1089:. Weather Channel.com. 2009
720:National Technical Standard
576:water supply and sanitation
306:rivers supply water to the
240:Social and economic factors
1647:
1430:(in Spanish). CONASA. 2009
1343:. CABI. pp. 116–117.
1132:. Global Water Partnership
667:Autoridad Nacional de Agua
571:water resources management
543:
391:water resources management
145:990 m (3,250 ft)
108:Merged as Distrito Central
1589:
1405:La Tribuna staff (2009).
1316:(in Spanish). SERNA. 2009
1295:(in Spanish). SANAA. 2009
1197:El Heraldo staff (2009).
1172:Indiana Corrales (2010).
46:
28:
1387:(in Spanish). AMDC. 2012
1201:(in Spanish). El Heraldo
1066:"Honduras Country Brief"
963:. Honduras Laboral-Comun
777:Parque Nacional La Tigra
753:National Water Authority
712:National Water Authority
663:National Water Authority
365:aerobic treatment system
227:National Water Authority
219:2003 Water Framework Law
1128:Ballestero, M. (2007).
751:of 2009 and subsequent
540:Institutional Framework
124:Democratic Municipality
1581:Lycée Franco-Hondurien
1068:. The World Bank. 2009
1000:Angel, Shlomo (2004).
636:studies water quality.
524:
225:(2009) and subsequent
178:, the capital city of
1409:(in Spanish). Offnews
518:
490:and its tributaries.
448:Inefficient water use
269:Geography and climate
184:Choluteca river basin
811:Watershed protection
708:General Law on Water
567:General Law on Water
354:wastewater treatment
1601:Honduras portal
1269:(in Spanish). SANAA
865:Honduras portal
818:Plan Metropoli 2029
434:hydroelectric power
1548:Tegucigalpa Campus
727:Technical Standard
661:The newly created
525:
29:Nickname(s):
1608:
1607:
1557:
1549:
1541:
1046:Missing or empty
824:Pollution control
749:General Water Law
532:made landfall on
463:non-revenue water
223:General Water Law
173:
172:
155: • City
134: • City
121: • Type
74:Francisco Morazán
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1505:Water management
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452:The current
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81:Municipality
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1621:Tegucigalpa
1540:Main Campus
1475:Tegucigalpa
1110:. FAO. 2009
843:Tegucigalpa
781:rainforests
580:Tegucigalpa
521:Tegucigalpa
406:coup d'etat
176:Tegucigalpa
23:Tegucigalpa
1615:Categories
1434:2009-08-28
1413:2009-07-30
1391:2012-02-06
1356:2009-07-27
1320:2009-07-09
1299:2009-08-28
1273:2009-09-01
1248:2009-08-28
1226:2009-08-28
1205:2009-08-31
1180:2012-01-02
1158:2009-09-01
1136:2009-08-27
1114:2009-09-11
1093:2009-08-28
1072:2009-09-16
1048:|url=
1008:2009-09-16
967:2009-07-30
945:2009-08-27
913:References
544:See also:
479:watersheds
419:World Bank
399:sanitation
361:wastewater
345:Sanitation
308:Concepción
304:Guacerique
192:Guacerique
150:Population
116:Government
69:Department
1530:Education
1514:Transport
1365:cite book
871:Regional:
730:supplies.
500:effluents
494:Pollution
300:Choluteca
188:Choluteca
169:1,324,000
142:Elevation
1489:Timeline
1039:cite web
837:See also
770:La Tigra
706:The new
703:earlier.
511:Flooding
312:Laureles
180:Honduras
62:Honduras
1482:History
797:La Niña
793:El Niño
523:, 1998.
441:barrios
426:El Nino
158:894,000
100:Capital
92:Founded
57:Country
1347:
681:CONASA
1267:(PDF)
589:SERNA
558:SANAA
212:SANAA
165:Metro
36:Tepaz
32:Tegus
1371:link
1345:ISBN
1052:help
733:The
725:The
718:The
698:The
649:AMDC
548:and
397:and
393:and
310:and
302:and
190:and
129:Area
111:1938
103:1880
95:1578
665:, (
279:FAO
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
